Interlocking intramedullary nail for forearm diaphyseal fractures in adults-A systematic review and meta-analysis of outcomes and complications.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this systematic review is to examine the outcomes, complications, and potential advantages of using anatomical interlocking intramedullary nails (IMN) in the treatment of radius and ulnar shaft diaphyseal fractures in adults. METHODS: Medline, Embase, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were searched between January 2000 and January 2023. Studies meeting criteria were observational or randomized controlled trials evaluating outcomes in IMN for adult diaphyseal forearm fractures. Standardized data extraction was performed and a quality assessment tool was used to evaluate individual study methodology. Descriptive statistics for interventions, functional outcomes, and complications were reported. Meta-analysis was performed for patient-reported outcome measures and operative time. RESULTS: A total of 29 studies involving 1268 patients were included with 764 (60%) undergoing IMN, 21% open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), and 9% hybrid fixation. There was no significant difference between groups in DASH and Grace-Eversmann scores. Operative time was significantly shorter in IMN compared with ORIF. The DASH scores were: 13.1 ± 6.04 for IMN, 10.17 ± 3.98 for ORIF, and 15.5 ± 0.63 in hybrids. Mean operative time was 65.3 ± 28.7 in ORIF and 50.8 ± 17.7 in IMN. Complication rates were 16.7% in the IMN group, 14.9% in ORIF, and 6.3% in hybrid constructs. There were 11 cases of extensor pollicis rupture in the IMN group. Average IMN pronation and supination were 78.3° ± 7.9° and 73° ± 5.0°, respectively. Average ORIF pronation and supination was 82.15° ± 1.9° and 79.7° ± 4.5°, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Similar functional outcomes and complication rates along with shorter operative times can be achieved with IMN compared with ORIF. The use of IMN is promising, however, higher quality evidence is required to assess appropriate indications, subtle differences in range of motion, implant-related complications, and cost-effectiveness. Trail Registration PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) (ID: CRD42022362353).

3-keto-DON, but Not 3-epi-DON, Retains the in Planta Toxicological Potential after the Enzymatic Biotransformation of Deoxynivalenol.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary fungal metabolite that is associated with many adverse toxicological effects in agriculture as well as human/animal nutrition. Bioremediation efforts in recent years have led to the discovery of numerous bacterial isolates that can transform DON to less toxic derivatives. Both 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON were recently shown to exhibit reduced toxicity, compared to DON, when tested using different cell lines and mammalian models. In the current study, the toxicological assessment of 3-keto-DON and 3-epi-DON using in planta models surprisingly revealed that 3-keto-DON, but not 3-epi-DON, retained its toxicity to a large extent in both duckweeds (Lemna minor L.) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) model systems. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that the exposure of L. minor to 3-keto-DON and DON resulted in substantial transcriptomic changes and similar gene expression profiles, whereas 3-epi-DON did not. These novel findings are pivotal for understanding the environmental burden of the above metabolites as well as informing the development of future transgenic plant applications. Collectively, they emphasize the fundamental need to assess both plant and animal models when evaluating metabolites/host interactions.

Innovative drugs, chemicals, and enzymes within the animal production chain.

The alarming number of recently reported human illnesses with bacterial infections resistant to multiple antibacterial agents has become a serious concern in recent years. This phenomenon is a core challenge for both the medical and animal health communities, since the use of antibiotics has formed the cornerstone of modern medicine for treating bacterial infections. The empirical benefits of using antibiotics to address animal health issues in animal agriculture (using therapeutic doses) and increasing the overall productivity of animals (using sub-therapeutic doses) are well established. The use of antibiotics to enhance profitability margins in the animal production industry is still practiced worldwide. Although many technical and economic reasons gave rise to these practices, the continued emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria is furthering the need to reduce the use of medically important antibiotics. This will require improving on-farm management and biosecurity practices, and the development of effective antibiotic alternatives that will reduce the dependence on antibiotics within the animal industry in the foreseeable future. A number of approaches are being closely scrutinized and optimized to achieve this goal, including the development of promising antibiotic alternatives to control bacterial virulence through quorum-sensing disruption, the use of synthetic polymers and nanoparticles, the exploitation of recombinant enzymes/proteins (such as glucose oxidases, alkaline phosphatases and proteases), and the use of phytochemicals. This review explores the most recent approaches within this context and provides a summary of practical mitigation strategies for the extensive use of antibiotics within the animal production chain in addition to several future challenges that need to be addressed.

Optimizing the Maximum Recovery of Dihydromyricetin from Chinese Vine Tea, Ampelopsis grossedentata, Using Response Surface Methodology.

This work provides an optimized extraction approach intended to maximize the recovery of dihydromyricetin (DHM) from Chinese vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) leaves. The presented work adopts a Box-Behnken design as a response surface methodology to understand the role and influence of specific extraction parameters including: time, temperature, and solvent composition/ethanol (%) on DHM final yields. Initially, single factor experiments were used to delineate the role of above factors (temperature, time, and solvent composition) before proceeding with three factors-three levels Box-Behnken design with 17 separate runs to assess the effect of multifactorial treatments on DHM recovery rates. The collected data shows that independent variables (solvent composition, time, and temperature) can significantly affect DHM recovery rates with maximum yields resulting from a combined 60 °C, 60% aqueous ethanol, and 180 min treatment. From the empirical point of view, the above optimized extraction protocol can substantially enhance processing and profitability margins with a minimum need of interventions or associated costs.

Effect of Betaine on Blood Parameters Related to the Iron Status in Acrylamide-Treated Rats.

It has been well documented that acrylamide (ACR) is a human carcinogen. One of the consequences of ACR exposure is central and peripheral nervous system damage, which may lead to hallucinations, drowsiness, and numbness in the hands, as well as legs. Betaine (BET) plays an active role in methylation reactions, including DNA methylation, the integrity of cell membranes, and memory development. It has been approved that BET protects the liver from oxidative stress-inducing substances, such as ethanol, and nonalcoholic fatty liver, brain, kidney, stomach, as well as ovaries, in rats. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate how BET influences iron-related blood parameters and biomarkers in acrylamide-treated rats. Twenty adult rats, weighing 180-200 g and aging 6-7 weeks, were randomly divided into four equal groups and given the following treatments every day for 30 days. The control group was identified as G1. Animals in the G2 group were intubated with BET [250 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)]. Animals in the G3 group were intubated with ACR (1 mg/kg B.W.), while animals in the G4 group were intubated with both BET and ACR at the same doses as animals in G2 and G3 groups. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from anesthetized rats using the cardiac puncture technique for measuring white blood cell count, as well as their differential count, red blood cells count, hemoglobin, and their related parameters, including mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, hematocrit, as well as red cell distribution width. Additionally, serum was taken to measure serum iron concentration, ferritin, total iron-binding capacity, and transferrin saturation percentage. The results showed significant changes in some hematological parameters and the iron status correlated with anemia in the G3 group, treated with ACR. Such changes, accompanied by histopathological changes in the spleen oral intubation of BET alone, as well as its combination with ACR, caused the alleviation of anemia through correcting previous parameters. In conclusion, the findings revealed that BET positively influences anemia in rats treated with ACR.

Challenges Associated With the Formation of Recombinant Protein Inclusion Bodies in Escherichia coli and Strategies to Address Them for Industrial Applications.

Recombinant proteins are becoming increasingly important for industrial applications, where Escherichia coli is the most widely used bacterial host for their production. However, the formation of inclusion bodies is a frequently encountered challenge for producing soluble and functional recombinant proteins. To overcome this hurdle, different strategies have been developed through adjusting growth conditions, engineering host strains of E. coli, altering expression vectors, and modifying the proteins of interest. These approaches will be comprehensively highlighted with some of the new developments in this review. Additionally, the unique features of protein inclusion bodies, the mechanism and influencing factors of their formation, and their potential advantages will also be discussed.

Endonasal endoscopic management of different cases of dentigerous cysts and ectopic teeth.

Dentigerous cyst is a type of developmental odontogenic cysts that arises from the crown impacted, embedded or unerupted teeth that standardly managed by Caldwell-luc procedure, which is found to be associated with morbidities and complications. Endonasal endoscopic removal is a minimally invasive approach aiming to prevent morbidities and complications. The aim of this article is to study the advantages of the endonasal endoscopic approach in managing different cases of dentigerous cyst and ectopic teeth. In this article, we reported three different cases (two pediatric and one adult), one presenting with unilateral dentigerous cyst with traumatic ectopic teeth in the maxillary sinus, and one presenting with bilateral dentigerous cysts and ectopic teeth in the maxillary sinuses, the third case of unilateral ectopic intranasal canine tooth. All managed by endonasal endoscopic approach, with no complications and complete recovery. The endonasal endoscopic approach is a minimally invasive surgical approach. With the use of different angled endoscopes and instruments, this approach is preserving physiological function while minimizing morbidity and preventing complications.

The polypeptide Syn67 interacts physically with human holocarboxylase synthetase, but is not a target for biotinylation.

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) catalyzes the binding of biotin to lysines in carboxylases and histones in two steps. First, HCS catalyzes the synthesis of biotinyl-5'-AMP; second, the biotinyl moiety is ligated to lysine residues. It has been proposed that step two is fairly promiscuous, and that protein biotinylation may occur in the absence of HCS as long as sufficient exogenous biotinyl-5'-AMP is provided. Here, we identified a novel polypeptide (Syn67) with a basic patch of lysines and arginines. Yeast-two-hybrid assays and limited proteolysis assays revealed that both N- and C-termini of HCS interact with Syn67. A potential target lysine in Syn67 was biotinylated by HCS only after arginine-to-glycine substitutions in Syn67 produced a histone-like peptide. We identified a Syn67 docking site near the active pocket of HCS by in silico modeling and site-directed mutagenesis. Biotinylation of proteins by HCS is more specific than previously assumed.

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Absorption of Aglycone and Glycosidic Flavonoids in a Caco-2 BBe1 Cell Model.

The mechanisms of cellular absorption and transport underlying the differences between flavonoid aglycones and glycosides and the effect of the structural feature are not well established. In this study, aglycone, mono-, and diglycosides of quercetin and cyanidin were selected to examine the effects of the structural feature on the bioavailability of flavonoids using hexose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 in a Caco-2 BBe1 cell model. Cellular uptake and transport of all glycosides were significantly different. The glycosides also significantly inhibited cellular uptake of d-glucose, indicating the involvement of the two hexose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2 in the absorption, and the potential of the glycosides in lowering the blood glucose level. The in silico prediction model also supported these observations. The absorption of glycosides, especially diglycosides but not the aglycones, was significantly blocked by SGLT1 and GLUT2 inhibitors (phloridzin and phloretin) and further validated in SGLT1 knockdown Caco-2 BBe1 cells.

Effect of treatment with direct antiviral agents (DAAs) on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus & hepatitis C virus genotype 4.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is widely recognized that chronic hepatitis C is a metabolic disease that is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR). The evidence behind the effect of Direct Anti-Viral Agents (DAAs) therapy on T2DM is conflicting. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with DAAs on glycemic control in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 4. METHODS: This study was a prospective study that conducted on 100 patients with chronic hepatitis C and Type-2 diabetes mellitus, selected from Kafr El-Sheikh Liver Research Center treated with Direct Anti-Viral Agents (DAAs) during the period from September 1, 2017 to last of August 2018. All patients in the study were subjected to the following: Full history taking stressing on the age, gender, previous treatment; clinical examination and laboratory investigations. HBA1C was assessed before and after DAAs treatment. RESULTS: In the present study, there was a significant decrease of baseline fasting blood glucose levels after treatment when compared with before treatment. Also, there was a significant decrease of 2 h post prandial blood glucose after treatment when compared with before treatment. There was significant decrease of HBA1c levels after treatment when compared with before treatment. CONCLUSIONS: DAAs treatment significantly improved the fasting blood glucose and help better glycemic control. This study augments the importance and the benefits of new Direct Anti-Viral Agents interferon free regimens in diabetic HCV infected patients.

Sudomotor Changes in Hepatitis C Virus Infection with or without Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study in Egyptian Patients.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can affect the neurological system, and neuropathy is one of these manifestations. Hepatitis C virus infection is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) type II, and diabetic patients are at higher risk of acquiring HCV infection. Sweat function has been proposed to assess early autonomic neuropathy. This study aimed to evaluate small fiber neuropathy in asymptomatic HCV-related cirrhotic patients with or without DM through sweat function assessment by Sudoscan test. Three groups were involved: 47 healthy controls, 48 HCV-related cirrhotic patients without DM (group 1), and 49 HCV-related cirrhotic patients with DM type II (group 2). All participants were subjected to liver panel tests, renal function tests, cell blood counts, HbA1c, and abdominal ultrasound. Sweat function was assessed in all patients and controls by measuring hand and feet electrochemical skin conductance (ESC, microSiemens [µS]) using Sudoscan. Peripheral neuropathy was detected in none of the controls, 39% of group 1 patients, and 62% of group 2 patients (P < 0.0001). The mean feet ESC (FESC) was 88.3 ± 6.8 µS in controls, 67.2 ± 19.2 µS in group 1, and 57.9 ± 19.4 µS in group 2 (P < 0.0001). A significant correlation was observed between FESC and bilirubin, albumin, creatinine, international normalized ratio, transaminases, and splenic size. Electrochemical skin conductance measurement is a valuable, noninvasive method for early detection of small fiber neuropathy in asymptomatic HCV-related cirrhosis, with or without DM.

N- and C-terminal domains in human holocarboxylase synthetase participate in substrate recognition.

Holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) catalyzes the binding of the vitamin biotin to carboxylases and histones. Carboxylases mediate essential steps in macronutrient metabolism. For example, propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) catalyzes the carboxylation of propionyl-CoA in the metabolism of odd-chain fatty acids. HCS comprises four putative domains, i.e., the N-terminus, the biotin transfer/ATP-binding domain, a putative linker domain, and the C-terminus. Both N- and C-termini are essential for biotinylation of carboxylases by HCS, but the exact functions of these two domains in enzyme catalysis are unknown. Here we tested the hypothesis that N- and C-termini play roles in substrate recognition by HCS. Yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assays were used to study interactions between the four domains of human HCS with p67, a PCC-based polypeptide and HCS substrate. Both N- and C-termini interacted with p67 in Y2H assays, whereas the biotin transfer/ATP-binding and the linker domains did not interact with p67. The essentiality of N- and C-termini for interactions with carboxylases was confirmed in rescue experiments with mutant Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using constructs of truncated human HCS. Finally, a computational biology approach was used to model the 3D structure of human HCS and identify amino acid residues that interact with p67. In silico predictions were consistent with observations from Y2H assays and yeast rescue experiments, and suggested docking of p67 near Arg508 and Ser515 within the central domain of HCS.

Sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter gene is regulated at the chromatin level by histone biotinylation in human Jurkat lymphoblastoma cells.

The sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) is essential for mediating and regulating biotin entry into mammalian cells. In cells, holocarboxylase synthetase (HCS) mediates covalent binding of biotin to histones; biotinylation of lysine-12 in histone H4 (K12BioH4) causes gene repression. Here we propose a novel role for HCS in sensing and regulating levels of biotin in eukaryotic cells. We hypothesize that nuclear translocation of HCS increases in response to biotin supplementation; HCS then biotinylates histone H4 at SMVT promoters, silencing biotin transporter genes. We show that nuclear translocation of HCS is a biotin-dependent process that might involve tyrosine kinases, histone deacetylases, and histone methyltransferases in human lymphoid (Jurkat) cells. The nuclear translocation of HCS correlated with biotin concentrations in cell culture media; the relative enrichment of both HCS and K12BioH4 at SMVT promoter 1 (but not promoter 2) increased by 91% in cells cultured in medium containing 10 nmol/L biotin compared with 0.25 nmol/L biotin. This increase of K12BioH4 at the SMVT promoter was inversely linked to SMVT expression. Biotin homeostasis by HCS-dependent chromatin remodeling at the SMVT promoter 1 locus was disrupted in HCS knockdown cells, as evidenced by abnormal chromatin structure (K12BioH4 abundance) and increased SMVT expression. The findings from this study are consistent with the theory that HCS senses biotin, and that biotin regulates its own cellular uptake by participating in HCS-dependent chromatin remodeling events at the SMVT promoter 1 locus in Jurkat cells.

Biotin.

Biotin is a water-soluble vitamin and serves as a coenzyme for five carboxylases in humans. Biotin is also covalently attached to distinct lysine residues in histones, affecting chromatin structure and mediating gene regulation. This review describes mammalian biotin metabolism, biotin analysis, markers of biotin status, and biological functions of biotin. Proteins such as holocarboxylase synthetase, biotinidase, and the biotin transporters SMVT and MCT1 play crucial roles in biotin homeostasis, and these roles are reviewed here. Possible effects of inadequate biotin intake, drug interactions, and inborn errors of metabolism are discussed, including putative effects on birth defects.

Understanding the Bacterial Response to Mycotoxins: The Transcriptomic Analysis of Deoxynivalenol-Induced Changes in Devosia mutans 17-2-E-8.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major fusarium toxin widely detected in cereal grains. The inadvertent exposure to this fungal secondary-metabolite gives rise to a myriad of adverse health effects including appetite loss, emesis, and suppression of the immune system. While most of the attention this mycotoxin has gained in the past four decades was related to its eukaryotic toxicity (monogastric animals and plants more precisely), recent studies have begun to reveal its negative influence on prokaryotes. Recently presented evidence indicates that DON can negatively affect many bacterial species, raising the possibility of DON-induced imbalances within the microbiota of the human and animal gut, in addition to other environmental niches. This in turn has led to a greater interest in understanding bacterial responses toward DON, and the involved mechanism(s) and metabolic pathways, in order to build a more comprehensive picture of DON-induced changes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes alike. This study reveals the transcriptomic profiling of Devosia mutans strain 17-2-E-8 after the inclusion of DON within its growth medium. The results highlight three adaptive mechanisms involved in the response of D. mutans 17-2-E-8 to this mycotoxin, which include: (a) activation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding cassette transporters; (b) engagement of a toxin-specific pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent detoxification pathway; and finally (c) the upregulation of auxiliary coping proteins such as porins, glutathione S-transferases, and phosphotransferases. Some of the identified mechanisms are universal in nature and are shared with other bacterial genera and species.

Grape Pomace as a Promising Antimicrobial Alternative in Feed: A Critical Review.

Antimicrobial resistance is among the most urgent global challenges facing sustainable animal production systems. The use of antibiotics as growth promoters and for infectious disease prevention in intensive animal-farming practices has translated into the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes in an unprecedented fashion. Several multi-resistant bacterial strains have been isolated from food-producing animals, thus constituting an alarming food-safety issue. Many industrial byproducts with potential antimicrobial properties are currently being investigated to identify empirical and affordable solutions/alternatives that can potentially be used in feed for animals. Grape pomace is among such byproducts that gained the attention as a result of its low cost, abundance, and, most importantly, its bioactive and antibacterial properties. This review discusses the recently reported studies with regard to exploring the use of grape pomace (and its extracts) in animal production to control pathogens, along with the promotion of beneficial bacterial species in the gut to ultimately alleviate antibacterial resistance. The review further summarizes realistic expectations connected with grape pomace usage and lists the still-to-be-addressed concerns about its application in animal agriculture.

Retrospective Clinical and Microbiologic Analysis of Patients with Anorectal Abscess.

BACKGROUND: We conducted a clinical and microbiologic analysis of patients presenting with anorectal abscess. METHODS: A total of 505 adult patients presenting from January 2011 to December 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. Microbiologic data were available for 211 patients. RESULTS: The mean age at presentation was 39.5 (standard deviation 12.4) years, and 81.4% of the cohort were men. One hundred fifteen patients (22.8%) had diabetes mellitus, and 15 patients (3.0%) had inflammatory bowel disease. There were 184 patients (36.4%) who required admission for more than 24 hours with a median length of stay of two days (interquartile range 2, 4) days. The most common microorganism was Escherichia coli (37.6%), followed by Bacteroides spp. (13.2%) and Streptococcus spp. (13.2%). Escherichia coli accounted for 34.9% of the microorganisms cultured from patients with diabetes mellitus followed by Streptococcus spp. (27%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (20.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli is the most common micro-organism cultured from patients presenting with anorectal abscess. Despite an increase in community-acquired multi-resistant strains, our results show a low overall incidence of such isolate. Our study provides a large microbiologic sample of patients with anorectal abscess to expand the present knowledge of the etiology of a common surgical condition.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Different Astaxanthin Isomers and the Roles of Lipid Transporters in the Cellular Transport of Astaxanthin Isomers in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers.

The anti-inflammatory effects and cellular transport mechanisms of all- E-astaxanthin and its 9Z- and 13Z-isomers were investigated in a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. All three astaxanthin isomers at 1.2 µM significantly reduced the TNF-α-induced secretion of IL-8 by 22-27%. Z-Astaxanthins, especially 9 Z-astaxanthin exhibited greater anti-inflammatory effect than all- E-astaxanthin by down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines COX-2 and TNF-α gene expression to 0.88 ± 0.01-fold and 0.83 ± 0.17-fold that of the negative control (NC), respectively. The anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin isomers were achieved via modulating the NF-κB signaling pathway as they down-regulated TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of IκBα from 5.3 ± 0.19-fold to 3.8 ± 0.33-4.5 ± 0.27-fold of NC. The scavenger receptor class B type I protein (SR-BI) was found to facilitate the cellular uptake of astaxanthin isomers. Its inhibitor (BLT-1) and antibody (Anti-SRBI) significantly reduced cellular uptake efficiency of all- E-astaxanthin (18.9% and 16.7%, respectively) and 13Z-astaxanthin (28.8% and 30.2%, respectively), but not of 9Z-astaxanthin. The molecular docking experiment showed that 13 Z-astaxanthin had significantly higher affinity with SR-BI (atomic contact energy: -420.31) than all- E-astaxanthin and 9 Z-astaxanthin, which at least partially supports the higher bioavailability of 13 Z-astaxanthin observed in vivo by others.

Antifungal activity of Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. tolerans isolated from a sourdough bread culture.

Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from four different sourdough bread cultures previously investigated for antifungal activity. A total of 116 isolates were obtained and screened for antifungal activity against a battery of molds. The most inhibitory isolate obtained was identified by API 50 CHL and 16s ribosomal RNA genotyping and found to be Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. tolerans. This isolate completely inhibited the growth of Fusarium proliferatum M 5689, M 5991 and Fusarium graminearum R 4053 compared to controls in a dual agar plate assay.

Antifungal activity of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans against Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium graminearum in a liquid culture setting.

Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans, isolated from a traditional sourdough bread culture and previously shown to have antifungal activity against Fusarium species, was tested for inhibition of growth of Fusarium proliferatum M 5991 and M 5689 and F. graminearum R 4053 in a liquid medium setting. This isolate completely inhibited the growth of F. proliferatum M 5689 and M 5991 and F. graminearum R 4053, whereas such growth was not inhibited in the control in a supernatant agar plate assay. When this isolate was tested using 2M medium (MRS-modified Myro media) known for supporting Fusarium growth and trichothecene production, it was found to inhibit fungal growth but promote mycotoxin production at the same time. The antifungal activity was determined to be the result of organic acids and low pH. The mechanism of the mycotoxin production promotion requires further investigation.