Implications of the clone by harvest interaction in the selection of sugarcane genotypes in a regionalized program.

The recommendation of sugarcane clones depends on several factors, as the response or performance of the clones over different cuts or harvests. The clone by harvest interaction might be difficult to identify superior clones in the final stages of the sugarcane breeding program. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate and describe the implications of the genotype by harvest interaction in the adaptability and stability of genotypes and delineation of mega-environments from a set of multi-environment trials. Fifteen clones and four checks were evaluated in eight environments. The trait TPH (tons of pol per hectare) was evaluated in two harvests (plant cane and ratoon cane) in 2010 and 2011. The joint analysis showed significance for harvest (H), environment (E), and genotype (G) effects. The interactions GxE, ExH, GxH, and ExGxH were also significant. The last three-way interaction indicated the differential response of the genotypes over environments, and that it depends on the harvests. The overall mean of the trials was 12.77 TPH. The coefficient of variation was 8.70% and the selective accuracy was 98.63%, indicating high experimental precision. The genotypes G4, G14, and G16 were statistically superior to the check varieties used; however, these genotypes did not show high stability as described by the additive main effects and multiplicative interaction method. There was a specific adaptation between the E7 and E5 environments and the G4 and G5 genotypes, respectively. In general, the grouping of the environments was inconsistent throughout the harvests, except for the E1 and E4 environments, which exhibited similarities for the different genotypes.

Association among agro-industrial traits and simultaneous selection in sweet sorghum.

Sweet sorghum has emerged as an alternative crop for ethanol yield. The breeding of this crop is performed to obtain cultivars with high ethanol yield, which necessarily requires associating favorable phenotypes for multiple traits. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate the association between agro-industrial traits related to ethanol yield and identify the promising genotypes considering multiple traits in sweet sorghum. For this purpose, we evaluated 45 genotypes using a 9 x 5 alpha-lattice experimental design with three replications. The traits measured were flowering time, plant height, tons of stalk per hectare, total soluble solids, tons of brix per hectare, juice extraction, total recoverable sugars, and ethanol yield. Analyses were performed after the recovery of inter-block information. The interrelation of the traits was described by genotype-by-trait biplot. For simultaneous selection, the Modified Mulamba and Mock index was used. For almost all of the agro-industrial traits, except for juice extraction, selective accuracy was above 70%. There were significant differences among genotypes for all the traits. The genotype-by-trait biplot evidenced a positive association between most of the traits related to ethanol yield, except for juice extraction, indicating the possibility of indirect selection to obtain more productive genotypes. Some genotypes proved to be promising based on the selection index, as they accumulated phenotypes favorable for the traits of interest.

Estimate of genetic gain in popcorn after cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection.

Popcorn is widely consumed in Brazil, yet there are few breeding programs for this crop. Recurrent selection (RS) is a viable breeding alternative for popcorn; however, the gains achieved must be frequently checked. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of selection for grain type (round and pointed) after four cycles of phenotypic RS on the main agronomic traits of popcorn, to estimate the genetic gain achieved for the trait of expansion volume (EV), and to obtain estimates of phenotypic correlations for the main traits of the crop in the UFLA E and UFLA R populations. The zero, one, two, and three cycles of the UFLA E and UFLA R populations, the fourth cycle, and the controls IAC-112 and IAC-125 were used. The experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA; Environment 1) and at the experimental area of the Genetics and Plant Breeding Sector of the Department of Biology at UFLA (Environment 2) in the 2010/11 crop season. Nine agronomic traits were evaluated, including EV and grain yield (GY). The UFLA R and UFLA E populations showed similar behavior for all evaluated traits. The type of grain did not affect the genetic gain for EV, which was 5 and 3.7% in each cycle carried out in the UFLA E and UFLA R population, respectively. Phenotypic selection carried out during recombination for EV is an effective method for increasing expression of the trait. EV and GY did not show a linear association.

CD28 deletion improves obesity-induced liver steatosis but increases adiposity in mice.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Lymphocytes have a critical role in visceral adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. The CD28 costimulatory molecule is required for lymphocyte activation and for the development of a functional regulatory T cells (Tregs) compartment; however, its role during obesity is unknown. METHODS: During diet-induced obesity, we investigated the effects of selective interference with CD28 signaling using knockout mice (Cd28KO) and a CTLA4-Ig fusion protein inhibiting CD28-B7 interactions. RESULTS: Cd28 deficiency decreased pathogenic T cells and Treg content within AT without changing the macrophages number. Cd28KO epididymal but not subcutaneous fat was characterized by enlarged adipocytes, reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines and increased Glut4, adiponectin and lipogenic enzyme mRNA levels. This was associated with reduced inflammation, fat accumulation and enhanced glucose metabolism in liver. Weight gain and fasting glucose tolerance were not affected. CTLA4-Ig injections reduced the number of T cells in epididymal AT (epiAT) but not the inflammatory cytokines levels and failed to improve liver fat accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Deletion of CD28 creates a new pro/anti-inflammatory balance in epiAT and liver and exerts a protective effect against hepatic steatosis.

Path analysis of agro-industrial traits in sweet sorghum.

Sweet sorghum has considerable potential for ethanol production due to its succulent stalks that contain directly fermentable sugars. Since many traits need to be considered in the selection process to breed superior cultivars for ethanol production, then correlations between the traits might be of use to help the breeder define optimal improvement strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the principal agro-industrial traits in sweet sorghum, and to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of primary and secondary traits on ethanol production per hectare. In total, 45 sweet sorghum genotypes (lineage/hybrids) were evaluated in an experiment designed in an alpha lattice 5 x 9. The data were analyzed using a mixed model approach. A detailed study of simple correlations was accomplished using path analysis. The experimental precision was high, with an accuracy above 76%. The various genotypes showed genetic variation for all agronomic and industrial traits, except stalk diameter. Some agro-industrial traits showed significant simple correlations with ethanol production, but according to the path analysis, some of these traits did not show a significant direct or indirect effect on ethanol production. The results highlighted the primary and secondary traits with practical relevance to sweet sorghum breeding, since they showed director indirect effects on ethanol production.

Genetic divergence of sugarcane varieties collected in the region of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Genetic diversity among local accessions and varieties subsidize plant breeding programs, allowing the utilization of existing variability in plants that have already adapted to local climate conditions. An alternative to studying genetic variability is the study of diversity. The aim of this research was to study genetic diversity among sugarcane accessions and varieties used for the production of craft-distilled cachaça (distilled sugarcane alcohol) in the region of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Using a one-way design, an experiment was conducted in the municipality of Perdões, Minas Gerais to evaluate 35 regional accessions derived from germplasm collection expeditions and four varieties. Using morphological descriptions of 46 multicategorical sugarcane characteristics, dissimilarity and Tocher cluster method analyses were performed. Based on the results, it was concluded that genetic diversity exists among the accessions evaluated for the target traits.

Adaptability and stability of genotypes of sweet sorghum by GGEBiplot and Toler methods.

Sweet sorghum has considerable potential for ethanol and energy production. The crop is adaptable and can be grown under a wide range of cultivation conditions in marginal areas; however, studies of phenotypic stability are lacking under tropical conditions. Various methods can be used to assess the stability of the crop. Some of these methods generate the same basic information, whereas others provide additional information on genotype x environment (G x E) interactions and/or a description of the genotypes and environments. In this study, we evaluated the complementarity of two methods, GGEBiplot and Toler, with the aim of achieving more detailed information on G x E interactions and their implications for selection of sweet sorghum genotypes. We used data from 25 sorghum genotypes grown in different environments and evaluated the following traits: flowering (FLOW), green mass yield (GMY), total soluble solids (TSS), and tons of Brix per hectare (TBH). Significant G x E interactions were found for all traits. The most stable genotypes identified with the GGEBiplot method were CMSXS643 for FLOW, CMSXS644 and CMSXS647 for GMY, CMSXS646 and CMSXS637 for TSS, and BRS511 and CMSXSS647 for TBH. Especially for TBH, the genotype BRS511 was classified as doubly desirable by the Toler method; however, unlike the result of the GGEBiplot method, the genotype CMSXS647 was also found to be doubly undesirable. The two analytical methods were complementary and enabled a more reliable identification of adapted and stable genotypes.

Changes in muscle damage markers in female basketball players.

The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in muscle soreness, blood muscle damage markers, muscle strength and agility following an official basketball match. Eleven elite female professional basketball players (27.4 ± 4.8 years, 179.5 ± 5.5 cm, 72.0 ± 7.8 kg) of a team participated in this study. The official match was the seventh match of the season in the first phase of the Brazilian National Female Basketball Championship. Muscle soreness, plasma creatine kinase activity (CK), and myoglobin concentration (Mb) were determined before and after the match (post-match, 24 and 48 hours after the match). The 1RM strength for bench press and leg press, and the agility T test were assessed before and at 24 and 48 hours after the match. Significant increases in muscle soreness, CK and Mb were observed at 24 and 48 hours post-match (p<0.05). No significant changes in the 1RM strength and T test were detected during recovery (24 and 48 hours after the match). These results suggest that a basketball match induced limited muscle damage with minimal effect on performance during recovery. The small increase in muscle damage markers following a basketball match did not affect strength and agility performance.

Effects of resistance training periodization on performance and salivary immune-endocrine responses of elite female basketball players.

AIM: The aim of this paper was to examine the effects of resistance training periodization on the performance and salivary hormone-immune responses of elite female basketball players. METHODS: Twelve female athletes were monitored across a 50 day period of resistance training that emphasized strength, endurance and power. One repetition maximum (1RM) strength, maximal repetitions at 50% 1RM and vertical jump performance was assessed pre- and post-training. Saliva samples were also collected at 0700, 0930, 1100 and 1730 hours and analyzed for testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and immunoglobulin A (IgA). RESULTS: Improvements in 1RM strength, maximal repetitions and vertical jump performance were identified post-training (P<0.05). Training had no effect on salivary T and C concentrations, but the T:C ratio increased at 0730 hours (P<0.05) and IgA concentrations were lowered at 0930 and 1100 hours (P<0.05). The changes (∆ Pre-Post training) in strength and T concentrations were positively correlated at 0730 hours (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: A periodized approach to resistance training increased muscle performance in elite female basketball players, but only minor changes in the salivary T:C ratio and IgA were noted. Correlational analysis identified a possible role for early morning changes in T as a regulator of individual strength changes.

The role of p21ras in CD28 signal transduction: triggering of CD28 with antibodies, but not the ligand B7-1, activates p21ras.

CD28 is a 44-kD homodimer expressed on the surface of the majority of human T cells that provides an important costimulus for T cell activation. The biochemical basis of the CD28 accessory signals is poorly understood. Triggering of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) activates the p21ras proteins. Here we show that ligation of CD28 by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) also stimulates p21ras and induces Ras-dependent events such as stimulation of the microtubule-associated protein (MAP) kinase ERK2 and hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1. One physiological ligand for CD28 is the molecule B7-1. In contrast to the effect of CD28 mAb, the present studies show that interactions between CD28 and B7-1 do not stimulate p21ras signaling pathways. Two substrates for TCR-regulated protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) have been implicated in p21ras activation in T cells: p95vav and a 36-kD protein that associates with a complex of Grb2 and the Ras exchange protein Sos. Triggering CD28 with both antibodies and B7-1 activates cellular PTKs, and we have exploited the differences between antibodies and B7-1 for p21ras activation in an attempt to identify critical PTK-controlled events for Ras activation in T cells. The data show that antibodies against TCR or CD28 induce tyrosine phosphorylation of both Vav and p36. B7-1 also induces Vav tyrosine phosphorylation but has no apparent effect on tyrosine phosphorylation of the Grb2-associated p36 protein. The intensity of the Vav tyrosine phosphorylation is greater in B7-1 than in TCR-stimulated cells. Moreover the kinetics of Vav tyrosine phosphorylation is prolonged in the B7-1-stimulated cells. These studies show that for CD28 signaling, the activation of p21ras correlates more closely with p36 tyrosine phosphorylation than with Vav tyrosine phosphorylation. However, the experiments demonstrate that Vav is a major substrate for B7-activated PTKs and hence could be important in CD28 signal transduction pathway.

Ghost fishing impacts on hydrocorals and associated reef fish assemblages.

Ghost fishing is a threat to many marine environments, as lost or discarded fishing gear (e.g., fishing lines, nets) continues to fish by entangling, damaging or killing various organisms. Among the benthic organisms that live on tropical reefs, the group probably most affected, due to their shape, are the branching corals. These corals provide refuge, foraging and breeding sites, especially for fishes and therefore impacts on coral structure could compromise the ecology of associated species. We tested if fishing lines entangled on the branching coral Millepora alcicornis would result in an increase in colony mortality, decrease in abundance and richness of fishes and changes in the behavior of associated reef fish. In the field, we estimated the volume of M. alcicornis colonies and its mortality percentages, and videos were recorded to evaluate abundance and richness of fish assemblages and fish behavior. Our results showed that coral mortality increased with increasing amounts of entangled fishing lines. Fish assemblages were similar in M. alcicornis colonies with or without entangled fishing lines. Nevertheless, we observed a significant decrease in the frequency of feeding attempts in two herbivore fish species (Acanthurus bahianus and Ophioblennius trinitatis) that play an important role in coral-reef dynamics, controlling algae abundances. Therefore, ghost fishing has negative impacts on shallow reef ecosystems, directly affecting branching corals and important coral-fish interactions. Management of tropical shallow reef environments should consider regulation and monitoring of coastal fisheries to ensure reef integrity.

Development of an enhanced B-specific lentiviral vector expressing BTK: a tool for gene therapy of XLA.

Further development of haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy will depend on enhancement of gene transfer safety: ad hoc improvement of vector design relating to each particular disease is thus a crucial issue for HSC gene therapy. We modified a previously described lentiviral vector by adding the Emumar B-specific enhancer to a human CD19 promoter-derived sequence (Mol Ther 2004;10:45-56). We thus significantly improved the level of expression of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene while retaining the specificity of expression in B-cell progeny of transduced human CD34+ progenitor cells obtained from cord blood or adult bone marrow. Indeed, GFP was strongly expressed from early medullary pro-B cells to splenic mature B cells whereas transgene expression remained low in transduced immature progenitors as in myeloid and T-lymphoid progeny retrieved from xenografted NOD/SCID/gammac(null) mice. Using this lentiviral vector, we further demonstrated the possibility to express a functional human BTK protein in long-term human CD34+ cell B-lymphoid progeny. This newly designed lentiviral vector fulfils one of the pre-requisites for the development of efficient and safe gene therapy for X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, the most common primary humoral immunodeficiency disorder.

Novel CD28-responsive enhancer activated by CREB/ATF and AP-1 families in the human interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain locus.

The interaction of interleukin-2 (IL-2) with its receptor (IL-2R) critically regulates the T-cell immune response, and the alpha chain CD25/IL-2Ralpha is required for the formation of the high-affinity receptor. Tissue-specific, inducible expression of the IL-2Ralpha gene is regulated by at least three positive regulatory regions (PRRI, PRRII, and PRRIII), but none responded to CD28 engagement in gene reporter assays although CD28 costimulation strongly amplifies IL-2Ralpha gene transcription. By DNase I hypersensitivity analysis, we have identified a novel TCR-CD3- and CD28-responsive enhancer (CD28rE) located 8.5 kb 5' of the IL-2Ralpha gene. PRRIV/CD28rE contains a functional CRE/TRE element required for CD28 signaling. The T-cell-specific, CD28-responsive expression of the IL-2Ralpha gene appears controlled through PRRIV/CD28rE by cooperation of CREB/ATF and AP-1 family transcription factors.

The three-dimensional structure of a Plasmodium falciparum cyclophilin in complex with the potent anti-malarial cyclosporin A.

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent anti-malarial compound in vitro and in vivo in mice though better known for its immunosuppressive properties in humans. Crystal structures of wild-type and a double mutant Plasmodium falciparum cyclophilin (PfCyP19 and mPfCyP19) complexed with CsA have been determined using diffraction terms to a resolution of 2.1 A (1 A=0.1 nm). The wild-type has a single PfCyP19/CsA complex per asymmetric unit in space group P1 and refined to an R-work of 0.15 and R-free of 0.19. An altered cyclophilin, with two accidental mutations, Phe120 to Leu in the CsA binding pocket and Leu171 to Trp at the C terminus, presents two complexes per asymmetric unit in the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2. This refined to an R-work of 0.18 and R-free 0.21. The mutations were identified from the crystallographic analysis and the C-terminal alteration helps to explain the different crystal forms obtained. PfCyP19 shares approximately 61 % sequence identity with human cyclophilin A (hCyPA) and the structures are similar, consisting of an eight-stranded antiparallel beta-barrel core capped by two alpha-helices. The fold creates a hydrophobic active-site, the floor of which is formed by side-chains of residues from four antiparallel beta-strands and the walls from loops and turns. We identified C-H.O hydrogen bonds between the drug and protein that may be an important feature of cyclophilins and suggest a general mode of interaction between hydrophobic molecules. Comparisons with cyclophilin-dipeptide complexes suggests that a specific C-H.O hydrogen bonding interaction may contribute to ligand binding. Residues Ser106, His99 and Asp130, located close to the active site and conserved in most cyclophilins, are arranged in a manner reminiscent of a serine protease catalytic triad. A Ser106Ala mutant was engineered to test the hypothesis that this triad contributes to CyP function. Mutant and wild-type enzymes were found to have similar catalytic properties.

CD28 signal transduction pathways. A comparison of B7-1 and B7-2 regulation of the map kinases: ERK2 and Jun kinases.

The present study compares the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase responses in T cells activated with the CD28 ligands B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2/B70 (CD86). Ligands B7-1 and B7-2 do not activate the Raf-1/ERK2 cascade, but share the ability to activate related Jun kinases. These natural ligands for CD28 had no stimulatory effect alone on Jun kinase activation, but the data show that B7-1 and B7-2 could both co-operate with intracellular Ca2+ increase and protein kinase C (PKC) activation to stimulate Jun kinases. The present study shows that the interaction of CD28 with its ligands B7-1 and B7-2 can induce identical signal transduction through the MAP kinase cascades.

Effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system in rats.

Rats suspended in a model system designed to simulate many aspects of weightlessness were immunized with sheep red blood cells. Parameters measured on these and control rats included titers of anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies, serum immunoglobulin levels, spleen and thymus weights, hematocrits, and leukocyte differential counts on peripheral blood. No significant differences were found between test and weight-bearing, harnessed controls; however, the thymuses of animals in both these groups were significantly smaller than untreated cage controls. The lack of an effect of simulated weightlessness on the immune system is an interesting result, and its significance is discussed.

Social support, quality of life, immune function, and health in persons living with HIV.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between social support and quality of life in individuals with HIV. Using a descriptive, correlational design, data were collected from 50 HIV-positive individuals who were: (a) participants in support groups at a behavioral medicine unit, (b) inpatient or respite care patients with HIV, or (c) respondents to advertisements at AIDS service organizations. Instruments used for data collection were the Personal Resource Questionnaire 85-Part 2 (Weinert, 1987), measuring perceived social support, and the Quality of Life Index (QLI) (Ferrans & Powers, 1985), measuring the sense of well-being in life including the satisfaction with and importance of life domains with four subscales: health and functioning, socioeconomic, psychological/spiritual, and family. The results of the study indicated that social support was significantly correlated with quality of life (r = 0.81, p < 0.0001). Further, HIV status (asymptomatic HIV, symptomatic HIV, AIDS) was significantly related to quality of life (p < 0.01). However, HIV status was not significantly related to social support. No significant relationship was found between CD4 counts and HIV status, CD4 counts and social support, or CD4 counts and perceived health status. However, CD4 counts were significantly correlated with scores on the QLI. The findings of the study indicate that social support and quality of life are significantly intercorrelated and that higher CD4 counts are related to quality of life in this sample of persons living with HIV. Further areas for research include evaluation of quality of life over the span of HIV disease and interventions aimed at enhancing or maintaining quality of life in persons across the spectrum of HIV disease.

Characterization of the three Arabidopsis thaliana RAD21 cohesins reveals differential responses to ionizing radiation.

The RAD21/REC8 gene family has been implicated in sister chromatid cohesion and DNA repair in several organisms. Unlike most eukaryotes, Arabidopsis thaliana has three RAD21 gene homologues, and their cloning and characterization are reported here. All three genes, AtRAD21.1, AtRAD21.2, and AtRAD21.3, are expressed in tissues rich in cells undergoing cell division, and AtRAD21.3 shows the highest relative level of expression. An increase in steady-state levels of AtRAD21.1 transcript was also observed, specifically after the induction of DNA damage. Phenotypic analysis of the atrad21.1 and atrad21.3 mutants revealed that neither of the single mutants was lethal, probably due to the redundancy in function of the AtRAD21 genes. However, AtRAD21.1 plays a critical role in recovery from DNA damage during seed imbibition, prior to germination, as atrad21.1 mutant seeds are hypersensitive to radiation damage.

[Official statistics as a source for the study of the family and the residential group using the general census of population of Portugal of 1981]. / As estatisticas oficiais como fontes para o estudo da familia e do grupo co-residente a proposito do recenseamento geral da populacao de Portugal de 1981.

PIP: The author discusses how information from the 1981 census of Portugal can be used to study various aspects of the household, the family, the non-family resident aggregate, and the individual. Included are data on the average number of persons per family and per non-family aggregate, and the percentage distribution of families by size in the various districts of continental Portugal. The data are compared with data from a 1980-1981 Inquiry into Family Income and Expenses^ieng