RESUMO
Designing entirely new protein structures remains challenging because we do not fully understand the biophysical determinants of folding stability. Yet, some protein folds are easier to design than others. Previous work identified the 43-residue ÉßßÉ fold as especially challenging: The best designs had only a 2% success rate, compared to 39 to 87% success for other simple folds [G. J. Rocklin et al., Science 357, 168-175 (2017)]. This suggested the ÉßßÉ fold would be a useful model system for gaining a deeper understanding of folding stability determinants and for testing new protein design methods. Here, we designed over 10,000 new ÉßßÉ proteins and found over 3,000 of them to fold into stable structures using a high-throughput protease-based assay. NMR, hydrogen-deuterium exchange, circular dichroism, deep mutational scanning, and scrambled sequence control experiments indicated that our stable designs fold into their designed ÉßßÉ structures with exceptional stability for their small size. Our large dataset enabled us to quantify the influence of universal stability determinants including nonpolar burial, helix capping, and buried unsatisfied polar atoms, as well as stability determinants unique to the ÉßßÉ topology. Our work demonstrates how large-scale design and test cycles can solve challenging design problems while illuminating the biophysical determinants of folding.
Assuntos
Dobramento de Proteína , Proteínas , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Dicroísmo Circular , Deutério , Peptídeo Hidrolases , Estabilidade Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/genéticaRESUMO
Regulatory ATPase variant A (RavA) is a MoxR AAA+ protein that functions together with a partner protein termed von Willebrand factor type A interacting with AAA+ ATPase (ViaA). RavA-ViaA are functionally associated with anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli through interactions with the fumarate reductase (Frd) electron transport complex. Through this association, RavA and ViaA modulate the activity of the Frd complex and, hence, are proposed to have chaperone-like activity. However, the functional role of RavA-ViaA in the cell is not yet well established. We had demonstrated that RavA-ViaA can sensitize E. coli cells to sublethal concentrations of the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics. Since Frd has been associated with bacterial persistence against antibiotics, the relationship of RavA-ViaA and Frd was explored within this context. Experiments performed here reveal a function of RavA-ViaA in bacterial persistence upon treatment with antibiotics through the association of the chaperone complex with Frd. As part of this work, the NMR structure of the N-terminal domain of ViaA was solved. The structure reveals a novel alpha helical fold, which we name the VAN fold, that has not been observed before. We show that this domain is required for the function of the chaperone complex. We propose that modulating the levels of RavA-ViaA could enhance the susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to antibiotics.
RESUMO
Despite MYC dysregulation in most human cancers, strategies to target this potent oncogenic driver remain an urgent unmet need. Recent evidence shows the PP1 phosphatase and its regulatory subunit PNUTS control MYC phosphorylation, chromatin occupancy, and stability, however the molecular basis remains unclear. Here we demonstrate that MYC interacts directly with PNUTS through the MYC homology Box 0 (MB0), a highly conserved region recently shown to be important for MYC oncogenic activity. By NMR we identified a distinct peptide motif within MB0 that interacts with PNUTS residues 1-148, a functional unit, here termed PNUTS amino-terminal domain (PAD). Using NMR spectroscopy we determined the solution structure of PAD, and characterised its MYC-binding patch. Point mutations of residues at the MYC-PNUTS interface significantly weaken their interaction both in vitro and in vivo, leading to elevated MYC phosphorylation. These data demonstrate that the MB0 region of MYC directly interacts with the PAD of PNUTS, which provides new insight into the control mechanisms of MYC as a regulator of gene transcription and a pervasive cancer driver.
Assuntos
Cromatina , Proteínas Nucleares , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Humanos , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Oncogênicas/genética , Proteína Fosfatase 1/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a RNA/genéticaRESUMO
UHRF1 is a multidomain protein crucially linking histone H3 modification states and DNA methylation. While the interaction properties of its specific domains are well characterized, little is known about the regulation of these functionalities. We show that UHRF1 exists in distinct active states, binding either unmodified H3 or the H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) modification. A polybasic region (PBR) in the C terminus blocks interaction of a tandem tudor domain (TTD) with H3K9me3 by occupying an essential peptide-binding groove. In this state the plant homeodomain (PHD) mediates interaction with the extreme N terminus of the unmodified H3 tail. Binding of the phosphatidylinositol phosphate PI5P to the PBR of UHRF1 results in a conformational rearrangement of the domains, allowing the TTD to bind H3K9me3. Our results define an allosteric mechanism controlling heterochromatin association of an essential regulatory protein of epigenetic states and identify a functional role for enigmatic nuclear phosphatidylinositol phosphates.
Assuntos
Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/química , Histonas/química , Fosfatos de Fosfatidilinositol/química , Regulação Alostérica , Sítios de Ligação/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Metilação de DNA , Células HeLa , Heterocromatina/fisiologia , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Ligação Proteica/fisiologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ubiquitina-Proteína LigasesRESUMO
UHRF1 is an important epigenetic regulator associated with apoptosis and tumour development. It is a multidomain protein that integrates readout of different histone modification states and DNA methylation with enzymatic histone ubiquitylation activity. Emerging evidence indicates that the chromatin-binding and enzymatic modules of UHRF1 do not act in isolation but interplay in a coordinated and regulated manner. Here, we compared two splicing variants (V1, V2) of murine UHRF1 (mUHRF1) with human UHRF1 (hUHRF1). We show that insertion of nine amino acids in a linker region connecting the different TTD and PHD histone modification-binding domains causes distinct H3K9me3-binding behaviour of mUHRF1 V1. Structural analysis suggests that in mUHRF1 V1, in contrast to V2 and hUHRF1, the linker is anchored in a surface groove of the TTD domain, resulting in creation of a coupled TTD-PHD module. This establishes multivalent, synergistic H3-tail binding causing distinct cellular localization and enhanced H3K9me3-nucleosome ubiquitylation activity. In contrast to hUHRF1, H3K9me3-binding of the murine proteins is not allosterically regulated by phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate that interacts with a separate less-conserved polybasic linker region of the protein. Our results highlight the importance of flexible linkers in regulating multidomain chromatin binding proteins and point to divergent evolution of their regulation.
Assuntos
Processamento Alternativo , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/química , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/química , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/genética , Linhagem Celular , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Cromatina/metabolismo , Código das Histonas , Humanos , Camundongos , Ligação Proteica , Domínio Tudor , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
Histone H3K4 methylation is an epigenetic mark associated with actively transcribed genes. This modification is catalyzed by the mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) family of histone methyltransferases including MLL1, MLL2, MLL3, MLL4, SET1A and SET1B. The catalytic activity of this family is dependent on interactions with additional conserved proteins, but the structural basis for subunit assembly and the mechanism of regulation is not well understood. We used a hybrid methods approach to study the assembly and biochemical function of the minimally active MLL1 complex (MLL1, WDR5 and RbBP5). A combination of small angle X-ray scattering, cross-linking mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational modeling were used to generate a dynamic ensemble model in which subunits are assembled via multiple weak interaction sites. We identified a new interaction site between the MLL1 SET domain and the WD40 ß-propeller domain of RbBP5, and demonstrate the susceptibility of the catalytic function of the complex to disruption of individual interaction sites.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/química , Histonas/química , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/química , Catálise , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Epigênese Genética/genética , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Histonas/genética , Humanos , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Lisina/genética , Metilação , Modelos Moleculares , Complexos Multiproteicos/química , Complexos Multiproteicos/genética , Proteína de Leucina Linfoide-Mieloide/genética , Domínios PR-SET/genética , Conformação Proteica , Mapas de Interação de Proteínas/genética , Repetições WD40/genéticaRESUMO
The pathogenic strategy of Escherichia coli and many other gram-negative pathogens relies on the translocation of a specific set of proteins, called effectors, into the eukaryotic host cell during infection. These effectors act in concert to modulate host cell processes in favor of the invading pathogen. Injected by the type III secretion system (T3SS), the effector arsenal of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157:H7 features at least eight individual NleG effectors, which are also found across diverse attaching and effacing pathogens. NleG effectors share a conserved C-terminal U-box E3 ubiquitin ligase domain that engages with host ubiquitination machinery. However, their specific functions and ubiquitination targets have remained uncharacterized. Here, we identify host proteins targeted for ubiquitination-mediated degradation by two EHEC NleG family members, NleG5-1 and NleG2-3. NleG5-1 localizes to the host cell nucleus and targets the MED15 subunit of the Mediator complex, while NleG2-3 resides in the host cytosol and triggers degradation of Hexokinase-2 and SNAP29. Our structural studies of NleG5-1 reveal a distinct N-terminal α/ß domain that is responsible for interacting with host protein targets. The core of this domain is conserved across the NleG family, suggesting this domain is present in functionally distinct NleG effectors, which evolved diversified surface residues to interact with specific host proteins. This is a demonstration of the functional diversification and the range of host proteins targeted by the most expanded effector family in the pathogenic arsenal of E. coli.
Assuntos
Infecções por Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Escherichia coli O157 , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Infecções por Escherichia coli/patologia , Escherichia coli O157/química , Escherichia coli O157/metabolismo , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Hexoquinase/metabolismo , Humanos , Complexo Mediador/metabolismo , Domínios Proteicos , Proteólise , Proteínas Qb-SNARE/metabolismo , Proteínas Qc-SNARE/metabolismo , Células U937RESUMO
The gene mutated in individuals with Huntington's disease (HD) encodes the 348-kDa huntingtin (HTT) protein. Pathogenic HD CAG-expansion mutations create a polyglutamine (polyQ) tract at the N terminus of HTT that expands above a critical threshold of â¼35 glutamine residues. The effect of these HD mutations on HTT is not well understood, in part because it is difficult to carry out biochemical, biophysical, and structural studies of this large protein. To facilitate such studies, here we have generated expression constructs for the scalable production of HTT in multiple eukaryotic expression systems. Our set of HTT expression clones comprised both N- and C-terminally FLAG-tagged HTT constructs with polyQ lengths representative of the general population, HD patients, and juvenile HD patients, as well as the more extreme polyQ expansions used in some HD tissue and animal models. Our expression system yielded milligram quantities of pure recombinant HTT protein, including many of the previously mapped post-translational modifications. We characterized both apo and HTT-HTT-associated protein 40 (HAP40) complex samples produced with this HD resource, demonstrating that this toolkit can be used to generate physiologically meaningful HTT complexes. We further demonstrate that these resources can produce sufficient material for protein-intensive experiments, such as small-angle X-ray scattering, providing biochemical insight into full-length HTT protein structure. The work outlined and the tools generated here lay a foundation for further biochemical and structural work on the HTT protein and for studying its functional interactions with other biomolecules.
Assuntos
Expressão Gênica , Proteína Huntingtina/genética , Mutação , Animais , Clonagem Molecular , Humanos , Proteína Huntingtina/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional , SpodopteraRESUMO
UHRF1 is a key mediator of inheritance of epigenetic DNA methylation patterns during cell division and is a putative target for cancer therapy. Recent studies indicate that interdomain interactions critically influence UHRF1's chromatin-binding properties, including allosteric regulation of its histone binding. Here, using an integrative approach that combines small angle X-ray scattering, NMR spectroscopy, and molecular dynamics simulations, we characterized the dynamics of the tandem tudor domain-plant homeodomain (TTD-PHD) histone reader module, including its 20-residue interdomain linker. We found that the apo TTD-PHD module in solution comprises a dynamic ensemble of conformers, approximately half of which are compact conformations, with the linker lying in the TTD peptide-binding groove. These compact conformations are amenable to cooperative, high-affinity histone binding. In the remaining conformations, the linker position was in flux, and the reader adopted both extended and compact states. Using a small-molecule fragment screening approach, we identified a compound, 4-benzylpiperidine-1-carboximidamide, that binds to the TTD groove, competes with linker binding, and promotes open TTD-PHD conformations that are less efficient at H3K9me3 binding. Our work reveals a mechanism by which the dynamic TTD-PHD module can be allosterically targeted with small molecules to modulate its histone reader function for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
Assuntos
Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/química , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Epigênese Genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica , Domínios Proteicos , Espalhamento a Baixo Ângulo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
The second round of the community-wide initiative Critical Assessment of automated Structure Determination of Proteins by NMR (CASD-NMR-2013) comprised ten blind target datasets, consisting of unprocessed spectral data, assigned chemical shift lists and unassigned NOESY peak and RDC lists, that were made available in both curated (i.e. manually refined) or un-curated (i.e. automatically generated) form. Ten structure calculation programs, using fully automated protocols only, generated a total of 164 three-dimensional structures (entries) for the ten targets, sometimes using both curated and un-curated lists to generate multiple entries for a single target. The accuracy of the entries could be established by comparing them to the corresponding manually solved structure of each target, which was not available at the time the data were provided. Across the entire data set, 71 % of all entries submitted achieved an accuracy relative to the reference NMR structure better than 1.5 Å. Methods based on NOESY peak lists achieved even better results with up to 100% of the entries within the 1.5 Å threshold for some programs. However, some methods did not converge for some targets using un-curated NOESY peak lists. Over 90% of the entries achieved an accuracy better than the more relaxed threshold of 2.5 Å that was used in the previous CASD-NMR-2010 round. Comparisons between entries generated with un-curated versus curated peaks show only marginal improvements for the latter in those cases where both calculations converged.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Conformação Proteica , Proteínas/química , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de Carbono-13 , Conjuntos de Dados como Assunto , Espectroscopia de Prótons por Ressonância Magnética , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
In this paper, we describe the structure of a N-terminal domain motif in nuclear-localized FKBP251-73, a member of the FKBP family, together with the structure of a sequence-related subdomain of the E3 ubiquitin ligase HectD1 that we show belongs to the same fold. This motif adopts a compact 5-helix bundle which we name the Basic Tilted Helix Bundle (BTHB) domain. A positively charged surface patch, structurally centered around the tilted helix H4, is present in both FKBP25 and HectD1 and is conserved in both proteins, suggesting a conserved functional role. We provide detailed comparative analysis of the structures of the two proteins and their sequence similarities, and analysis of the interaction of the proposed FKBP25 binding protein YY1. We suggest that the basic motif in BTHB is involved in the observed DNA binding of FKBP25, and that the function of this domain can be affected by regulatory YY1 binding and/or interactions with adjacent domains.
Assuntos
Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Proteínas de Ligação a Tacrolimo/química , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/química , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Proteínas de Ligação a Tacrolimo/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição YY1/metabolismoRESUMO
The crucial role of Myc as an oncoprotein and as a key regulator of cell growth makes it essential to understand the molecular basis of Myc function. The N-terminal region of c-Myc coordinates a wealth of protein interactions involved in transformation, differentiation and apoptosis. We have characterized in detail the intrinsically disordered properties of Myc-1-88, where hierarchical phosphorylation of S62 and T58 regulates activation and destruction of the Myc protein. By nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift analysis, relaxation measurements and NOE analysis, we show that although Myc occupies a very heterogeneous conformational space, we find transiently structured regions in residues 22-33 and in the Myc homology box I (MBI; residues 45-65); both these regions are conserved in other members of the Myc family. Binding of Bin1 to Myc-1-88 as assayed by NMR and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed primary binding to the S62 region in a dynamically disordered and multivalent complex, accompanied by population shifts leading to altered intramolecular conformational dynamics. These findings expand the increasingly recognized concept of intrinsically disordered regions mediating transient interactions to Myc, a key transcriptional regulator of major medical importance, and have important implications for further understanding its multifaceted role in gene regulation.
Assuntos
Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/química , Transativadores/química , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/química , Sítios de Ligação , Humanos , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Ligação Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-myc/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismo , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Domínios de Homologia de srcRESUMO
Cytochrome c maturation protein E, CcmE, plays an integral role in the transfer of heme to apocytochrome c in many prokaryotes and some mitochondria. A novel subclass featuring a heme-binding cysteine has been identified in archaea and some bacteria. Here we describe the solution NMR structure, backbone dynamics, and heme binding properties of the soluble C-terminal domain of Desulfovibrio vulgaris CcmE, dvCcmE'. The structure adopts a conserved ß-barrel OB fold followed by an unstructured C-terminal tail encompassing the CxxxY heme-binding motif. Heme binding analyses of wild-type and mutant dvCcmE' demonstrate the absolute requirement of residue C127 for noncovalent heme binding in vitro.
Assuntos
Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/química , Heme/metabolismo , Hemeproteínas/química , Proteínas da Membrana Bacteriana Externa/metabolismo , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Desulfovibrio vulgaris/química , Hemeproteínas/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Terciária de ProteínaRESUMO
The eight mammalian Cbx proteins are chromodomain-containing proteins involved in regulation of heterochromatin, gene expression, and developmental programs. They are evolutionarily related to the Drosophila HP1 (dHP1) and Pc (dPc) proteins that are key components of chromatin-associated complexes capable of recognizing repressive marks such as trimethylated Lys-9 and Lys-27, respectively, on histone H3. However, the binding specificity and function of the human homologs, Cbx1-8, remain unclear. To this end we employed structural, biophysical, and mutagenic approaches to characterize the molecular determinants of sequence contextual methyllysine binding to human Cbx1-8 proteins. Although all three human HP1 homologs (Cbx1, -3, -5) replicate the structural and binding features of their dHP counterparts, the five Pc homologs (Cbx2, -4, -6, -7, -8) bind with lower affinity to H3K9me3 or H3K27me3 peptides and are unable to distinguish between these two marks. Additionally, peptide permutation arrays revealed a greater sequence tolerance within the Pc family and suggest alternative nonhistone sequences as potential binding targets for this class of chromodomains. Our structures explain the divergence of peptide binding selectivity in the Pc subfamily and highlight previously unrecognized features of the chromodomain that influence binding and specificity.
Assuntos
Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/química , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Homólogo 5 da Proteína Cromobox , Sequência Conservada , Proteínas de Drosophila/química , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Drosophila melanogaster , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Metilação , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 1 , Proteínas do Grupo Polycomb , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Eletricidade Estática , Especificidade por SubstratoRESUMO
Histone modifications and DNA methylation represent two layers of heritable epigenetic information that regulate eukaryotic chromatin structure and gene activity. UHRF1 is a unique factor that bridges these two layers; it is required for maintenance DNA methylation at hemimethylated CpG sites, which are specifically recognized through its SRA domain and also interacts with histone H3 trimethylated on lysine 9 (H3K9me3) in an unspecified manner. Here we show that UHRF1 contains a tandem Tudor domain (TTD) that recognizes H3 tail peptides with the heterochromatin-associated modification state of trimethylated lysine 9 and unmodified lysine 4 (H3K4me0/K9me3). Solution NMR and crystallographic data reveal the TTD simultaneously recognizes H3K9me3 through a conserved aromatic cage in the first Tudor subdomain and unmodified H3K4 within a groove between the tandem subdomains. The subdomains undergo a conformational adjustment upon peptide binding, distinct from previously reported mechanisms for dual histone mark recognition. Mutant UHRF1 protein deficient for H3K4me0/K9me3 binding shows altered localization to heterochromatic chromocenters and fails to reduce expression of a target gene, p16(INK4A), when overexpressed. Our results demonstrate a novel recognition mechanism for the combinatorial readout of histone modification states associated with gene silencing and add to the growing evidence for coordination of, and cross-talk between, the modification states of H3K4 and H3K9 in regulation of gene expression.
Assuntos
Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/química , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/metabolismo , Heterocromatina/química , Heterocromatina/metabolismo , Histonas/química , Histonas/metabolismo , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas Estimuladoras de Ligação a CCAAT/genética , Ilhas de CpG/fisiologia , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/química , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/genética , Inibidor p16 de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina/metabolismo , Metilação de DNA/fisiologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Heterocromatina/genética , Histonas/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Processamento de Proteína Pós-Traducional/fisiologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ubiquitina-Proteína LigasesRESUMO
NleG homologues constitute the largest family of Type 3 effectors delivered by pathogenic E. coli, with fourteen members in the enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) O157:H7 strain alone. Identified recently as part of the non-LEE-encoded (Nle) effector set, this family remained uncharacterised and shared no sequence homology to other proteins including those of known function. The C-terminal domain of NleG2-3 (residues 90 to 191) is the most conserved region in NleG proteins and was solved by NMR. Structural analysis of this structure revealed the presence of a RING finger/U-box motif. Functional assays demonstrated that NleG2-3 as well as NleG5-1, NleG6-2 and NleG9' family members exhibited a strong autoubiquitination activity in vitro; a characteristic usually expressed by eukaryotic ubiquitin E3 ligases. When screened for activity against a panel of 30 human E2 enzymes, the NleG2-3 and NleG5-1 homologues showed an identical profile with only UBE2E2, UBE2E3 and UBE2D2 enzymes supporting NleG activity. Fluorescence polarization analysis yielded a binding affinity constant of 56+/-2 microM for the UBE2D2/NleG5-1 interaction, a value comparable with previous studies on E2/E3 affinities. The UBE2D2 interaction interface on NleG2-3 defined by NMR chemical shift perturbation and mutagenesis was shown to be generally similar to that characterised for human RING finger ubiquitin ligases. The alanine substitutions of UBE2D2 residues Arg5 and Lys63, critical for activation of eukaryotic E3 ligases, also significantly decreased both NleG binding and autoubiquitination activity. These results demonstrate that bacteria-encoded NleG effectors are E3 ubiquitin ligases analogous to RING finger and U-box enzymes in eukaryotes.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/enzimologia , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/genética , Escherichia coli Êntero-Hemorrágica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/química , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Mutação/genética , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular , Conformação Proteica , Domínios RING Finger , Homologia de Sequência de Aminoácidos , Enzimas de Conjugação de Ubiquitina/genética , Enzimas de Conjugação de Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/química , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases/genéticaRESUMO
Interleaved dimers and higher order symmetric oligomers are ubiquitous in biology but present a challenge to de novo structure prediction methodology: The structure adopted by a monomer can be stabilized largely by interactions with other monomers and hence not the lowest energy state of a single chain. Building on the Rosetta framework, we present a general method to simultaneously model the folding and docking of multiple-chain interleaved homo-oligomers. For more than a third of the cases in a benchmark set of interleaved homo-oligomers, the method generates near-native models of large alpha-helical bundles, interlocking beta sandwiches, and interleaved alpha/beta motifs with an accuracy high enough for molecular replacement based phasing. With the incorporation of NMR chemical shift information, accurate models can be obtained consistently for symmetric complexes with as many as 192 total amino acids; a blind prediction was within 1 A rmsd of the traditionally determined NMR structure, and fit independently collected RDC data equally well. Together, these results show that the Rosetta "fold-and-dock" protocol can produce models of homo-oligomeric complexes with near-atomic-level accuracy and should be useful for crystallographic phasing and the rapid determination of the structures of multimers with limited NMR information.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Dobramento de Proteína , Proteínas/química , Software , Simulação por Computador , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear BiomolecularRESUMO
The DNA repair scaffold SLX4 has multifaceted roles in genome stability, many of which depend on structure-selective endonucleases. SLX4 coordinates the cell cycle-regulated assembly of SLX1, MUS81-EME1, and XPF-ERCC1 into a tri-nuclease complex called SMX. Mechanistically, how the mitotic kinase CDK1 regulates the interaction between SLX4 and MUS81-EME1 remains unclear. Here, we show that CDK1-cyclin B phosphorylates SLX4 residues T1544, T1561, and T1571 in the MUS81-binding region (SLX4MBR). Phosphorylated SLX4MBR relaxes the substrate specificity of MUS81-EME1 and stimulates cleavage of replication and recombination structures, providing a biochemical explanation for the chromosome pulverization that occurs when SLX4 binds MUS81 in S-phase. Remarkably, phosphorylation of SLX4MBR drives folding of an SAP domain, which underpins the high-affinity interaction with MUS81. We also report the structure of phosphorylated SLX4MBR and identify the MUS81-binding interface. Our work provides mechanistic insights into how cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of SLX4 drives the recruitment and activation of MUS81-EME1.
Assuntos
Endonucleases , Recombinases , Endonucleases/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Recombinases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA , Ciclina B/metabolismo , Endodesoxirribonucleases/metabolismoRESUMO
The quality of protein structures determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is contingent on the number and quality of experimentally-derived resonance assignments, distance and angular restraints. Two key features of protein NMR data have posed challenges for the routine and automated structure determination of small to medium sized proteins; (1) spectral resolution - especially of crowded nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) spectra, and (2) the reliance on a continuous network of weak scalar couplings as part of most common assignment protocols. In order to facilitate NMR structure determination, we developed a semi-automated strategy that utilizes non-uniform sampling (NUS) and multidimensional decomposition (MDD) for optimal data collection and processing of selected, high resolution multidimensional NMR experiments, combined it with an ABACUS protocol for sequential and side chain resonance assignments, and streamlined this procedure to execute structure and refinement calculations in CYANA and CNS, respectively. Two graphical user interfaces (GUIs) were developed to facilitate efficient analysis and compilation of the data and to guide automated structure determination. This integrated method was implemented and refined on over 30 high quality structures of proteins ranging from 5.5 to 16.5 kDa in size.
Assuntos
Modelos Moleculares , Ressonância Magnética Nuclear Biomolecular/métodos , Proteínas/química , Algoritmos , Conformação Proteica , SoftwareRESUMO
Ube3A (also referred to as E6AP for E6 Associated Protein) is a E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase implicated in the development of Angelman syndrome by controlling degradation of synaptic protein Arc and oncogenic papilloma virus infection by controlling degradation of p53. This article describe the solution NMR structure of the conserved N-terminal domain of human Ube3A (residues 24-87) that contains two residues (Cys44 and Arg62) found to be mutated in patients with Angelman syndrome. The structure of this domain adopts a novel Zn-binding fold we called AZUL (Amino-terminal Zn-finger of Ube3a Ligase). The AZUL domain has a helix-loop-helix architecture with a Zn ion coordinated by four Cys residues arranged in Cys-X(4)-Cys-X(4)-Cys-X(28)-Cys motif. Three of the Zn-bound residues are located in a 23-residue long and well structured loop that connects two α-helicies.