Spatial and trend analysis of gestational syphilis cases in Brazil from 2011 to 2020: an ecological study.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the rate of gestational syphilis (GS) based on temporal trends over 11 years, as well as the spatial distribution of GS in Brazil, based on the identification of spatial clusters. METHODOLOGY: An ecological, using Brazil and its regions as an analysis unit, based on gestational syphilis data reported in the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), from 2011 to 2020. Thematic maps were built for spatial data analysis, and the Prais-Winsten autoregressive model was used to verify the trend. Spatial analysis identified the distribution of clusters (high-high; low-low; high-low and low-high) of distribution of GS across Brazilian municipalities, using a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Gestational syphilis experienced a considerable increase in cases during the studied period, with a peak of 37,436 cases in 2018. The spatial distribution of the disease is heterogeneous in the country. A growing trend was observed in all states of Brazil, except for Espírito Santo, where it remained stationary, with a monthly variation of 10.32%. CONCLUSION: The spatial and temporal trend analysis point to syphilis as an important public health problem. The numbers are alarming and show the urgent need for measures to prevent and control syphilis during pregnancy.

The burden of alcohol, tobacco and others drugs among incarcerated population diagnosed with tuberculosis: time trends and spatial determinants in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a public health problem worldwide. It is estimated that 90% of the patients diagnosed with TB live in vulnerable environments with limited health resources, such as individuals living in correctional facilities. This study aimed to identify the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs among prisoners diagnosed with TB and the spatial determinants and time trends of the phenomenon in southern Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using data from the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System was carried out. TB cases confirmed from 2014 to 2018 in prisons located in Paraná, Brazil, were selected. The Prais-Winsten procedure was performed to identify time trends by calculating monthly rates and the percentage of monthly variation. The Seasonal-Trend by Loess decomposition method was used to verify the time series and trends. The spatial association was verified with the Getis-Ord Gi* technique, and the risk areas were identified using spatial scan statistics. RESULTS: A total of 1,099 TB cases were found in the studied population. The consumption of tobacco (n = 460; 41.9%), illegal drugs (n = 451; 41.0%), and alcohol (n = 179; 16.3%) stood out. An ascending trend was found for the consumption of alcohol (+ 19.4%/mo. (95%CI: 12.20-23.03)), tobacco (+ 20.2%/mo. (95%CI: 12.20-28.82)), and illegal drugs (+ 62.2%/mo. (95%CI: 44.54-81.97)). Spatial analysis revealed clusters for the use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs. CONCLUSIONS: This study advances knowledge presenting the burden of drug use and its typology among individuals diagnosed with TB in the prison system. There is a growing trend among patients to use drugs, especially illegal drugs. The clusters show differences between the places where the prisons are located.

Environmental and individual factors associated with quality of life of adults who underwent bariatric surgery: a cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a multifactorial chronic condition associated with genetic, behavioral and environmental factors. Understanding the role of the built and social environment in Quality of Life (QOL) is critical to reducing the negative impacts of the environment on health. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the built and social environmental and individual factors that influence the QOL of adults who underwent bariatric surgery. METHODS: A prospective cohort study conducted with adults who underwent bariatric surgery. Using longitudinal linear regression analysis, we verified the association between the domains of World Health Organization Quality of Life in version bref (WHOQOL-Bref) - General QOL and domains psychological, physical health, social relations and environment - and possible influencing factors. RESULTS: The increase in Body Mass Index (BMI) reduces on average 0.47 points in physical domain assessment score. The increase of healthy establishments within the buffer increases on average 0.52 points in the physical domain score. Being female reduces, on average, 5.35 points in the psychological domain evaluation score. Adults who practiced less than 150 min a week of leisure-time physical activity had a 3.27 point average reduction in the social relations domain assessment score. The increase in the number of Supermarkets and Hypermarkets in the buffer increases on average 2.18 points from the Social Relations domain score. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and contextual factors were associated with the QOL of adults who underwent bariatric surgery. Although the surgery yields positive results, the maintenance of same is strongly related to changes in lifestyle, the built environment and multi-professional guidance.

Rehabilitation of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele: the daily life of mothers-caregiversRehabilitation of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele: the daily life of mothers-caregivers. / Reabilitação de crianças e adolescentes com mielomeningocele: o cotidiano de mães cuidadoras.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the daily routine of mothers-caregivers of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele at home. METHOD: Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative research. Data were collected with 16 mothers of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele by means of interviews and observation from May to August 2015, in municipalities of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The data were submitted to qualitative analysis. RESULTS: The daily care routine of the mothers at home revealed two empirical categories: a) the impact of the birth on naturalization of care, and (b) changes in the routine of the mothers and women. The daily lives of these mothers is marked by caring that restricts their possibilities and activities to within the walls of their homes, although the mothers desire the independence of their children. CONCLUSION: The emotional, economic, and social transformations, and the difficulties of these mothers to ensure the continuity of care highlight the importance of inclusive public policies, and the importance of health workers in the rehabilitation of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele and their families.

Impact of a research-action on vaccination indicators in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the impact of the state research-action project on immunization indicators (vaccination coverage - VC, homogeneity of vaccination coverage - HVC, dropout rate - DR, and risk rating) before and after the intervention in municipalities and priority Regional Health Administrations/Regional Health Superintendencies (RHA/RHS). METHODS: The state research-action project was a before-after community clinical trial conducted in 212 municipalities belonging to eight RHA/RHS in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study sample comprised RHA/RHS with a decreasing trend for routine vaccination coverage in children under one year from 2015 to 2020. This study used secondary VC and DR data from 10 immunobiologicals recommended for children younger than two years from January to December 2021 (pre-intervention period, prior to the state research-action project) and from January to December 2022 (post-intervention period). The categorical variables were presented in proportions, and initially, a comparison was made between those of DR, HVC, and the risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases, according to the two periods (2021 and 2022), using the McNemar test. RESULTS: All immunization indicators increased after conducting the research-action project. In 2021, 80.66% of the state's municipalities had a risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases as "high and very high." In 2022, the value reduced to 68.40%. CONCLUSIONS: Risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases is an important mechanism to assist managers in defining priorities. The state research-action project used a method that enabled the construction and execution of unique action plans for each municipality, directing the improvement of immunization indicators in the state.

Epidemiological profile of spinal cord injury in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the biosocioeconomic profile associated with the occupation and education of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) from Brazil. DESIGN: Analytical, quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional. PARTICIPANTS: Sample composed of 618 Brazilian adults with SCI and access to the internet. SETTING: Community-based, Brazil. METHODS: An online form was developed and publicized on Brazilian social media to voluntarily register for participation in research. Pearson's Chi-squared test was used to analyze the association between categorical variables and the Kruskal Wallis test was used for comparisons and adjusted Odds Ratio with a 95% Confidence Interval. RESULTS: Among the 618 participants, 68.9% were men, with mean age of 38.04 years (SD = 9.85); 58.7% were people with paraplegia and most injuries were traumatic (78.5%), most caused by road traffic accidents (40.8%) and weapons (17.5%). The majority were graduates or post-graduates (49.5%) and received an income of up to US$ 749.58 (55.1%); 70.9% of the participants were beneficiaries of social welfare (63.6%) or unemployed (7.3%). There was a reduction in the employment rate from 91.3% to 15.2% after SCI. An association was found between education and current occupation (P ≥ 0.001). Participants with higher education had higher odds (7.48) to being employed relative to those with elementary education. CONCLUSION: A serious employment situation after SCI was found, with high unemployment and dependence on social welfare. This shows the need for investment in public policies for the rehabilitation, focused on participation, return to the labor market, and ending dependence on social welfare.

Level of Trust of the Population in the Unified Health System in the Midst of the COVID-19 Crisis in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the level of trust in health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, carried out between 2020 and 2021, among Brazilians over 18. Nonprobabilistic sampling was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, using the local bivariate Moran's technique to verify the existence of spatial dependence between the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 and trust in health services. Furthermore, multinomial regression was also used to analyze the factors associated with the confidence level, with the calculation of the odds ratio and with a confidence interval of 95%. RESULTS: A total of 50.6% reported trust in hospital services, while 41.4% did not trust primary health care services. With the application of the local bivariate Moran, both for the incidence and mortality of COVID-19, the trust in tertiary care and primary care services showed a statistically significant spatial association predominant in the Midwest (high-low) and North (low-high) regions of Brazil. The level of trust was associated with education, religion, region of the country and income. CONCLUSIONS: The level of trust in hospital services, more than primary health care services, may be related to the population's culture of prioritizing the search for hospital care at the detriment of health promotion and disease prevention.

Acquired and Transmitted Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis among the Incarcerated Population and Its Determinants in the State of Paraná-Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. The study analyzed the factors associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the prison population of the state of Paraná. (2) Methods: Ecological study of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases registered in the Paraná Information System, Brazil (2008 to 2018). We performed descriptive statistics of quantitative parameters calculated with absolute frequencies. Additionally, we used binary regression logistics, where the odds ratio with its respective confidence interval was calculated. (3) Results: Of the 653 cases registered as cases of tuberculosis in the incarcerated population, 98 were drug-resistant tuberculosis. We observed that educational level of up to 8 to 11 years of schooling, negative bacterial culture (test outcome) and no tobacco use were factors associated with the non-development of drug-resistant tuberculosis, while clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up showed an association for the development of drug resistance. (4) Conclusions: The study showed that clinically confirmed pulmonary TB and a positive sputum smear microscopy in the fourth month of follow-up were associated with drug-resistant tuberculosis.

Trend and Spatial Distribution of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Liberty-Deprived Populations in the State of Paraná, Brazil.

(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. This study evaluated the temporal trends, distribution, and spatial associations of drug-resistant tuberculosis in liberty-deprived populations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (2) Methods: An ecological study was developed using all cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments reported by the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2008 and 2018. For the time trend, the Prais-Winsten method was used. To verify the spatial association, the Getis-Ord Gi* technique was used. (3) Results: During the study period, 653 cases of tuberculosis were reported in the studied population, of which 98 (15%) were drug-resistant. Prais-Winsten autoregression identified an increasing trend, with APC = 15.08% (95% CI: 0.02-0.09) from 2008 to 2018; when analyzed from 2012 to 2018, the trend increased even more, with APC = 23.31% (95% CI: 0.01-0.16). Hotspots were also noted in the north, east, and west macro-regions of the state. (4) Conclusions: The presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as an increasing trend of these cases, was evidenced in all regions of the state among liberty-deprived populations,. The spatial analysis revealed priority areas for drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments.

[Lactational amenorrhea: nurses experience and the promotion of this alternative method of contraception]. / Lactação com amenorréia: experiência de enfermeiros e a promoção dessa opção contraceptiva.

This is a cross-sectional, field study that used a quantitative approach with the objectives to identify nurses' personal experiences with breastfeeding and with the Lactactional Amenorrhea Method (LAM); learn the reasons for not adhering to breastfeeding or adhering to mixed feeding; establish the relationship between nurses' personal experience with the LAM and their giving orientations about this contraceptive method to users of the Primary Health Care Center. Participants were 137 nurses with the Family Health Strategy in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil, and data collection was performed through interviews. Most participants were female; i.e., 121 participants (88.3%). The age range was 26 to 59 years, with an average of 38.3 years. Sixty-six participants (94.2%) had a previous experience with breastfeeding, 61 (92.4%) of which adhered to Exclusive Breastfeeding (EB), 5 (7.6%) to Mixed Feeding (MF); and 4 (5.8%) did not breastfeed. The time of EB ranged from one to six months, with an average 4.31 months. Twelve nurses (19.6%) followed the LAM. The study showed that the nurses' personal experience with the LAM did not affect the promotion of this method to the clientele that they assist.

Temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence and its spatial distribution in Macapá - Amapá.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence after the implementation of the rapid molecular test (RMT-TB), to identify whether tuberculosis presents seasonal variation and to classify the territory according to case density and risk areas in Macapá, Amapá. METHODS: Ecological study of tuberculosis cases registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN - Information System for Notifiable Diseases) between 2001 and 2017. We used the Prais-Winsten test to classify the temporal trend of incidence and the interrupted time series to identify changes in the temporal trend before and after the implementation of the rapid molecular test, and to verify seasonality in the municipality. The Kernel estimator was used to classify case density and scan statistics to identify areas of tuberculosis risk. RESULTS: A total of 1,730 cases were identified, with a decreasing temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence (-0.27% per month, 95%CI -0.13 to -0.41). The time series showed no change in level after the implementation of the GeneXpert®MTB/RIF molecular test; however, the incidence increased in the post-test period (+2.09% per month, 95%CI 0.92 to 3.27). Regarding the seasonal variation, it showed growth (+13.7%/month, 95%CI 4.71 to 23.87) from December to June, the rainy season - called amazon winter season -, and decrease (-9.21% per month, CI95% -1.37 to -16.63) in the other periods. We classified areas with high density of cases in the Central and Northern districts using Kernel and identified three protection clusters, SC1 (RR = 0.07), SC2 (RR = 0.23) and SC3 (RR = 0.36), and a high-risk cluster, SC4 (RR = 1.47), with the scan statistics. CONCLUSION: The temporal trend of tuberculosis incidence was decreasing in the time series; however, detection increased after the introduction of RMT-TB, and tuberculosis showed seasonal behavior. The case distribution was heterogeneous, with a tendency to concentrate in vulnerable and risk territories, evidencing a pattern of disease inequality in the territory.

The complexity of TB/HIV coinfection: an analysis of the social and health services context in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil is in the 19th position of priority countries for the control of TB/HIV coinfection, so we aimed to analyze the social and health services contexts that are associated with TB/HIV coinfection in São Paulo state. METHODOLOGY: Ecological study conducted in 645 cities of the state. The study population consisted of 10,389 new cases of TB/HIV coinfection in state residents between 2010 and 2015. The variables and indicators used in the study were collected from secondary sources. To identify the factors associated with the occurrence of TB/HIV coinfection cases, generalized additive models for location, scale and shape were used. The best distribution model was defined from the lowest Akaike information criterion value. RESULTS: There was an association between the occurrence of coinfection and the diagnosis of TB after death and greater treatment default. There was also an association with greater coverage of nurses and Family Health Strategy, which comprises Primary Care settings focused on families. Regarding the social context, the Gini Coefficient of inequality was identified as a determinant of coinfection. CONCLUSIONS: The study presents the complexity of TB/HIV coinfection, proposing critical points in the health services and social context. Despite the high coverage of nurses and Family Health Strategy in some cities, this did not affect the reduction of the incidence of coinfection. These findings may be attributed to a fragmented care and focused on acute conditions. Furthermore, this model of care holds few prospects for care integration or prioritization of prevention and health promotion actions.

Condições de trabalho de enfermeiros da atenção primária à saúde nas capitais da região sudeste do Brasil / Working conditions of primary health care nurses in the capitals of the southeastern of Brazil / Condiciones de trabajo de las enfermeras de atención primaria de salud en las capitales de la región sureste de Brasil

Introdução: As condições de trabalho de enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde se relacionam a questões de ordem interpessoal, política, organizacional e de infraestrutura. Objetivo: analisar a categoria "condições de trabalho" oriunda da pesquisa "Práticas de Enfermagem na Atenção Primária à Saúde: estudo nacional de métodos mistos", com foco nas capitais da região Sudeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo qualitativo que analisou 108 entrevistas de enfermeiros residentes em Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Vitória, realizadas entre novembro de 2020 e setembro de 2021. Os dados foram submetidos à análise temática, com apoio do software MAXQDA®. Resultados: os participantes eram majoritariamente do sexo feminino (88,0%), idade média de 42 anos, cor ou raça parda e tempo de atuação em atenção primária superior a 12 anos. Há uma diversidade temática quanto às condições de trabalho referidas por enfermeiros, destacando-se positivamente relacionamentos interpessoais. Infraestrutura das unidades de saúde e a fragilidade dos vínculos empregatícios foram referidos como dificultadores do trabalho na APS. Conclusão: Há uma diversidade de fatores que se relacionam com as condições de trabalho dos enfermeiros, sendo necessário intervenções sobre aquelas que trazem prejuízos, como o excesso de atribuições e infraestrutura das unidades de saúde. (AU)

Background: The working conditions of nurses working in Primary Health Care are related to interpersonal, political, organizational and infrastructure issues. Objective: to analyze the category "working conditions" from the research "Nursing Practices in Primary Health Care: a national study of mixed methods", focusing on the capitals of the Southeast region of Brazil. Methods: qualitative study that analyzed 108 interviews with nurses residing in Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Vitória, carried out between November 2020 and September 2021. Data were subjected to thematic analysis, with the support of the MAXQDA® software. Results: the participants were mostly female (88.0%), mean age of 42 years, brown color or race, and working in primary care for more than 12 years. There is a thematic diversity regarding the working conditions mentioned by nurses, with positive emphasis on interpersonal relationships. Infrastructure of the health units and the fragility of employment relationships were mentioned as obstacles to work in PHC. Conclusion: There are a variety of factors that are related to the working conditions of nurses, requiring interventions on those that bring harm, such as excess attributions and infrastructure of health units. (AU)

Introducción: Las condiciones de trabajo de los enfermeros que actúan en la Atención Primaria de Salud están relacionadas con cuestiones interpersonales, políticas, organizativas y de infraestructura. Objetivo: analizar la categoría "condiciones de trabajo" de la investigación "Prácticas de Enfermería en la Atención Primaria de Salud: un estudio nacional de métodos mixtos", con foco en las capitales de la región Sudeste de Brasil. Métodos: estudio cualitativo que analizó 108 entrevistas con enfermeros residentes en Belo Horizonte, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo y Vitória, realizadas entre noviembre de 2020 y septiembre de 2021. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis temático, con el apoyo del software MAXQDA®. Resultados: los participantes eran mayoritariamente del sexo femenino (88,0%), edad media de 42 años, color moreno o raza, y actuaban en la atención primaria hace más de 12 años. Hay diversidad temática en cuanto a las condiciones de trabajo mencionadas por los enfermeros, con énfasis positivo en las relaciones interpersonales. La infraestructura de las unidades de salud y la fragilidad de las relaciones laborales fueron mencionadas como obstáculos para el trabajo en la APS. Conclusión: Hay una variedad de factores que se relacionan con las condiciones de trabajo de los enfermeros, requiriendo intervenciones sobre aquellos que traen perjuicio, como el exceso de atribuciones e infraestructura de las unidades de salud. (AU)

Acesso e qualidade da alimentação: percepção da população em situação de rua / Acceso y calidad de la alimentación: percepción de personas en situación de calle / Access to food and food quality: perception of the homeless population

Resumo Objetivo Compreender a percepção do acesso e da qualidade da alimentação para a população em situação de rua. Métodos Estudo descritivo qualitativo, realizado em um Centro de Referência da População de Rua na região centro-sul de Belo Horizonte (MG). Utilizou-se roteiro semiestruturado para a realização das entrevistas de 18 participantes. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre dezembro de 2020 e janeiro de 2021. A análise temática do material, proposta por Bardin, possibilitou a elaboração de três categorias empíricas. Resultados O público entrevistado era masculino, com idade média de 43 anos e tempo médio de situação de rua de 44,6 meses. O acesso à alimentação foi proveniente das doações de alimentos, refeições em instituições governamentais e aquisições ao dispor de renda. Foram relatadas dificuldades quanto à quantidade e qualidade dos alimentos, à aquisição das refeições nos fins de semana, aos sentimentos de medo e angústia perante a fome, à falta do alimento e pelo estigma social, agravados pela COVID-19. Conclusão Diante do cenário de iniquidades sociais, o direito ao acesso à alimentação não é garantido, sendo necessária a implementação de políticas públicas de proteção social que garantam os direitos básicos.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender la percepción del acceso y de la calidad de la alimentación según personas en situación de calle. Métodos Estudio descriptivo cualitativo, realizado en un Centro de Referencia de Personas de la Calle en la región centro-sur de Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais). Se utilizó un guion semiestructurado para realizar entrevistas a 18 participantes. La recopilación de datos se realizó entre diciembre de 2020 y enero de 2021. El análisis temático del material, propuesto por Bardin, permitió la elaboración de tres categorías empíricas. Resultados El público entrevistado era masculino, de 43 años de edad promedio y tiempo promedio de situación de calle de 44,6 meses. El acceso a la alimentación fue proveniente de donaciones de alimentos, comidas en instituciones gubernamentales y adquisiciones al disponer de ingresos. Las personas relataron dificultades con relación a la cantidad y calidad de los alimentos, a la adquisición de comida los fines de semana, a los sentimientos de miedo y angustia ante el hambre, a la falta de alimentos y al estigma social, agravados por el COVID-19. Conclusión Ante el escenario de iniquidades sociales, el derecho al acceso a la alimentación no está garantizado, por lo cual es necesario implementar políticas públicas de protección social que garanticen los derechos básicos.

Abstract Objective To understand the perception of access to food and food quality for the street population. Methods This qualitative descriptive study was performed in a Reference Center for the Homeless Population in the south-central region of Belo Horizonte (MG). A semi-structured script was used to conduct interviews with 18 participants. Data collection occurred between December 2020 and January 2021. The thematic analysis of the material, as proposed by Bardin, made it possible to elaborate three empirical categories. Results The public interviewed was male, with a mean age of 43 years, and a mean time on the streets of 44.6 months. Access to food came from donations, meals at government institutions, and acquisition when income was available. Difficulties were reported regarding the quantity and quality of food, acquisition of meals on weekends, feelings of fear and anguish in the face of hunger, lack of food, and social stigma, which were aggravated by COVID-19. Conclusion As in this scenario of social inequalities the access to food is not guaranteed, implementing public policies of social protection is necessary to guarantee basic rights.

Impact of a research-action on vaccination indicators in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Impacto de uma pesquisa-ação nos indicadores vacinais em Minas Gerais

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze the impact of the state research-action project on immunization indicators (vaccination coverage - VC, homogeneity of vaccination coverage - HVC, dropout rate - DR, and risk rating) before and after the intervention in municipalities and priority Regional Health Administrations/Regional Health Superintendencies (RHA/RHS). METHODS The state research-action project was a before-after community clinical trial conducted in 212 municipalities belonging to eight RHA/RHS in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study sample comprised RHA/RHS with a decreasing trend for routine vaccination coverage in children under one year from 2015 to 2020. This study used secondary VC and DR data from 10 immunobiologicals recommended for children younger than two years from January to December 2021 (pre-intervention period, prior to the state research-action project) and from January to December 2022 (post-intervention period). The categorical variables were presented in proportions, and initially, a comparison was made between those of DR, HVC, and the risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases, according to the two periods (2021 and 2022), using the McNemar test. RESULTS All immunization indicators increased after conducting the research-action project. In 2021, 80.66% of the state's municipalities had a risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases as "high and very high." In 2022, the value reduced to 68.40%. CONCLUSIONS Risk rating for the transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases is an important mechanism to assist managers in defining priorities. The state research-action project used a method that enabled the construction and execution of unique action plans for each municipality, directing the improvement of immunization indicators in the state.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar o impacto do projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação nos indicadores de imunização (coberturas vacinais - CV, homogeneidade de cobertura vacinal - HCV, taxa de abandono - TA e classificação de risco) antes e após a intervenção em municípios e Gerências Regionais de Saúde/Superintendências Regionais de Saúde (GRS/SRS) prioritários. MÉTODOS O projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação foi um ensaio clínico comunitário, do tipo antes-depois, realizado em 212 municípios pertencentes a oito GRS/SRS do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Compuseram a amostra do estudo as SRS/GRS com tendência decrescente para a cobertura vacinal de rotina em crianças menores de 1 ano, no período de 2015 a 2020. Neste estudo, foram utilizados dados secundários de CV e TA de 10 imunobiológicos recomendados para crianças menores de 2 anos, no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2021 (período pré-intervenção, anterior ao projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação) e de janeiro a dezembro de 2022 (período pós-intervenção). As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em proporções e, inicialmente, realizou-se a comparação entre as de TA, HCV e a classificação de risco para a transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis, segundo os dois períodos (2021 e 2022), utilizando-se o teste McNemar. RESULTADOS Observou-se um aumento de todos os indicadores de imunização após a realização do projeto de pesquisa-ação. No ano de 2021, 80,66% dos municípios do estado tiveram a classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis como "alto e muito alto risco". Em 2022, o valor foi reduzido para 68,40%. CONCLUSÕES A classificação de risco para transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis é um mecanismo importante para auxiliar os gestores na definição de prioridades. O projeto estadual de pesquisa-ação empregou um método que possibilitou a construção e a execução de planos de ação singulares a cada município, direcionando a melhoria dos indicadores de imunização no estado.

Vínculo e acolhimento na atenção primária à saúde: potencialidades e desafios para o cuidado / Bonding and user embracement in primary health care: potentialities and challenges for care / Vinculación y acogimiento en la atención primaria de salud: potencialidades y desafíos para el cuidado

O objeto deste estudo é a percepção dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre o vínculo e o acolhimento na Atenção Primária à Saúde. O objetivo é analisar as potencialidades e os limites dessas ferramentas para efetivação do princípio da integralidade no cuidado em saúde. Trata-se de estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa que analisou 251 entrevistas realizadas com enfermeiras(os) atuantes no Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo. As entrevistas, guiadas por roteiro semiestruturado, foram gravadas e transcritas. Os dados produzidos foram tratados e explorados com auxílio do software MaxQda. A maior parte das participantes eram mulheres, brancas, residiam na mesma cidade de trabalho, graduaram-se em instituições privadas e tinham especialização na área. Os resultados foram organizados em três categorias: longitudinalidade e continuidade do cuidado; relação de afetividade e confiança; garantia de acesso aos serviços de saúde, identificação das necessidades de saúde. Os enfermeiros entendem que o vínculo e o acolhimento, que perpassa a construção de afetividade e de confiança, favorecem a construção de um projeto terapêutico integral. Além disso, identificam que a prática em saúde amparada no vínculo e no acolhimento estão associados a uma maior valorização da profissão de enfermagem por parte da população. (AU)

The object of this study is the perception of nursing professionals about bonding and user embracement in Primary Health Care. The objective is to analyze the potentialities and limits of these tools to implement the principle of integrality in health care. This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach that analyzed 251 interviews carried out with nurses working in Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The interviews, guided by a semi-structured script, were recorded and transcribed. The data produced were processed and explored with the help of the MaxQda software. Most of the participants were women, white, lived in the same city where they worked, graduated from private institutions and had specialization in the area. The results were organized into three categories: longitudinality and continuity of care; relationship of affection and trust; guarantee of access to health services, identification of health needs. Nurses understand that bonding and user embracement, which permeates the construction of affection and trust, favors the construction of an integral therapeutic project. In addition, they identify that health practice based on bonding and user embracement are associated with a greater appreciation of the nursing profession by the population. (AU)

El objeto de este estudio es la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería sobre el vínculo y la acogida en la Atención Primaria de Salud. El objetivo es analizar las potencialidades y límites de estas herramientas para implementar el principio de integralidad en la atención a la salud. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo que analizó 251 entrevistas realizadas con enfermeros que actúan en Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro y São Paulo. Las entrevistas, guiadas por un guión semiestructurado, fueron grabadas y transcritas. Los datos producidos fueron procesados y explorados con la ayuda del software MaxQda. La mayoría de los participantes eran mujeres, blancas, vivían en la misma ciudad donde trabajaban, egresadas de instituciones privadas y tenían especialización en el área. Los resultados se organizaron en tres categorías: longitudinalidad y continuidad de la atención; relación de afecto y confianza; garantía de acceso a los servicios de salud, identificación de necesidades de salud. Los enfermeros comprenden que el vínculo y la acogida, que permean la construcción de afecto y confianza, favorecen la construcción de un proyecto terapeutico integral. Además, identifican que las prácticas de salud basadas en el vínculo y la acogida están asociadas a una mayor valorización de la profesión de enfermería por parte de la población. (AU)

Diagnóstico e acompanhamento da tuberculose - diferenças entre população geral e populações vulnerabilizadas / Diagnosis and monitoring of tuberculosis - differences between the general population and those with vulnerabilities / Diagnóstico y seguimiento de la tuberculosis - diferencias entre la población general y grupos con vulnerabilidades

RESUMO Objetivo a realização de exames diagnósticos e do acompanhamento da tuberculose entre população geral e populações em situação de vulnerabilidade social no município de Belo Horizonte/MG. Método estudo epidemiológico dos casos de tuberculose do Sistema de Informação de Belo Horizonte - Brasil, 2001 a 2017. Realizou-se análise descritiva e comparação entre população geral, população em situação de rua e privada de liberdade. Resultados os exames diagnósticos e de acompanhamento foram realizados com mais frequência nas populações vulnerabilizadas em até 30%, com baixo uso do teste rápido molecular(média de 35,4%) e do tratamento observado, com 22% de realização na população de rua e 38% na privada de liberdade. Conclusão o estudo sinaliza para a necessidade de priorização do teste rápido e do tratamento observado, especialmente entre públicos vulnerabilizados. Disseminar o uso dessas ferramentas pode determinar a interrupção da cadeia de transmissão, a possibilidade da cura e a não ocorrência de resistência.

ABSTRACT Objective: to compare the performance of diagnostic exams and monitoring of tuberculosis between the general population and those in situations of social vulnerability from the municipality of Belo Horizonte/MG. Method an epidemiological study of the tuberculosis cases recorded between 2001 and 2017 in the Information System of Belo Horizonte - Brazil. A descriptive analysis and a comparison were performed between the general population and those in street situations and deprived of their freedom. Results diagnostic and follow-up tests were performed more frequently in vulnerable populations, in up to 30%, with low use of the rapid molecular test (mean of 35.4%) and of the observed treatment, with 22% of performance in the street population. and 38% in individuals deprived of freedom. Conclusion the study points to the need to prioritize the rapid test and the observed treatment, especially among vulnerable groups. Disseminating the use of these tools can determine interruption of the transmission chain, the possibility of a cure and non-occurrence resistance.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar la realización de pruebas de diagnóstico y de seguimiento de la tuberculosis entre la población general y grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad social en el municipio de Belo Horizonte/MG. Método estudio epidemiológico de los casos de tuberculosis registrados entre 2001 y 2017 en el Sistema de Información de Belo Horizonte - Brasil. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y una comparación entre la población general y grupos de personas en situación de calle y privadas de su libertad. Resultados las pruebas diagnósticas y de seguimiento se realizaron con hasta un 30% mayor frecuencia en poblaciones vulnerables, con bajo uso de la prueba molecular rápida (media de 35,4%) y tratamiento observado, con un 22% de realización en la población en situación de calle y 38% en personas privadas de su libertad. Conclusión el estudio apunta a la necesidad de priorizar la prueba rápida y el tratamiento observado, especialmente entre los grupos vulnerables. Difundir el uso de estas herramientas puede determinar la interrupción de la cadena de transmisión, la posibilidad de cura y la ausencia de resistencia.

Tendências temporais de internações de crianças por condições sensíveis à atenção primária em Minas Gerais, Brasil / Tendencias temporales de admisión infantil por condiciones sensibles a la atención primaria en Minas Gerais, Brasil / Temporal tendencies in hospitalization of children for primary care-sensitive conditions in Minas Gerais, Brazil

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a tendência das internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária em crianças menores de cinco anos de idade, no estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos: estudo ecológico de séries temporais utilizou registros do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar, período de 2008 a 2018. As análises de tendência foram realizadas pelo método de Prais-Winsten para verificar tendências: estacionárias (p > 0,05), decrescentes (p < 0,05 e coeficiente de regressão negativo) ou ascendentes (p < 0,05 e coeficiente de regressão positivo) por região de saúde e por grupo etário (até um ano e de um a quatro anos). Resultados: houve tendência decrescente de internações entre crianças no estado (variação percentual anual = -4,96%; p < 0,05), com redução de internações por gastroenterites infecciosas e complicações, pneumonias bacterianas e asma. Observou-se aumento de internações por anemia; doenças pulmonares e infecções de ouvido, nariz e garganta. Para crianças menores de um ano, foi observado que as internações por doenças preveníveis por imunização e condições sensíveis apresentaram tendência ascendente (ß=5,69 e p < 0,05), com destaque para a sífilis congênita. Conclusões: o cenário de Minas Gerais é similar ao de outros estados brasileiros, nos quais se observa redução de internação de crianças de até cinco anos, com aumento de internações por anemia, doenças pulmonares e infecção de ouvido, nariz e garganta. Ainda que existam melhorias nas práticas e políticas voltadas para a saúde da criança, os achados reforçam o planejamento de ações para o cuidado a agravos preveníveis na atenção primária.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la tendencia de las hospitalizaciones por condiciones sensibles a la atención primaria en niños menores de cinco años, en el estado de Minas Gerais. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico de series de tiempo con registros del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria, de 2008 a 2018. Se realizaron análisis de tendencias mediante el método de Prais-Winsten para verificar las tendencias: estacionaria (p> 0.05), decreciente (p <0.05 y coeficiente de regresión negativo) o ascendente (p <0,05 y coeficiente de regresión positivo) por región sanitaria y por grupo de edad (hasta un año y de uno a cuatro años). Resultados: hubo una tendencia decreciente de hospitalizaciones entre los niños del estado (variación porcentual anual = -4,96%; p <0,05), con una reducción de las hospitalizaciones por gastroenteritis infecciosa y complicaciones, neumonía bacteriana y asma. Hubo un aumento de las hospitalizaciones por anemia; enfermedades pulmonares e infecciones de oído, nariz y garganta. Para los menores de un año, se observó que las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades prevenibles por inmunización y condiciones sensibles mostraron una tendencia ascendente (ß = 5,69 yp <0,05), con énfasis en la sífilis congénita. Conclusiones: el escenario en Minas Gerais es similar al de otros estados brasileños, en los que hay una reducción en el número de hospitalizaciones de niños hasta los cinco años, con un aumento de las hospitalizaciones por anemia, enfermedades pulmonares y de oído, nariz e infecciones de garganta. Si bien existen mejoras en las prácticas y políticas orientadas a la salud infantil, los hallazgos refuerzan la planificación de acciones para la atención de enfermedades prevenibles en atención primaria.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the tendency of hospitalizations for primary care-sensitive conditions in children under five years of age in the state of Minas Gerais. Methods: an ecological time series study used records from the Hospital Information System, from 2008 to 2018. Tendency analyzes were performed using the Prais-Winsten method to verify tendencies: stationary (p > 0.05), decreasing (p < 0.05 and negative regression coefficient) or increasing (p < 0.05 and positive regression coefficient) by health region and by age group (up to one year and from one to four years). Results: there was a downward tendency in hospitalizations among children in the state (annual percentage variation = -4.96%; p < 0.05), with a reduction in hospitalizations for infectious gastroenteritis and complications, bacterial pneumonia, and asthma. An increase in hospitalizations due to anemia was observed, lung diseases and ear, nose, and throat infections. For children under one year old, it was observed that hospitalizations for diseases preventable by immunization and sensitive conditions showed an upward tendency (ß=5.69 and p < 0.05), with emphasis on congenital syphilis. Conclusions: the scenario of Minas Gerais is similar to that of other Brazilian states, in which there is a reduction in hospitalization of children up to five years old, with an increase in hospitalizations for anemia, lung diseases and ear, nose and throat infections. Although there are improvements in practices and policies aimed at children's health, the findings reinforce the planning of actions for the care of preventable diseases in primary care.

Eventos adversos após a vacina papilomavírus humano em adolescentes no estado de Minas Gerais / Eventos adversos después de la vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano, en adolescentes en el estado de Minas Gerais / Adverse events following human papillomavirus vaccine in adolescents in the state of Minas Gerais

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar as notificações dos eventos adversos pós-vacinação papilomavírus humano no estado de Minas Gerais, de acordo com a localidade de notificação, a causalidade, a gravidade e a evolução dos casos. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico realizado com os dados de 2015-2019, notificados no Sistema de Informação de Vigilância de Eventos Adversos. Os dados foram analisados e apresentados em proporções, segundo as macrorregiões de saúde e os anos do estudo. Resultados: em 2015, foram notificados 26,41% eventos adversos, sendo o ano com maior notificação. Na análise das macrorregiões de saúde, Vale do Jequitinhonha apresentou a menor prevalência de registro (0,43%), e a Centro a maior prevalência de notificação (30,95%). Os eventos adversos locais mais prevalentes foram: dor (56,48%) e edema (38,89%). Já quanto aos eventos sistêmicos, a cefaleia (29,69%) e a gastroenterite (29,69%) tiveram os maiores registros de casos. Os eventos classificados como adversos não graves (59,82%) foram os mais prevalentes, e quanto à causa, 35,94% deles foram atribuídos aos erros de imunização. Conclusão: este estudo reforça que os eventos adversos pós-vacina de HPV foram, em sua maioria, eventos não graves, demonstrando, portanto, a segurança da vacina HPV para o público adolescente, contribuindo para o aumento das taxas de cobertura vacinal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: investigar las notificaciones de eventos adversos de papilomavirus humano en el Estado de Minas Gerais, según la localidad de notificación, la causalidad, la gravedad y la evolución de los casos. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico realizado con datos de 2015-2019, notificados en el Sistema de Información de Vigilancia de Eventos Adversos. Los datos fueron analizados y presentados en proporciones, según las macrorregiones sanitarias y los años del estudio. Resultados: en 2015 se notificaron un 26,41% de eventos adversos, siendo el año con mayor notificación. Al analizar las macrorregiones sanitarias, el Valle de Jequitinhonha tuvo la menor prevalencia de registro, con un 0,43%, y el Centro tuvo la mayor prevalencia de notificación (30,95%). Los efectos adversos locales más frecuentes fueron el dolor (56,48%) y el edema (38,89%). En cuanto a los eventos sistémicos, la cefalea (29,69%) y la gastroenteritis (29,69%) presentaron el mayor número de casos. Los eventos clasificados como adversos no graves (59,82%) fueron los más prevalentes y, en cuanto a la causa, el 35,94% de ellos se atribuyeron a los errores de inmunización. Conclusión: este estudio refuerza que los eventos adversos posteriores a la vacuna contra el VPH fueron en su mayoría eventos no graves, demostrando así la seguridad de la vacuna contra el VPH para el público adolescente y contribuyendo al aumento de las tasas de cobertura de vacunación.

ABSTRACT Objective: to investigate reports of adverse events following human papillomavirus vaccination in the state of Minas Gerais, according to the location of notification, causality, severity, and evolution of cases. Methods: epidemiological study carried out with data from 2015-2019, reported in the Adverse Event Surveillance Information System. Data were analyzed and presented in proportions, according to health macro-regions and years of study. Results: in 2015, 26.41% of adverse events were reported, being the year with the highest number of notifications. In the analysis of health macro-regions, Vale do Jequitinhonha had the lowest prevalence of registration (0.43%), and the Center had the highest prevalence of notification (30.95%). The most prevalent local adverse events were pain (56.48%) and edema (38.89%). As for systemic events, headache (29.69%) and gastroenteritis (29.69%) had the highest number of cases. Events classified as non-serious adverse events (59.82%) were the most prevalent, and regarding the cause, 35.94% of them were attributed to immunization errors. Conclusion: this study reinforces that adverse events following HPV vaccination were, for the most part, non-serious events, thus demonstrating the safety of the HPV vaccine for the adolescent public, contributing to the increase in vaccine coverage rates.