RESUMO
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine, a unique NN bond-containing heterocycle with a bridgehead nitrogen, was first synthesized in the late 1970s but did not find utility until more than a decade later in the early 1990s when it was incorporated into C-nucleosides as a novel purine-like mimetic. This heterocycle remained at the fringes of medicinal chemistry until a confluence of events spurred by the explosion of the kinase inhibitor field in the early 2000s and the pressing need for novel, druggable scaffolds to occupy that exciting space led to numerous applications against diverse therapeutic targets. This digest will explore the history of this scaffold and the importance of chemistry in propelling drug discovery. The varied uses of this scaffold will be detailed as it progressed from C-nucleosides, to kinase inhibitors, to recognition as a "privileged" template, and finally reemergence in the C-nucleoside field.
Assuntos
Compostos Heterocíclicos/farmacologia , Nitrogênio/farmacologia , Nucleosídeos/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Triazinas/farmacologia , Química Farmacêutica , Descoberta de Drogas , Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos/química , Nitrogênio/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazinas/síntese química , Triazinas/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive type of advanced breast cancer with a poor prognosis. We recently found that focal adhesion kinase 1 (FAK1) is upregulated and phosphorylated (active) in IBC. In this study, we investigated the effect of CEP-37440, a dual inhibitor of FAK1 and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), using human IBC cell lines and preclinical models of IBC. METHODS: Cell proliferation assays were performed in the presence of several concentrations of CEP-37440 using IBC and triple-negative breast cancer non-IBC cell lines. In vitro, we studied the expression of total FAK1, phospho-FAK1 (Tyr 397), total ALK and phospho-ALK (Tyr 1604). In vivo, we tested CEP-37440 using FC-IBC02, SUM149, and SUM190 IBC xenograft mouse models. RESULTS: CEP-37440 at low concentration decreased the proliferation of the IBC cell lines FC-IBC02, SUM190, and KPL4, while not affecting the proliferation of normal breast epithelial cells. At higher concentration, CEP-37440 was also able to inhibit the proliferation of the IBC cell line MDA-IBC03 and the triple-negative non-IBC cell lines MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468; the IBC cell line SUM149 showed a slight response to the drug. CEP-37440 decreased the cell proliferation of FC-IBC02, SUM190, and KPL4 by blocking the autophosphorylation kinase activity of FAK1 (Tyr 397). None of the cells evaluated expressed ALK. In vivo, after 7 weeks of CEP-37440 treatment, the SUM190, FC-IBC02, and SUM149 breast tumor xenografts were smaller in mice treated with 55 mg/kg bid CEP-37440 compared to the controls; the tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was 79.7 %, 33 %, and 23 %, respectively. None of the FC-IBC02 breast xenografts mice treated with CEP-37440 developed brain metastasis while 20 % of the mice in the control group developed brain metastasis. Expression array analyses in FC-IBC02 cells showed that CEP-37440 affects the expression of genes related to apoptosis, interferon signaling, and cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: CEP-37440 is effective against some IBC cells that express phospho-FAK1 (Tyr 397), and its antiproliferative activity is related to its ability to decrease phospho-FAK1. Our results suggest that combinational therapies could be more effective than using CEP-37440 as a single agent.
Assuntos
Benzamidas/administração & dosagem , Benzocicloeptenos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/genética , Neoplasias Inflamatórias Mamárias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína-Tirosina Quinases de Adesão Focal/biossíntese , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Neoplasias Inflamatórias Mamárias/genética , Neoplasias Inflamatórias Mamárias/patologia , Camundongos , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/biossíntese , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
The diastereoselective synthesis and biological activity of piperidine-3,4-diol and piperidine-3-ol-derived pyrrolotriazine inhibitors of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) are described. Although piperidine-3,4-diol and piperidine-3-ol derivatives showed comparable in vitro ALK activity, the latter subset of inhibitors demonstrated improved physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. Furthermore, the stereochemistry of the C3 and C4 centers had a marked impact on the in vivo inhibition of ALK autophosphorylation. Thus, trans-4-aryl-piperidine-3-ols (22) were more potent than the cis diastereomers (20).
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/tratamento farmacológico , Pirróis/química , Pirróis/uso terapêutico , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazinas/química , Triazinas/uso terapêutico , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/enzimologia , Camundongos SCID , Modelos Moleculares , Piperidinas/química , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Pirróis/farmacocinética , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Triazinas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
A series of macrocyclic calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists identified using structure-based design principles, exemplified by HTL0028016 (1) and HTL0028125 (2), is described. Structural characterization by X-ray crystallography of the interaction of two of the macrocycle antagonists with the CGRP receptor ectodomain is described, along with structure-activity relationships associated with point changes to the macrocyclic antagonists. The identification of non-peptidic/natural product-derived, macrocyclic ligands for a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) is noteworthy.
Assuntos
Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G , Proteína Semelhante a Receptor de Calcitonina/química , Proteína Semelhante a Receptor de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ligantes , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/química , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismoRESUMO
There are numerous published studies establishing a link between reactive metabolite formation and toxicity of various drugs. Although the correlation between idiosyncratic reactions and reactive metabolite formation is not 1:1, the association between the two is such that many pharmaceutical companies now monitor for reactive metabolites as a standard part of drug candidate testing and selection. The most common method involves in vitro human microsomal incubations in the presence of a thiol trapping agent, such as glutathione (GSH), followed by LC/MS analysis. In this study, we describe several 2,7-disubstituted-pyrrolotriazine analogues that are extremely potent reactive metabolite precursors. Utilizing a UPLC/UV/MS method, unprecedented levels of GSH adducts were measured that are 5-10 times higher than previously reported for high reactive metabolite-forming compounds such as clozapine and troglitazone.
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica , Glutationa/metabolismo , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Pirróis/metabolismo , Triazinas/metabolismo , Animais , Bile/química , Biotransformação , Cromanos/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia Líquida , Clozapina/metabolismo , Cães , Haplorrinos , Humanos , Camundongos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/urina , Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Pirróis/síntese química , Pirróis/farmacocinética , Pirróis/urina , Ratos , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por Electrospray , Compostos de Sulfidrila/metabolismo , Tiazolidinedionas/metabolismo , Triazinas/síntese química , Triazinas/farmacocinética , Triazinas/urina , TroglitazonaRESUMO
The incorporation of R,R-1,2-diaminocyclohexane at C4 in a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines led to a number of ALK inhibitors in which optimized activity was achieved by conversion of the 2-amino group into a methanesulfonamide. Tumor growth inhibition was observed when an orally bioavailable analog was evaluated in a Karpas-299 tumor xenograft mouse model.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Cicloexilaminas/síntese química , Pirimidinas/síntese química , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Cicloexilaminas/administração & dosagem , Cicloexilaminas/farmacologia , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/administração & dosagem , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Bombas de Infusão , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Pirimidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase, with oncogenic variants that have been implicated in ALCL, NSCLC and other cancers. Screening of a VEGFR2-biased kinase library resulted in identification of 1 which showed cross-reactivity with ALK. SAR on the indole segment of 1 showed that a subtle structural modification (the ethoxy group of 1 changed to a benzyloxy to generate 5a) enhanced potency (ALK), selectivity for VEGFR2 and IR along with improvement in metabolic stability. From docking studies of ALK versus VEGFR2 kinase, we postulated that the loss of entropy of the VEGFR2 in the bound form with 5a might be the origin of the reduced activity against that protein. Modification of the heterocyclic segment showed that thiazole-bearing pyrazolones preserved enzyme potency, and enhanced inhibition of NPM-ALK autophosphorylation in ALK-positive ALCL cells (Karpas-299). SAR of the benzyloxy group resulted in compounds which demonstrated good cellular potency in Karpas-299 cells. Compound 8 showed best overall profile for the series with broad kinome selectivity and liver micorsome stability. Compound 8 showed reasonable iv PK in rat, but with little oral exposure.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Pirazolonas/química , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Simulação por Computador , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Indóis/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Pirazolonas/síntese química , Pirazolonas/farmacocinética , Pirazolonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptor 2 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular/metabolismoRESUMO
The HGF-c-Met signaling axis is an important paracrine mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal cell interactions involving the regulation of multiple cellular activities including cell motility, mitogenesis, morphogenesis, and angiogenesis. Dysregulation of c-Met signaling (e.g., overexpression or increased activation) is associated with the development of a wide range of tumor types; thus, inhibiting the HGF-c-Met pathway is predicted to lead to anti-tumor effects in many cancers. Elaboration of a 2-arylaminopyrimidine scaffold led to a series of potent c-Met inhibitors bearing a C4-2-amino-N-methylbenzamide group. Specifically, a series of C2-benzazepinone analogs demonstrated potent inhibition of c-Met in enzymatic and cellular assays. Kinase selectivity could be tuned by varying the nature of the alkyl group on the benzazepinone nitrogen.
Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/química , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/síntese química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-met/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The synthesis and biological evaluation of potent and selective anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors from a novel class of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, incorporating 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-benzo[d]azepine fragments, is described. An orally bioavailable analogue (18) that displayed antitumor efficacy in ALCL xenograft models in mice was identified and extensively profiled.
Assuntos
Benzazepinas/química , Linfoma Anaplásico de Células Grandes/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirimidinas/química , Administração Oral , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Benzazepinas/farmacocinética , Benzazepinas/uso terapêutico , Camundongos , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Pirimidinas/farmacocinética , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
Structure-based drug design enabled the discovery of 8, HTL22562, a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist. The structure of 8 complexed with the CGRP receptor was determined at a 1.6 Å resolution. Compound 8 is a highly potent, selective, metabolically stable, and soluble compound suitable for a range of administration routes that have the potential to provide rapid systemic exposures with resultant high levels of receptor coverage (e.g., subcutaneous). The low lipophilicity coupled with a low anticipated clinically efficacious plasma exposure for migraine also suggests a reduced potential for hepatotoxicity. These properties have led to 8 being selected as a clinical candidate for acute treatment of migraine.
Assuntos
Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/farmacologia , Indazóis/farmacologia , Receptores de Peptídeo Relacionado com o Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/síntese química , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Antagonistas do Receptor do Peptídeo Relacionado ao Gene de Calcitonina/toxicidade , Cães , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Indazóis/síntese química , Indazóis/metabolismo , Indazóis/toxicidade , Macaca fascicularis , Transtornos de Enxaqueca/tratamento farmacológico , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Ratos , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/metabolismo , Compostos de Espiro/toxicidade , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Potent and selective inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE) were discovered with several new heterocyclic P1' groups in conjunction with cyclic beta-amino hydroxamic acid scaffolds. Among them, the pyrazolopyridine provided the best overall profile when combined with tetrahydropyran beta-amino hydroxamic acid scaffold. Specifically, inhibitor 49 showed IC(50) value of 1 nM against porcine TACE and 170 nM in the suppression of LPS-induced TNF-alpha of human whole blood. Compound 49 also displayed excellent selectivity over a wide panel of MMPs as well as excellent oral bioavailability (F%>90%) in rat n-in-1 PK studies.
Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzofuranos/química , Imidazóis/química , Indóis/química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Pirazóis/química , Piridinas/química , Proteínas ADAM/metabolismo , Proteína ADAM17 , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Metaloproteinases de Matriz , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMO
Selective inhibitors of TNF-alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) based on (1R,2S)-cyclopentyl, (3S,4S)-pyrrolidinyl, and (3R,4S)-tetrahydrofuranyl beta-benzamido hydroxamic acids have been synthesized and evaluated. This study has led to the discovery of novel inhibitors whose profiles include activity against TACE in an enzyme assay, potency in the suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha in human whole blood, selectivity against a panel of MMPs and oral bioavailability.
Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Proteína ADAM17 , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/administração & dosagem , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/síntese química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacocinética , Ratos , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Two novel oxaspiro[4.4]nonane beta-benzamido hydroxamic scaffolds have been synthesized in enantio- and diasteriomerically pure form. These templates proved to be exceptional platforms that have led to the discovery of potent inhibitors of TACE that are active in a cellular assay measuring suppression of LPS-induced TNF-alpha. Furthermore, these inhibitors are selective against related MMPs, demonstrate permeability in a Caco-2 assay, and display good oral bioavailability.
Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/antagonistas & inibidores , Alcanos/química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacologia , Compostos de Espiro/química , Proteína ADAM17 , Administração Oral , Alcanos/síntese química , Alcanos/farmacocinética , Alcanos/farmacologia , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Células CACO-2 , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/síntese química , Ácidos Hidroxâmicos/farmacocinética , Inibidores de Metaloproteinases de Matriz , Metaloproteinases da Matriz/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/farmacocinética , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologiaRESUMO
Novel ((2-substituted-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzamides were found to be excellent P1' substituents in conjunction with unique constrained beta-amino hydroxamic acid scaffolds for the discovery of potent selective inhibitors of TNF-alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE). Optimized examples proved potent for TACE, exceptionally selective over a wide panel of MMP and ADAM proteases, potent in the suppression of LPS-induced TNF-alpha in human whole blood and orally bioavailable.
Assuntos
Proteínas ADAM/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzamidas/química , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Proteína ADAM17 , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Benzamidas/sangue , Benzamidas/farmacocinética , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cães , Meia-Vida , Estrutura Molecular , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
At the discovery stage, it is important to understand the drug design concepts for a CNS drug compared to those for a non-CNS drug. Previously, we published on ideal CNS drug property space and defined in detail the physicochemical property distribution of CNS versus non-CNS oral drugs, the application of radar charting (a graphical representation of multiple physicochemical properties used during CNS lead optimization), and a recursive partition classification tree to differentiate between CNS- and non-CNS drugs. The objective of the present study was to further understand the differentiation of physicochemical properties between CNS and non-CNS oral drugs by the development and application of a new CNS scoring scheme: Technically Extended MultiParameter Optimization (TEMPO). In this multiparameter method, we identified eight key physicochemical properties critical for accurately assessing CNS druggability: (1) number of basic amines, (2) carbon-heteroatom (non-carbon, non-hydrogen) ratio, (3) number of aromatic rings, (4) number of chains, (5) number of rotatable bonds, (6) number of H-acceptors, (7) computed octanol/water partition coefficient (AlogP), and (8) number of nonconjugated C atoms in nonaromatic rings. Significant features of the CNS-TEMPO penalty score are the extension of the multiparameter approach to generate an accurate weight factor for each physicochemical property, the use of limits on both sides of the computed property space range during the penalty calculation, and the classification of CNS and non-CNS drug scores. CNS-TEMPO significantly outperformed CNS-MPO and the Schrödinger QikProp CNS parameter (QP_CNS) in evaluating CNS drugs and has been extensively applied in support of CNS lead optimization programs.
Assuntos
Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/química , Fármacos do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos dos fármacos , Desenho de Fármacos , Modelos Químicos , Animais , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Fenômenos Químicos , Bases de Dados de Compostos Químicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Monitorização FisiológicaRESUMO
Advanced basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) circumvent Smoothened (SMO) inhibition by activating GLI transcription factors to sustain the high levels of Hedgehog (HH) signaling required for their survival. Unfortunately, there is a lack of efficacious therapies. We performed a gene expression-based drug repositioning screen in silico and identified the FDA-approved histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, vorinostat, as a top therapeutic candidate. We show that vorinostat only inhibits proliferation of BCC cells in vitro and BCC allografts in vivo at high dose, limiting its usefulness as a monotherapy. We leveraged this in silico approach to identify drug combinations that increase the therapeutic window of vorinostat and identified atypical PKC Æ/Ê (aPKC) as a HDAC costimulator of HH signaling. We found that aPKC promotes GLI1-HDAC1 association in vitro, linking two positive feedback loops. Combination targeting of HDAC1 and aPKC robustly inhibited GLI1, lowering drug doses needed in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo in patient-derived BCC explants. We identified a bioavailable and selective small-molecule aPKC inhibitor, bringing the pharmacological blockade of aPKC and HDAC1 into the realm of clinical possibility. Our findings provide a compelling rationale and candidate drugs for combined targeting of HDAC1 and aPKC in HH-dependent cancers.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Basocelular/tratamento farmacológico , Histona Desacetilase 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/farmacologia , Isoenzimas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Quinase C/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/tratamento farmacológico , Aloenxertos , Animais , Carcinoma Basocelular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Biologia Computacional , Combinação de Medicamentos , Descoberta de Drogas , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ouriços/genética , Ouriços/metabolismo , Histona Desacetilase 1/genética , Histona Desacetilase 1/metabolismo , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases/química , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/genética , Proteína GLI1 em Dedos de Zinco/metabolismoRESUMO
Analogues structurally related to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor 1 were optimized for metabolic stability. The results from this endeavor not only led to improved metabolic stability, pharmacokinetic parameters, and in vitro activity against clinically derived resistance mutations but also led to the incorporation of activity for focal adhesion kinase (FAK). FAK activation, via amplification and/or overexpression, is characteristic of multiple invasive solid tumors and metastasis. The discovery of the clinical stage, dual FAK/ALK inhibitor 27b, including details surrounding SAR, in vitro/in vivo pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, is reported herein.
Assuntos
Benzamidas/farmacologia , Benzocicloeptenos/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Quinase 1 de Adesão Focal/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Benzamidas/administração & dosagem , Benzamidas/química , Benzocicloeptenos/administração & dosagem , Benzocicloeptenos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Feminino , Quinase 1 de Adesão Focal/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Camundongos SCID , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Neoplasias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Experimentais/patologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/administração & dosagem , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), a receptor tyrosine kinase from the insulin receptor superfamily, is implicated in the oncogenesis of numerous cancers including anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors, glioblastoma, as well as neuroblastoma. The root cause for these specific cancers has been identified as aberrant ALK kinase activity, which has been shown to be associated with specific gene translocations, single-point mutations, gene amplification and/or overexpression. The direct inhibition of ALK with small-molecule inhibitors represents a viable therapeutic intervention that has achieved clinical proof of concept. AREAS COVERED: Small-molecule ALK inhibitors covered in the patent literature from 2010 to September 2013 are described. Relevant peer-reviewed journal articles that describe discovery and development of the above-identified ALK inhibitors are also discussed. Keyword-based (e.g., ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase) literature searches were conducted in Scifinder®. EXPERT OPINION: Novel ALK inhibitors continued to be discovered at a fast pace over the covered period, with many distinct chemotypes emerging. Crizotinib received FDA approval in 2011, and six additional ALK inhibitors have entered clinical trials. The focus of ALK research appears to have shifted toward inhibitors that display activity against resistant mutants unearthed in clinical studies with crizotinib.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Patentes como Assunto , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Animais , Crizotinibe , Humanos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
A novel set of 2,4,8,22-tetraazatetracyclo[14.3.1.1(3,7).1(9,13)]docosa-1(20),3(22),4,6,9(21),10,12,16,18-nonaene macrocycles were prepared as potential anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitors, designed to rigidly lock an energy-minimized bioactive conformation of the diaminopyrimidine (DAP) scaffold, a well-documented kinase platform. From 13 analogues prepared, macrocycle 2m showed the most promising in vitro ALK enzymatic (IC(50) = 0.5 nM) and cellular (IC(50) = 10 nM) activities. In addition, macrocycle 2m exhibited a favorable kinase selectivity preference for inhibition of ALK relative to the highly homologous insulin receptor (IR) kinase (IR/ALK ratio of 173). The inclusive in vitro biological results for this set of macrocycles validate this scaffold as a viable kinase template and further corroborate recent DAP/ALK solid state studies indicating that the inverted "U" shaped conformation of the acyclic DAPs is a preferred bioactive conformation.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/síntese química , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase do Linfoma Anaplásico , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/química , Compostos Heterocíclicos de 4 ou mais Anéis/farmacologia , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Nucleofosmina , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/genética , Proteínas de Fusão Oncogênica/metabolismo , Fosforilação , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/genética , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Receptor de Insulina/antagonistas & inibidores , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer, supported by considerable favorable preclinical and clinical activities over the past several years and culminating in the recent FDA approval of the ALK inhibitor crizotinib. Through a series of targeted modifications on an ALK inhibitor diaminopyrimidine scaffold, our research group has driven improvements in ALK potency, kinase selectivity, and overall pharmaceutical properties. Optimization of this scaffold has led to the identification of a potent and efficacious inhibitor of ALK, 25b. A striking feature of 25b over previously described ALK inhibitors is its >600-fold selectivity over insulin receptor (IR), a closely related kinase family member. Most importantly, 25b exhibited dose proportional escalation in rat compared to compound 3 which suffered dose limiting absorption preventing further advancement. Compound 25b exhibited significant in vivo antitumor efficacy when dosed orally in an ALK-positive ALCL tumor xenograft model in SCID mice, warranting further assessment in advanced preclinical models.