RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological and social impact of the flu pandemic of 1918-1919 in 41 municipalities of Boyacá, Colombia. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive, analytical-empiric, historic study with an epidemiological focus. The volume and structure of the population is established and determines the mortality rates for the variables of time, person and place. RESULTS: The pandemic began in October 1918 in Bogotá and reached Boyacá by road. The three chronological waves found in the literature were not identified. We found a significant difference in the behavior of the flu pandemic in the departmnent of Boyacá with that described in Europe and North America by the specialized literature.
Assuntos
Surtos de Doenças/história , Influenza Humana/história , Causas de Morte , Clima , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Demografia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XX , Humanos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Jornais como Assunto/história , Conglomerados Espaço-TemporaisRESUMO
Resumen Objetivo: Estimar el impacto potencial de la disminución teórica del índice de masa corporal, sobre la incidencia y la fracción atribuible poblacional de cánceres hepático, colorrectal y de mama, en el contexto colombiano, 2016-2050. Metodología: Se efectuó un estudio de macrosimulación, bajo tres escenarios de distribuciones futuras del índice de masa corporal: el primero o de "Referencia" (sin intervenir el factor de riesgo), y dos de intervención: el segundo, consistente en la reducción gradual, acumulada en los primeros diez años, del 10 % de la diferencia entre los valores medios esperados e ideales del índice de masa corporal, y sostenerla hasta el 2050; y el tercero, correspondiente a lograr "Toda la población con índice de masa corporal ideal" a partir del 2017. Resultados: Se estimó, bajo el tercer escenario, que las proporciones de cánceres que podrían evitarse oscilarían, en las mujeres, entre 8,0 % (cáncer colorrectal) y 16,7 % (cáncer hepático), y en los hombres, entre 10,4 % (cáncer colorrectal) y 12,2 % (cáncer hepático). Bajo el segundo escenario, los casos evitables proyectados corresponderían aproximadamente a 4009 cánceres de mama (en mujeres), 2086 cánceres colorrectales y 728 cánceres hepáticos; y bajo el tercer escenario, a 48 410 cánceres de mama, 25 089 cánceres colorrectales y 8648 cánceres hepáticos. Conclusión: Intervenir para disminuir el exceso de peso en la población colombiana contribuiría especialmente a evitar, en ambos sexos, el cáncer hepático, y en las mujeres, los casos nuevos de cáncer de mama.
Abstract Objective: To estimate the effect of a theoretical decrease impact of the body mass index on the incidence and the population attributable fraction of liver, colorectal and breast cancers in Colombian, 2016-2050.. Methodology: A macro-simulation study was performed under three scenarios of future distributions of the body mass index: the first or of "Reference" (without intervening on the risk factor) and two interventions scenarios: the second consisting of a gradual reduction, accumulated over the first ten years, of 10 % of the difference between the expected and ideal mean values of the body mass index and sustaining these until 2050; and the third corresponding to achieve "Complete population with ideal Body Mass Index" as of 2017. Results: It was estimated that the proportions of cancers that could be avoided under the third scenario, would range between 8,0 % (colorectal cancer) and 16,7 % (liver cancer) among women and between 10,4 % (colorectal cancer) and 12,2 % (liver cancer) among men. The avoidable number of cases projected under the second scenario would correspond to approximately 4009 breast cancers (in women), 2086 colorectal cancers and 728 liver cancers, and under the third scenario to 48 410 breast cancers, 25 089 colorectal cancers and 8648 liver cancers. Conclusion: Interventions to reduce excess weight in the Colombian population, would especially contribute to avoid liver cancer in both sexes and the new cases of breast cancer (in women).
Resumo Objetivo: Estimar o impacto da redução teórica do índice de massa corporal, em incidência e a fração atribuível da população de cânceres de fígado, colorretal e de mama, no contexto colombiano, 2016-2050. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo de macro-simulação, sob três cenários de distribuições futuras do índice de massa corporal: o primeiro ou de "Referência" (sem intervir o fator de risco) e duas de intervenção: a segunda, consistindo na redução gradual, acumulou nos primeiros dez anos, do 10 % da diferença entre os valores médios esperados e ideais do índice de massa corporal e sustentando-o até 2050; e a terceira, correspondendo ao alcançar "Toda a população com Índice de Massa Corporal ideal" a partir do 2017. Resultados: Estimou-se que as proporções de cânceres que poderiam ser evitadas no terceiro cenário variariam em mulheres entre 8,0 % (câncer colorretal) e 16,7 % (câncer de fígado) e em homens entre 10,4 % (câncer colorretal) e 12,2 % (câncer de fígado). Os casos evitáveis projetados sob a segundo cenário corresponderiam a aproximadamente 4009 cânceres de mama (em mulheres), 2086 cânceres colorretais e 728 cânceres de fígado e, sob a terceiro cenário, a 48 410 cânceres de mama, 25 089 cânceres colorretais e 8648 cânceres de fígado. Conclusão: Intervir para reduzir o excesso de peso na população colombiana, contribuiria especialmente para evitar o câncer de fígado em ambos os sexos e novos casos de câncer de mama (em mulheres).
RESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Describe the dietary patterns and extent of access to food among families displaced by armed conflict in a locality of the Santander department of Colombia. METHODS: A descriptive study of the food consumption of 101 families living in forced displacement in the urban and suburban areas of the municipality of Girón, Santander department, Colombia. During the second half of 2003, the person in charge of the family's food preparation completed a sociodemographic survey with questions on the monthly food expenditure, where the food was bought and with what frequency, and a log of food consumption during the preceding 24 hours. The dietary pattern was established according to the frequency of food consumption and preparation through a linear regression model that used the expenditure as a dependent variable. RESULTS: Of all the families, 34.7% reported not having access to food shopping and 13.9% received food donations. The average expenditure on food was 0.52 of the standard minimum wage. The only variable associated with expenditure was the number of family members working and contributing to the family budget (P = 0.037); for each working member, expenditure rose by increments of 0.07 of the minimum wage (95% confidence interval: 0.004- 0.149). No association was found between the length of time of the displacement and the food expenditure. The overall quality of the diet was deficient given that the recommended allowances of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were not being met. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity encompassed 95.0% of the study families, even though they had been living as refugees for three years. The diet quality was substandard. The principal causes were low household income and a lack of knowledge regarding how to choose nutritionally superior foods. In addition to food donations, relief programs caring for displaced families should provide practical and educational training on nutrition, and thus, successful alternatives.
Assuntos
Dieta , Alimentos , Populações Vulneráveis , Adulto , Criança , Colômbia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , População Suburbana , População UrbanaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To establish indicators for food security (FS) in two Colombian municipalities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 1999-2000, a descriptive study was carried out in two municipalities of the department of Santander, Colombia, that determined the cost of basic food baskets (BFB), to estimate price indices (PI), their variation, and indicators of FS related to the legally set minimum wage (MW). RESULTS: No differences were found in the PI by municipality (p > 0.05). The annual cumulative price indices were a single digit. The percentages of food insecurity (FI) were upwards of 50%, differing by municipality, in 1999 (p = 0.04), and 2000 (p = 0.88). The FI increased five points on average for the period 1999-2000. An average minimum wage of 1.24 per month is needed for a family to have access to a BFB. CONCLUSIONS: The purchasing power of the current MW doesn't satisfy the caloric nor nutritional requirements of a family. The local FS will continue deteriorating, given the behavior of its determinants.
Assuntos
Comércio , Abastecimento de Alimentos/economia , ColômbiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Describir el impacto epidemiológico y social de la pandemia de gripa de 1918-1919 en 41 municipios de Boyacá, Colombia. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio descriptivo empírico-analítico, histórico, con enfoque epidemiológico. Se estableció el volumen y estructura de la población y se determinaron tasas de mortalidad para las variables de tiempo, persona y lugar. RESULTADOS: La pandemia se inició en octubre de 1918 en Bogotá y se extendió a Boyacá por carretera. No se encontraron las tres oleadas cronológicas descritas en la literatura. Encontramos diferencias significativas en el comportamiento de la pandemia de gripa en el departamento de Boyacá en comparación con lo descrito en Europa y Norteamérica por la literatura especializada.
OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiological and social impact of the flu pandemic of 1918-1919 in 41 municipalities of Boyacá, Colombia. METHODOLOGY: descriptive, analytical-empiric, historic study with an epidemiological focus. The volume and structure of the population is established and determines the mortality rates for the variables of time, person and place. RESULTS: The pandemic began in October 1918 in Bogotá and reached Boyacá by road. The three chronological waves found in the literature were not identified. We found a significant difference in the behavior of the flu pandemic in the department of Boyacá with that described in Europe and North America by the specialized literature.
Assuntos
História do Século XX , Humanos , Surtos de Doenças/história , Influenza Humana/história , Causas de Morte , Clima , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Demografia , Surtos de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Influenza Humana/epidemiologia , Influenza Humana/mortalidade , Publicação Periódica , Conglomerados Espaço-TemporaisRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Describir el patrón alimentario y la capacidad de acceso a los alimentos de las familias desplazadas por el conflicto armado en una localidad del departamento de Santander, Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio dietético descriptivo en 101 familias que vivían en condiciones de desplazamiento forzado en la zona urbana y suburbana del municipio de Girón, departamento de Santander, Colombia. Durante el segundo semestre de 2003, el responsable de preparar los alimentos contestó una encuesta sociodemográfica con preguntas sobre el gasto mensual en alimentos, el lugar y la frecuencia de compra, y un recordatorio del consumo de alimentos en las 24 horas previas. El patrón alimentario se estableció según la frecuencia del consumo de alimentos y preparaciones mediante modelos de regresión lineal con el gasto como variable dependiente. RESULTADOS: De las familias, 34,7 por ciento manifestaron no tener acceso a la compra de alimentos y 13,9 por ciento los recibía como obsequios. El gasto promedio en alimentos fue de 0,52 salarios mínimos vigentes (SMV). La única variable asociada con el gasto fue el número de miembros de la familia que trabajaban y aportaban al presupuesto familiar (P = 0,037); por cada miembro que trabajaba, el gasto aumentó en 0,07 unidades de SMV (intervalo de confianza de 95 por ciento: 0,004 a 0,149). No se encontró asociación entre el tiempo de desplazamiento y el gasto en alimentos. La calidad de la dieta fue deficiente, ya que no se cumplió la norma recomendada de consumo de frutas, verduras y productos lácteos. CONCLUSIONES: La inseguridad alimentaria abarcó a 95,0 por ciento de las familias estudiadas aún después de tres años de vivir en condiciones de desplazamiento. La calidad de la dieta era insatisfactoria. Las causas principales de esta situación eran los bajos ingresos familiares y el desconocimiento de alternativas nutricionales más ventajosas. Además de la ayuda alimentaria, los programas de atención a las familias...
OBJECTIVES: Describe the dietary patterns and extent of access to food among families displaced by armed conflict in a locality of the Santander department of Colombia. METHODS: A descriptive study of the food consumption of 101 families living in forced displacement in the urban and suburban areas of the municipality of Girón, Santander department, Colombia. During the second half of 2003, the person in charge of the family's food preparation completed a sociodemographic survey with questions on the monthly food expenditure, where the food was bought and with what frequency, and a log of food consumption during the preceding 24 hours. The dietary pattern was established according to the frequency of food consumption and preparation through a linear regression model that used the expenditure as a dependent variable. RESULTS: Of all the families, 34.7 percent reported not having access to food shopping and 13.9 percent received food donations. The average expenditure on food was 0.52 of the standard minimum wage. The only variable associated with expenditure was the number of family members working and contributing to the family budget (P = 0.037); for each working member, expenditure rose by increments of 0.07 of the minimum wage (95 percent confidence interval: 0.004- 0.149). No association was found between the length of time of the displacement and the food expenditure. The overall quality of the diet was deficient given that the recommended allowances of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products were not being met. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecurity encompassed 95.0 percent of the study families, even though they had been living as refugees for three years. The diet quality was substandard. The principal causes were low household income and a lack of knowledge regarding how to choose nutritionally superior foods. In addition to food donations, relief programs caring for displaced families should provide practical and educational training on...
Assuntos
Adulto , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Dieta , Alimentos , Populações Vulneráveis , Colômbia , Inquéritos sobre Dietas , População Suburbana , População UrbanaRESUMO
Objetivo(s): A través de un estándar de oro, establecimos la calidad de la dieta y el patrón de consumo alimentario. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio dietético prospectivo. Durante 1998, 97 adultos entre 20 y 40 años completaron un registro con pesaje del consumo de alimentos durante siete días consecutivos. El análisis fue conducido para describir la dieta en términos de la frecuencia del consumo por los grupos de alimentos sugeridos en las guías de alimentación para la población Colombiana. Resultados: La frecuencia de consumo/día por grupo de alimentos, es mayor en hombres. Por debajo de la frecuencia recomendada se encuentra la de frutas y grasas. En el límite inferior se encuentra la de lácteos. El 45.4% (IC: 44.1, 46.5) del total de la energía/día, proviene de los cereales, raíces, tubérculos y plátano, el 5.9% (IC: 5.2, 6.7) de las hortalizas, verduras y leguminosas verdes, el 11.1% (IC: 10.4, 11.9) de las frutas, el 25.8% (IC: 24.6, 26.9) de las carnes, huevos y leguminosas secas, el 10.5% (IC: 9.9, 11.1) de los lácteos, el 10.6% (IC: 8.5, 12.7) de las grasas y el 12.1% (IC: 11.5, 12.8) de los azúcares y dulces. Un 18.3% (IC: 13.8, 22.9) del total de la energía/día, proviene de bebidas alcohólicas. Conclusiones: Se necesitan estrategias que mejoren el patrón alimentario, enfatizando en el aumento del consumo de lácteos, cereales integrales, verduras, hortalizas, frutas, leguminosas y la reducción de bebidas alcohólicas. El patrón alimentario establecido comparado con la dieta promedio de América Latina, encaja dentro del modelo d.
Objective: Through a standard of gold, we established the quality of the diet and the pattern of alimentary consumption. Materials and Methods: Study dietary prospective. During 1998, 97 adults between 20 and 40 years completed a registration with net weight of the consumption of foods during seven serial days. The analysis was carry to describe the diet in terms of the frequency of the consumption for the groups of foods suggested in the feeding guides for the Colombian population. Results: The frequency of intake/day for group of foods is bigger in men. Below the recommended frequency he/she is that of fruits and fatty. In the inferior limit he/she is the one of milky. 45.4% (IC: 44.1, 46.5) of the total of the energy/day, it comes from the cereals, roots, tubers and banana, 5.9% (IC: 5.2, 6.7) of the vegetables, vegetables and leguminous green, 11.1% (IC: 10.4, 11.9) of the fruits, 25.8% (IC: 24.6, 26.9) of the meats, eggs and leguminous dry, 10.5% (IC: 9.9, 11.1) of the milky ones, 10.6% (IC: 8.5, 12.7) of the fats and 12.1% (IC: 11.5, 12.8) of the sugars and sweet. 18.3% (IC: 13.8, 22.9) of the total of the energy/day, it comes from alcoholic drinks. Conclusions: Are needed to Strategies improve the alimentary pattern, emphasizing in the increase of the consumption of milky, integral cereals, vegetables, fruits, leguminous and the reduction of alcoholic drinks. The stablished alimentary pattern compared with the diet average of Latin America, fits inside the pattern d.
Assuntos
Epidemiologia , DietaRESUMO
Objetivo: establecer indicadores de seguridad alimentaria (SA) para las familias de dos municipios colombianos, basados en el precio de dos alimentos indices (AI) y su variacion, Materiales y Metodos: en 1999-2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que determino el costo de los AI, para estimar indices de precios (IPC), su variacion e indicadores de SA relacionados con salario mínimo legal vigente (SMLV) y horas de la jornada laboral necesarias para acceder a energía y proteínas. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias en los IPC acumulados por municipio (p>0,05. Los IPC acumulados año son de un digito. La leche, la carne y los cereales representaron mas de la mitad del costo total de la canasta basica de alimentos (CBA). Las leguminosas se situan en terminos de inversion de horas labolares como una alternativa media para satisfacer la necesidad de energia y proteinas. Las mayores variaciones de precios se presentaron en el huevo, leguminosas, frutas, versuras y energeticos. La carne fue el AI, que presntó mayor estabilidad relativa de los precios. Conclusiones: Las diferencias del gasto, no se dan en la CBA como un conjunto, sino al interior de cada grupo de alimentos (AI).
Objective: To establish indicators for food security (FS) for the families of two Colombian towns, based on the price of the index foods (AI) and their variation, Materials and Methods: In 1999-2000, a descriptive study was carried, which determined the cost of AI, to estimate price indices (CPI), its variation and SA-related statutory minimum wage (minimum wage of) and hours of working time required for access to energy and protein. Results: No differences were found in the municipality accumulated CPI (p> 0.05. The annual cumulative CPI is a digit. Milk, meat and cereals accounted for over half the total cost of the basic food basket (CBA). legumes are placed in terms of investment labolares hours as an alternative means to satisfy the need for energy and protein. The highest price changes were made in the egg, legumes, fruits, versura and energetics. The meat was the AI, which presntó greater relative stability of prices. Conclusions: The differences in expenditure, not found in the CBA as a whole but within each food group (AI).
Assuntos
Humanos , Alimentos , Alimentação de Emergência , EconomiaRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Establecer indicadores de seguridad alimentaria (SA) en dos municipios colombianos. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: En el periodo 1999-2000 se realizó un estudio descriptivo en dos municipios del departamento de Santander, Colombia, que determinó el costo de canastas básicas alimentarias (CBA), para estimar índices de precios (IPC), su variación, e indicadores de SA relacionados con el salario mínimo legal vigente (SMLV). Se calcularon estadísticos de tendencia central y dispersión según el tipo de variables. Para el cálculo de los índices de precios al consumidor se utilizó el método de Laspayres. Para la comparación de éstos se utilizaron coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y de Sperman. RESULTADOS: No se encontraron diferencias en los IPC por municipio (p>0.05). Los IPC acumulados año son de un dígito. Los porcentajes de inseguridad alimentaria (IA) estuvieron por encima de 50 por ciento, encontrándose diferencias por municipio, en 1999 (p=0.04), en 2000 (p=0.88). La IA aumentó en promedio cinco puntos para el periodo 1999- 2000. Se necesita en promedio 1.24 SMLV por mes para acceder a una CBA familiar. CONCLUSIONES: La capacidad de compra del SMLV no satisface los requerimientos familiares de energía y nutrientes. La SA local seguirá deteriorándose, debido al comportamiento de sus determinantes