[Pathomorphological features of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis].

The paper provides the clinical and X-ray characteristics of pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis (PLCH). It describes pulmonary pathohistological changes in this disease, characterizes the cellular composition of granuloma, and gives methods that can verify the diagnosis of PLCH. A case of PLCH with severe respiratory failure, for which bilateral lung transplantation and histological examination of removed lungs have been made, is described.

[A diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis in a 14-year-old patient].

The paper describes a case of Wegener's granulomatosis with upper airway and lung involvements in a 14-year-old patient. Cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis was presumptively diagnosed during planned examination. The diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis was established by examining the materials obtained during marginal resection of the lung. The clinical and laboratory indices and histological findings of the biopsy specimens taken during open lung biopsy were considered.

[The present views of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the senile lung].

The gross postmortem diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its differential diagnosis with senile lungs on autopsy specimens are much difficult if clinical, X-ray, and functional findings are absent. The diagnosis of COPD is now possible only if medical history and clinical data, external respiratory function, and disease severity are considered and compared with the gross and microscopic autopsy pattern, by obligatorily evaluating the state of collagen and elastic fibers. Taking into account the current definition and essence of COPD, it is expedient to reconsider existing stereotypes in the postmortem diagnosis of this disease, by focusing our efforts on the study of its morphologic substrate, patho-, and morphogenesis.

[Biochemical diagnostics of fatal opium intoxication].

Biochemical diagnostics of fatal opium intoxication remains a topical problem in forensic medical science and practice. We investigated materials obtained in the course of forensic medical expertise of the cases of fatal opium intoxication. The study revealed significant differences between myoglobin levels in blood, urine, myocardium, and skeletal muscles. The proposed approach to biochemical diagnostics of fatal opium intoxication enhances the accuracy and the level of evidence of expert conclusions.

[Pneumocystic pneumonia].

The article is devoted to short description of epidemiology, clinical and radiologic demonstration of pneumocystic pneumonia. The features of pathologicoanatomic changes at pneumocystic pneumonia are described. Own observation about combination of classic and scarce histological changes at this disease is in the article.

[Calcification and ossification of lungs].

The different types of lung calcification and ossification including idiopathic and developing after various diseases are in the article. We have described rare lung pathology - pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. We have drawn attention to the possible mechanisms of lung calcification and ossification development.

Pathological Features in 100 Deceased Patients With COVID-19 in Correlation With Clinical and Laboratory Data.

Background: Autopsies on COVID-19 deceased patients have many limitations due to necessary epidemiologic and preventative measures. The ongoing pandemic has caused a significant strain on healthcare systems and is being extensively studied around the world. Clinical data does not always corelate with post-mortem findings. The goal of our study was to find pathognomonic factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in 100 post-mortem full body autopsies. Materials and Methods: Following necessary safety protocol, we performed 100 autopsies on patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 related death. The macroscopic and microscopic pathologies were evaluated along with clinical and laboratory findings. Results: Extensive coagulopathic changes are seen throughout the bodies of diseased patients. Diffuse alveolar damage is pathognomonic of COVID-19 viral pneumonia, and is the leading cause of lethal outcome in younger patients. Extrapulmonary pathology is predominantly seen in the liver and spleen. Intravascular thrombosis is often widespread and signs of septic shock are often present. Conclusion: The described pathological manifestations of COVID-19 in deceased patients are an insight into the main mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 associated lethal outcome. The disease bears no obvious bias in severity, but seems to be more severe in some patients, hinting at genetic or epigenetic factors at play.

[Pathological anatomy in A/H1N1 influenza].

Forty autopsy cases died from A/H1N1 influenza in Moscow, the Moscow Region, and Chita were analyzed. Major changes were found to develop in the trachea and lung. The lung showed the pattern of exudative and proliferative stages of diffuse alveolar lesion. In addition, the signs of viremia-associated infectious-toxic shock, as suggested by pronounced changes in the brain, kidneys, liver, spleen, adrenals, and lymph nodes were revealed. Bacterial bronchopneumonia was detected only in 20% of cases.

[Pathomorphology of the lung in severe influenza A/H1N1].

Thirty-five autopsy cases of influenza A/HIN1 in Moscow were analyzed. Primary pathological changes were found in the trachea and lung. The lung showed a pattern of the exudative and proliferative stages of diffuse alveolar damage. In addition, there were signs of infectious-toxic shock associated with viremia, as suggested by pronounced changes in the brain, kidneys, liver, spleen, adrenals, and lymph nodes. Bacterial bronchopneumonia was detected in only 20% of cases.

[Morphological characteristics of stenosis of the major duodenal papilla].

The study demonstrates a broad spectrum of pathological processes (of inflammatory, tumorous, and tumor-like genesis) of the major duodenal papilla, which result in its stenosis. It should be stressed that only a comprehensive clinical and morphological approach to diagnosing diseases of the major duodenal papilla and accordingly to choosing an adequate treatment may be a success. The morphological studies are currently prominent.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of pulmonary and bronchial arteries in bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis].

Morphological and morphometric studies have shown that secondary pulmonary hypertension is characterized by more pronounced pathological changes in the pulmonary arterial branches in severe chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD) than in idiopathic fibrosing alveolitis. Secondary pulmonary hypertension does develop in atopic bronchial asthma. Moreover, there are more significant pathological changes in the pulmonary arteries than in the bronchial ones. In severe COLD, the development of emphysema affects that of pulmonary arterial hypertension.

[Idiopathic and secondary pulmonary hypertension].

In the available literature, there are single papers on the association of the values of external respiratory function and the EchoCG sings of pulmonary hypertension with the morphological parameters of pulmonary arterial branches in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPH) and secondary pulmonary hypertension (SPH). The present investigation comprised a comprehensive study of life-time functional changes in the cardiopulmonary system and postmortem morphometric changes in the heart and pulmonary vessels in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)-induced SPH and IPH. The investigation has indicated that PPH and SPH are characterized by the same-type rearrangement of pulmonary arterial branches as intimal hyperplasia and medial hypertrophy; however, IPH, as compared with SPH, induces a more significant cor pulmonale. The magnitude of right and left ventricular dysfunction corresponds to the degree of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and cor pulmonale. In IPF, the decreases in tidal volumes and pulmonary diffusion capacity favor PH progression.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of microvessels in serous tumors of the ovaries].

High vascularization is noted in serous papillary ovarian tumors of a low malignancy grade, particularly in malignant serous ovarian tumors with low vascularization in benign neoplasms. Pronounced morphological changes in the vascular wall are found mainly in malignant tumors and tumors of a low malignancy grade where primitive blood vessels of a sinusoid type with a thin muscle wall prevail. Types of vascularization in the tumors studied are variable and this correlates with results of color doppler mapping.

[Myoglobin of the myocardium and skeletal musculature]. / Mioglobin miokarda i skeletnoi muskulatury.

Clinical and experimental literature data reviewed by the author concern myoglobin structure, function and content in normal myocardium, skeletal muscles and serum. The assessment was aimed at elucidation of myoglobin diagnostic potential for a variety of pathologies. Its role in human and animal adaptation in exposure to cold, physical stress and high-altitude factors is demonstrated.

[Various aspects of pathogenesis and pathology of bronchial asthma]. / Nekotorye voprosy patogeneza i patologicheskoi anatomii bronkhial'noi astmy.

Participation in bronchial asthma pathogenesis of the epithelium, bronchial wall, effector cells of inflammation at various periods of the disease are described. Morphology of the bronchi between the attacks, at the height of the attack and at the experimental model of the bronchospasm is presented. The hypotheses of the bronchospasm and respiratory tract obstruction are discussed.

[Myocardial myoglobin in some types of cardiac pathology in the far northeastern USSR]. / Mioglobin miokarda pri nekotorykh vidakh patologii serdtsa na Krainem Severo-Vostoka SSSR.

Immunomorphological and biochemical study of the myoglobin in the myocardium of 118 males at the age of from 30 to 55 years who died suddenly from coronary insufficiency, chronic pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency and from alcoholic cardiomyopathy in Magadan and Moscow is described. A decrease of the myoglobin concentration is revealed in the myocardium of the practically healthy Magadan citizeus as compared to that of moscovites. When the death occurred suddenly reduction of the myoglobin content is noted in the left ventricle simultaneously with its hypertrophy. It is shown immunomorphologically that myoglobin in the cytoplasm of cardiomyocytes is observed in the form of dense foci, granules and streaks. The myoglobin concentration tend to the reduction when there was hypertrophy of the right ventricle in patients dying from chronic pulmonary-cardiac insufficiency. Almost two-fold decrease of the myoglobin concentration in the left ventricle without its visible hypertrophy was observed in alcoholic cardiomyopathy, this may serve as a complementary test in the diagnosis of this disease.

[Malignant splenic hemangioendothelioma]. / Zlokachestvennaia gemangioéndotelioma selenzenki.

The death of a 39-year-old male patient occurred because of the tumor rupture into the abdominal cavity. Splenic hemangioendothelioma was not diagnosed clinically. The literature data on the incidence of this tumor, its clinical course and survival are presented.

[Morphological and morphometric characteristics of the bronchospastic syndrome in chronic diffuse bronchitis and bronchial asthma]. / Morfologicheskaia i morfometricheskaia kharakteristika bronkhospasticheskogo sindroma pri khronicheskom diffuznom bronkhite i bronkhial'noi astme.

Differential diagnosis of bronchospastic syndrome in chronic diffuse bronchitis and bronchial asthma was made on the basis of morphological examinations of 41 lungs and 76 hearts by morphometric and correlation analyses of 45 morphometric parameters.

[Postinfarct defects of the interventricular heart septum in hypertension]. / Postinfarktnye defekty mezhzheludochkovoi peregorodki serdtsa pri gipertonicheskoi bolezni.

Six autopsy observations of postinfarction defects of the interventricular septum developing in the presence of transmural myocardial infarctions in men of 64-69 who had suffered from hypertension for 10-15 years are described. Five patients with such defect died within the first week after the development of the defect of the interventricular septum, but one patient with this defect lived for 2 years and died with repeat infarction. This complication was diagnosed intravitally in 3 patients.

[Calculator for micrometric analysis of histological structures from negatives, photographic plates and photographs]. / Schetnoe ustroistvo dlia mikrometricheskogo analiza gistologicheskikh struktur s negativov, fotoplastinok i fotografii.

The description of a counting device for morphometric analysis of histological structures from negatives, photographic plates and photographs, assembled on the basis of the colony counter and a binocular attachment to MBC-1 microscope, is presented. The counting of dots or histological structures on a definite area is performed using an electrical pen. The results are recorded by the counter. The proposed device allows a morphometric analysis in various types of morphological investigations to be carried out rapidly and with a sufficient precision.