Does the use of a diving mask adapted for non-invasive ventilation in hypoxemic acute respiratory failure in individuals with and without COVID-19 increase the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen? A randomized clinical trial.

Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can be used in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF); however, verifying the best interface for its use needs to be evaluated in the COVID-19 pandemic scenario. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2 ratio) in patients with AHRF with and without COVID-19 undergoing NIV with the conventional orofacial mask and the adapted diving mask. This is a randomized clinical trial in which patients were allocated into four groups: i) group 1: COVID-19 + adapted mask (n=12); ii) group 2: COVID-19 + conventional orofacial mask (n=12); iii) group 3: non-COVID-19 + adapted mask (n=2); iv) group 4: non-COVID-19 + conventional orofacial mask (n=12). The PaO2/FiO2 ratio was obtained 1, 24, and 48 hours after starting NIV, and the success of NIV was evaluated. This study followed the norms of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials statement and was registered in the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials under registration RBR-7xmbgsz. Both the adapted diving mask and the conventional orofacial mask increased the PaO2/FiO2 ratio. The interfaces differed in terms of the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in the first hour [309.66 (11.48) and 275.71 (11.48), respectively] (p=0.042) and 48 hours [365.81 (16.85) and 308.79 (18.86), respectively] (p=0.021). NIV success was 91.7% in groups 1, 2, and 3, and 83.3% in group 4. No adverse effects related to interfaces or NIV were observed. NIV through the conventional orofacial mask interfaces and the adapted diving mask was effective in improving the PaO2/FiO2 ratio; however, the adapted mask presented a better PaO2/FiO2 ratio during use. There was no significant difference between interfaces regarding NIV failure.

Impact of moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis on thoraco-abdominal kinematics and respiratory muscle function.

Objective: To assess thoraco-abdominal kinematics, respiratory muscle strength and electromyographic activity of the diaphragm (EAdi) in moderate-severe allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 40 individuals (20 in the AR group) and 20 in the control group [CG]) was conducted. Ventilatory pattern and chest wall volume distribution (optoelectronic plethysmography), respiratory muscle strength (manovacuometry and sniff nasal inspiratory pressure [SNIP]), and EAdi were assessed in both groups. Results: The AR patients had impaired thoraco-abdominal kinematics (reduced total chest wall volume) (p = 0.004), lower values of total respiratory cycle time (p = 0.014) and expiratory time (p = 0.006). They also presented an increase of percentage contribution of the abdominal rib cage (p = 0.475) and respiratory rate (p = 0.019). A positive correlation among pulmonary rib cage tidal volume and MIP (r = 0.544; p < 0.001), SNIP (r = 0.615; p < 0.001), and MEP (r = 0.604; p < 0.001) was observed. After adjusting for age, BMI and gender through multivariate analysis, the individuals with AR presented lower values ​​of MIP (ß = -24.341; p < 0.001), MEP (ß = -0.277; p < 0.001), SNIP (ß = -34.687; p < 0.001) and RMS (ß = -0.041; p = 0.017). Conclusions: The individuals with moderate-severe persistent AR had worse respiratory muscle strength, diaphragm activation and chest wall volume distribution with a higher abdominal contribution to tidal volume than the control group. These findings reinforce the notion that the upper and lower airways work in an integrated and synergistic manner.

Does Valved Holding Chamber Improve Aerosol Lung Deposition with a Jet Nebulizer? A Randomized Crossover Study.

Using valved holding chambers (VHC) during aerosol therapy has been reported to improve the inhaled dose with various aerosol devices, including vibrating mesh nebulizers. The aim of this study was to quantify the pulmonary deposition of a jet nebulizer (JN) with and without a VHC, and a mesh nebulizer (MN) with a VHC in a randomized cross-over trial with seven healthy consenting adults. Our hypothesis was that the use of a VHC would improve deposition with the JN. Diethylnitriaminopentacetic acid with technetium (DTPA-Tc99m), with the activity of 1 mC with 0.9% saline solution was nebulized. The radiolabeled aerosol was detected by 2D planar scintigraphy after administration. The pulmonary deposition was greater with a JN with a VHC (4.5%) than a JN alone (3.2%; p = 0.005. However, an MN with a VHC (30.0%) was six-fold greater than a JN or JN with a VHC (p < 0.001). The extrapulmonary deposition was higher in the JN group without a VHC than in the other two modalities (p < 0.001). Deposition in the device was greater with a JN + VHC than an MN+/VHC (p < 0.001). Lower residual drug at the end of the dose was detected with an MN than either JN configuration. The exhaled dose was greater with a JN alone than either an MN or JN with VHC (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the addition of the VHC did not substantially improve the efficiency of aerosol lung deposition over a JN alone.

Effectiveness of an adapted diving mask (Owner mask) for non-invasive ventilation in the COVID-19 pandemic scenario: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is indicated to avoid orotracheal intubation (OTI) to reduce hospital stay and mortality. Patients infected by SARS-CoV2 can progress to respiratory failure (RF); however, in the initial phase, they can be submitted to oxygen therapy and NIV. Such resources can produce aerosol and can cause a high risk of contagion to health professionals. Safe NIV strategies are sought, and therefore, the authors adapted diving masks to be used as NIV masks (called an Owner mask). OBJECTIVE: To assess the Owner mask safety and effectiveness regarding conventional orofacial mask for patients in respiratory failure with and without confirmation or suspicion of COVID-19. METHODS: A Brazilian multicentric study to assess patients admitted to the intensive care unit regarding their clinical, sociodemographic and anthropometric data. The primary outcome will be the rate of tracheal intubation, and secondary outcomes will include in-hospital mortality, the difference in PaO2/FiO2 ratio and PaCO2 levels, time in the intensive care unit and hospitalization time, adverse effects, degree of comfort and level of satisfaction of the mask use, success rate of NIV (not progressing to OTI), and behavior of the ventilatory variables obtained in NIV with an Owner mask and with a conventional face mask. Patients with COVID-19 and clinical signs indicative of RF will be submitted to NIV with an Owner mask [NIV Owner COVID Group (n = 63)] or with a conventional orofacial mask [NIV orofacial COVID Group (n = 63)], and those patients in RF due to causes not related to COVID-19 will be allocated into the NIV Owner Non-COVID Group (n = 97) or to the NIV Orofacial Non-COVID Group (n = 97) in a randomized way, which will total 383 patients, admitting 20% for loss to follow-up. DISCUSSION: This is the first randomized and controlled trial during the COVID-19 pandemic about the safety and effectiveness of the Owner mask compared to the conventional orofacial mask. Experimental studies have shown that the Owner mask enables adequate sealing on the patient's face and the present study is relevant as it aims to minimize the aerosolization of the virus in the environment and improve the safety of health professionals. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (ReBEC): RBR - 7xmbgsz . Registered on 15 April 2021.

Effects of the mandibular advancement device on daytime sleepiness, quality of life and polysomnographic profile of public transport drivers with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of the mandibular advancement device (MAD) on daytime sleepiness, quality of life (QoL) and polysomnographic profile of intercity transport drivers with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A quasi-experimental study evaluating intercity transport drivers from March to September 2019. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) was evaluated by type III polysomnography, which defined the severity of the disease. OSAS: mild (5 to 15), moderate (15 to 29), or severe (= 30). Sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth sleepiness scale, consisting of 8 questions about the likelihood of drowsiness in daily situations. QoL was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire, which provides the score in eight domains: functional capacity, physical aspects, pain, general health status, vitality, social aspects, emotional aspects, and mental health. Drivers with OSAS underwent intervention with application of personalized MAD for 8 to 12 weeks. RESULTS: The total sample (n=23) (44.77±11.56 years) had a body mass index (BMI) of 30.64±4.66kg/m2, and an OSAS prevalence of 65.2% of drivers (n=15). There were losses of 4 drivers so that the final sample of drivers with OSAS for the intervention with the MAD was 11 individuals, with an average age of 45.54±9.41 years and BMI of 32.21±3.17kg/m². There was a decrease in AHI (28.51±15.66ev/h 012.11±6.70ev/h, p=0.002) and pain (60 (50-60)040 (40-50), p=0.015) after the intervention. CONCLUSION: There was a reduction in AHI in intercity transport drivers after implementing the MAD procedure.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THE SCREEN TIME AND THE CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS WITH THE PRESENCE OF METABOLIC RISK IN SCHOOLCHILDREN.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness with the presence of metabolic risk in schoolchildren in an isolated and clustered manner. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 1.200 schoolchildren from Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated. The continuous metabolic risk score was calculated by summing the Z score of the waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). RESULTS: Children (34.3%) and adolescents (48.2%) had high screen time, while 44.3% of the children and 53.3% of the adolescents were unfit in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding the relation of screen time/cardiorespiratory fitness, 14.7% of the children and 26.9% of the adolescents presented high screen time and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. The presence of metabolic risk was shown in children (17.1%) and adolescents (14.7%). The presence of metabolic risk was directly associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents. When analyzed in clusters, the metabolic risk in children was 11% more prevalent in subjects with low screen time/unfit and 12% in subjects with high screen time/unfit, whereas in adolescents, the prevalence of metabolic risk was also higher in those with low screen time/unfit (8%) and high screen time/unfit (7%). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of metabolic risk in children and adolescents was associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, independent of screen time, in an isolated or clustered manner.

A mesh nebulizer is more effective than jet nebulizer to nebulize bronchodilators during non-invasive ventilation of subjects with COPD: A randomized controlled trial with radiolabeled aerosols.

BACKGROUND: Beneficial effects from non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in acute COPD are well-established, but the impact of nebulization during NIV has not been well described. AIM: To compare pulmonary deposition and distribution across regions of interest with administration of radiolabeled aerosols generated by vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMN) and jet nebulizer (JN) during NIV. METHODS: A crossover single dose study involving 9 stable subjects with moderate to severe COPD randomly allocated to receive aerosol administration by the VMN Aerogen and the MistyNeb jet nebulizer operating with oxygen at 8 lpm during NIV. Radiolabeled bronchodilators (fill volume of 3 mL: 0.5 mL salbutamol 2.5 mg + 0.125 mL ipratropium 0.25 mg and physiologic saline up to 3 mL) were delivered until sputtering during NIV (pressures of 12 cmH2O and 5 cmH2O - inspiratory and expiratory, respectively) using an oro-nasal facemask. Radioactivity counts were performed using a gamma camera and regions of interest (ROIs) were delimited. Aerosol mass balance based on counts from the lungs, upper airways, stomach, nebulizer, circuit, inspiratory and expiratory filters, and mask were determined and expressed as a percentage of the total. RESULTS: Both inhaled and lung doses were greater with VMN (22.78 ±â€¯3.38% and 12.05 ±â€¯2.96%, respectively) than JN (12.51 ±â€¯6.31% and 3.14 ±â€¯1.71%; p = 0.008). Residual drug volume was lower in VMN than in JN (3.08 ±â€¯1.3% versus 46.44 ±â€¯5.83%, p = 0.001). Peripheral deposition of radioaerosol was significantly lower with JN than VMN. CONCLUSIONS: VMN deposited > 3 fold more radioaerosol into the lungs of moderate to severe COPD patients than JN during NIV.

Community-acquired neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infection: case report / Infecção neonatal por SARS-CoV-2 adquirida na comunidade: relato de caso / Infección neonatal por SARS-CoV-2 adquirida en la comunidad: reporte de caso

Background and Objectives: Data collection on the incidence of COVID-19 is conducted less frequently in newborns (NB) than in adults. In view of the small number of described neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections, in this study, we report a clinical case of community-acquired COVID-19 infection in a newborn. Methods: Clinical characteristics were collected from the medical records from April 2021 until the final outcome of the newborn in May 2021. Results: This article discusses the case of a full-term male newborn aged 38 weeks. On the 17th day of life, this newborn was admitted to the pediatric unit with fever and zone 4 jaundice, mild lower chest retraction and tachypnea. The mother was diagnosed with COVID-19. Late neonatal sepsis with pulmonary focus was detected. The newborn was hospitalized and the antigen test for COVID-19 came back positive. The condition of the neonate rapidly deteriorated and he was referred to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), where he was intubated and placed on pressure-controlled mechanical ventilation. During his second week in the NICU, he developed severe pulmonary hypertension with decreased peripheral oxygen saturation and tachycardia. The newborn required blood transfusion and was put into prone position during part of the treatment. Reductions in mechanical ventilation parameters were not tolerated by the NB's organism and he developed progressive hypoxemia. The newborn died 1 month and 3 days after hospitalization. Conclusion: Our study shows a case of community-acquired COVID-19 that progressed to the severe form of the disease.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: A coleta de dados sobre a ocorrência de covid-19 em recém-nascidos (RN) não é tão frequente quanto em adultos. Portanto, devido ao baixo número de infecções neonatais por SARS-CoV-2 descritas, relatamos, neste estudo, um caso clínico de infecção por covid-19 adquirida na comunidade em um recém-nascido. Métodos: As características clínicas foram coletadas dos prontuários desde abril de 2021 até o último desfecho do RN, em maio de 2021. Resultados: Este artigo abordará um RN do sexo masculino, a termo, com 38 semanas. No 17º dia de vida, o RN deu entrada na unidade pediátrica com quadro de febre e icterícia zona 4, leve retração torácica inferior e taquipneia. A mãe foi diagnosticada com covid-19. Foi detectada sepse neonatal tardia com foco pulmonar. O RN foi internado e o teste de antígeno para covid-19 foi positivo. O quadro do RN regrediu rapidamente, sendo encaminhado à unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN), onde foi entubado e adaptado à ventilação mecânica em modo pressão controlada. Na segunda semana de internação na UTIN, desenvolveu hipertensão pulmonar grave com diminuição da saturação periférica de oxigênio e taquicardia. O RN necessitou de transfusão sanguínea e a posição prona foi realizada por períodos. Reduções nos parâmetros do ventilador mecânico não foram toleradas e o RN apresentou hipoxemia progressiva. O RN faleceu um mês e três dias após a internação. Conclusão: Nossos achados apresentam um caso de covid-19 adquirida na comunidade que evoluiu para a forma grave da doença.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: La recolección de datos sobre los contagios por covid-19 en recién nacidos (RN) no es tan frecuente como en adultos. En este contexto, y debido al bajo número de infecciones neonatales por SARSCoV-2 descritas, en este estudio se describe un caso clínico de infección posnatal por covid-19 en un recién nacido en la comunidad. Métodos: Se recogieron características médicas de las historias clínicas desde abril de 2021 hasta el último resultado del RN en mayo de 2021. Resultados: Este artículo reporta el caso de un RN del sexo masculino, a término de 38 semanas. Al 17.º día de vida, el RN ingresó a la unidad de pediatría con fiebre e ictericia zona 4, leve retracción torácica inferior y taquipnea. La madre dio positivo para covid-19. En el RN se detectó sepsis neonatal tardía con foco pulmonar. Lo hospitalizaron, y la prueba de antígenos para covid-19 dio como resultado positivo. El estado del RN empeoró rápidamente, lo remitieron a la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN), donde requirió intubación y ventilación mecánica controlada por presión. En la segunda semana en la UCIN, desarrolló hipertensión pulmonar grave con disminución de la saturación periférica de oxígeno y taquicardia. El RN requirió transfusión sanguínea, y lo pusieron en posición prona por períodos. El paciente no soportó las reducciones en los parámetros del ventilador mecánico y presentó una hipoxemia progresiva. El RN falleció un mes y tres días después de la hospitalización. Conclusión: Los hallazgos muestran un caso del covid-19 adquirido en la comunidad que progresó a la forma grave de la enfermedad.(AU)

Nível de atividade física, capacidade funcional e flexibilidade de soldados ingressantes no Exército brasileiro / Level of physical activity, functional capacity and flexibility of soldiers entering the Brazilian Army

Objetivou avaliar o nível de atividade física, capacidade funcional (CF) e a flexibilidade de adultos jovens antes e após dez meses de ingresso em um programa de exercícios físicos no Exército brasileiro. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de coorte prospectivo. O nível de atividade física foi avaliado pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), a CF, pelo Teste de Cooper, e a flexibilidade, pelo Banco de Wells. Amostra (n = 198; 18±0,27 anos) com índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 23,23±3,84 kg/m2. Após dez meses de admissão no Exército, constatou-se redução na prevalência de sedentarismo (33  28%) e na CF (2.982±243,61  3.117±192,87 m), sem alteração da flexibilidade (27,31±7,39  27,52±7,40 cm). Houve grande tamanho de efeito no IMC, na relação cintura quadril (RCQ) e na flexibilidade. Conclui-se que a inserção em um programa de exercícios físicos no Exército brasileiro aumentou a CF e reduziu a RCQ dos jovens.

This study aimed to evaluate the level of physical activity, functional capacity (FC), and flexibility of young adults before and ten months after joining a physical exercise program in the Brazilian Army. This was a prospective cohort study. The level of physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), FC using the Cooper Test, and flexibility using the Wells bench. Sample (n = 198; 18±0.27 years) with a body mass index (BMI) of 23.23±3.84 kg/m2. After ten months of admission to the Brazilian Army, there was a reduction in the prevalence of sedentary lifestyle (33  28%) and FC (2,982±243.61  3,117±192.87 m), without change in flexibility (27.31±7.39  27.52±7.40 cm). There was a large effect size on BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and flexibility. In short, inclusion in a physical exercise program in the Brazilian Army increased FC and reduced the WHR of young recruits.

Does peripheral arterial occlusive disease influence muscle strength and exercise capacity in COPD patients?

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is complex and understanding of it has been changing in recent years, with regard to its multisystemic manifestations, especially peripheral dysfunction and its influence on intolerance to exercise. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the relationship between peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) and peripheral muscle strength and exercise capacity in COPD patients. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 35 patients with COPD who were evaluated with the Ankle-Brachial Index, handgrip strength test, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) of knee extensors and flexors, and distance covered in the incremental shuttle walking test (dISWT). RESULTS: COPD patients with coexisting PAOD had lower dominant handgrip strength test results (33.00 vs. 26.66 kgf, p = 0.02) and worse performance in the dISWT (297.32 vs. 219.41 m, p = 0.02) when compared to the COPD patients without PAOD. Strong correlations were found between the result of the handgrip strength test and both the dISWT (r = 0.78; p < 0.001) and the 1RM/knee extension (r = 0.71; p = 0.03); and also between the dISWT and both the 1RM/knee extension (r = 0.72; p = 0.02) and the 1RM/knee flexion (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The linear regression model showed that the dISWT variable alone explains 15.3% of the Ankle-Brachial Index result (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: COPD patients with PAOD exhibit reduced muscle strength and lower exercise capacity than COPD patients without PAOD.

CONTEXTO: A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) apresenta uma complexa fisiopatologia e sua compreensão vem se modificando nos últimos anos, com atenção para as manifestações multissistêmicas, em especial a disfunção periférica e sua influência na intolerância ao exercício físico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto da doença arterial periférica obstrutiva (DAOP) na força muscular periférica e na capacidade de exercício dos portadores de DPOC. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 35 portadores de DPOC, que foram avaliados pelo índice tornozelo-braquial, teste de força de preensão palmar (FPP), uma repetição máxima (1RM) de extensores e flexores de joelho, e a distância no incremental shuttle walking test (dISWT). RESULTADOS: Portadores de DPOC com DAP coexistente apresentaram menor FPP da mão dominante (33,00 versus 26,66 kgf, p = 0,02) e pior desempenho no dISWT (297,32 versus 219,41 m, p = 0,02) quando comparados aos portadores de DPOC sem DAP. Fortes correlações foram encontradas entre a medida da FPP e a dISWT (r = 0,78; p < 0,001) e a 1RM/extensão de joelho (r = 0,71; p = 0,03); entre a dISWT e a 1RM/extensão de joelho (r = 0,72; p = 0,02) e a 1RM/flexão de joelho (r = 0,92; p < 0,001). O modelo de regressão linear identificou que a variável dISWT explica isoladamente 15,3% do resultado do índice tornozelo braquial (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Portadores de DPOC com DAOP coexistente apresentam maior perda da força muscular periférica e pior desempenho da capacidade de exercício quando comparados aos portadores de DPOC sem DAOP.

Effects of positive expiratory pressure on pulmonary clearance of aerosolized technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid in healthy individuals.

OBJECTIVE:: To evaluate the effects of positive expiratory pressure (PEP) on pulmonary epithelial membrane permeability in healthy subjects. METHODS:: We evaluated a cohort of 30 healthy subjects (15 males and 15 females) with a mean age of 28.3 ± 5.4 years, a mean FEV1/FVC ratio of 0.89 ± 0.14, and a mean FEV1 of 98.5 ± 13.1% of predicted. Subjects underwent technetium-99m-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) radioaerosol inhalation lung scintigraphy in two stages: during spontaneous breathing; and while breathing through a PEP mask at one of three PEP levels-10 cmH2O (n = 10), 15 cmH2O (n = 10), and 20 cmH2O (n = 10). The 99mTc-DTPA was nebulized for 3 min, and its clearance was recorded by scintigraphy over a 30-min period during spontaneous breathing and over a 30-min period during breathing through a PEP mask. RESULTS:: The pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-DTPA was significantly shorter when PEP was applied-at 10 cmH2O (p = 0.044), 15 cmH2O (p = 0.044), and 20 cmH2O (p = 0.004)-in comparison with that observed during spontaneous breathing. CONCLUSIONS:: Our findings indicate that PEP, at the levels tested, is able to induce an increase in pulmonary epithelial membrane permeability and lung volume in healthy subjects. OBJETIVO:: Avaliar os efeitos da pressão expiratória positiva (PEP) na permeabilidade da membrana epitelial pulmonar em indivíduos saudáveis. MÉTODOS:: Foi avaliada uma coorte de 30 indivíduos saudáveis (15 homens e 15 mulheres), com média de idade de 28,3 ± 5,4 anos, média da relação VEF1/CVF de 0,89 ± 0,14 e média de VEF1 de 98,5 ± 13,1% do previsto. Os indivíduos foram submetidos a cintilografia pulmonar por inalação de radioaerossol de ácido dietilenotriaminopentacético marcado com tecnécio-99m (99mTc-DTPA em inglês) em dois estágios: durante respiração espontânea e durante respiração com uma máscara de PEP de 10 cmH2O (n = 10), 15 cmH2O (n = 10) ou 20 cmH2O (n = 10). O 99mTc-DTPA foi nebulizado por 3 min, e sua depuração foi registrada por cintilografia por um período de 30 min durante respiração espontânea e por um período de 30 min durante a respiração com uma máscara de PEP. RESULTADOS:: A depuração pulmonar do 99mTc-DTPA foi significativamente menor quando PEP foi aplicada a 10 cmH2O (p = 0,044), 15 cmH2O (p = 0,044) e 20 cmH2O (p = 0,004), em comparação com a observada durante a respiração espontânea. CONCLUSÕES:: Nossos achados indicam que o uso de PEP nos níveis testados pode induzir um aumento na permeabilidade da membrana epitelial pulmonar e no volume pulmonar em indivíduos saudáveis.

Inspiratory muscle training with threshold or incentive spirometry: Which is the most effective?

Inspiratory muscular training (IMT) increases the respiratory muscle strength, however, there is no data demonstrating its superiority over the incentive spirometry (IS) in doing so. Values of muscle strength after IMT (Threshold IMT(®)) and by the IS (Voldyne(®)) in healthy females was compared. Subjects (n=40) were randomly divided into control group (CG, n=14), IS group (ISG, n=13) and threshold group (TG, n=13). PImax was measured before (pre-IMT), at 15 and 30 days of IMT. There was an increase in PImax of the TG at 15 days (p<0.001) and 30 days of IMT (p<0.001). The same occurred with the ISG, which increased the PImax at 15 days (p<0.001) and 30 days of training (p<0.001). After 30 days of IMT, the TG presented a PImax which was significantly higher than ISG and the CG (p=0.045 and p<0.001, respectively). It can be concluded that IMT by threshold was more effective in increasing muscle strength than the Voldyne.

Máscara de mergulho adaptada para ventilação não-invasiva e posição prona em paciente com COVID-19 grave: relato de caso / Diving mask adapted for non-invasive ventilation and prone position in a patient with severe covid-19: case report / Máscara de buceo adaptada para ventilación no invasiva y posición de prono en un paciente con covid-19 grave: reporte de caso

Justificativa e objetivos: Na busca de estratégias para o tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda causada pela COVID-19, surge a ventilação não invasiva (VNI) e o uso da posição prona em respiração espontânea. Objetiva-se apresentar o caso de uma paciente com COVID-19 grave admitida em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e submetida à máscara de mergulho adaptada, que se configura em uma interface inovadora para VNI, bem como a posição prona. Métodos: Relato de caso de paciente hospitalizado diagnosticado com COVID-19 submetido à VNI precoce por meio da máscara de mergulho adaptada e uso da posição prona em respiração espontânea por 8 horas noturnas e 6 horas diurnas. Resultados: Paciente do sexo feminino, 56 anos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e obesidade, apresentando tosse seca, odinofagia, fadiga e dispneia intensa na admissão. A tomografia de tórax demonstrou opacidades em vidro fosco bilaterais. A VNI foi instituída 1-2,75 vezes/dia, por 40-60 minutos, com pressão positiva ao final da expiração de 8 (7,25-8,00) cmH2O e pressão de suporte de 5,5 (4,00-6,00) cmH2O. Fuga aérea de 6 a 30%, com boa tolerância. A posição prona em respiração espontânea resultou em aumento da saturação periférica de oxigênio e redução do desconforto respiratório 30 minutos após. Conclusão: A associação do uso da VNI com máscara de mergulho adaptada e posição prona em respiração espontânea demonstrou ser eficaz em evitar a intubação orotraqueal de paciente com COVID-19 grave, ressaltando a importância da intervenção proposta.(AU)

Justification and objectives: In the search of strategies to treat acute respiratory failure caused by COVID-19, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) and the use of prone position in spontaneous breathing appear. The objective is to present the case of a patient with severe COVID-19 admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) who used an adapted diving mask, which is configured as an innovative interface for NIV, and the prone position. Methods: Case report of a hospitalized patient diagnosed with COVID-19 who underwent early NIV by means of an adapted diving mask and the prone position during spontaneous breathing for 8 hours at night and 6 hours in the day. Results: Female patient, 56 years old, systemic arterial hypertension and obesity, with dry cough, odynophagia, fatigue and severe dyspnea on admission. Chest tomography with bilateral ground-glass opacities. Non-invasive ventilation was instituted 1-2.75 times/day, for 40-60 minutes, with positive pressure at the end of expiration of 8 (7.25-8.00) cmH2O and support pressure of 5.5 (4.00 -6.00) cmH2O. Air leaks of 6 to 30%, with good tolerance. The prone position during spontaneous breathing resulted in increased peripheral oxygen saturation and reduced respiratory discomfort 30 minutes later. Conclusion: The association of the use of NIV with an adapted diving mask and prone position during spontaneous breathing proved to be effective in preventing the orotracheal intubation of a patient with severe COVID-19, emphasizing the importance of the proposed intervention.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: En la búsqueda de estrategias para el tratamiento de la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda causada por COVID-19, aparecen la ventilación no invasiva (VNI) y el uso de la posición de prono con la respiración espontánea. El objetivo es presentar el caso de un paciente con COVID-19 grave ingresado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) que utilizó una máscara de buceo adaptada, que se configura como una interfaz innovadora para VNI, así como la posición de prono. Métodos: Reporte de caso de una paciente hospitalizada con diagnóstico de COVID-19 que fue sometida a VNI precoz mediante máscara de buceo adaptada y la posición de prono con respiración espontánea durante 8 horas en la noche y 6 horas en el día. Resultados: Paciente de sexo femenino, 56 años, hipertensión arterial sistémica y obesidad, con tos seca, odinofagia, fatiga y disnea severa al ingreso. Tomografía de tórax con opacidades bilaterales en vidrio esmerilado. La VNI se instituyó de 1 a 2,75 veces/día, durante 40-60 minutos, con presión positiva al final de la espiración de 8 (7,25-8,00) cmH2O y presión de soporte de 5,5 (4, 00 -6,00) cmH2O. Fugas de aire del 6 al 30%, con buena tolerancia. La posición de prono con respiración espontánea resultó en un aumento de la saturación de oxígeno periférico y una reducción de las molestias respiratorias 30 minutos después. Conclusión: La asociación del uso de VNI con máscara de buceo adaptada y la posición de prono con respiración espontánea demostró ser efectiva para prevenir la intubación orotraqueal de una paciente con COVID-19 severo, enfatizando la importancia de la intervención propuesta.(AU)

Association between the screen time and the cardiorespiratory fitness with the presence of metabolic risk in schoolchildren / Associação entre o tempo de tela e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e a presença de risco metabólico em escolares

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness with the presence of metabolic risk in schoolchildren in an isolated and clustered manner. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 1.200 schoolchildren from Santa Cruz do Sul-RS. Screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness were evaluated. The continuous metabolic risk score was calculated by summing the Z score of the waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C). Results: Children (34.3%) and adolescents (48.2%) had high screen time, while 44.3% of the children and 53.3% of the adolescents were unfit in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness. Regarding the relation of screen time/cardiorespiratory fitness, 14.7% of the children and 26.9% of the adolescents presented high screen time and low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. The presence of metabolic risk was shown in children (17.1%) and adolescents (14.7%). The presence of metabolic risk was directly associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness in children and adolescents. When analyzed in clusters, the metabolic risk in children was 11% more prevalent in subjects with low screen time/unfit and 12% in subjects with high screen time/unfit, whereas in adolescents, the prevalence of metabolic risk was also higher in those with low screen time/unfit (8%) and high screen time/unfit (7%). Conclusions: The presence of metabolic risk in children and adolescents was associated with low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, independent of screen time, in an isolated or clustered manner.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação entre tempo de tela e aptidão cardiorrespiratória, de forma isolada e agrupada, e a presença de risco metabólico em escolares. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 1.200 escolares de Santa Cruz do Sul (RS). Foram avaliados o tempo de tela e a aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Foi calculado o escore de risco metabólico por meio da soma do escore Z, da circunferência da cintura, da pressão arterial sistólica, da glicose, dos triglicerídeos, do colesterol total, do colesterol da lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDL) e do colesterol da lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL). Resultados: Crianças (34,3%) e adolescentes (48,2%) apresentaram elevado tempo de tela, enquanto 44,3% das crianças e 53,3% dos adolescentes foram inaptos no tocante à aptidão cardiorrespiratória. Na relação tempo de tela/aptidão cardiorrespiratória, 14,7% das crianças e 26,9% dos adolescentes exibiram elevado tempo de tela e baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória. A presença de risco metabólico foi evidenciada em crianças (17,1%) e em adolescentes (14,7%). A presença de risco metabólico esteve associada diretamente com baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória nas crianças e nos adolescentes no que se refere às variáveis de forma isolada. Quando analisado de modo agrupado, o risco metabólico em crianças foi 11% mais prevalente em sujeitos com baixo tempo de tela/inaptos e 12% em sujeitos com elevado tempo de tela/inaptos, enquanto em adolescentes a prevalência de risco metabólico também foi superior nos escolares com baixo tempo de tela/inaptos (8%) e elevado tempo de tela/inaptos (7%). Conclusões: A presença de risco metabólico em crianças e adolescentes esteve associada com baixos níveis de aptidão cardiorrespiratória, independentemente do tempo de tela, tanto de modo isolado quanto agrupado.

Sternocleidomastoid muscle activation following inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial / Ativação do músculo esternocleidomastoideo após treinamento muscular inspiratório em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: ensaio clínico randomizado / Activación del músculo esternocleidomastoideo tras el entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: un ensayo clínico aleatorizado

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the effect of short-time low frequency inspiratory muscle trainer (Threshold IMT) on inspiratory muscle strength and electromyographic activity of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). People with COPD participating in a lung rehabilitation program were allocated to a control or inspiratory muscle training (IMT) group. The control group participated in the usual rehabilitation, whereas the other group received IMT (performed with a load of 50% maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) adjusted weekly). Both interventions lasted for 2 months. Outcomes included electromyographic analysis of the SCM and MIP. In total, ten participants were allocated to each group. The IMT group presented an increase in absolute (p<0.001) and predicted (p<0.001) values of MIP and also in pre- and post-intervention variation between groups (p=0.003 and p=0.008, respectively). Such differences were not found in the control group. The SCM muscle activity decreased in the IMT post intragroup evaluation (p=0.008). IMT provided a reduction of the electromyographic activity of SCM in COPD patients, also increasing inspiratory muscle strength in the study participants.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento muscular inspiratório de baixa frequência de curta duração (Threshold TMI) na força muscular inspiratória e na atividade eletromiográfica do músculo esternocleidomastoideo (ME) em pessoas com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC). Pessoas com DPOC que participam de um programa de reabilitação pulmonar foram alocadas em um grupo controle ou de treinamento muscular inspiratório (TMI). O grupo controle participou da reabilitação habitual, enquanto o grupo TMI também recebeu TMI, com carga de 50% da pressão inspiratória máxima (PImáx) ajustada semanalmente. Ambas as intervenções duraram 2 meses. Os resultados incluíram análise eletromiográfica do SCM e PImáx. Dez participantes foram alocados para o grupo controle e 10 para o grupo TMI. O grupo com TMI apresentou um aumento na PImáx nos valores absoluto (p<0,001) e previsto (p<0,001) e na variação pré e pós-intervenção entre os grupos (p=0,003 e p=0,008, respectivamente). Tais diferenças não foram encontradas no grupo controle. A atividade muscular do ME diminuiu no TMI após avaliação intragrupo (p=0,008). O TMI proporcionou redução da atividade eletromiográfica do ME em pacientes com DPOC, além de aumentar a força muscular inspiratória nos participantes do estudo.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio de baja frecuencia a corto plazo (Threshold TMI) sobre la fuerza muscular inspiratoria y la actividad electromiográfica del músculo esternocleidomastoideo (ME) en personas con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). Las personas con EPOC que participan en un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar se asignaron a un grupo control o de entrenamiento muscular inspiratorio (EMI). El grupo control participó en la rehabilitación habitual, mientras que el grupo de EMI también recibió EMI, con una carga del 50% de la presión inspiratoria máxima (PImáx) ajustada semanalmente. Ambas intervenciones tuvieron 2 meses de duración. Los resultados incluyeron el análisis electromiográfico de SCM y PImáx. Se asignaron 10 participantes al grupo control y 10 al grupo de EMI. El grupo de EMI tuvo un aumento de la PImáx en los valores absoluto (p<0,001) y predicho (p<0,001) y en la variación pre y posintervención entre grupos (p=0,003 y p=0,008, respectivamente). No se encontraron estas diferencias en el grupo control. La actividad muscular del ME disminuyó en el EMI después de la evaluación intragrupal (p=0,008). El EMI redujo la actividad electromiográfica del ME de pacientes con EPOC, además aumentó la fuerza muscular inspiratoria en los participantes del estudio.

Efeitos de um programa de intervenção interdisciplinar sobre a função pulmonar, força de membros superiores e aptidão cardiorrespiratória de adolescentes com excesso de peso / Effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program on pulmonary function, strength of superior members and cardiorespiratory fitness of teens with overweight

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de um programa de intervenção sobre a função pulmonar, aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) e força explosiva de membros superiores (FMS) de adolescentes com excesso de peso. De caráter quase-experimental, o estudo avaliou 46 adolescentes com excesso de peso, alocados no Grupo Experimental (GE) (n=23) e Grupo Controle (GC) (n=23). O GE participou do programa de intervenção interdisciplinar, três vezes por semana, com orientação nutricional, psicológica e exercícios físicos ao longo de seis meses. Foram realizadas avaliações, da função pulmonar, APCR e FMS de ambos os grupos, antes e após o programa. A análise estatística realizada no programa SPSS, comparou os resultados pré e pós-teste, entre os grupos, utilizando o teste t Student para amostras independentes e o teste de Mann-Whitney. A comparação intragrupos foi realizada através do teste Student ou Wilcoxon (p<0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre o GE e GC na comparação das variáveis espirométricas referentes à função pulmonar, APCR e FMS, tanto no pré-teste, quanto no pósteste. Na comparação intragrupo, o programa de intervenção foi eficaz no aumento da APCR (p=0,035) e da FMS (p=0,009) nos adolescentes do sexo masculino do grupo experimental. No GC houve redução do fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25 e 75% da curva de capacidade vital forçada (FEF25/75 (% predito)) no sexo masculino (p=0,039). Conclui-se que, embora o programa de intervenção não tenha demonstrado modificações significativas nos parâmetros avaliados na comparação intergrupos, observou-se melhora da APCR e FMS do sexo masculino do GE, ressaltando a importância da prática de atividade física orientada....(AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of an interdisciplinary intervention program on lung function, cardiorespiratory fitness and upper limb strength in overweight schoolchildren. The study is characterized as quasi-experimental, performed with adolescents diagnosed with overweight /obesity, constituted by experimental group and control group. The experimental group participated in an interdisciplinary program with a duration of six months, and an evaluation was carried out prior to and at the end of the program. The intervention sessions were performed on three days of the week and constituted by physical exercises, nutritional and psychological orientation. Anthropometric assessments, cardiorespiratory fitness, upper limb explosive force and pulmonary function were performed. For the comparison of the variables in the pre- and post-test moments, between the control and experimental groups, the t test was used for independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test was used for the nonparametric variables. In the intragroup comparison, the t-test for paired samples was used for the variables of normal distribution and, for non-parametric variables, the Wilcoxon test was applied. The tests performed adopted the level of significance of p <0.05. In the intragroup comparison, the male gender of the experimental group showed a significant increase in cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.035) and upper limb explosive force (p = 0.009). There was a reduction in forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the forced vital capacity curve (FEF25/75% predicted) in the male sex of the CG (p <0.039). The female sex of both groups did not show significant alterations in the evaluated parameters. In conclusion, the intervention program was effective in increasing the levels of cardiorespiratory fitness and explosive strength of upper limbs of the male adolescents of the experimental group. Spirometric parameters did not show significant changes in both sexes....(AU)

WITHDRAWN: Inspiratory muscle training with threshold or incentive spirometry: Which is the most effective?

This article has been withdrawn for editorial reasons because the journal will be published only in English. In order to avoid duplicated records, this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.05.005. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

Relação tempo de tela e aptidão cardiorrespiratória: associação com pressão arterial alterada em escolares / Relation between screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness: association with altered blood pressure in schoolchildren

Objetiva-se verificar se a relação tempo de tela (TT) e aptidão cardiorrespiratória (APCR) está associada com as alterações na pressão arterial (PA) em crianças e adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 2166 escolares, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 6 e 17 anos. Foi aplicado um questionário com questões referentes ao estilo de vida, para verificação do TT (computador, vídeo game e TV), que foi computado em horas e classificado como elevado TT (≥ 2 horas diárias) e baixo TT (< 2 horas diárias). Para avaliação da PA, foi considerada alterada nos casos limítrofes e hipertensão, para pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD). A APCR foi avaliada por meio do teste de corrida/caminhada de 6 minutos. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a estatística descritiva, por meio da frequência e percentual, para caracterizar os sujeitos, sendo aplicada a regressão de Poisson para obtenção dos valores de razão de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC), na relação da variável preditora (relação TT/APCR) com o desfecho (PA alterada). Como resultados encontrados, observou-se que 24,8% dos escolares apresentam elevado TT e baixos níveis de APCR. Em relação à PA, 18,7% dos indivíduos estiveram com a PAS alterada e 15,4% com PAD alterada. A associação entre PA alterada e a relação TT/APCR somente foi evidenciada para PAS entre as meninas. Nesse sentido, observou-se que a alteração na PAS é mais prevalente entre os escolares com baixo TT/inapto (RP: 1,07; p=0,008) e com elevado TT/inapto (RP: 1,06; p=0,029). Conclui-se que as meninas com baixos níveis de APCR, independente do TT, apresentam maior prevalência de PAS alterada....(AU)

This study aims to verify if the relation of screen time (ST) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with the presence of alteration in blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with 2166 students, aged 6 to 17 years. A questionnaire with questions related to lifestyle was used to verify the ST (computer, video game and TV), which was computed in hours and classified as high ST (≥ 2 hours daily) and low ST (<2 hours daily). For BP evaluation, borderline cases and hypertension were considered as altered BP, for systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) pressure. CRF was assessed by the 6-minute walk/run test. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were used, by means of frequency and percentage, to characterize the subjects, and Poisson regression was used to obtain the prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (CI) values, in relation to the predictor variable ST/CRF) with the outcome (PA altered). As results, we observed that 24.8% of the students present high ST and low levels of CRF. In relation to BP, 18.7% and 15.4% of subjects had altered SBP and DBP, respectively. The association between altered BP and the ST/CRF ratio was only evidenced for SBP among girls. In this sense, it was observed that the change in SBP is more prevalent among schoolchildren with low ST/inapt (PR: 1.07, p = 0.008) and with high ST/inapt (PR: 1.06, p = 0.029). It is concluded that girls with low CRF levels, regardless of ST, present a higher prevalence of altered SBP....(AU)

Efeitos do exercício passivo precoce em cicloergômetro na espessura muscular do quadríceps femoral de pacientes críticos: estudo-piloto randomizado controlado / Efectos del ejercicio pasivo precoz en cicloergómetro en el espesor muscular del cuádriceps femoral de pacientes críticos: un estudio piloto aleatorizado controlado / Effects of early passive cycling exercise on quadriceps femoris thickness in critically ill patients: a controlled randomized pilot study

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do exercício passivo precoce em cicloergômetro na espessura muscular (EM) do quadríceps femoral (EMQ) de pacientes críticos admitidos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) de um hospital universitário terciário. O método utilizado foi um estudo-piloto randomizado controlado conduzido em uma amostra de 24 pacientes (51±18,11 anos, 16 do sexo masculino), com 24 a 48 horas de ventilação mecânica (VM), aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos: grupo-controle (n=12), que recebeu a fisioterapia convencional; e grupo-intervenção (n=12), que recebeu o exercício passivo em cicloergômetro, uma vez ao dia, durante o período de sete dias do protocolo, em adição à fisioterapia convencional. A EMQ foi mensurada através da ultrassonografia. A primeira medida ultrassonográfica foi realizada entre as primeiras 48 horas de VM e a segunda ao término do protocolo. Não houve diferenças significativas na EMQ esquerda (27,29±5,86mm vs. 25,95±10,89mm; p=0,558) e direita (24,96±5,59mm vs 25,9±9,21mm; p=0,682) do grupo-controle e na EMQ esquerda (27,2±7,38mm vs 29,57±7,89mm; p=0,299) e direita (26,67±8,16mm vs 28,65±8,04mm; p=0,381) do grupo-intervenção. Na comparação entre os grupos, não houve alterações significativas em relação à EMQ esquerda (3,61±1,07mm; p=0,248) e a EMQ direita (2,75±0,85mm; p=0,738). Os resultados deste estudo-piloto demonstraram que a aplicação precoce do exercício passivo em cicloergômetro não promoveu mudanças significativas na espessura da camada muscular avaliada. No entanto, nossos achados sinalizam que a fisioterapia convencional foi capaz de preservar a EMQ de pacientes críticos admitidos em UTI.

RESUMEN El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos del ejercicio pasivo precoz en cicloergómetro en el espesor muscular (EM) del cuádriceps femoral (EMC) de pacientes críticos ingresados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) de un hospital universitario terciario. Se utilizó como método un estudio piloto aleatorizado controlado con una muestra de 24 pacientes (51±18,11 años, 16 varones), con 24 a 48 horas de ventilación mecánica (VM), quienes fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: grupo de control (n=12), que recibió fisioterapia convencional; y grupo intervención (n=12), que recibió el ejercicio pasivo en cicloergómetro una vez al día durante el período de protocolo de siete días, además de la fisioterapia convencional. El EMC se midió por ecografía. La primera medición ecográfica se realizó entre las primeras 48 horas de VM, y la segunda al final del protocolo. No hubo diferencias significativas en el EMC izquierdo (27,29±5,86 mm vs. 25,95±10,89mm; p=0,558) y derecho (24,96±5,59mm vs 25,9±9,21mm; p=0,682) del grupo de control; y en el EMC izquierdo (27,2±7,38mm vs 29,57±7,89mm; p=0,299) y derecho (26,67±8,16mm vs 28,65±8,04mm; p=0,381) del grupo intervención. En la comparación entre grupos, no hubo cambios significativos en el EMC izquierdo (3,61±1,07 mm; p=0,248) y en el EMC derecho (2,75±0,85 mm, p=0,738). Los resultados de este estudio piloto demostraron que la aplicación precoz del ejercicio pasivo en cicloergómetro no promovió cambios significativos en el espesor de la capa muscular evaluada. Sin embargo, nuestros hallazgos indican que la fisioterapia convencional pudo preservar el EMC de pacientes críticos ingresados en la UCI.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of early passive cycling exercise on quadriceps femoris thickness (QFT) in critically ill patients admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care university hospital. A controlled randomized pilot study was conducted with a sample of 24 patients (51±18.11 years, 16 male), on mechanical ventilation (MV) from 24 to 48 hours, who were randomly divided into two groups: control group (n=12), receiving conventional physical therapy; and an intervention one (n=12), receiving passive cycle ergometer, once a day, throughout seven days of protocol, in addition to conventional physical therapy. The QFT was measured by ultrasonography. The first ultrasonographic measurement was performed within 48 hours after the start of MV, and the second at the end of the protocol. There were no significant differences in QFT of the left (27,29±5,86mm vs 25,95±10,89mm; p=0,558) and right (24,96±5,59mm vs 25,9±9,21mm; p=0,682) in the control group, and in QFT of the left (27,2±7,38mm vs 29,57±7,89mm; p=0,299) and right (26,67±8,16mm vs 28,65±8,04mm; p=0,381) in the intervention group. There were no significant between-groups differences for left QFT (3,61±1,07mm; p=0,248) and right QFT (2,75±0,85mm; p=0,738). The results of this pilot study demonstrate that application of early passive cycle ergometer exercises has not significantly change the muscle layer thickness. However, our findings indicate that conventional physical therapy is able to preserve the quadriceps femoris thickness in critically ill patients admitted in ICU.

Aptidão cardiorrespiratória e excesso de peso em escolares: revisão na base de dados Scielo / Cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight in schoolchildren: review in the Scielo database / Aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y exceso de peso en escolares: revisión en la base de datos Scielo

A avaliação da aptidão física de obesos pode contribuir para a identificação de alterações fisiológicas que ofereçam risco à saúde. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar os artigos publicados sobre a relação entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória e o excesso de peso em escolares. A revisão foi realizada na base de dados SciELO, através da busca das palavras-chaves "capacidade cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão física", "obesidade", "sobrepeso", "crianças", "adolescentes", "escolares" e os respectivos termos em inglês, publicados entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2019. Identificou-se 285 artigos, dos quais nove estudos transversais ou longitudinais foram selecionados. Cinco deles encontraram uma maior probabilidade de inaptidão cardiorrespiratória entre escolares com sobrepeso e obesidade. Quatro relataram a relação da baixa aptidão física com maior risco de sobrepeso e obesidade. A relação entre excesso de peso e baixa capacidade cardiorrespiratória encontra resultados que a sustentam em todos os estudos incluídos nesta revisão, evidenciando a importância de monitorar esses fatores na população jovem por constituírem importantes indicadores de saúde.

Fitness assessment of obese people can contribute to the identification of physiological changes that offer health risks. This study reviewed the articles published on the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and overweight in schoolchildren. The review was conducted in the SciELO database, using the keywords: "capacidade cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão cardiorrespiratória", "aptidão física", "obesidade", "sobrepeso", "crianças", "adolescentes", "escolares" and the respective terms in English, published between January 2010 and December 2019. In total, 285 articles were identified, of which nine cross-sectional or longitudinal studies were selected. Five studies found a greater likelihood of cardiorespiratory disability among overweight and obese students. Four studies reported the relationship between low fitness and a higher risk of overweight and obesity. The relationship between overweight and low cardiorespiratory capacity was support it in all studies included in this review, evidencing the importance of monitoring these factors in the young population, since they are important health indicators.

La evaluación de aptitud física de las personas obesas puede contribuir a la identificación de cambios fisiológicos que presentan riesgos para la salud. El objetivo de este estudio fue revisar los artículos publicados sobre la relación entre la aptitud cardiorrespiratoria y el exceso de peso en escolares. La revisión se realizó en la base de datos SciELO, utilizando las palabras clave "capacidad cardiorrespiratoria", "aptitud cardiorrespiratoria", "aptitud física", "obesidad", "sobrepeso", "niños", "adolescentes", "escolares" y los respectivos términos en inglés de textos publicados entre enero de 2010 y diciembre de 2019. Se identificaron 285 artículos, de los cuales se seleccionaron nueve estudios transversales o longitudinales. Cinco estudios encontraron una mayor probabilidad de discapacidad cardiorrespiratoria entre estudiantes con sobrepeso y obesidad. Cuatro estudios informaron la relación entre una baja aptitud física y un mayor riesgo de sobrepeso y obesidad. La relación entre sobrepeso y baja capacidad cardiorrespiratoria encuentra resultados que la apoyan en todos los estudios incluidos en esta revisión, evidenciando la importancia de monitorear estos factores en la población joven, porque son importantes indicadores de salud.