Exploration of Nutraceutical Potentials of Isorhapontigenin, Oxyresveratrol and Pterostilbene: A Metabolomic Approach.

Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, RES) is one of the most well-known natural products with numerous health benefits. To explore the nutraceutical potentials of some dietary RES derivatives including isorhapontigenin (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxystilbene, ISO), oxyresveratrol (trans-3,5,2',4'-tetrahydroxystilbene, OXY) and pterostilbene (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxystilbene, PTS), their impacts on metabolism and health were assessed in Sprague Dawley rats after a two-week daily oral administration at the dose of 100 µmol/kg/day. Non-targeted metabolomic analyses were carried out with the liver, heart, brain and plasma samples using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). Notable in vivo health benefits were observed, as the rats received ISO, PTS or RES showed less body weight gain; the rats received OXY or RES displayed healthier fasting blood glucose levels; while all of the tested stilbenes exhibited cholesterol-lowering effects. Additionally, many important metabolic pathways such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation were found to be modulated by the tested stilbenes. Besides the reaffirmation of the well-known beneficial effects of RES in diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease, the metabolomic analyses also suggest the anti-diabetic, cardio-, hepato- and neuro-protective activities of ISO; the anti-diabetic, cardio-, hepato- and neuro-protective effects of OXY; and the anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, cardio-, hepato- and neuro-protective potential of PTS. Interestingly, although these stilbenes share a similar structure, their biological activities appear to be distinct. In conclusion, similarly to RES, ISO, OXY and PTS have emerged as promising candidates for further nutraceutical development.

Subtle Structural Differences Affect the Inhibitory Potency of RGD-Containing Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors Targeting SPSB Proteins.

The SPRY domain-containing SOCS box proteins SPSB1, SPSB2, and SPSB4 utilize their SPRY/B30.2 domain to interact with a short region in the N-terminus of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to polyubiquitinate iNOS, resulting in the proteasomal degradation of iNOS. Inhibitors that can disrupt the endogenous SPSB-iNOS interactions could be used to augment cellular NO production, and may have antimicrobial and anticancer activities. We previously reported the rational design of a cyclic peptide inhibitor, cR8, cyclo(RGDINNNV), which bound to SPSB2 with moderate affinity. We, therefore, sought to develop SPSB inhibitors with higher affinity. Here, we show that cyclic peptides cR7, cyclo(RGDINNN), and cR9, cyclo(RGDINNNVE), have ~6.5-fold and ~2-fold, respectively, higher SPSB2-bindng affinities than cR8. We determined high-resolution crystal structures of the SPSB2-cR7 and SPSB2-cR9 complexes, which enabled a good understanding of the structure-activity relationships for these cyclic peptide inhibitors. Moreover, we show that these cyclic peptides displace full-length iNOS from SPSB2, SPSB1, and SPSB4, and that their inhibitory potencies correlate well with their SPSB2-binding affinities. The strongest inhibition was observed for cR7 against all three iNOS-binding SPSB proteins.

Dried Blood Spots as Matrix for Evaluation of Valproate Levels and the Immediate and Delayed Metabolomic Changes Induced by Single Valproate Dose Treatment.

The immediate and delayed metabolic changes in rats treated with valproate (VPA), a drug used for the treatment of epilepsy, were profiled. An established approach using dried blood spots (DBS) as sample matrices for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabolomics profiling was modified using double solvents in the extraction of analytes. With the modified method, some of the previously undetectable metabolites were recovered and subtle differences in the metabolic changes upon exposure to a single dose of VPA between males and female rats were identified. In male rats, changes in 2-hydroxybutyric acid, pipecolic acid, tetratriacontane and stearic acid were found between the control and treatment groups at various time points from 2.5 h up to 24 h. In contrast, such differences were not observed in female rats, which could be caused by the vast inter-individual variations in metabolite levels within the female group. Based on the measured DBS drug concentrations, clearance and apparent volume of distribution of VPA were estimated and the values were found to be comparable to those estimated previously from full blood drug concentrations. The current study indicated that DBS is a powerful tool to monitor drug levels and metabolic changes in response to drug treatment.

Examination of the Impact of CYP3A4/5 on Drug-Drug Interaction between Schizandrol A/Schizandrol B and Tacrolimus (FK-506): A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach.

Schizandrol A (SZA) and schizandrol B (SZB) are two active ingredients of Wuzhi capsule (WZC), a Chinese proprietary medicine commonly prescribed to alleviate tacrolimus (FK-506)-induced hepatoxicity in China. Due to their inhibitory effects on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A enzymes, SZA/SZB may display drug-drug interaction (DDI) with tacrolimus. To identify the extent of this DDI, the enzymes' inhibitory profiles, including a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) shift, reversible inhibition (RI) and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) were examined with pooled human-liver microsomes (HLMs) and CYP3A5-genotyped HLMs. Subsequently, the acquired parameters were integrated into a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to quantify the interactions between the SZA/SZB and the tacrolimus. The metabolic studies indicated that the SZB displayed both RI and TDI on CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, while the SZA only exhibited TDI on CYP3A4 to a limited extent. Moreover, our PBPK model predicted that multiple doses of SZB would increase tacrolimus exposure by 26% and 57% in CYP3A5 expressers and non-expressers, respectively. Clearly, PBPK modeling has emerged as a powerful approach to examine herb-involved DDI, and special attention should be paid to the combined use of WZC and tacrolimus in clinical practice.

Prediction of oral hepatotoxic dose of natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicines based on SVM classifier and PBPK modeling.

The risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) poses a major challenge for development of natural products derived from traditional Chinese medicines (NP-TCMs). It is urgent to find a new method for the safety assessment of the NP-TCMs. Recent study has reported an in vitro/in silico method to estimate the acceptable daily intake of hepatotoxic compounds using support vector machine (SVM) classifier and physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. However, this method is not suitable for estimating the dosing schedule of compounds which are administered in multiple daily doses. Thus, in this study, the method mentioned above was in particular optimized, and used to estimate the hepatotoxic plasma concentrations of 17 NP-TCMs. Additionally, the oral dosing schedules of the triptolide, emodin, matrine and oxymatrine were also predicted by the SVM classifier and PBPK modeling. The optimization included that: (1) in vitro cytotoxicity data of 28 training set compounds was optimized using benchmark concentrations (BMC) modeling; (2) AUC of the training set compound was used as the in vivo metric instead of Cmax to better reflect the total daily exposure of compounds which are administered in multiple daily doses; (3) using the mean AUC in plasma as in vivo metric and BMC value as in vitro metric could achieve the better toxicity separation index (0.962 vs. 0.938); (4) The TSI for Cmax and BMC values was 0.985 calculated in this study, and the results indicated that BMC modeling improved the separation performance. This optimized in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) workflow could extrapolate in vitro BMC to blood concentrations and the oral dosing schedule which are corresponding to certain risk of hepatotoxicity. The estimated safe dosing schedule of oxymatrine by this optimized method was close to the clinical recommended dosing regimen. The results indicate that the optimized method could be used to predict the dosing schedule of compounds administered in multiple daily doses, and our optimized workflow could be helpful for the safety assessment as well as the research and development on NP-TCMs.

Artemether-Loaded Zein Nanoparticles: An Innovative Intravenous Dosage Form for the Management of Severe Malaria.

Artemether, an artemisinin derivative, is used in the management of life-threatening severe malaria. This study aimed to develop an intravenous dosage form of artemether using nanotechnology. Artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles were prepared by modified antisolvent precipitation using sodium caseinate as a stabilizer. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles were characterized; the in vitro hemolytic property was examined with red blood cells, while the pharmacokinetic profile was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats after intravenous administration. The artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles were found to display good encapsulation efficiency, excellent physical stability and offer an in vitro extended-release property. Interestingly, encapsulation of artemether into zein nanoparticles substantially suppressed hemolysis, a common clinical phenomenon occurring after artemisinin-based antimalarial therapy. Upon intravenous administration, artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles extended the mean residence time of artemether by ~80% in comparison to the free artemether formulation (82.9 ± 15.2 versus 45.6 ± 16.4 min, p < 0.01), suggesting that the nanoparticles may prolong the therapeutic duration and reduce the dosing frequency in a clinical setting. In conclusion, intravenous delivery of artemether by artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles appears to be a promising therapeutic option for severe malaria.

Simulation of the In Vivo Fate of Polymeric Nanoparticles Traced by Environment-Responsive Near-Infrared Dye: A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modelling Approach.

The application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models to nanoparticles is still very restricted and challenging, owing to the complicated in vivo transport mechanisms involving nanoparticles, including phagocytosis, enhanced permeability and retention effects, cellular recognition, and internalisation, enzymatic degradation, lymphatic transport, and changes in physical properties. In our study, five nanoparticle formulations were synthesised using polycaprolactone as a framework material and methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) as a long-circulating decorating material, as well as types of environmentally responsive near-infrared aza-boron-dipyrromethene dyes. According to quantification data and direct visualisation involving specific organs, a phagocytosis physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the dynamics of nanoparticles within and between organs in mice, considering cellular mechanisms involving phagocytosis and enhanced permeability and retention effects. Our results offer a better understanding of the in vivo fate of polymeric nanoparticles.

Evaluation of the Impacts of Formulation Parameters on the Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Risperidone Orodispersible Film: a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of the formulation parameters on the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of risperidone orodispersible film (ODF) using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. The pharmacokinetic profiles of two risperidone ODFs, which exhibit different in vitro dissolution, were examined in Beagle dogs after supralingual administration. Subsequently, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was constructed to evaluate the in vivo performance of risperidone ODF. The parameter sensitivity analysis (PSA) was used to access the impacts of formulation parameters on the pharmacokinetics of risperidone. Moreover, the validated PBPK model was applied to predict human pharmacokinetic profiles and examine the bioequivalence of these two ODFs. These two ODFs displayed similar risperidone pharmacokinetic profiles in dogs. The parameter sensitivity analysis indicated that the changes in the solubility, particle size, particle density, and diffusion coefficient did not have obvious influence on the in vivo properties of risperidone ODF. Alternation of the in vitro complete dissolution time in water from 15 to 30 min led to a 30% decrease in Cmax and 20% of increase in Tmax. AUC0-∞ would be decreased if risperidone was not fully released within 1 h. As both ODFs completely released risperidone within 15 min, the difference in the extent of in vivo absorption, intestinal regional absorption location, and plasma concentration-time curves between these two ODFs was almost negligible. Consequently, a bioequivalence was foreseen in humans. The in vitro cumulative dissolution percentage in water at 15 min was found to be the major determinant on the in vivo properties of risperidone ODF. PBPK modeling appears to be an innovative strategy to guide the development of risperidone ODF.

Determination of naturally occurring resveratrol analog trans-4,4'-dihydroxystilbene in rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: application to a pharmacokinetic study.

trans-4,4'-Dihydroxystilbene (DHS) is a naturally occurring resveratrol analog that displayed promising anti-cancer activities in pre-clinical studies. To further probe its therapeutic potential, a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the measurement of DHS in rat plasma using electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring in its negative ion mode. This analytical method demonstrated excellent linearity (R(2) > 0.99), selectivity, sensitivity (with a lower limit of quantification of 2.0 ng/mL), accuracy (both intra- and inter-day analytical recovery within 100 ± 15%) and precision (both intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation within 10%). The pharmacokinetic profiles of DHS were subsequently assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Following intravenous injection (4 mg/kg), DHS had a moderate apparent volume of distribution of the central compartment (V(c) = 887 ± 297 mL/kg), clearance (Cl = 44.7 ± 5.1 mL/min/kg) and a relatively short mean transit time (MTT = 24.1 ± 8.8 min). When it was given as an oral suspension (10 mg/kg), DHS was absorbed slowly (t max 180 or 300 min) with very limited plasma exposure and absolute oral bioavailability (F = 2.22 ± 0.72%). On the other hand, when DHS was fully solubilized by hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin, it was absorbed rapidly (t(max) 30 or 45 min) with more than 15-fold increase in maximal plasma concentration (C(max)), plasma exposure (AUC(0→last)) and bioavailability (F = 36.3 ± 4.8%). Statistical comparison provided clear evidence that DHS was better than resveratrol from the perspective of pharmacokinetics. In conclusion, further explorations of DHS as an anti-cancer agent are warranted.

Analysis of trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N,N-dimethylamino)stilbene (DFS) in biological samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: metabolite identification and pharmacokinetics.

The metabolism of a promising antineoplastic agent, trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N,N-dimethylamino)stilbene (DFS), was studied in mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with the multiple reaction monitoring-information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion scan (MRM-IDA-EPI) method. Ten putative metabolites were identified and the structures of four metabolites were confirmed using authentic standards. Since trans-2,6-difluoro-4'-(N-methylamino)stilbene (DMDFS, M1) was present in all species as metabolite and displayed in vitro growth inhibition superior to DFS, its pharmacokinetic profiles were examined in Sprague-Dawley rats using DFS as a comparator. A reliable LC-MS/MS multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method was subsequently developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of both DFS and DMDFS in rat plasma for this purpose. Upon intravenous administration (4 mg/kg), DFS had a moderate clearance (Cl = 62.7 ± 23.2 mL/min/kg), terminal elimination half-life (t 1/2 λZ = 299 ± 73 min), and mean transit time (MTT = 123 ± 14 min) with demethylation metabolism accounting for about 10 % of its total clearance. DMDFS possessed an intravenous pharmacokinetic profile similar to DFS. During oral dosing (10 mg/kg) where both DFS and DMDFS were absorbed rapidly, the oral bioavailability of DFS was approximately 2-fold greater than that of DMDFS (DFS: F = 42.1 ± 12.8 %; DMDFS: F = 18.7 ± 3.9 %). Interestingly, the DMDFS exposure after oral dosing of DFS (10 mg/kg) was comparable to that after oral administration of DMDFS (10 mg/kg) alone. As DFS displayed potent anticancer activities and excellent pharmacokinetic profiles, it appears to be a favorable candidate for further pharmaceutical development.

Quantification of the resveratrol analogs trans-2,3-dimethoxy-stilbene and trans-3,4-dimethoxystilbene in rat plasma: application to pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies.

trans-2,3-Dimethoxystilbene (2,3-DMS) and trans-3,4-dimethoxystilbene (3,4-DMS) are two synthetic resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene) analogs. In this study, a simple HPLC method was developed and validated to determine 2,3-DMS and 3,4-DMS in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was obtained with a reversed-phase HPLC column through a 12.5-min gradient delivery of a mixture of acetonitrile and water at the flow rate of 1.5 mL/min at 50 °C. The lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. After successful validation, the pharmacokinetic profiles of 2,3-DMS and 3,4-DMS were subsequently studied in Sprague-Dawley rats. Upon single intravenous administration (4 mg/kg), 2,3-DMS had a medium volume of distribution of the central compartment (Vc = 2.71 ± 0.51 L/kg), quite rapid clearance (Cl = 52.0 ± 7.0 mL/min/kg), moderate mean transit time (MTT0→last = 131.0 ± 4.5 min) but a fairly long terminal elimination half-life (t1/2 λZ = 288.9 ± 92.9 min). Interestingly, 3,4-DMS displayed a pharmacokinetic profile apparently distinct from 2,3-DMS and it had more extensive distribution (Vc = 5.58 ± 1.73 L/kg), faster clearance (Cl = 143.4 ± 40.5 mL/min/kg) and shorter residence (MTT0→last = 61.4 ± 27.1 min). Following single oral administration (10 mg/kg), 2,3-DMS had low and erratic plasma exposure (Cmax = 37.5 ± 23.7 ng/mL) and poor oral bioavailability (2.22% ± 2.13%) while the oral bioavailability of 3,4-DMS was even poorer than 2,3-DMS. Clearly, the location of the methoxy groups had a significant impact on the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol analogs. This study provided useful information for the design of resveratrol derivatives in future study.

Formulating 10-hydroxycamptothecin into nanoemulsion with functional excipient tributyrin: An innovative strategy for targeted hepatic cancer chemotherapy.

This study aimed to develop an innovative dosage form for 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT), a chemotherapeutic agent with limited aqueous solubility and stability, to enhance its parenteral delivery and targeting to hepatic cancer. We formulated HCPT into a nanoemulsion using tributyrin, a dietary component with histone deacetylase inhibitor activity. The resulting HCPT-loaded tributyrin nanoemulsion (Tri-HCPT-E) underwent extensive evaluations. Tri-HCPT-E significantly improved the aqueous solubility, stability, and anti-cancer activities in HepG2 cells. Pharmacokinetic studies confirmed the increased stability and hepatic targeting, with Tri-HCPT-E leading to a 120-fold increase in plasma exposure of intact HCPT and a 10-fold increase in hepatic exposure compared to the commercial free solution. Co-administration of 17α-ethynylestradiol, an up-regulator of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, further enhanced the distribution and metabolism of HCPT, demonstrating an association between the LDL receptor pathway and hepatic targeting. Most importantly, Tri-HCPT-E exhibited superior in vivo anti-cancer efficacy in a mouse xenograft model compared to the commercial formulation, without causing escalated hepatic or renal toxicity. In conclusion, formulating HCPT into a nanoemulsion with tributyrin has proven to be an innovative and effective strategy for targeted hepatic cancer chemotherapy while tributyrin, a pharmacologically active dietary component, has emerged as a promising functional excipient for drug delivery.

The histone deacetylase inhibitors MS-275 and SAHA suppress the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and chemotaxis in rheumatoid arthritic synovial fibroblastic E11 cells.

MS-275 (entinostat) and SAHA (vorinostat), two histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors currently in oncological trials, have displayed potent anti-rheumatic activities in rodent models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further elucidate their anti-inflammatory mechanisms, the impact of MS-275 and SAHA on the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and chemotaxis was assessed in human rheumatoid arthritic synovial fibroblastic E11 cells. MS-275 and SAHA significantly suppressed the expression of p38α  MAPK, but induced the expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), an endogenous suppressor of p38α  in E11 cells. At the same time, the association between p38α and MKP-1 was up-regulated and consequently, the activation (phosphorylation) of p38α  was inhibited. Moreover, MS-275 and SAHA suppressed granulocyte chemotactic protein-2 (GCP-2), monocyte chemotactic protein-2 (MCP-2) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in E11 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Subsequently, E11-driven migration of THP-1 and U937 monocytes was inhibited. In summary, suppression of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and chemotaxis appear to be important anti-rheumatic mechanisms of action of these HDAC inhibitors.

Evaluation of dried blood spots as sample matrix for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry based metabolomic profiling.

We propose using dried blood spots (DBS) as sample matrix for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) based metabolomic profiling for the benefits of higher sample stability, more convenient sample acquisition with DBS, higher analyte separation power, and more readily biomarker identification with GC/MS. To establish this proposition, the metabolomic profiles generated from DBS were compared with that obtained from the conventional whole blood and plasma matrixes and also with dried plasma spots (DPS) as another covariate control. Our findings indicated that whole blood produced the most number of detectable markers (866), whereas DPS yielded the least number (614). DBS and plasma matrix, on the other hand, produced the most similar numbers of detectable (695 vs 749) and identifiable markers (137 vs 147, matching with Fiehn library). From the analysis of the DBS and plasma metabolomic profiles, it was concluded that when l-lysine 2, iminodiacetic acid 2, dl-threo-beta-hydroxyaspartic acid, citric acid, or adenosine-5-monophosphate 2 are not involved as markers, DBS could be a suitable substitute for plasma for metabolomic profiling.

Investigation of the Impact of CYP3A5 Polymorphism on Drug-Drug Interaction between Tacrolimus and Schisantherin A/Schisandrin A Based on Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling.

Wuzhi capsule (WZC) is commonly prescribed with tacrolimus in China to ease drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Two abundant active ingredients, schisantherin A (STA) and schisandrin A (SIA) are known to inhibit CYP3A enzymes and increase tacrolimus's exposure. Our previous study has quantitatively demonstrated the contribution of STA and SIA to tacrolimus pharmacokinetics based on physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. In the current work, we performed reversible inhibition (RI) and time-dependent inhibition (TDI) assays with CYP3A5 genotyped human liver microsomes (HLMs), and further integrated the acquired parameters into the PBPK model to predict the drug-drug interaction (DDI) in patients with different CYP3A5 alleles. The results indicated STA was a time-dependent and reversible inhibitor of CYP3A4 while only a reversible inhibitor of CYP3A5; SIA inhibited CYP3A4 and 3A5 in a time-dependent manner but also reversibly inhibited CYP3A5. The predicted fold-increases of tacrolimus exposure were 2.70 and 2.41, respectively, after the multidose simulations of STA. SIA also increased tacrolimus's exposure but to a smaller extent compared to STA. An optimized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model integrated with CYP3A5 polymorphism was successfully established, providing more insights regarding the long-term DDI between tacrolimus and Wuzhi capsules in patients with different CYP3A5 genotypes.

Simultaneous Quantification of Propylthiouracil and Its N-ß-d Glucuronide by HPLC-MS/MS: Application to a Metabolic Study.

Propylthiouracil (PTU) is commonly prescribed for the management of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. Although the exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, PTU is associated with hepatoxicity in pediatric population. Glucuronidation mediated by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), which possess age-dependent expression, has been proposed as an important metabolic pathway of PTU. To further examine the metabolism of PTU, a reliable HPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous quantification of PTU and its N-ß-D glucuronide (PTU-GLU) was developed and validated. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a ZORBAX Extend-C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.8 µm) through gradient delivery of a mixture of formic acid, methanol and acetonitrile. The electrospray ionization (ESI) was operated in its negative ion mode while PTU and PTU-GLU were detected by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). This analytical method displayed excellent linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability while its matrix effect and carry-over were insignificant. Subsequently, the in vitro metabolism of PTU was assessed and UGT1A9 was identified as an important UGT isoform responsible for the glucuronidation of PTU. The information obtained from this study will facilitate future mechanistic investigation on the hepatoxicity of PTU and may optimize its clinical application.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors MS-275 and SAHA induced growth arrest and suppressed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated NF-kappaB p65 nuclear accumulation in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblastic E11 cells.

OBJECTIVES: MS-275 and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) are histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors currently tested in oncology trials. They have also been found to display potent anti-rheumatic activities in rodent models for RA. However, the anti-rheumatic mechanisms of action remain unknown. The study was carried out with the intent of determining the anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic mechanisms of the HDAC inhibitors. METHODS: In this study, the anti-rheumatic mechanisms of MS-275 and SAHA were investigated in several cell culture models. RESULTS: MS-275 and SAHA inhibited human RA synovial fibroblastic E11 cell proliferation in a non-cytotoxic manner. The anti-proliferative activities were associated with G(0)/G(1) phase arrest and induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. In addition, MS-275 and SAHA suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NF-kappaB p65 nuclear accumulation, IL-6, IL-18 and nitric oxide (NO) secretion as well as down-regulated pro-angiogenic VEGF and MMP-2 and MMP-9 production in E11 cells at sub-micromolar levels. At similar concentrations, MS-275 and SAHA suppressed LPS-induced NF-kappaB p65 nuclear accumulation and IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-alpha secretion in THP-1 monocytic cells. Moreover, NO secretion in RAW264.7 macrophage cells was also inhibited. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, MS-275 and SAHA exhibited their anti-rheumatic activities by growth arrest in RA synovial fibroblasts, inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and NO, as well as down-regulation in angiogenesis and MMPs. Their anti-rheumatic activities may be mediated through induction of p21 and suppression of NF-kappaB nuclear accumulation.

Quantification of oxyresveratrol analog trans-2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene in rat plasma by a rapid HPLC method: application in a pre-clinical pharmacokinetic study.

A rapid HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantification of oxyresveratrol analog trans-2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene (oxyresveratrol tetramethyl ether, OTE) in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an RP-HPLC column, which was protected by a guard column through a 12 min gradient delivery of a mixture of acetonitrile-water at 50°C. The UV absorbance at 325 nm was recorded. The retention time of OTE and trans-stilbene (internal standard) was about 7.7 and 8.4 min, respectively. The calibration curves were linear (R(2) ≥ 0.9986) with a lower limit of quantification of 15 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day variations, in terms of RSD, were all lower than 9.8% while the intra-day and inter-day bias ranged from -8.3 to +9.2%. The pharmacokinetics of OTE was assessed in rats using 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin as a dosing vehicle. After intravenous administration, OTE possessed a long terminal elimination half-life (t(1/2) (λz) = 481 ± 137 min) and slow clearance (Cl = 29.1 ± 3.7 mL/min/kg). Upon oral administration, OTE was rapidly absorbed. However, it only displayed minimal plasma exposure and its absolute oral bioavailability (F) was as low as 4.5 ± 3.2%. Fortunately, the levels of OTE after single oral administration were sufficient to inhibit human cytochrome P450 1B1.

Pterostilbene complexed with cyclodextrin exerts antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects.

Resveratrol (RES) is a natural polyphenol with potential as an adjunctive therapeutic modality for periodontitis. However, its inferior pharmacokinetics and toxicity concerns about its commonly used solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) hinder translation to clinical applicability. Our study aimed to investigate the comparative antimicrobial properties of RES and its analogues (pterostilbene [PTS], oxyresveratrol [OXY] and piceatannol [PIC]), utilizing 2-hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) as a solubiliser, which has a well-documented safety profile and FDA approval. These properties were investigated against Fusobacterium nucleatum, a key periodontal pathogen. PTS demonstrated the most potent antibacterial effects in HPßCD, with MIC > 60-fold lower than that of RES, OXY and PIC. In addition, PTS inhibited F. nucleatum biofilm formation. PTS exerted antimicrobial effects by eliciting leakage of cellular contents, leading to loss of bacterial cell viability. PTS also conferred immunomodulatory effects on F. nucleatum-challenged macrophages via upregulation of antioxidant pathways and inhibition of NF-κB activation. Given the superior antimicrobial potency of PTS against F. nucleatum compared to RES and other analogues, and coupled with its immunomodulatory properties, PTS complexed with HPßCD holds promise as a candidate nutraceutical for the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis.

Biotransformation of Piceatannol, a Dietary Resveratrol Derivative: Promises to Human Health.

SCOPE: To evaluate the health-promoting potentials of piceatannol (PIC), a dietary resveratrol derivative, its biotransformation is examined. METHODS AND RESULTS: The biotransformation is tested in human/rat hepatic microsomes and cytosols; its pharmacokinetic profiles are assessed in rats. Although limited phase I metabolism exists in microsomes, PIC is rapidly converted to two pharmacologically active metabolites, namely rhapontigenin (RHA) and isorhapontigenin (ISO) in cytosols. Such biotransformation is completely blocked by entacapone, a well-known catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, demonstrating that the O-methylation is mediated by COMT. Moreover, PIC is identified as a substrate inhibitor of COMT, suggesting its potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease. Due to extensive phase II metabolism including glucuronidation, sulfation, and O-methylation, PIC displays rapid clearance and at least 4.02% ± 0.61% and 17.70% ± 0.91% of PIC is converted to RHA and ISO, respectively, in rats after intravenous administration. Similarly, PIC serves as an effective precursor of ISO upon oral administration. CONCLUSION: Since PIC and its metabolites possess pleiotropic health-promoting activities, it has emerged as a promising nutraceutical candidate for further development. This study also reinforces the importance of in vivo testing in nutritional researches as the active metabolite(s) may be absent from the in vitro system.