Treatment of post-thalamic hemorrhage hydrocephalus: ventriculoperitoneal shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy? A retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for the treatment of hydrocephalus after thalamic hemorrhage (TH) where external ventricular drainage (EVD) could not be removed after hematoma absorption, and to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of hydrocephalus after TH. METHODS: The clinical data of patients with hydrocephalus after TH whose EVD could not be removed after hematoma absorption were retrospectively analyzed. According to the patients' surgical methods, the patients were divided into the VPS group and ETV group. The operative time, length of hospital stay, complications, and reoperation rates of the two groups were compared. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in intraoperative bleeding, length of hospital stay between the two groups. The EVD tubes were successfully removed in all patients after surgery. There were 4 (9.5%) complications in the ETV group and 3 (6.7%) complications in the VPS group, with no statistically significant difference in postoperative complications between the two groups. During the 1-year follow-up, 7 patients (16.7%) in the ETV group and 3 patients (6.7%) in the VPS group required reoperation. In the subgroup analysis of TH combined with fourth ventricular hemorrhage, 6 patients (14.3%) in the ETV group and 1 patient (2.2%) in the VPS group required reoperation, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: ETV had good efficacy in treating hydrocephalus caused by TH and TH that broke into the lateral ventricle and the third ventricle. However, if hydrocephalus was caused by TH with the fourth ventricular hematoma, VPS was a better surgical method because the recurrence rate of hydrocephalus in ETV was higher than that in VPS. Therefore, the choice of surgical method should be based on the patient's clinical features and hematoma location.

Efficient Oxidative Decomposition of Jet-Fuel exo-Tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10) by Aluminum Nanoparticles in a Catalytic Microreactor: An Online Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization Study.

The oxidation of gas-phase exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10, C10H16) over aluminum nanoparticles (AlNP) has been explored between a temperature range of 300 and 1250 K with a novel chemical microreactor. The results are compared with those obtained from chemical microreactor studies of helium-seeded JP-10 and of helium-oxygen-seeded JP-10 without AlNP to gauge the effects of molecular oxygen and AlNP, respectively. Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoionization mass spectrometry reveals that oxidative decomposition of JP-10 in the presence of AlNP is lowered by 350 and 200 K with and without AlNP, respectively, in comparison with pyrolysis of the fuel. Overall, 63 nascent gas-phase products are identified through photoionization efficiency (PIE) curves; these can be categorized as oxygenated molecules and their radicals as well as closed-shell hydrocarbons along with hydrocarbon radicals. Quantitative branching ratios of the products reveal diminishing yields of oxidized species and enhanced branching ratios of hydrocarbon species with the increase in temperature. While in the low-temperature regime (300-1000 K), AlNP solely acts as an efficient heat transfer medium, in the higher-temperature regime (1000-1250 K), chemical reactivity is triggered, facilitating the primary decomposition of the parent JP-10 molecule. This enhanced reactivity of AlNP could plausibly be linked to the exposed reactive surface of the aluminum (Al) core generated upon the rupture of the alumina shell material above the melting point of the metal (Al).

An experimental and computational view of the photoionization of diol-water clusters.

In the interstellar medium, diols and other prebiotic molecules adsorb onto icy mantles surrounding dust grains. Water in the ice may affect the reactivity and photoionization of these diols. Ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2-propylene glycol, and 1,3-propylene glycol clusters with water clusters were used as a proxy to study these interactions. The diol-water clusters were generated in a continuous supersonic molecular beam, photoionized by synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet light from the Advanced Light Source, and subsequently detected by reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The appearance energies for the detected clusters were determined from the mass spectra, collected at increasing photon energy. Clusters of both diol fragments and unfragmented diols with water were detected. The lowest energy geometry optimized conformers for the observed EG-water clusters and EG fragment-water clusters have been visualized using density functional theory (DFT), providing insight into hydrogen bonding networks and how these affect fragmentation and appearance energy. As the number of water molecules clustered around EG fragments (m/z 31 and 32) increased, the appearance energy for the cluster decreased, indicating a stabilization by water. This trend was supported by DFT calculations. Fragment clusters from 1,2-propylene glycol exhibited a similar trend, but with a smaller energy decrease, and no trend was observed from 1,3-propylene glycol. We discuss and suggest that the reactivity and photoionization of diols in the presence of water depend on the size of the diol, the location of the hydroxyl group, and the number of waters clustered around the diol.

Exotic Reaction Dynamics in the Gas-Phase Preparation of Anthracene (C14H10) via Spiroaromatic Radical Transients in the Indenyl-Cyclopentadienyl Radical-Radical Reaction.

The gas-phase reaction between the 1-indenyl (C9H7•) radical and the cyclopentadienyl (C5H5•) radical has been investigated for the first time using synchrotron-based mass spectrometry coupled with a pyrolytic reactor. Soft photoionization with tunable vacuum ultraviolet photons afforded for the isomer-selective identification of the production of phenanthrene, anthracene, and benzofulvalene (C14H10). The classical theory prevalent in the literature proposing that radicals combine only at their specific radical centers is challenged by our discovery of an unusual reaction pathway that involves a barrierless combination of a resonantly stabilized hydrocarbon radical with an aromatic radical at the carbon atom adjacent to the traditional C1 radical center; this unconventional addition is followed by substantial isomerization into phenanthrene and anthracene via a category of exotic spiroaromatic intermediates. This result leads to a deeper understanding of the evolution of the cosmic carbon budget and provides new methodologies for the bottom-up synthesis of unique spiroaromatics that may be relevant for the synthesis of more complex aromatic carbon skeletons in deep space.

Discovery and resistance mechanism of a selective CDK12 degrader.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) is an emerging therapeutic target due to its role in regulating transcription of DNA-damage response (DDR) genes. However, development of selective small molecules targeting CDK12 has been challenging due to the high degree of homology between kinase domains of CDK12 and other transcriptional CDKs, most notably CDK13. In the present study, we report the rational design and characterization of a CDK12-specific degrader, BSJ-4-116. BSJ-4-116 selectively degraded CDK12 as assessed through quantitative proteomics. Selective degradation of CDK12 resulted in premature cleavage and poly(adenylation) of DDR genes. Moreover, BSJ-4-116 exhibited potent antiproliferative effects, alone and in combination with the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib, as well as when used as a single agent against cell lines resistant to covalent CDK12 inhibitors. Two point mutations in CDK12 were identified that confer resistance to BSJ-4-116, demonstrating a potential mechanism that tumor cells can use to evade bivalent degrader molecules.

Magic Numbers and Stabilities of Photoionized Water Clusters: Computational and Experimental Characterization of the Nanosolvated Hydronium Ion.

The stability and distributions of small water clusters generated in a supersonic beam expansion are interrogated by tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation generated at a synchrotron. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry reveals enhanced population of various protonated water clusters (H+(H2O)n) based upon ionization energy and photoionization distance from source, suggesting there are "magic" numbers below the traditional n = 21 that predominates in the literature. These intensity distributions suggest that VUV threshold photoionization (11.0-11.5 eV) of neutral water clusters close to the nozzle exit leads to a different nonequilibrium state compared to a skimmed molecular beam. This results in the appearance of a new magic number at 14. Metadynamics conformer searches coupled with modern density functional calculations are used to identify the global minimum energy structures of protonated water clusters between n = 2 and 21, as well as the manifold of low-lying metastable minima. New lowest energy structures are reported for the cases of n = 5, 6, 11, 12, 16, and 18, and special stability is identified by several measures. These theoretical results are in agreement with the experiments performed in this work in that n = 14 is shown to exhibit additional stability, based on the computed second-order stabilization energy relative to most cluster sizes, though not to the extent of the well-known n = 21 cluster. Other cluster sizes that show some additional energetic stability are n = 7, 9, 12, 17, and 19. To gain insight into the balance between ion-water and water-water interactions as a function of the cluster size, an analysis of the effective two-body interactions (which sum exactly to the total interaction energy) was performed. This analysis reveals a crossover as a function of cluster size between a water-hydronium-dominated regime for small clusters and a water-water-dominated regime for larger clusters around n = 17.

Unconventional Pathway in the Gas-Phase Synthesis of 9H-Fluorene (C13 H10 ) via the Radical-Radical Reaction of Benzyl (C7 H7 ) with Phenyl (C6 H5 ).

The simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) carrying a five-membered ring-9H-fluorene (C13 H10 )-is produced isomer-specifically in the gas phase by reacting benzyl (C7 H7 ⋅) with phenyl (C6 H5 ⋅) radicals in a pyrolytic reactor coupled with single photon ionization mass spectrometry. The unconventional mechanism of reaction is supported by theoretical calculations, which first produces diphenylmethane and unexpected 1-(6-methylenecyclohexa-2,4-dienyl)benzene intermediates (C13 H12 ) accessed via addition of the phenyl radical to the ortho position of the benzyl radical. These findings offer convincing evidence for molecular mass growth processes defying conventional wisdom that radical-radical reactions are initiated through recombination at their radical centers. The structure of 9H-fluorene acts as a molecular building block for complex curved nanostructures like fullerenes and nanobowls providing fundamental insights into the hydrocarbon evolution in high temperature settings.

Proteomics-Based Discovery of First-in-Class Chemical Probes for Programmed Cell Death Protein 2 (PDCD2).

Chemical probes are essential tools for understanding biological systems and for credentialing potential biomedical targets. Programmed cell death 2 (PDCD2) is a member of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins, which are critical regulators of apoptosis. Here we report the discovery and characterization of 10 e, a first-in-class small molecule degrader of PDCD2. We discovered this PDCD2 degrader by serendipity using a chemical proteomics approach, in contrast to the conventional approach for making bivalent degraders starting from a known binding ligand targeting the protein of interest. Using 10 e as a pharmacological probe, we demonstrate that PDCD2 functions as a critical regulator of cell growth by modulating the progression of the cell cycle in T lymphoblasts. Our work provides a useful pharmacological probe for investigating PDCD2 function and highlights the use of chemical proteomics to discover selective small molecule degraders of unanticipated targets.

Probing the Transition State-to-Intermediate Continuum: Mechanistic Distinction between a Dry versus Wet Perepoxide in the Singlet Oxygen "Ene" Reaction at the Air-Water Interface.

A mechanistic study is reported for the reactions of singlet oxygen (1O2) with alkene surfactants of tunable properties. Singlet oxygen was generated either top-down (photochemically) by delivery as a gas to an air-water interface or bottom-up (chemically) by transport to the air-water interface as a solvated species. In both cases, reactions were carried out in the presence of 7-carbon (7C), 9-carbon (9C), or 11-carbon (11C) prenylsurfactants [(CH3)2C═CH(CH2)nSO3- Na+ (n = 4, 6, 8)]. Higher "ene" hydroperoxide regioselectivities (secondary ROOH 2 to tertiary ROOH 3) were reached in delivering 1O2 top-down through air as compared to bottom-up via aqueous solution. In the photochemical reaction, ratios of 2:3 increased from 2.5:1 for 7C, to 2.8:1 for 9C, and to 3.2:1 for 11C. In contrast, in the bubbling system that generated 1O2 chemically, the selectivity was all but lost, ranging only from 1.3:1 to 1:1. The phase-dependent regioselectivities appear to be correlated with the "ene" reaction with photochemically generated, drier 1O2 at the air-water interface vs those with wetter 1O2 from the bubbling reactor. Density functional theory-calculated reaction potential energy surfaces (PESs) were used to help rationalize the reaction phase dependence. The reactions in the gas phase are mediated by perepoxide transition states with 32-41 kJ/mol binding energy for C═C(π)···1O2. The perepoxide species, however, evolve to well-defined stationary structures in the aqueous phase, with covalent C-O bonds and 85-88 kJ/mol binding energy. The combined experimental and computational evidence points to a unique mechanism for 1O2 "ene" tunability in a perepoxide continuum from a transition state to an intermediate.

Decompressive craniectomy combined with temporal pole resection in the treatment of massive cerebral infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and prognosis of decompressive craniectomy combined with temporal pole resection in the treatment of massive cerebral infarction, in order to provide basis for treatment selection. METHODS: The clinical data of the patient with massive cerebral infarction treated in our hospital from January 2015 to December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the surgical methods, the patients were divided into control group (decompressive craniectomy) and study group (decompressive craniectomy + temporal pole resection). Intracranial pressure monitoring devices were placed in both groups. The NIHSS scores of the two groups before and 14 days after operation, the changes of intracranial pressure, length of hospital stay, length of NICU, mortality and modified Rankin scale before and after treatment were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The NIHSS score of the two groups after operation was lower than that before operation, and the NIHSS score of the study group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P < 0.05); The intracranial pressure in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05); One month after operation, the mortality of the study group (13.0%) was lower than that of the control group (27.8%). After one year of follow-up, the mortality of the study group (21.7%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (38.8%) (P < 0.05); The scores of mRS in the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before treatment (P < 0.05), and the scores of mRS in the study group were better than those in the control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Decompressive craniectomy combined with temporal pole resection has a better effect in the treatment of patients with massive cerebral infarction. It has good decompression effect, the postoperative intracranial pressure is well controlled, and significantly reduced the mortality. So it has better clinical application value.

Probing growth of metal-organic frameworks with X-ray scattering and vibrational spectroscopy.

Nucleation and crystallization arising from liquid to solid phase are involved in a multitude of processes in fields ranging from materials science to biology. Controlling the thermodynamics and kinetics of growth is advantageous to help tune the formation of complex morphologies. Here, we harness wide-angle X-ray scattering and vibrational spectroscopy to elucidate the mechanism for crystallization and growth of the metal-organic framework Co-MOF-74 within microscopic volumes enclosed in a capillary and an attenuated total reflection microchip reactor. The experiments reveal molecular and structural details of the growth processes, while the results of plane wave density functional calculations allow identification of lattice and linker modes in the formed crystals. Synthesis of the metal-organic framework with microscopic volumes leads to monodisperse and micron-sized crystals, in contrast to those typically observed under bulk reaction conditions. Reduction in the volume of reagents within the microchip reactor was found to accelerate the reaction rate. The coupling of spectroscopy with scattering to probe reactions in microscopic volumes promises to be a useful tool in the synthetic chemist's kit to understand chemical bonding and has potential in designing complex materials.

Gas-phase synthesis of racemic helicenes and their potential role in the enantiomeric enrichment of sugars and amino acids in meteorites.

The molecular origins of homochirality on Earth is not understood well, particularly how enantiomerically enriched molecules of astrobiological significance like sugars and amino acids might have been synthesized on icy grains in space preceding their delivery to Earth. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified in carbonaceous chondrites could have been processed in molecular clouds by circularly polarized light prior to the depletion of enantiomerically enriched helicenes onto carbonaceous grains resulting in chiral islands. However, the fundamental low temperature reaction mechanisms leading to racemic helicenes are still unknown. Here, by exploiting synchrotron based molecular beam photoionization mass spectrometry combined with electronic structure calculations, we provide compelling testimony on barrierless, low temperature pathways leading to racemates of [5] and [6]helicene. Astrochemical modeling advocates that gas-phase reactions in molecular clouds lead to racemates of helicenes suggesting a pathway for future astronomical observation and providing a fundamental understanding for the origin of homochirality on early Earth.

A Computational and Experimental View of Hydrogen Bonding in Glycerol Water Clusters.

Polyol-water clusters provide a template to probe ionization and solvation processes of paramount interest in atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. We generate glycerol water clusters in a continuous supersonic jet expansion and interrogate the neutral species with synchrotron-based tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. A series of glycerol fragments (m/z 44, 61, 62, and 74) clustered with water are observed. A judicious combination of backing pressure, nozzle temperature, and water vapor pressure allows for tuning the mol % of glycerol. The recorded appearance energies of the water cluster series m/z 62 and 74 are similar to that observed in pure glycerol, while the m/z 61 series shows a dependence on cluster composition. Furthermore, this series also tracks the water concentration of the beam. Theoretical calculations on neutral and ionized clusters visualize the hydrogen bond network in these water clusters and provide an assessment of the number of glycerol-glycerol, glycerol-water, and water-water hydrogen bonds in the cluster, as well as their interaction energies. This method of bond counting and interaction energy assessment explains the changes in the mass spectrum as a function of mol % and offers a glimpse of the disruption of the hydrogen bond network in glycerol-water clusters. The calculations also reveal interesting barrierless chemical processes in photoionized glycerol water clusters that are either activated or do not occur without the presence of water. Examples include spontaneous intramolecular proton transfer within glycerol to form a distonic ion, nonactivated breaking of a C-C bond, and spontaneous proton transfer from glycerol to water. These results appear relevant to radiation-induced chemical processing of alcohol-water ices in the interstellar medium.

Discovery of a highly potent CECR2 bromodomain inhibitor with 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidine scaffold.

Cat eye syndrome chromosome region candidate 2 (CECR2) bromodomain is a module of CECR2-containing remodeling factor (CERF), which is a chromatin remodeling complex correlating with transcriptional control and adjustment of chromatin architecture. Potent chemical probes would be beneficial to gain insights into the biochemical and pharmacological functions of CECR2 BRD. Herein, we report the discovery of a series of CECR2 BRD inhibitors with 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d] pyrimidine scaffold based on molecular docking model of TP-248 and CECR2 BRD. The most potent inhibitor of this series, DC-CBi-22 with IC50 of 8.0 ± 1.4 nM against CECR2 BRD and selectivity over BPTF BRD up to 24.9-fold. The SARs were detailed according to molecular docking. DC-CBi-22 would serve as a useful chemical probe for the study of CECR2.

Neuroendoscopic-assisted versus mini-open craniotomy for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a retrospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To compare outcomes in neuroendoscopic-assisted vs mini-open craniotomy for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH), so as to provide reasonable surgical treatment. METHODS: Clinical data of 184 patients with HICH in the hospital from January 2019 to May 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into mini-open craniotomy group and neuroendoscopic-assisted group. The operation time, hematoma clearance rate, intraoperative blood loss, neurological function recovery, and postoperative mortality of the two groups were compared by retrospective analysis. RESULTS: The operation time and intraoperative blood loss in the mini-open craniotomy group were more than those in the neuroendoscopic-assisted group, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. There was no significant difference in hematoma clearance rate between the two groups, but for the rugby hematoma, the hematoma clearance rate in the neuroendoscopic-assisted group was higher than in the mini-open craniotomy group, the difference was statistically significant. Within 1 month after the operation, there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups. 6 months after the operation, there was no significant difference in the recovery of neurological function between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Neuroendoscopic-assisted and mini-open craniotomy for the treatment of HICH has the advantages of minimal trauma with good effects, and its main reason for short operation time, reduced bleeding, and high hematoma clearance rate. Although the two surgical methods can improve the survival rate of patients, they do not change the prognosis of patients. Therefore, the choice of surgical methods should be adopted based on the patient's clinical manifestations, hematoma volume, hematoma type, and the experience of the surgeon.

A Single-Phase High-Impedance Ground Faulty Feeder Detection Method for Small Resistance to Ground Systems Based on Current-Voltage Phase Difference.

At present, the small resistance to ground system (SRGS) is mainly protected by fixed-time zero-sequence overcurrent protection, but its ability to detect transition resistance is only about 100 Ω, which is unable to detect single-phase high resistance grounding fault (SPHIF). This paper analyzes the zero-sequence characteristics of SPHIF for SRGS and proposes a SPHIF feeder detection method that uses the current-voltage phase difference. The proposed method is as follows: first, the zero-sequence current phase of each feeder is calculated. Second, the phase voltage root mean square (RMS) value is used to determine the fault phase and obtain its initial phase as the reference value. The introduction of the initial phase of the fault phase voltage can highlight the fault characteristics and improve the sensitivity and reliability of feeder detection, and then CVPD is the difference between each feeder ZSC phase and the reference value. Finally, the magnitude of CVPD is judged. If the CVPD of a particular feeder meets the condition, the feeder is detected as the faulted feeder. Combining the theoretical and practical constraints, the specific adjustment principle and feeder detection logic are given. A large number of simulations show that the proposed method can be successfully detected under the conditions of 5000 Ω transition resistance, -1 dB noise interference, and 40% data missing. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method uses phase voltages that are easy to measure to construct SPHIF feeder detection criteria, without adding additional measurement and communication devices, and can quickly achieve local isolation of SPHIF with better sensitivity, reliability, and immunity to interference.

Risk of pneumonitis in cancer patients treated with PARP inhibitors: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and a pharmacovigilance study of the FAERS database.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate the risk of PARP inhibitors (PARPis) causing pneumonitis in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and in the real-world practice. METHODS: First, a systematic review based on meta-analysis was conducted. RCTs with available data reporting pneumonitis events for PARPis were eligible for analysis. Second, we conducted a disproportionality analysis based on data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database to characterize the main features of PARPi-related pneumonitis. RESULTS: 16 trials with 5771 patients were included in our meta-analysis. Compared with control arms, PARPis showed a significant increase in the risk of pneumonitis events (Peto OR 2.68 [95% CI 1.31-5.47], p = 0.007) with no heterogeneity (I2 = 0%, χ2p = 0.70). The incidence of pneumonitis across treatment arms was 0.79% (28/3551). In the FAERS database, we identified 84 cases of PARPi-pneumonitis with a fatality rate of 16% (13/79). The median time to event onset was 81 (interquartile range [IQR] 27-131) days and 87% of the adverse events occurred within 6 months. CONCLUSION: PARPis increased the risk of pneumonitis that can result in serious outcomes and tend to occur early. Early recognition and management of PARPi-pneumonitis is of vital importance in clinical practice. The mechanisms and risk factors should be studied further to improve clinical understanding and innovative treatment strategies for these diseases.

Gas-phase synthesis of corannulene - a molecular building block of fullerenes.

Fullerenes (C60, C70) detected in planetary nebulae and carbonaceous chondrites have been implicated to play a key role in the astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium. However, the formation mechanism of even their simplest molecular building block-the corannulene molecule (C20H10)-has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate via a combined molecular beams and ab initio investigation that corannulene can be synthesized in the gas phase through the reactions of 7-fluoranthenyl (C16H9˙) and benzo[ghi]fluoranthen-5-yl (C18H9˙) radicals with acetylene (C2H2) mimicking conditions in carbon-rich circumstellar envelopes. This reaction sequence reveals a reaction class in which a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) radical undergoes ring expansion while simultaneously forming an out-of-plane carbon backbone central to 3D nanostructures such as buckybowls and buckyballs. These fundamental reaction mechanisms are critical in facilitating an intimate understanding of the origin and evolution of the molecular universe and, in particular, of carbon in our galaxy.

A molecular beam and computational study on the barrierless gas phase formation of (iso)quinoline in low temperature extraterrestrial environments.

Despite remarkable progress toward the understanding of the formation pathways leading to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion systems and in deep space, the complex reaction pathways leading to nitrogen-substituted PAHs (NPAHs) at low temperatures of molecular clouds and hydrocarbon-rich, nitrogen-containing atmospheres of planets and their moons like Titan have remained largely obscure. Here, we demonstrate through laboratory experiments and computations that the simplest prototype of NPAHs - quinoline and isoquinoline (C9H7N) - can be synthesized via rapid and de-facto barrier-less reactions involving o-, m- and p-pyridinyl radicals (C5H4N˙) with vinylacetylene (C4H4) under low-temperature conditions.

Analysis of the Influence of the Breaking Radiation Magnetic Field of a 10 kV Intelligent Circuit Breaker on an Electronic Transformer.

The development of the smart grid requires the distribution switch to not be limited to the original breaking function. More functional requirements lead to more complex switch structures, especially the intelligent processing unit on the secondary side. A technology called primary and secondary integration optimizes the structure of the switch, which greatly increases the intelligence level of the switch, but also has disadvantages. The secondary intelligent unit is arranged close to the primary high-voltage electromagnetic environment, and the distribution switch is prone to failure due to electromagnetic interference. In order to explore the influence of electromagnetic interference on it, a transient electromagnetic interference simulation test platform was built for a 10 kV intelligent distribution switch based on the principle of spherical gap arc discharge, and the interference signal of the intelligent distribution switch was measured; the law of the spatial magnetic field near the electronic transformer is mainly studied in this paper. The shielding effectiveness of the distribution terminal of the switch was analyzed, and the interference of the power line of the sensor merging unit circuit board was calculated. The results show that the electronic transformer may have serious faults under continuous strong transient electromagnetic interference. The electromagnetic transient simulation test system studied in this paper can evaluate the anti strong electromagnetic interference ability of the electronic transformer.