Efficacy of caspofungin in a juvenile mouse model of central nervous system candidiasis.

Neonatal candidiasis is an increasingly common occurrence causing significant morbidity and mortality and a higher risk of dissemination to the central nervous system (CNS) than that seen with older patients. The current understanding of optimal antifungal therapy in this setting is limited. We have developed a model of disseminated candidiasis with CNS involvement in juvenile mice to assess the efficacy of the echinocandin caspofungin relative to amphotericin B (AmB). Juvenile mice were inoculated intravenously with 5.64 × 10(4) CFU of Candida albicans MY1055. Treatment with caspofungin at 1, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg of body weight/day, AmB at 1 mg/kg/day, or a vehicle control (VC) was initiated 30 h after infection and continued for 7 days. Pharmacokinetic parameters for caspofungin were also determined. Culture and histology showed evidence of disseminated candidiasis with multifocal encephalitis at the start of antifungal therapy. Survival was 100% in all treated groups, while mortality was 100% in the VC by day 11 after infection. By day 5, all mice in the caspofungin treatment (four doses) groups showed reductions in kidney and brain burden relative to the VC, while AmB treatment reduced kidney burden but gave no reduction of brain fungal burden. Systemic levels of caspofungin were similar in infected and uninfected mice, while brain levels were higher in infected animals. In this juvenile mouse model, caspofungin demonstrated dose-dependent activity, equivalent to or better than that of AmB at 1 mg/kg, against disseminated candidiasis with CNS involvement.

Synthesis of 5-(1-H or 1-alkyl-5-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-8-hydroxy-[1,6]-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase.

HIV-1 integrase catalyzes the insertion of viral DNA into the genome of the host cell. Integrase inhibitor N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-8-hydroxy-1,6-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide selectively inhibits the strand transfer process of integration. 4-Substituted pyrrolidinones possessing various groups on the pyrrolidinone nitrogen were introduced at the 5-position of the naphthyridine scaffold. These analogs exhibit excellent activity against viral replication in a cell-based assay. The preparation of these compounds was enabled by a three-step, two-pot reaction sequence from a common butenolide intermediate.

Elimination of HCV via a non-ISG-mediated mechanism by vaniprevir and BMS-788329 combination therapy in human hepatocyte chimeric mice.

We previously reported that interferon (IFN)-free direct-acting antiviral combination treatment succeeded in eradicating genotype 1b hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human hepatocyte chimeric mice. In this study, we examined the effect of vaniprevir (MK7009, NS3/4A protease inhibitor) and BMS-788329 (NS5A inhibitor) combination treatment on HCV genotype 1b and the expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) using a subgenomic replicon system and the same animal model. Combination treatment with vaniprevir and BMS-788329 significantly reduced HCV replication compared to vaniprevir monotherapy in HCV replicon cells (Huh7/Rep-Feo cells). HCV genotype 1b-infected human hepatocyte chimeric mice were treated with vaniprevir alone or in combination with BMS-788329 for four weeks. Vaniprevir monotherapy reduced serum HCV RNA titers in mice, but viral breakthrough was observed in mice with high HCV titers. Ultra-deep sequence analysis revealed a predominant replacement by drug-resistant substitutions at 168 in HCV NS3 region in these mice. Conversely, in mice with low HCV titers, HCV was eradicated by vaniprevir monotherapy without viral breakthrough. In contrast to monotherapy, combination treatment with vaniprevir and BMS-788329 succeeded in completely eradicating HCV regardless of serum viral titer. IFN-alpha treatment significantly increased ISG expression; however, vaniprevir and BMS-788329 combination treatment caused no increase in ISG expression both in cultured cells and in mouse livers. Therefore, combination treatment with vaniprevir and BMS-788329 eliminated HCV via a non-ISG-mediated mechanism. This oral treatment might offer an alternative DAA combination therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis C.

Benzodiazepines as potent and selective bradykinin B1 antagonists.

Antagonism of the bradykinin B(1) receptor was demonstrated to be a potential treatment for chronic pain and inflammation. Novel benzodiazepines were designed that display subnanomolar affinity for the bradykinin B(1) receptor (K(i) = 0.59 nM) and high selectivity against the bradykinin B(2) receptor (K(i) > 10 microM). In vivo efficacy, comparable to morphine, was demonstrated for lead compounds in a rodent hyperalgesia model.

Effect of P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in rhesus monkeys.

Brain penetration of drugs which are subject to P-glycoprotein (Pgp)-mediated efflux is attenuated, as manifested by the fact that the cerebrospinal fluid concentration (C(CSF)), a good surrogate of the unbound brain concentration (C(ub)), is lower than the unbound plasma concentration (C(up)) for Pgp substrates. In rodents, the attenuation magnitude of brain penetration by Pgp-mediated efflux has been estimated by correlating the ratio of CSF to plasma exposures (C(CSF)/C(p)) with the unbound fraction in plasma (f(u)) upon the incorporation of the in vivo or in vitro Pgp-mediated efflux ratios (ERs). In the present work, we investigated the impact of Pgp-mediated efflux on C(CSF) in monkeys. Following intravenous administration to cisterna magna ported rhesus monkeys, the CSF and plasma concentrations were determined for 25 compounds from three discovery programs. We also evaluated their f(u) in rhesus plasma and ER in human and African green monkey MDR-transfected LLC-PK1 cells. These compounds varied significantly in the f(u) (0.025-0.73), and 24 out of 25 are considered Pgp substrates based on their appreciable directional transport (ER>2). The C(CSF)/C(p) was significantly lower than the corresponding f(u) (>or=3-fold) for 16 compounds regardless of a significant correlation (R(2)=0.59, p=4 x 10(-5)) when the C(CSF)/C(p) was plotted against the f(u). When the f(u) was normalized to the ER (f(u)/ER) the correlation was improved (R(2)=0.75, p=8 x 10(-8)). More importantly, only one compound showed the C(CSF)/C(p) that exceeded 3-fold of the normalized f(u). The results suggest that the impact of Pgp-mediated efflux in monkeys, similar to the case in rodents, is reasonably reflected by the gradient between the free concentrations in plasma and in CSF. Therefore, f(u) and Pgp ER may serve as useful measurements in estimating in vivo C(CSF)/C(p) ratios in monkeys, and potentially in humans.

Dihydroxypyridopyrazine-1,6-dione HIV-1 integrase inhibitors.

A series of potent novel dihydroxypyridopyrazine-1,6-dione HIV-1 integrase inhibitors was identified. These compounds inhibited the strand transfer process of HIV-1 integrase and viral replication in cells. Compound 6 is active against replication of HIV with a CIC(95) of 0.31 microM and exhibits no shift in potency in the presence of 50% normal human serum. It displays a good pharmacokinetic profile when dosed in rats and no covalent binding with microsomal proteins in both in vitro and in vivo models.

A potent and orally active HIV-1 integrase inhibitor.

A 1,6-naphthyridine inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase has been discovered with excellent inhibitory activity in cells, good pharmacokinetics, and an excellent ability to inhibit virus with mutant enzyme.

A series of 5-(5,6)-dihydrouracil substituted 8-hydroxy-[1,6]naphthyridine-7-carboxylic acid 4-fluorobenzylamide inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase and viral replication in cells.

Introduction of a 5,6-dihydrouracil functionality in the 5-position of N-(4-fluorobenzyl)-8-hydroxy-[1,6]naphthyridine-7-carboxamide 1 led to a series of highly active HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. These compounds displayed low nanomolar activity in inhibiting both the strand transfer process of HIV-1 integrase and viral replication in cells. Compound 11 is a 150-fold more potent antiviral agent than 1, with a CIC(95) of 40 nM in the presence of human serum. It displays good pharmacokinetics when dosed in rats and dogs.

A naphthyridine carboxamide provides evidence for discordant resistance between mechanistically identical inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase.

The increasing incidence of resistance to current HIV-1 therapy underscores the need to develop antiretroviral agents with new mechanisms of action. Integrase, one of three viral enzymes essential for HIV-1 replication, presents an important yet unexploited opportunity for drug development. We describe here the identification and characterization of L-870,810, a small-molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase with potent antiviral activity in cell culture and good pharmacokinetic properties. L-870,810 is an inhibitor with an 8-hydroxy-(1,6)-naphthyridine-7-carboxamide pharmacophore. The compound inhibits HIV-1 integrase-mediated strand transfer, and its antiviral activity in vitro is a direct consequence of this ascribed effect on integration. L-870,810 is mechanistically identical to previously described inhibitors from the diketo acid series; however, viruses selected for resistance to L-870,810 contain mutations (integrase residues 72, 121, and 125) that uniquely confer resistance to the naphthyridine. Conversely, mutations associated with resistance to the diketo acid do not engender naphthyridine resistance. Importantly, the mutations associated with resistance to each of these inhibitors map to distinct regions within the integrase active site. Therefore, we propose a model of the two inhibitors that is consistent with this observation and suggests specific interactions with discrete binding sites for each ligand. These studies provide a structural basis and rationale for developing integrase inhibitors with the potential for unique and nonoverlapping resistance profiles.