RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To identify interventions that facilitate sustainable jobs and have a positive impact on the health of workers in health sector workplaces. METHODS: This overview utilized systematic review methods to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted based on a predefined protocol, including specific inclusion criteria. To be classified as "sustainable," interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to 1) have a positive impact on at least two key dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and 2) include measures of health impact. Only interventions conducted in, or applicable to, health sector workplaces were included. RESULTS: Fourteen systematic reviews and no economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria for the overview. The interventions that had a positive impact on health included 1) enforcement of occupational health and safety regulations; 2) use of the "degree of experience rating" feature of workers' compensation; 3) provision of flexible working arrangements that increase worker control and choice; 4) implementation of certain organizational changes to shift work schedules; and 5) use of some employee participation schemes. Interventions with negative impacts on health included 1) downsizing/restructuring; 2) temporary and insecure work arrangements; 3) outsourcing/home-based work arrangements; and 4) some forms of task restructuring. CONCLUSIONS: What is needed now is careful implementation, in health sector workplaces, of interventions likely to have positive impacts, but with careful evaluation of their effects including possible adverse impacts. Well-evaluated implementation of the interventions (including those at the pilot-study stage) will contribute to the evidence base and inform future action. Interventions with negative health impacts should be withdrawn from practice (through regulation, where possible). If use of these interventions is necessary, for other reasons, considerable care should be taken to ensure an appropriate balance between business needs and human health and well-being.
Assuntos
Saúde Ocupacional , Ocupações , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Análise Custo-Benefício , Humanos , Projetos Piloto , Literatura de Revisão como AssuntoRESUMO
Objective To inform policy by providing an overview of systematic reviews on interventions that facilitate sustainable energy use and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 13 databases and nine websites based on a pre-defined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese during the 17 years from January 1997 - January 2014 was included. To classify as "sustainable," interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Five systematic reviews and one economic evaluation met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions that impacted health were electricity for lighting and other uses (developing countries); improved stoves for cooking and health and/or cleaner fuels for cooking (developing countries); and household energy efficiency measures (developed countries). These interventions also had potential environmental and economic impacts. Their cost-effectiveness is not known, nor is their impact on health inequalities. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions where the impacts are likely to be positive but their implementation needs to be rigorously evaluated, including possible adverse impacts. Care needs to be taken not to exacerbate health inequalities and to consider context, human behavior and cultural factors so that the potential health benefits are realized in real-life implementation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured in future primary studies and systematic reviews.
Assuntos
Conservação de Recursos Energéticos , Saúde Pública , Culinária , Análise Custo-Benefício , Eletricidade , Previsões , Humanos , Óleos , Literatura de Revisão como AssuntoRESUMO
Objectives To identify the agriculture, food, and nutrition security interventions that facilitate sustainable food production and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 17 databases and 10 websites. The search employed a pre-defined protocol with clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 1 January 1997 and November 2013 were included. To classify as "sustainable," interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Fifteen systematic reviews and seven economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. All interventions had some impact on health or on risk factors for health outcomes, except those related to genetically modified foods. Impact on health inequalities was rarely measured. All interventions with economic evaluations were very cost-effective, had cost savings, or net benefits. In addition to impacting health (inclusive social development), all interventions had the potential to impact on inclusive economic development, and some, on environmental sustainability, though these effects were rarely assessed. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions with expected positive health impacts but with concurrent, rigorous evaluation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured by future primary studies and systematic reviews, as does impact of interventions on all dimensions of sustainable development.
Assuntos
Produção Agrícola/métodos , Abastecimento de Alimentos , Saúde , Política Nutricional , Agricultura , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Análise Custo-Benefício , Produção Agrícola/economia , Alimentos , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , Previsões , Humanos , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Objective To identify interventions that 1) facilitate sustainable development by preventing toxic exposure to chemicals, including pesticides, and 2) have a positive impact on health. Methods This overview utilized systematic review methods to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted based on a predefined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. To be classified as "sustainable" interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to 1) have a positive impact on at least two key dimensions of the United Nations integrated framework for sustainable development and 2) include measures of health impact. Results Thirteen systematic reviews and two economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The interventions that were most likely to have a positive impact on health included 1) legislation to ban Endosulfan pesticide to prevent fatal poisonings; 2) testing of drinking water for contamination with arsenic, and dissemination of the results to households; and 3) implementation of organic farming / diet to reduce exposure to pesticides. However, the cost-effectiveness of these three interventions and their impact(s) on health inequalities is not known. Strict enforcement of interventions to reduce lead in houses with children was cost-beneficial. Education and dust control interventions performed by cleaning professionals to reduce blood lead levels in children were ineffective. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of the interventions whose impacts are likely to be positive. Ineffective interventions need to be replaced with more effective and cost-effective interventions. Finally, more and better-quality research on the prevention of toxic exposure to chemicals is needed to better support policy development.
Assuntos
Exposição Ambiental/prevenção & controle , Poluentes Ambientais/toxicidade , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Análise Custo-Benefício , Exposição Ambiental/economia , Humanos , Chumbo , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Nações UnidasRESUMO
Objective To identify reported interventions that facilitate sustainable development and have had a positive impact on health in four areas: sustainable food production; sustainable energy use; sustainable jobs ("decent work"); and prevention of toxic exposure to chemicals. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted of at least 14 databases and 8 websites for each of the four overviews, using pre-defined protocols, including clear inclusion criteria. To qualify as "sustainable," interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and had to include measures of health impact. Results In total, 47 systematic reviews and 10 economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions, such as agricultural policies, were identified for each of the four topics. While the evidence for the interventions is not strong because of the limited number of studies, there is no evidence of a definite negative impact on health. The only possible exception is that of taxes and subsidies-though this intervention also has the potential to be pro-equity with higher relative impacts for lower income groups. Conclusions The evidence found for effective interventions is useful for guiding countries toward the best options for non-health sector interventions that can positively impact health. This overviews shows that intersectoral work benefits every sector involved.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Avaliação do Impacto na Saúde , Literatura de Revisão como Assunto , Agricultura/métodos , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/economia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Saúde Ambiental , Previsões , Objetivos , Substâncias Perigosas , Humanos , Ocupações , Nações UnidasRESUMO
Health inequities across the Americas are avoidable and unjust yet continue to persist. Systemic social determinants of health, which could be addressed at the policy level, are root causes of many inequities and prevent marginalized individuals and at-risk populations from reaching optimal health and well-being. In this article, we describe our approach to promote health equity through the intersectoral partnerships that were forged, and strategies that were shared, during the convening entitled "Summit 2017: Health Equity in the Americas" and the resulting emergence of the Health Equity Network of the Americas (HENA). We illustrate how this international network will raise awareness of policies and programs to inform decision makers about actions they can take to put an end to the unjust, persistent and mostly avoidable health inequities facing the Americas today.
Assuntos
Equidade em Saúde/organização & administração , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Colaboração Intersetorial , América Latina , Formulação de Políticas , Melhoria de Qualidade , Determinantes Sociais da Saúde/normasRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To identify interventions that facilitate sustainable jobs and have a positive impact on the health of workers in health sector workplaces. Methods This overview utilized systematic review methods to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted based on a predefined protocol, including specific inclusion criteria. To be classified as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to 1) have a positive impact on at least two key dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and 2) include measures of health impact. Only interventions conducted in, or applicable to, health sector workplaces were included. Results Fourteen systematic reviews and no economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria for the overview. The interventions that had a positive impact on health included 1) enforcement of occupational health and safety regulations; 2) use of the “degree of experience rating” feature of workers’ compensation; 3) provision of flexible working arrangements that increase worker control and choice; 4) implementation of certain organizational changes to shift work schedules; and 5) use of some employee participation schemes. Interventions with negative impacts on health included 1) downsizing/restructuring; 2) temporary and insecure work arrangements; 3) outsourcing/home-based work arrangements; and 4) some forms of task restructuring. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation, in health sector workplaces, of interventions likely to have positive impacts, but with careful evaluation of their effects including possible adverse impacts. Well-evaluated implementation of the interventions (including those at the pilot-study stage) will contribute to the evidence base and inform future action. Interventions with negative health impacts should be withdrawn from practice (through regulation, where possible). If use of these interventions is necessary, for other reasons, considerable care should be taken to ensure an appropriate balance between business needs and human health and well-being.
ABSTRACT Objetivo Determinar las intervenciones que facilitan el empleo sostenible y tienen un impacto positivo en la salud de los trabajadores del sector de la salud. Métodos En esta síntesis se utilizaron métodos de revisión sistemática a fin de resumir los datos de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas. Se realizó una amplia búsqueda de acuerdo con un protocolo predefinido, que incluyó criterios de inclusión específicos. Para que se clasificaran como “sostenibles” las intervenciones debían estar dirigidas (explícitamente o implícitamente) a: 1) tener una repercusión positiva en al menos dos dimensiones clave del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible y 2) incluir mediciones de los efectos de salud. Solo fueron incluidas las intervenciones realizadas en los lugares de trabajo del sector de la salud, o aplicables a este entorno. Resultados Catorce revisiones sistemáticas reunieron los criterios de inclusión en la síntesis, pero ninguna evaluación económica los reunió. Las intervenciones que tuvieron un impacto positivo en la salud fueron, entre otras: 1) cumplimiento de los reglamentos en materia de salud y seguridad ocupacionales; 2) inclusión del factor de “ajuste por frecuencia siniestral” del sistema de aseguramiento de los riesgos del trabajo; 3) introducción de modalidades de trabajo flexibles que aumentan el control y la elección de los trabajadores; 4) adopción de determinados cambios organizativos para modificar los horarios de trabajo y 5) establecimiento de algún mecanismo de participación de los empleados. Las intervenciones que tuvieron una repercusión negativa en la salud incluyeron 1) reestructuración y recortes; 2) contrato de trabajo temporal y precario; 3) contratación externa y trabajo desde el domicilio y 4) algunas formas de reestructuración de tareas. Conclusiones Es necesario ejecutar cuidadosamente en los lugares de trabajo del sector de la salud las intervenciones con más probabilidades de tener un impacto positivo y evaluar cuidadosamente la ejecución de dichas intervenciones, incluidos los posibles efectos adversos. La ejecución apropiadamente evaluada de las intervenciones (incluidas aquellas en la etapa de prueba piloto) contribuirá a ampliar la base empírica y sustentar la acción futura. Las intervenciones que repercuten negativamente en la salud deberían ser eliminadas de la práctica (en lo posible, mediante la reglamentación). Si por alguna razón esas intervenciones fueran necesarias, se debería tener el suficiente cuidado de garantizar un equilibrio adecuado entre las necesidades institucionales y la salud y el bienestar humanos.
Assuntos
Projetos Piloto , Saúde Ocupacional , Análise Custo-Benefício , Conservação dos Recursos NaturaisRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To inform policy by providing an overview of systematic reviews on interventions that facilitate sustainable energy use and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 13 databases and nine websites based on a pre-defined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese during the 17 years from January 1997 – January 2014 was included. To classify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Five systematic reviews and one economic evaluation met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions that impacted health were electricity for lighting and other uses (developing countries); improved stoves for cooking and health and/or cleaner fuels for cooking (developing countries); and household energy efficiency measures (developed countries). These interventions also had potential environmental and economic impacts. Their cost-effectiveness is not known, nor is their impact on health inequalities. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions where the impacts are likely to be positive but their implementation needs to be rigorously evaluated, including possible adverse impacts. Care needs to be taken not to exacerbate health inequalities and to consider context, human behavior and cultural factors so that the potential health benefits are realized in real-life implementation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured in future primary studies and systematic reviews.
RESUMEN Objetivo Fundamentar la política con una visión panorámica de las revisiones sistemáticas de intervenciones que facilitan el uso de energía sostenible y tienen un impacto positivo en la salud. Métodos Se usaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar los datos probatorios de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas mediante una amplia búsqueda en 13 bases de datos y nueve sitios web, sobre la base de un protocolo predefinido, que incluyó criterios de inclusión claros. Se incluyó tanto la bibliografía “gris” como la arbitrada, publicada en inglés, español y portugués durante 17 años, de enero de 1997 a enero del 2014. Para ser consideradas “sostenibles,” las intervenciones debían estar orientadas a lograr una repercusión positiva en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible e incluir mediciones de la repercusión en la salud. Resultados Cinco revisiones sistemáticas y una evaluación económica cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Las intervenciones más prometedoras en cuanto al impacto en la salud en esta visión panorámica fueron: la introducción de la electricidad para alumbrado y otros usos (países en desarrollo); las cocinas o estufas mejoradas más saludables o los combustibles más limpios para cocinar (países en desarrollo), y las medidas de eficiencia energética en los hogares (países desarrollados). Estas intervenciones también pueden tener repercusiones ambientales y económicas. No se conoce su costoeficacia ni su efecto en las desigualdades en la salud. Conclusiones Hoy es necesaria la ejecución cuidadosa de las intervenciones cuya repercusión pueda ser positiva pero cuya ejecución debe ser rigurosamente evaluada, incluidas las posibles repercusiones adversas. Se debe tener cuidado de no exacerbar las desigualdades en la salud y tomar en cuenta el contexto, el comportamiento humano y los factores culturales, de modo que los posibles beneficios para la salud se concreten en la ejecución en la vida real. En los futuros estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas se deben considerar y cuantificar las desigualdades en la salud.
Assuntos
Conservação de Recursos Energéticos/métodos , Energia Renovável , Avaliação do Impacto na SaúdeRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives To identify the agriculture, food, and nutrition security interventions that facilitate sustainable food production and have a positive impact on health. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations through a comprehensive search of 17 databases and 10 websites. The search employed a pre-defined protocol with clear inclusion criteria. Both grey and peer-reviewed literature published in English, Spanish, and Portuguese between 1 January 1997 and November 2013 were included. To classify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and include measures of health impact. Results Fifteen systematic reviews and seven economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. All interventions had some impact on health or on risk factors for health outcomes, except those related to genetically modified foods. Impact on health inequalities was rarely measured. All interventions with economic evaluations were very cost-effective, had cost savings, or net benefits. In addition to impacting health (inclusive social development), all interventions had the potential to impact on inclusive economic development, and some, on environmental sustainability, though these effects were rarely assessed. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of interventions with expected positive health impacts but with concurrent, rigorous evaluation. Possible impact on health inequalities needs to be considered and measured by future primary studies and systematic reviews, as does impact of interventions on all dimensions of sustainable development.
RESUMEN Objetivos Definir las intervenciones agropecuarias, alimentarias y relativas a la seguridad nutricional que favorecen la producción sostenible de alimentos y tienen efectos positivos sobre la salud. Métodos Se utilizaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar los datos obtenidos de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas mediante una búsqueda amplia en 17 bases de datos y 10 sitios web conforme a un protocolo predefinido que constaba de criterios de inclusión claros. La búsqueda incluyó tanto bibliografía gris como arbitrada publicada en inglés, español y portugués entre el 1 de enero de 1997 y 1 de noviembre del 2013. Se consideraron “sostenibles” las intervenciones que tuvieron efectos positivos en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible y que evaluaron los efectos sobre la salud. Resultados Cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión 15 revisiones sistemáticas y 7 evaluaciones económicas. Todas las intervenciones tuvieron algún efecto sobre la salud o sobre los factores de riesgo de algunos resultados en materia de salud, a excepción de aquellas relacionadas con los alimentos transgénicos. Muy pocos estudios determinaron el efecto de las intervenciones sobre las desigualdades en materia de salud. Todas las intervenciones sometidas a evaluaciones económicas fueron muy eficaces en función de los costos, redujeron los costos o lograron beneficios netos. Además de incidir en la salud (en la dimensión “desarrollo social inclusivo”), todas las intervenciones podrían influir en la dimensión “desarrollo económico inclusivo” y algunas sobre la dimensión “sostenibilidad ambiental”, aunque estos efectos fueron evaluados en muy pocas revisiones sistemáticas. Conclusiones La ejecución cuidadosa de las intervenciones cuya aplicación prevé efectos positivos para la salud debe acompañarse de una evaluación rigurosa. Es preciso tener en cuenta y evaluar, mediante futuros estudios primarios y revisiones sistemáticas, tanto los posibles efectos sobre las desigualdades en materia de salud como las repercusiones de las intervenciones en todas las dimensiones del desarrollo sostenible.
Assuntos
Saúde Pública/métodos , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Agricultura Sustentável/métodos , Dieta SaudávelRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To identify reported interventions that facilitate sustainable development and have had a positive impact on health in four areas: sustainable food production; sustainable energy use; sustainable jobs (“decent work”); and prevention of toxic exposure to chemicals. Methods Systematic review methods were used to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted of at least 14 databases and 8 websites for each of the four overviews, using pre-defined protocols, including clear inclusion criteria. To qualify as “sustainable,” interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to positively impact at least two dimensions of the integrated framework for sustainable development and had to include measures of health impact. Results In total, 47 systematic reviews and 10 economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The most promising interventions, such as agricultural policies, were identified for each of the four topics. While the evidence for the interventions is not strong because of the limited number of studies, there is no evidence of a definite negative impact on health. The only possible exception is that of taxes and subsidies—though this intervention also has the potential to be pro-equity with higher relative impacts for lower income groups. Conclusions The evidence found for effective interventions is useful for guiding countries toward the best options for non-health sector interventions that can positively impact health. This overviews shows that intersectoral work benefits every sector involved.
RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar las intervenciones notificadas que facilitan el desarrollo sostenible y han tenido un impacto positivo en la salud en cuatro áreas: producción sostenible de alimentos, uso sostenible de la energía, trabajo sostenible (“trabajo digno”), y prevención de la exposición a productos químicos tóxicos. Métodos Se usaron métodos de revisión sistemática para sintetizar la evidencia de múltiples revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas. Sobre la base de protocolos predefinidos, incluidos criterios de inclusión claros, se realizó una búsqueda en al menos 14 bases de datos y ocho sitios web para cada una de las cuatro sinopsis de revisiones sistemáticas. Para ser consideradas “sostenibles,” las intervenciones debían estar dirigidas (explícita o implícitamente) a lograr efectos positivos en al menos dos dimensiones del marco integrado para el desarrollo sostenible e incluir mediciones de la repercusión en la salud. Resultados En total, 47 revisiones sistemáticas y 10 evaluaciones económicas cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron las intervenciones más prometedoras, como las políticas agrícolas, para cada uno de los cuatro temas. Si bien la evidencia sobre las intervenciones no es sólida debido al número limitado de estudios, no hay indicios de un impacto negativo concreto en la salud. La única posible excepción se relaciona con los impuestos y subsidios, aunque esta intervención también tiene el potencial de favorecer la equidad con una repercusión relativa mayor en los grupos de menores ingresos. Conclusiones La evidencia sobre intervenciones eficaces es útil para guiar a los países hacia las mejores opciones de intervención en sectores que no son de salud pero cuya repercusión también será positiva en el de la salud. Estas sinopsis indican que el trabajo intersectorial beneficia a todos los sectores implicados.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Equidade em Saúde/organização & administração , Equidade em Saúde , Nações UnidasRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To identify interventions that 1) facilitate sustainable development by preventing toxic exposure to chemicals, including pesticides, and 2) have a positive impact on health. Methods This overview utilized systematic review methods to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted based on a predefined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. To be classified as “sustainable” interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to 1) have a positive impact on at least two key dimensions of the United Nations integrated framework for sustainable development and 2) include measures of health impact. Results Thirteen systematic reviews and two economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The interventions that were most likely to have a positive impact on health included 1) legislation to ban Endosulfan pesticide to prevent fatal poisonings; 2) testing of drinking water for contamination with arsenic, and dissemination of the results to households; and 3) implementation of organic farming / diet to reduce exposure to pesticides. However, the cost-effectiveness of these three interventions and their impact(s) on health inequalities is not known. Strict enforcement of interventions to reduce lead in houses with children was cost-beneficial. Education and dust control interventions performed by cleaning professionals to reduce blood lead levels in children were ineffective. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of the interventions whose impacts are likely to be positive. Ineffective interventions need to be replaced with more effective and cost-effective interventions. Finally, more and better-quality research on the prevention of toxic exposure to chemicals is needed to better support policy development.
RESUMEN Objetivo Señalar aquellas intervenciones que: 1) faciliten el desarrollo sostenible al prevenir la exposición tóxica a los productos químicos, incluidos los plaguicidas; y 2) tengan una repercusión positiva sobre la salud. Métodos Mediante la metodología de revisión sistemática se sintetizaron los datos probatorios de varias revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva siguiendo un protocolo predefinido con criterios de inclusión concretos. Para considerarse “sostenibles”, las intervenciones debían perseguir los siguientes objetivos (explícitos o implícitos): 1) influir de forma positiva sobre al menos dos dimensiones clave del marco integrado de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Sostenible; y 2) incluir medidas que repercutan en la salud. Resultados Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 13 revisiones sistemáticas y dos evaluaciones económicas. Las intervenciones con mayores probabilidades de influir positivamente en la salud son: 1) la prohibición por ley de los plaguicidas de endosulfán para prevenir las muertes por intoxicación; 2) los análisis del agua potable para detectar la contaminación por arsénico y la comunicación de los resultados a los hogares; y 3) la implantación de la agricultura o la alimentación orgánicas para reducir la exposición a los plaguicidas. Sin embargo, no se conoce la rentabilidad de estas tres intervenciones ni su repercusión sobre las desigualdades en la salud. La aplicación estricta de las intervenciones para reducir el plomo en los hogares con niños resultó rentable. Por el contrario, fueron ineficaces las intervenciones educativas y de desempolvado, a cargo de profesionales de la limpieza, para reducir los niveles de plomo en la sangre de los niños. Conclusiones Es conveniente aplicar correctamente las intervenciones que tienen mayor probabilidad de generar repercusiones positivas, en tanto que las intervenciones ineficaces deben sustituirse por otras más eficaces y rentables. Se necesitan más investigaciones y de mejor calidad sobre la prevención de la exposición tóxica a los productos químicos, para mejorar las bases sobre las cuales sustentar las correspondientes políticas.