Structure of the L Protein of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus from Electron Cryomicroscopy.

The large (L) proteins of non-segmented, negative-strand RNA viruses, a group that includes Ebola and rabies viruses, catalyze RNA-dependent RNA polymerization with viral ribonucleoprotein as template, a non-canonical sequence of capping and methylation reactions, and polyadenylation of viral messages. We have determined by electron cryomicroscopy the structure of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) L protein. The density map, at a resolution of 3.8 Å, has led to an atomic model for nearly all of the 2109-residue polypeptide chain, which comprises three enzymatic domains (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [RdRp], polyribonucleotidyl transferase [PRNTase], and methyltransferase) and two structural domains. The RdRp resembles the corresponding enzymatic regions of dsRNA virus polymerases and influenza virus polymerase. A loop from the PRNTase (capping) domain projects into the catalytic site of the RdRp, where it appears to have the role of a priming loop and to couple product elongation to large-scale conformational changes in L.

Structural basis of transposon end recognition explains central features of Tn7 transposition systems.

Tn7 is a bacterial transposon with relatives containing element-encoded CRISPR-Cas systems mediating RNA-guided transposon insertion. Here, we present the 2.7 Å cryoelectron microscopy structure of prototypic Tn7 transposase TnsB interacting with the transposon end DNA. When TnsB interacts across repeating binding sites, it adopts a beads-on-a-string architecture, where the DNA-binding and catalytic domains are arranged in a tiled and intertwined fashion. The DNA-binding domains form few base-specific contacts leading to a binding preference that requires multiple weakly conserved sites at the appropriate spacing to achieve DNA sequence specificity. TnsB binding imparts differences in the global structure of the protein-bound DNA ends dictated by the spacing or overlap of binding sites explaining functional differences in the left and right ends of the element. We propose a model of the strand-transfer complex in which the terminal TnsB molecule is rearranged so that its catalytic domain is in a position conducive to transposition.

From primordial clocks to circadian oscillators.

Circadian rhythms play an essential part in many biological processes, and only three prokaryotic proteins are required to constitute a true post-translational circadian oscillator1. The evolutionary history of the three Kai proteins indicates that KaiC is the oldest member and a central component of the clock2. Subsequent additions of KaiB and KaiA regulate the phosphorylation state of KaiC for time synchronization. The canonical KaiABC system in cyanobacteria is well understood3-6, but little is known about more ancient systems that only possess KaiBC. However, there are reports that they might exhibit a basic, hourglass-like timekeeping mechanism7-9. Here we investigate the primordial circadian clock in Rhodobacter sphaeroides, which contains only KaiBC, to elucidate its inner workings despite missing KaiA. Using a combination of X-ray crystallography and cryogenic electron microscopy, we find a new dodecameric fold for KaiC, in which two hexamers are held together by a coiled-coil bundle of 12 helices. This interaction is formed by the carboxy-terminal extension of KaiC and serves as an ancient regulatory moiety that is later superseded by KaiA. A coiled-coil register shift between daytime and night-time conformations is connected to phosphorylation sites through a long-range allosteric network that spans over 140 Å. Our kinetic data identify the difference in the ATP-to-ADP ratio between day and night as the environmental cue that drives the clock. They also unravel mechanistic details that shed light on the evolution of self-sustained oscillators.

Nodavirus RNA replication crown architecture reveals proto-crown precursor and viral protein A conformational switching.

Positive-strand RNA viruses replicate their genomes in virus-induced membrane vesicles, and the resulting RNA replication complexes are a major target for virus control. Nodavirus studies first revealed viral RNA replication proteins forming a 12-fold symmetric "crown" at the vesicle opening to the cytosol, an arrangement recently confirmed to extend to distantly related alphaviruses. Using cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), we show that mature nodavirus crowns comprise two stacked 12-mer rings of multidomain viral RNA replication protein A. Each ring contains an ~19 nm circle of C-proximal polymerase domains, differentiated by strikingly diverged positions of N-proximal RNA capping/membrane binding domains. The lower ring is a "proto-crown" precursor that assembles prior to RNA template recruitment, RNA synthesis, and replication vesicle formation. In this proto-crown, the N-proximal segments interact to form a toroidal central floor, whose 3.1 Å resolution structure reveals many mechanistic details of the RNA capping/membrane binding domains. In the upper ring, cryo-EM fitting indicates that the N-proximal domains extend radially outside the polymerases, forming separated, membrane-binding "legs." The polymerase and N-proximal domains are connected by a long linker accommodating the conformational switch between the two rings and possibly also polymerase movements associated with RNA synthesis and nonsymmetric electron density in the lower center of mature crowns. The results reveal remarkable viral protein multifunctionality, conformational flexibility, and evolutionary plasticity and insights into (+)RNA virus replication and control.

Onto Grid Purification and 3D Reconstruction of Protein Complexes Using Matrix-Landing Native Mass Spectrometry.

Addressing mixtures and heterogeneity in structural biology requires approaches that can differentiate and separate structures based on mass and conformation. Mass spectrometry (MS) provides tools for measuring and isolating gas-phase ions. The development of native MS including electrospray ionization allowed for manipulation and analysis of intact noncovalent biomolecules as ions in the gas phase, leading to detailed measurements of structural heterogeneity. Conversely, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) generates detailed images of biomolecular complexes that show an overall structure. Our matrix-landing approach uses native MS to probe and select biomolecular ions of interest for subsequent TEM imaging, thus unifying information on mass, stoichiometry, heterogeneity, etc., available via native MS with TEM images. Here, we prepare TEM grids of protein complexes purified via quadrupolar isolation and matrix-landing and generate 3D reconstructions of the isolated complexes. Our results show that these complexes maintain their structure through gas-phase isolation.

Cryogenic Soft Landing Improves Structural Preservation of Protein Complexes.

We describe an apparatus for the cryogenic landing of particles from the ion beam of a mass spectrometer onto transmission electron microscope grids for cryo-electron microscopy. This system also allows for the controlled formation of thin films of amorphous ice on the grid surface. We demonstrate that as compared to room temperature landings, the use of this cryogenic landing device greatly improves the structural preservation of deposited protein-protein complexes. Furthermore, landing under cryogenic conditions can increase the diversity of particle orientations, allowing for improved 3D structural interpretation. We conclude that this approach allows for the direct coupling of mass spectrometry with cryo-electron microscopy.

Matrix-Landing Mass Spectrometry for Electron Microscopy Imaging of Native Protein Complexes.

Recently, we described the use of a chemical matrix for landing and preserving the cations of protein-protein complexes within a mass spectrometer (MS) instrument. By use of a glycerol-landing matrix, we used negative stain transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of landed GroEL complexes. Here, we investigate the utilities of other chemical matrices for their abilities to land, preserve, and allow for direct imaging of these cationic particles using TEM. We report here that poly(propylene) glycol (PPG) offers superior performance over glycerol for matrix landing. We demonstrated the utility of the PPG matrix landing using three protein-protein complexes─GroEL, the 20S proteasome core particle, and ß-galactosidase─and obtained a 3D reconstruction of each complex from matrix-landed particles. These structures have no detectable differences from the structures obtained using conventional preparation methods, suggesting the structures are well preserved at least to the resolution limit of the reconstructions (∼20 Å). We conclude that matrix landing offers a direct approach to couple native MS with TEM for protein structure determination.

Activation of NMDA receptors and the mechanism of inhibition by ifenprodil.

The physiology of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is fundamental to brain development and function. NMDA receptors are ionotropic glutamate receptors that function as heterotetramers composed mainly of GluN1 and GluN2 subunits. Activation of NMDA receptors requires binding of neurotransmitter agonists to a ligand-binding domain (LBD) and structural rearrangement of an amino-terminal domain (ATD). Recent crystal structures of GluN1-GluN2B NMDA receptors bound to agonists and an allosteric inhibitor, ifenprodil, represent the allosterically inhibited state. However, how the ATD and LBD move to activate the NMDA receptor ion channel remains unclear. Here we applied X-ray crystallography, single-particle electron cryomicroscopy and electrophysiology to rat NMDA receptors to show that, in the absence of ifenprodil, the bi-lobed structure of GluN2 ATD adopts an open conformation accompanied by rearrangement of the GluN1-GluN2 ATD heterodimeric interface, altering subunit orientation in the ATD and LBD and forming an active receptor conformation that gates the ion channel.

High-resolution cryo-EM structures of outbreak strain human norovirus shells reveal size variations.

Noroviruses are a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide. Although GII.4 strains have been responsible for most norovirus outbreaks, the assembled virus shell structures have been available in detail for only a single strain (GI.1). We present high-resolution (2.6- to 4.1-Å) cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of GII.4, GII.2, GI.7, and GI.1 human norovirus outbreak strain virus-like particles (VLPs). Although norovirus VLPs have been thought to exist in a single-sized assembly, our structures reveal polymorphism between and within genogroups, with small, medium, and large particle sizes observed. Using asymmetric reconstruction, we were able to resolve a Zn2+ metal ion adjacent to the coreceptor binding site, which affected the structural stability of the shell. Our structures serve as valuable templates for facilitating vaccine formulations.

Automatic estimation and correction of anisotropic magnification distortion in electron microscopes.

We demonstrate a significant anisotropic magnification distortion, found on an FEI Titan Krios microscope and affecting magnifications commonly used for data acquisition on a Gatan K2 Summit detector. We describe a program (mag_distortion_estimate) to automatically estimate anisotropic magnification distortion from a set of images of a standard gold shadowed diffraction grating. We also describe a program (mag_distortion_correct) to correct for the estimated distortion in collected images. We demonstrate that the distortion present on the Titan Krios microscope limits the resolution of a set of rotavirus VP6 images to ∼7 Å, which increases to ∼3 Å following estimation and correction of the distortion. We also use a 70S ribosome sample to demonstrate that in addition to affecting resolution, magnification distortion can also interfere with the classification of heterogeneous data.

Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children.

BACKGROUND: Pain is the most common symptom in the emergency setting; however, timely management of acute pain in children continues to be suboptimal. Intranasal drug delivery has emerged as an alternative method of achieving quicker drug delivery without adding to the distress of a child by inserting an intravenous cannula. OBJECTIVES: We identified and evaluated all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized trials to assess the effects of intranasal fentanyl (INF) versus alternative analgesic interventions in children with acute pain, with respect to reduction in pain score, occurrence of adverse events, patient tolerability, use of "rescue analgesia," patient/parental satisfaction and patient mortality. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2014, Issue 1); MEDLINE (Ovid SP, from 1995 to January 2014); EMBASE (Ovid SP, from 1995 to January 2014); the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) (EBSCO Host, from 1995 to January 2014); the Latin American and Caribbean Health Science Information Database (LILACS) (BIREME, from 1995 to January 2014); Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB) Abstracts (from 1995 to January 2014); the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science (from 1995 to January 2014); BIOSIS Previews (from 1995 to January 2014); the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (from 1995 to January 2014); International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number (ISRCTN) (from 1995 to January 2014); ClinicalTrials.gov (from 1995 to January 2014); and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (to January 2014). SELECTION CRITERIA: We included RCTs comparing INF versus any other pharmacological/non-pharmacological intervention for the treatment of children in acute pain (aged < 18 years). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two independent review authors assessed each title and abstract for relevance. Full copies of all studies that met the inclusion criteria were retrieved for further assessment. Mean difference (MD), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to measure effect sizes. Two review authors independently assessed and rated the methodological quality of each trial using the tool of The Cochrane Collaboration to assess risk of bias, as per Chapter 8 of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. MAIN RESULTS: Three studies (313 participants) met the inclusion criteria. One study compared INF versus intramuscular morphine (IMM); another study compared INF versus intravenous morphine (IVM); and another study compared standard concentration INF (SINF) versus high concentration INF (HINF). All three studies reported a reduction in pain score following INF administration. INF produced a greater reduction in pain score at 10 minutes post administration when compared with IMM (INF group pain score: 1/5 vs IMM group pain score: 2/5; P value 0.014). No other statistically significant differences in pain scores were reported at any other time point. When INF was compared with IVM and HINF, no statistically significant differences in pain scores were noted between treatment arms, before analgesia or at 5, 10, 20 and 30 minutes post analgesia. Specifically, when INF was compared with IVM, both agents were seen to produce a statistically significant reduction in pain score up to 20 minutes post analgesia. No further reduction in pain score was noted after this time. When SINF was compared with HINF, a statistically and clinically significant reduction in pain scores over study time was observed (median decrease for both groups 40 mm, P value 0.000). No adverse events (e.g. opiate toxicity, death) were reported in any study following INF administration. One study described better patient tolerance to INF compared with IMM, which achieved statistical significance. The other studies described reports of a "bad taste" and vomiting with INF. Overall the risk of bias in all studies was considered low. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: INF may be an effective analgesic for the treatment of patients with acute moderate to severe pain, and its administration appears to cause minimal distress to children. However, this review of published studies does not allow any definitive conclusions regarding whether INF is superior, non-inferior or equivalent to intramuscular or intravenous morphine. Limitations of this review include the following: few eligible studies for inclusion (three); no study examined the use of INF in children younger than three years of age; no study included children with pain from a "medical" cause (e.g. abdominal pain seen in appendicitis); and all eligible studies were conducted in Australia. Consequently, the findings may not be generalizable to other healthcare settings, to children younger than three years of age and to those with pain from a "medical" cause.

Basin-scale study of CO2 storage in stacked sequence of geological formations.

Commercial scale decarbonization through carbon capture and storage may likely involve many CO2 storage projects located in close proximity. The close proximity could raise concerns over caprock integrity associated with reservoir pressure buildup and interference among adjacent projects. Commercial-scale injection will also require large prospective CO2 storage resource and high injectivity in the targeted storage formations. To accommodate the need for both large resource and high injectivity, project operators could consider injecting CO2 into a stacked sequence of formations. This analysis investigates the benefits of injecting CO2 into a vertically stacked sequence of saline formations, over injecting the same amount of CO2 into a single saline formation, in addressing these challenges. Our analysis shows that injecting into the stacked sequence mitigates the extent of pressure buildup among the stacked formations, while still achieving the same or greater target CO2 storage volumes. Among cases modeled, the resulting pressure buildup front is most reduced when each storage site distributes injection volumes over several wells, each of which injects a portion of the total CO2 mass across the stacked sequence. This favorable case not only results in the smallest CO2 aerial footprint, but also shows the largest reduction in the pressure buildup at the top of perforation at the injection wells (upwards of approximately 46% compared to the single-formation storage), the result of which is crucial to maintain caprock integrity. This analysis provides insights into required decision-making when considering multi-project deployment in a shared basin.

SPOT-RASTR-A cryo-EM specimen preparation technique that overcomes problems with preferred orientation and the air/water interface.

In cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), specimen preparation remains a bottleneck despite recent advancements. Classical plunge freezing methods often result in issues like aggregation and preferred orientations at the air/water interface. Many alternative methods have been proposed, but there remains a lack a universal solution, and multiple techniques are often required for challenging samples. Here, we demonstrate the use of lipid nanotubes with nickel NTA headgroups as a platform for cryo-EM sample preparation. His-tagged specimens of interest are added to the tubules, and they can be frozen by conventional plunge freezing. We show that the nanotubes protect samples from the air/water interface and promote a wider range of orientations. The reconstruction of average subtracted tubular regions (RASTR) method allows for the removal of the nanotubule signal from the cryo-EM images resulting in isolated images of specimens of interest. Testing with ß-galactosidase validates the method's ability to capture particles at lower concentrations, overcome preferred orientations, and achieve near-atomic resolution reconstructions. Since the nanotubules can be identified and targeted automatically at low magnification, the method enables fully automated data collection. Furthermore, the particles on the tubes can be automatically identified and centered using 2D classification enabling particle picking without requiring prior information. Altogether, our approach that we call specimen preparation on a tube RASTR holds promise for overcoming air-water interface and preferred orientation challenges and offers the potential for fully automated cryo-EM data collection and structure determination.

SPOT-RASTR - a cryo-EM specimen preparation technique that overcomes problems with preferred orientation and the air/water interface.

In cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), specimen preparation remains a bottleneck despite recent advancements. Classical plunge freezing methods often result in issues like aggregation and preferred orientations at the air/water interface. Many alternative methods have been proposed, but there remains a lack a universal solution, and multiple techniques are often required for challenging samples. Here, we demonstrate the use of lipid nanotubes with nickel NTA headgroups as a platform for cryo-EM sample preparation. His-tagged specimens of interest are added to the tubules, and they can be frozen by conventional plunge freezing. We show that the nanotubes protect samples from the air/water interface and promote a wider range of orientations. The reconstruction of average subtracted tubular regions (RASTR) method allows for the removal of the nanotubule signal from the cryo-EM images resulting in isolated images of specimens of interest. Testing with ß-galactosidase validates the method's ability to capture particles at lower concentrations, overcome preferred orientations, and achieve near-atomic resolution reconstructions. Since the nanotubules can be identified and targeted automatically at low magnification, the method enables fully automated data collection. Furthermore, the particles on the tubes can be automatically identified and centered using 2D classification enabling particle picking without requiring prior information. Altogether, our approach that we call specimen preparation on a tube RASTR (SPOT-RASTR) holds promise for overcoming air-water interface and preferred orientation challenges and offers the potential for fully automated cryo-EM data collection and structure determination.

Community recommendations on cryoEM data archiving and validation: Outcomes of a wwPDB/EMDB workshop on cryoEM data management, deposition and validation.

In January 2020, a workshop was held at EMBL-EBI (Hinxton, UK) to discuss data requirements for deposition and validation of cryoEM structures, with a focus on single-particle analysis. The meeting was attended by 47 experts in data processing, model building and refinement, validation, and archiving of such structures. This report describes the workshop's motivation and history, the topics discussed, and consensus recommendations resulting from the workshop. Some challenges for future methods-development efforts in this area are also highlighted, as is the implementation to date of some of the recommendations.

Community recommendations on cryoEM data archiving and validation.

In January 2020, a workshop was held at EMBL-EBI (Hinxton, UK) to discuss data requirements for the deposition and validation of cryoEM structures, with a focus on single-particle analysis. The meeting was attended by 47 experts in data processing, model building and refinement, validation, and archiving of such structures. This report describes the workshop's motivation and history, the topics discussed, and the resulting consensus recommendations. Some challenges for future methods-development efforts in this area are also highlighted, as is the implementation to date of some of the recommendations.