Relationship between age at initiation of cysteamine treatment, adherence with therapy, and glomerular kidney function in infantile nephropathic cystinosis.

Infantile nephropathic cystinosis, due to impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes, occurs with an incidence of 1 in 100-200,000 live births. It is characterized by renal Fanconi syndrome in the first year of life and glomerular dysfunction progression to end-stage kidney disease by approximately 10 years of age. Treatment with oral cysteamine therapy helps preserve glomerular function, but affected individuals eventually require kidney replacement therapy. This is because glomerular damage had already occurred by the time a child is diagnosed with cystinosis, typically in the second year of life. We performed a retrospective multicenter study to investigate the impact of initiating cysteamine treatment within the first 2 months of life in some infants and comparing two different levels of adherence in patients diagnosed at the typical age. We collected 3983 data points from 55 patients born between 1997 and 2020; 52 patients with 1592 data points could be further evaluated. These data were first analyzed by dividing the patient cohort into three groups: (i) standard treatment start with good adherence, (ii) standard treatment start with less good adherence, and (iii) early treatment start. At every age, mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was higher in early-treated patients than in later-treated patients. Second, a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) was applied showing that patients with initiation of treatment before 2 months of age are expected to have a 34 ml/min/1.73 m2 higher eGFR than patients with later treatment start while controlling for adherence and patients' age. These data strongly suggest that oral cysteamine treatment initiated within 2 months of birth preserves kidney function in infantile nephropathic cystinosis and provide evidence of the utility of newborn screening for this disease.

Precise variant interpretation, phenotype ascertainment, and genotype-phenotype correlation of children in the EARLY PRO-TECT Alport trial.

Early initiation of therapy in patients with Alport syndrome (AS) slows down renal failure by many years. Genotype-phenotype correlations propose that the location and character of the individual's variant correlate with the renal outcome and any extra renal manifestations. In-depth clinical and genetic data of 60/62 children who participated in the EARLY PRO-TECT Alport trial were analyzed. Genetic variants were interpreted according to current guidelines and criteria. Genetically solved patients with X-linked inheritance were then classified according to the severity of their COL4A5 variant into less-severe, intermediate, and severe groups and disease progress was compared. Almost 90% of patients were found to carry (likely) pathogenic variants and classified as genetically solved cases. Patients in the less-severe group demonstrated a borderline significant difference in disease progress compared to those in the severe group (p = 0.05). While having only limited power according to its sample size, an obvious strength is the precise clinical and genetic data of this well ascertained cohort. As in published data differences in clinical progress were shown between patients with COL4A5 less-severe and severe variants. Therefore, clinical and segregational data are important for variant (re)classification. Genetic testing should be mandatory allowing early diagnosis and therapy of AS.

A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase 3 trial with open-arm comparison indicates safety and efficacy of nephroprotective therapy with ramipril in children with Alport's syndrome.

Children with Alport syndrome develop renal failure early in life. Since the safety and efficacy of preemptive nephroprotective therapy are uncertain we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in 14 German sites of pediatric patients with ramipril for three to six years plus six months follow-up to determine these parameters. Pretreated children and those whose parents refused randomization became an open-arm control, which were compared to prospective real-world data from untreated children. The co-primary endpoints were safety (adverse drug reactions) and efficacy (time to progression). Out of 66 oligosymptomatic children, 22 were randomized and 44 joined the open-arm comparison. Ramipril therapy showed no safety issues (total of 216.4 patient-years on ramipril; adverse event rate-ratio 1.00; 95% confidence interval 0.66-1.53). Although not significant, our results cautiously showed that ramipril therapy was effective: in the randomized arm, Ramipril decreased the risk of disease progression by almost half (hazard ratio 0.51 (0.12-2.20)), diminished the slope of albuminuria progression and the decline in glomerular filtration. In adjusted analysis, indications of efficacy were supported by prospective data from participants treated open label compared with untreated children, in whom ramipril again seemed to reduce progression by almost half (0.53 (0.22-1.29)). Incorporating these results into the randomized data by Bayesian evidence synthesis resulted in a more precise estimate of the hazard-ratio of 0.52 (0.19-1.39). Thus, our study shows the safety of early initiation of therapy and supports the hope to slow renal failure by many years, emphasizing the value of preemptive therapy. Hence, screening programs for glomerular hematuria in children and young adults could benefit from inclusion of genetic testing for Alport-related gene-variants.

Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with severe involvement of the aortic valve-A sibling-controlled case study on the efficacy of lipoprotein apheresis.

BACKGROUND: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (hoFH) can cause severe atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in early infancy. Diagnosis and initiation of effective lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) are recommended as early as possible to prevent ASCVD-related morbidity and mortality. METHODS: The clinical courses of a pair of siblings with an identical hoFH genotype, who exhibited major similarities of their clinical phenotype were analyzed in a case-control fashion including the family. RESULTS: The older sibling was diagnosed with hoFH at the age of 4. Untreated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) was 17 mmol/L (660 mg/dL). LLT including lipoprotein apheresis (LA) was initiated and has been successful for 8 years now. A reduction of estimated cholesterol burden by 74% was achieved by LA and combined drug therapy including statins and ezetimibe. The efficacy of escalation of drug therapy was limited because the underlying LDL receptor (LDLR) mutation in the family resulted in substantially reduced receptor function. Treatment with proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9)-antibodies failed. His younger brother died at the age of 2 years shortly after the hoFH diagnosis of the elder sibling. Postmortem examination revealed advanced aortic root atheroma and aortic valve stenosis. In the older sibling, aortic valve stenosis and insufficiency were treated at the age of 9 years with mechanical aortic valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS: LLT including LA should be initiated as early as possible following the diagnosis of hoFH with very high LDL-C levels. With the same genotype, the phenotype of hoFH can exhibit similar patterns but outcome is substantially related to treatment.

Risk Factors for Early Dialysis Dependency in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease.

OBJECTIVE: To identify prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors for dialysis within the first year of life in children with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) as a basis for parental counseling after prenatal and perinatal diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: A dataset comprising 385 patients from the ARegPKD international registry study was analyzed for potential risk markers for dialysis during the first year of life. RESULTS: Thirty-six out of 385 children (9.4%) commenced dialysis in the first year of life. According to multivariable Cox regression analysis, the presence of oligohydramnios or anhydramnios, prenatal kidney enlargement, a low Apgar score, and the need for postnatal breathing support were independently associated with an increased hazard ratio for requiring dialysis within the first year of life. The increased risk associated with Apgar score and perinatal assisted breathing was time-dependent and vanished after 5 and 8 months of life, respectively. The predicted probabilities for early dialysis varied from 1.5% (95% CI, 0.5%-4.1%) for patients with ARPKD with no prenatal sonographic abnormalities to 32.3% (95% CI, 22.2%-44.5%) in cases of documented oligohydramnios or anhydramnios, renal cysts, and enlarged kidneys. CONCLUSIONS: This study, which identified risk factors associated with onset of dialysis in ARPKD in the first year of life, may be helpful in prenatal parental counseling in cases of suspected ARPKD.

Multimodal lipid-lowering treatment in pediatric patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia-target attainment requires further increase of intensity.

BACKGROUND: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) causes premature cardiovascular disease (CVD). Lipoprotein apheresis (LA) is recommended as first-line lipid-lowering treatment (LLT) for homozygous (ho) FH. METHODS: Efficacy of multimodal LLT including lifestyle counseling, drug treatment, and LA was analyzed in 17 pediatric hoFH or compound heterozygous (c-het) FH patients, who commenced chronic LA in Germany before the age of 18. RESULTS: At time of diagnosis, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration was 19.6 mmol/l (756 mg/dl). Multimodal LLT resulted in 73% reduction of mean LDL-C concentration including a 62% contribution of LA. Only three children (18%) achieved mean LDL-C concentrations below the recommended pediatric target of 3.5 mmol/l (135 mg/dl). In 13 patients (76%) during chronic LA, neither cardiovascular events occurred nor was CVD progression detected clinically or by routine imaging techniques. In four patients (24%), cardiovascular events documented progression of CVD despite weekly LA, including one death due to coronary and cerebrovascular CVD which was not stabilized after commencing LA. Based on the mutational status, only 6 out of the 17 children were candidates for proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibition. Two already responded with further LDL-C decrease by 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Next to drug therapy, regular LA is an essential component of LLT for approaching LDL-C targets in children with hoFH or c-hetFH, which was successful only in a minority of children. Progression of CVD morbidity and resulting mortality remain unresolved issues. Early and intensified multimodal LLT guided by risk factors beyond LDL-C concentration is needed to improve outcome.

[Flight Routes to Germany of Seriously Ill Children and Adolescents From Former Eastern Bloc Countries for Treatment of Renal Failure]. / Fluchtwege von schwerkranken Kindern und Jugendlichen aus den ehemaligen Ostblockländern nach Deutschland zur Behandlung des Nierenversagens.

BACKGROUND: Increased patient mobility and restricted treatment of children with end-stage renal disease forced families from the former Eastern Bloc countries to flee with their children to Germany for adequate medical treatment. METHODS: In a case study, the patients' charts were analysed retrospectively. In structured interviews, parents and patients were asked about their flight routes to Germany, their medical treatment and their integration. RESULTS: From 2003 to 2013, eight children and adolescents with renal failure were treated with dialysis or renal transplantation in Erlangen. Most patients came with the help of human traffickers and a tourist visa. They often told that they had lost their papers in the excitement. One family received new passports from the trafficker with fake names and birth dates. The families had to pay high amounts of money in order to save their child's life. Although dialysis therapy was often difficult because of lower adherence, the overall course was satisfactory. Four patients have been transplanted successfully so far. CONCLUSION: This case study reveals new facets of patient mobility, since leaving home was the only way for the family to ensure their child´s survival. An ethical problems arose, as a chronic dialysis treatment in children seems ethically only justifiable if a kidney transplant is the therapeutic goal. .

The Phenotypic Spectrum of Nephropathies Associated with Mutations in Diacylglycerol Kinase ε.

The recent discovery of mutations in the gene encoding diacylglycerol kinase ε (DGKE) identified a novel pathophysiologic mechanism leading to HUS and/or MPGN. We report ten new patients from eight unrelated kindreds with DGKE nephropathy. We combined these cases with all previously published cases to characterize the phenotypic spectrum and outcomes of this new disease entity. Most patients presented with HUS accompanied by proteinuria, whereas a subset of patients exhibited clinical and histologic patterns of MPGN without TMA. We also report the first two patients with clinical and histologic HUS/MPGN overlap. DGKE-HUS typically manifested in the first year of life but was not exclusively limited to infancy, and viral triggers frequently preceded HUS episodes. We observed signs of complement activation in some patients with DGKE-HUS, but the role of complement activation remains unclear. Most patients developed a slowly progressive proteinuric nephropathy: 80% of patients did not have ESRD within 10 years of diagnosis. Many patients experienced HUS remission without specific treatment, and a few patients experienced HUS recurrence despite complete suppression of the complement pathway. Five patients received renal allografts, with no post-transplant recurrence reported. In conclusion, we did not observe a clear genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with DGKE nephropathy, suggesting additional factors mediating phenotypic heterogeneity. Furthermore, the benefits of anti-complement therapy are questionable but renal transplant may be a feasible option in the treatment of patients with this condition.

Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in SLC34A1 Encoding Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporter 2A Cause Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia.

Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH) is characterized by severe hypercalcemia with failure to thrive, vomiting, dehydration, and nephrocalcinosis. Recently, mutations in the vitamin D catabolizing enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) were described that lead to increased sensitivity to vitamin D due to accumulation of the active metabolite 1,25-(OH)2D3. In a subgroup of patients who presented in early infancy with renal phosphate wasting and symptomatic hypercalcemia, mutations in CYP24A1 were excluded. Four patients from families with parental consanguinity were subjected to homozygosity mapping that identified a second IIH gene locus on chromosome 5q35 with a maximum logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 6.79. The sequence analysis of the most promising candidate gene, SLC34A1 encoding renal sodium-phosphate cotransporter 2A (NaPi-IIa), revealed autosomal-recessive mutations in the four index cases and in 12 patients with sporadic IIH. Functional studies of mutant NaPi-IIa in Xenopus oocytes and opossum kidney (OK) cells demonstrated disturbed trafficking to the plasma membrane and loss of phosphate transport activity. Analysis of calcium and phosphate metabolism in Slc34a1-knockout mice highlighted the effect of phosphate depletion and fibroblast growth factor-23 suppression on the development of the IIH phenotype. The human and mice data together demonstrate that primary renal phosphate wasting caused by defective NaPi-IIa function induces inappropriate production of 1,25-(OH)2D3 with subsequent symptomatic hypercalcemia. Clinical and laboratory findings persist despite cessation of vitamin D prophylaxis but rapidly respond to phosphate supplementation. Therefore, early differentiation between SLC34A1 (NaPi-IIa) and CYP24A1 (24-hydroxylase) defects appears critical for targeted therapy in patients with IIH.

Timing of first arteriovenous fistula cannulation in children on hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Due to lower complication rates in comparison to central venous catheter (CVC) arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are now the preferred hemodialysis access. Recommendations for the first access cannulation range from 6 to 12 weeks, which could lead to temporary or even permanent preference for CVC while awaiting the maturation of the newly created AVF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of first cannulation of AVFs on primary (PP) and secondary (SP) patency rates in children on hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of 42 pediatric patients with a median age of 14 (range 7-17) years. At the time of surgical AVF creation 21 patients (end-stage renal disease) were still on HD via CVC or peritoneal catheter, while 21 were pre-emptive with initiation of HD expected within a few weeks. All patients received an AVF by the same experienced surgeon between February 1993 and May 2014. Primary failure (PF) was defined as the inability to use the AVF even once due to absent maturation or occlusion within 4 weeks after creation. PP was defined as the interval from time of access placement to any intervention designed to maintain or reestablish patency, to access thrombosis or the time of measurement of patency, while SP was defined as the total lifespan from creation to access abandonment, end of follow-up or loss. RESULTS: Primary failure was observed in six (14.3 %) of 42 AVFs (all radiocephalic fistulas) within the first 10 days after cannulation. Excluding PF, the PP/SP rates at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were 100/100, 91/99, 86/98, 76/95, 55/85 and 44/77 %, respectively. There was a significant decrease in PP when first cannulation was performed within the first 30 days after creation compared to first cannulation performed after 30 days (p = 0.004). In terms of PP/SP outcome and timing of the first cannulation, there was no significant difference in thee outcome of PP/SP between first cannulation within the first 45 days after creation and that after 45 days (p = 0.091/0.883). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that cannulation of AVF within 30 days after surgical creation reduces PP, while SP may be influenced less by time until cannulation. We also found no significant differences in PP after maturing periods of >45 days.

Progressive Kidney Failure by Angiotensinogen Inactivation in the Germline.

BACKGROUND: Autosomal recessive renal tubular dysgenesis is a rare, usually fatal inherited disorder of the REN (renin)-angiotensin system. Herein, we report an adolescent individual experiencing an unknown chronic kidney disease and aim to provide novel insights into disease mechanisms. METHODS: Exome sequencing for a gene panel associated with renal disease was performed. The REN-angiotensin system was assessed by comprehensive biochemical analysis in blood. REN expression was determined in primary tubular cells by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization on kidney biopsy samples. Allele frequencies of heterozygous and biallelic deleterious variants were determined by analysis of the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project. RESULTS: The patient was delivered prematurely after oligohydramnios was detected during pregnancy. Postnatally, he recovered from third-degree acute kidney injury but developed chronic kidney disease stage G3b over time. Exome sequencing revealed a previously reported pathogenic homozygous missense variant, p.(Arg375Gln), in the AGT (angiotensinogen) gene. Blood AGT concentrations were low, but plasma REN concentration and gene expression in kidney biopsy, vascular, and tubular cells revealed strong upregulation of REN. Angiotensin II and aldosterone in blood were not abnormally elevated. CONCLUSIONS: Renal tubular dysgenesis may present as chronic kidney disease with a variable phenotype, necessitating broad genetic analysis for diagnosis. Functional analysis of the renin-angiotensin system in a patient with AGT mutation revealed novel insights regarding compensatory upregulation of REN in vascular and tubular cells of the kidney and in plasma in response to depletion of AGT substrate as a source of Ang II (similarly observed with hepatic AGT silencing for the treatment of hypertension).

Frequency and impact of enteric hyperoxaluria in pediatric short bowel syndrome: a retrospective single centre study.

Objectives: The survival of pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome has improved in recent years. Enteric hyperoxaluria as a pathophysiological consequence has been hardly addressed so far. It can be associated with nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis or even renal insufficiency. We assessed the prevalence of hyperoxaluria and its pathogenic consequences in a retrospective single centre study over the last 12 years. Methods: We conducted an internal database search for all pediatric patients suffering from short bowel syndrome treated from 2010 to 2022 in the department of pediatric gastroenterology as well as the pediatric nephrology and dialysis unit. Out of 56 patients identified, 26 patients were analysed for etiology of short bowel syndrome, renal excretion of oxalate (24/26), remaining short bowel and large intestinal length as well as further clinical parameters such as eGFR, nephrocalcinosis/urinary stone formation or stool frequency. Results: Hyperoxaluria was detected in 14/26 patients (54%). Nephrocalcinosis was present in four patients. Out of these four patients, hyperoxaluria could be proven (21% of all hyperoxaluric patients) in three cases, one hyperoxaluric patient had nephrolithiasis (7%). In one patient hyperoxaluria lead to end stage renal disease. We found that 80% of patients with volvulus developed enteric hyperoxaluria. None of the investigated factors had an effect on oxalate excretion. Conclusion: Enteric hyperoxaluria is a relevant pathophysiological finding in patients with short bowel syndrome occurring in about 50% of our cohort with multiple pathogenic complications. Regular screening for hyperoxaluria may be implemented in medical care for patients with short bowel syndrome. If necessary, prophylaxis, e.g., dietary advice or metaphylaxis should be initiated.

Risk Factor Analysis for Long-Term Graft Survival Following Pediatric Kidney Transplantation: The Importance of Pretransplantation Time on Dialysis and Donor/Recipient Age Difference.

Recognizing risk factors that may negatively affect long-term graft survival following pediatric kidney transplantation is a key element in the decision-making process during organ allocation. We retrospectively reassessed all cases of pediatric kidney transplantation performed in our center in the last 20 years with the aim of determining baseline characteristics that could be identified as prognostic risk factors for long-term graft survival. Between 2001 and 2020, a total of 91 kidney transplantations in children under the age of 18 years were undertaken in our center. Early graft failure was observed in six of the 91 patients (7%). The median follow-up of the remaining 85 children was 100 months, and the overall kidney graft survival rates at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years were 85.2%, 71.4%, 46.0% and 30.6%, respectively. Small children with a body surface area of <1 m2 were significantly associated with better long-term graft survival outcomes, while adolescents aged more than twelve years showed poorer graft survival rates than younger children. Body surface area of the recipient of ≥1 m2, pretransplantation duration of the recipient on dialysis ≥18 months, hemodialysis prior to transplantation and donor/recipient age difference of ≥25 years were significantly associated with poorer long-term graft survival.

Clean Intermittent Catheterization in Children under 12 Years Does Not Have a Negative Impact on Long-Term Graft Survival following Pediatric Kidney Transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUTs) are one of the most prevalent primary causes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in young children, and approximately one-third of these children present with lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Many children with LUTD require therapy with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC). CIC commonly leads to bacteriuria, and considerations have arisen regarding whether CIC in immunosuppressed children is safe or whether repeated febrile urinary tract infections (UTIs) may lead to the deterioration of kidney graft function. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all cases of primary kidney transplantation performed in our center between 2001 and 2020 in recipients aged less than twelve years. The number of episodes of febrile UTIs as well as the long-term kidney graft survival of children undergoing CIC were compared to those of children with urological causes of ESRD not undergoing CIC, as well as to those of children with nonurological causes of ESRD. RESULTS: Following successful kidney transplantation in 41 children, CIC was needed in 8 of these patients. These 8 children undergoing CIC had significantly more episodes of febrile UTIs than did the 18 children with a nonurological cause of ESRD (p = 0.04) but not the 15 children with a urological cause of ESRD who did not need to undergo CIC (p = 0.19). Despite being associated with a higher rate of febrile UTIs, CIC was not identified as a risk factor for long-term kidney graft survival, and long-term graft survival did not significantly differ between the three groups at a median follow-up of 124 months. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that, under regular medical care, CIC following pediatric transplantation is safe and is not associated with a higher rate of long-term graft loss.

"Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children"-Like Disease after COVID-19 Vaccination (MIS-V) with Potential Significance of Functional Active Autoantibodies Targeting G-Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR-fAAb) for Pathophysiology and Therapy.

BACKGROUND: An infection with SARS-CoV-2 can trigger a systemic disorder by pathological autoimmune processes. A certain type of this dysregulation is known as Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). However, similar symptoms may occur and have been described as Multisystemic inflammatory syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination (MIS-V) following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. We report the case of a 12-year-old boy who was identified with MIS-C symptoms without previous SARS-CoV-2 infection after receiving two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine approximately one month prior to the onset of symptoms. He showed polyserositis, severe gastrointestinal symptoms and, consequently, a manifestation of a multiorgan failure. IgG antibodies against spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were detected, indicating a successful vaccination, while SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid protein antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 PCR were not detected. Several functional, active autoantibodies against G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCR-fAAb), previously associated with Long COVID disease, were detected in a cardiomyocyte bioassay. Immunosuppression with steroids was initiated. Due to side effects, treatment with steroids and later interleukin 1 receptor antagonists had to be terminated. Instead, immunoadsorption was performed and continued with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid therapy, leading to improvement and discharge after 79 days. GPCR-fAAb decreased during therapy and remained negative after clinical curing and under continued immunosuppressive therapy with tacrolimus and mycophenolic acid. Follow-up of the patient showed him in good condition after one year. CONCLUSIONS: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 shows a broad and severe variety of symptoms, partly due to autoimmune dysregulation, which, in some instances, can lead to multiorgan failure. Despite its rarity, post-vaccine MIS-C-like disease may develop into a serious condition triggered by autoimmune dysregulation. The evidence of circulating GPCR-fAAb and their disappearance after therapy suggests a link of GPCR-fAAb to the clinical manifestations. Thus, we hypothesize a potential role of GPCR-fAAb in pathophysiology and their potential importance for the therapy of MIS-C or MIS-V. However, this observation needs further investigation to prove a causative correlation.

Ratio of Urinary Proteins to Albumin Excretion Shifts Substantially during Progression of the Podocytopathy Alport Syndrome, and Spot Urine Is a Reliable Method to Detect These Pathologic Changes.

The urinary albumin- and protein-to-creatinine ratios (UACR and UPCR, respectively) are key endpoints in most clinical trials assessing risk of progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). For the first time, the current study compares the UACR versus the UPCR head-to-head at early stages of CKD, taking use of the hereditary podocytopathy Alport syndrome (AS) as a model disease for any CKD. Urine samples originated from the prospective randomized, controlled EARLY PRO-TECT Alport trial (NCT01485978). Urine samples from 47 children with confirmed diagnoses of AS at very early stages of CKD were divided according to the current stage of AS: stage 0 (UACR < 30 mg/g), stage 1 (30-300 mg/g) or stage 2 (>300 mg/g). The range of estimated glomerular filtration rate was 75-187.6 mL/min. The mean age was 10.4 ± 4.5 years. In children at stage 0, proteinuria in spot urine, confirmed in 24 h urine, was almost ten times higher than albuminuria (106.4 ± 42.2 vs. 12.5 ± 9.7; p < 0.05); it was "only" about three times higher in stage 1 (328.5 ± 210.1 vs. 132.3 ± 80.5; p < 0.05) and almost equal in stage 2 (1481.9 ± 983.4 vs. 1109.7 ± 873.6; p = 0.36). In 17 children, UACRs and UPCRs were measured simultaneously in 24 h urine and spot urine in the same study visit. Interestingly, the UACR (and UPCR) in 24 h urine vs. in spot urine varied by less than 10% (266.8 ± 426.4 vs. 291.2 ± 530.2). In conclusion, our study provides the first evidence that in patients with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and low amounts of albuminuria, especially in children with podocytopathies such as AS, measuring the UACR and UPCR in spot urine is a reliable and convenient alternative to 24 h urine collection. Our study advocates both the UACR and the UPCR as relevant diagnostic biomarkers in future clinical trials in children with glomerular diseases because the UPCR seems to be a very significant parameter at very early stages of podocytopathies. The German Federal Ministry of Education and Research funded this trial (01KG1104).

Neuronal c-Jun is required for successful axonal regeneration, but the effects of phosphorylation of its N-terminus are moderate.

Although neural c-Jun is essential for successful peripheral nerve regeneration, the cellular basis of this effect and the impact of c-Jun activation are incompletely understood. In the current study, we explored the effects of neuron-selective c-Jun deletion, substitution of serine 63 and 73 phosphoacceptor sites with non-phosphorylatable alanine, and deletion of Jun N-terminal kinases 1, 2 and 3 in mouse facial nerve regeneration. Removal of the floxed c-jun gene in facial motoneurons using cre recombinase under control of a neuron-specific synapsin promoter (junΔS) abolished basal and injury-induced neuronal c-Jun immunoreactivity, as well as most of the molecular responses following facial axotomy. Absence of neuronal Jun reduced the speed of axonal regeneration following crush, and prevented most cut axons from reconnecting to their target, significantly reducing functional recovery. Despite blocking cell death, this was associated with a large number of shrunken neurons. Finally, junΔS mutants also had diminished astrocyte and microglial activation and T-cell influx, suggesting that these non-neuronal responses depend on the release of Jun-dependent signals from neighboring injured motoneurons. The effects of substituting serine 63 and 73 phosphoacceptor sites (junAA), or of global deletion of individual kinases responsible for N-terminal c-Jun phosphorylation were mild. junAA mutants showed decrease in neuronal cell size, a moderate reduction in post-axotomy CD44 levels and slightly increased astrogliosis. Deletion of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1 or JNK3 showed delayed functional recovery; deletion of JNK3 also interfered with T-cell influx, and reduced CD44 levels. Deletion of JNK2 had no effect. Thus, neuronal c-Jun is needed in regeneration, but JNK phosphorylation of the N-terminus mostly appears to not be required for its function.

Infliximab therapy of relapsing tracheal stenosis in a pediatric patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a granulomatous, necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis affecting both children and adults. However, subglottic tracheal stenosis appears more frequently in the pediatric cohort. To date, granulomatosis with polyangiitis is often treated with steroids, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, or rituximab, but tumor-necrosis-factor-α-antagonistic drugs are increasingly gaining significance in treatment of refractory cases. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 15-year-old Caucasian male diagnosed with proteinase-3-positive granulomatosis with polyangiitis with acute shortness of breath. X-ray and magnet resonance imaging showed extensive subglottic narrowing. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s was reduced to 50% of age norm, with massively increased effective airway resistance. The patient initially responded very well to high-dose steroids and maintenance therapy with azathioprine. He was subsequently treated with four doses of rituximab, and levels of proteinase 3 antibodies normalized. After 6 months of clinical remission, the patient presented again with acute respiratory symptoms. Again, he was treated with high-dose steroids, but showed poor clinical response this time. Therefore, we decided to commence a tumor-necrosis-factor-α-antagonistic treatment with infliximab, under which our patient achieved clinical remission and normalization of lung function parameters. CONCLUSIONS: The use of tumor-necrosis-factor-α-antagonistic agents might be a promising alternative for the treatment of refractory tracheal stenosis in pediatric patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

Blunt renal trauma-induced hypertension in pediatric patients: a single-center experience.

PURPOSE: Children have a greater chance of sustaining a renal injury than adults and higher odds of having a high-grade renal injury. Hypertension is a rare complication of blunt renal trauma, with risk being higher in cases of major renal trauma. We reviewed the cases of pediatric blunt renal trauma-induced hypertension in our tertiary referral center in an attempt to better understand this rare condition. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective evaluation of children under the age of 18 who were admitted to our department during the last 20 years and were diagnosed with blunt renal trauma. RESULTS: Twenty-three children presented with blunt renal trauma, one of whom was treated with emergency nephrectomy. Four children (18%) developed post-traumatic hypertension. All four cases were associated with a reduction in blood flow to the kidney, either through injury to the renal artery (in three cases) or through extrinsic compression of the kidney by a large perirenal hematoma (Page kidney; in one case). The Page kidney case developed hypertension during the initial hospitalization, and it resolved spontaneously after five months through the gradual resorption of the perirenal hematoma. Among the three cases of renal artery injury, hypertension during the initial hospitalization was only observed in one case, with hypertension in the other two cases manifesting after two months and four years, respectively. All three cases of renal artery injury resulted in a complete loss of function of the injured kidney, and two cases were treated with nephrectomy. Following nephrectomy, the blood pressure level returned to normal within a few days. DISCUSSION: Development of hypertension following a blunt renal trauma can be heterogenous, with the time of manifestation stretching between days after the accident and years thereafter. Children have a higher risk of renal trauma and, according to published data out of the National Trauma Data Bank, a 20-times higher risk of renal artery injury in comparison to the adult population. Large multicenter studies are required to answer the question of whether children are therefore more prone to blunt renal trauma-induced hypertension than adults. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the importance of blood pressure monitoring in children following blunt renal trauma, as post-traumatic hypertension can develop even years after the accident. In cases of a poorly functioning kidney, nephrectomy may be regarded as a curative therapy.