RESUMO
In brief: Placental oxidative stress contributes to both normal and abnormal placentation during pregnancy. This review discusses the potential consequence of oxidative stress-induced placental dysfunction on pregnancies complicated by fetal death and pregnancies with a high risk of fetal death. Abstract: The placenta is a source of reactive oxygen free radicals due to the oxidative metabolism required to meet the demands of the growing fetus. The placenta has an array of efficient antioxidant defense systems to deal with rising oxidative stress created by free radicals during pregnancy. Properly controlled physiological (low-level) free radical production is a necessary part of cellular signaling pathways and downstream activities during normal placental development; however, poorly controlled oxidative stress can cause aberrant placentation, immune disturbances and placental dysfunction. Abnormal placental function and immune disturbances are linked to many pregnancy-related disorders, including early and recurrent pregnancy loss, fetal death, spontaneous preterm birth, preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. This review discusses the role of placental oxidative stress in both normal and pathological settings. Finally, based on previously published work, this review presents multiple lines of evidence for the strong association between oxidative stress and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including fetal death and pregnancies with a high risk of fetal death.
Assuntos
Doenças Placentárias , Pré-Eclâmpsia , Complicações na Gravidez , Nascimento Prematuro , Gravidez , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Humanos , Placenta/metabolismo , Nascimento Prematuro/metabolismo , Placentação , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Complicações na Gravidez/metabolismo , Doenças Placentárias/metabolismo , Morte Fetal/etiologia , Pré-Eclâmpsia/metabolismo , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/metabolismoRESUMO
Deregulation of mitochondrial dynamics leads to the accumulation of oxidative stress and unhealthy mitochondria; consequently, this accumulation contributes to premature aging and alterations in mitochondria linked to metabolic complications. We postulate that restrained mitochondrial ATP synthesis might alleviate age-associated disorders and extend healthspan in mammals. Herein, we prepared a previously discovered mitochondrial complex IV moderate inhibitor in drinking water and orally administered to standard-diet-fed, wild-type C57BL/6J mice every day for up to 16 mo. No manifestation of any apparent toxicity or deleterious effect on studied mouse models was observed. The impacts of an added inhibitor on a variety of mitochondrial functions were analyzed, such as respiratory activity, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and biogenesis, and a few age-associated comorbidities, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glucose abnormalities, and obesity in mice. It was found that mitochondrial quality, dynamics, and oxidative metabolism were greatly improved, resulting in lean mice with a specific reduction in visceral fat plus superb energy and glucose homeostasis during their aging period compared to the control group. These results strongly suggest that a mild interference in ATP synthesis through moderation of mitochondrial activity could effectively up-regulate mitogenesis, reduce ROS production, and preserve mitochondrial integrity, thereby impeding the onset of metabolic syndrome. We conclude that this inhibitory intervention in mitochondrial respiration rectified the age-related physiological breakdown in mice by protecting mitochondrial function and markedly mitigated certain undesired primary outcomes of metabolic syndrome, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This intervention warrants further research on the treatment of metabolic syndrome of aging in humans.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/genética , Estresse Oxidativo/genética , Trifosfato de Adenosina/biossíntese , Trifosfato de Adenosina/genética , Envelhecimento/metabolismo , Animais , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/patologia , Dieta , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/metabolismo , Metabolismo Energético/genética , Glucose/metabolismo , Envelhecimento Saudável/genética , Humanos , Gordura Intra-Abdominal/metabolismo , Síndrome Metabólica/genética , Síndrome Metabólica/patologia , Camundongos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Dinâmica Mitocondrial/genética , Obesidade/genética , Obesidade/metabolismo , Obesidade/patologia , Biogênese de Organelas , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismoRESUMO
Automotive radar pursues low cost and high performance, and especially hopes to improve the angular resolution under the condition of a limited number of multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar channels. Conventional time division multiplexing (TDM) MIMO technology has a limited ability to improve the angular resolution without increasing the number of channels. In this paper, a random time division multiplexing MIMO radar is proposed. First, the non-uniform linear array (NULA) and random time division transmission mechanism are combined in the MIMO system, and then a three-order sparse receiving tensor of a range-virtual aperture-pulse sequence is obtained during echo receiving. Next, this sparse three-order receiving tensor is recovered by using tensor completion technology. Finally, the range, velocity and angle measurements are completed for the recovered three-order receiving tensor signals. The effectiveness of this method is verified via simulations.
RESUMO
The initial focus on characterizing novel pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one derivatives as DPP-4 inhibitors, led to a potent and selective inhibitor compound b2. This ligand exhibits potent in vitro DPP-4 inhibitory activity (IC50: 80â¯nM), while maintaining other key cellular parameters such as high selectivity, low cytotoxicity and good cell viability. Subsequent optimization of b2 based on docking analysis and structure-based drug design knowledge resulted in d1. Compound d1 has nearly 2-fold increase of inhibitory activity (IC50: 49â¯nM) and over 1000-fold selectivity against DPP-8 and DPP-9. Further in vivo IPGTT assays showed that compound b2 effectively reduce glucose excursion by 34% at the dose of 10â¯mg/kg in diabetic mice. Herein we report the optimization and design of a potent and highly selective series of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7(4H)-one DPP-4 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/metabolismo , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/química , Hipoglicemiantes/química , Pirazóis/química , Pirimidinonas/química , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/patologia , Dipeptidil Peptidase 4/química , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/farmacologia , Inibidores da Dipeptidil Peptidase IV/uso terapêutico , Desenho de Fármacos , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Hipoglicemiantes/uso terapêutico , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinonas/farmacologia , Pirimidinonas/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of CAPE derivatives with mono-substituted phenylethanols moiety were synthesized and evaluated by MTT assay on growth of 4 human cancer cell lines (Hela, DU-145, MCF-7 and ECA-109). The substituent effects on the antiproliferative activity were systematically investigated for the first time. It was found that electron-donating and hydrophobic substituents at 2'-position of phenylethanol moiety could significantly enhance CAPE's antiproliferative activity. 2'-Propoxyl derivative, as a novel caffeic acid ester, exhibited exquisite potency (IC50=0.4±0.02 & 0.6±0.03µM against Hela and DU-145 respectively).
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacologia , Ésteres/farmacologia , Álcool Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Álcool Feniletílico/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Ácidos Cafeicos/síntese química , Ácidos Cafeicos/química , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ésteres/síntese química , Ésteres/química , Humanos , Álcool Feniletílico/síntese química , Álcool Feniletílico/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Known PTP1B inhibitors with bis-anionic moieties exhibit potent inhibitory activity, good selectivity, however, they are incapable of penetrating cellular membranes. Based upon our finding of a new pharmacophoric group in inhibition of PTP1B and the structural characteristics of the binding pocket of PTP1B, a series of bis-arylethenesulfonic acid ester derivatives were designed and synthesized. These novel molecules, particularly Y-shaped bis-arylethenesulfonic acid ester derivatives, exhibited high PTP1B inhibitory activity, moderate selectivity, and great potential in penetrating cellular membranes (compound 7p, CLogP=9.73, Papp=9.6×10-6cm/s; IC50=140, 1290 and 920nM on PTP1B, TCPTP and SHP2, respectively). Docking simulations suggested that these Y-shaped inhibitors might interact with multiple secondary binding sites in addition to the catalytic site of PTP1B.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Ésteres/química , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Ácidos Sulfônicos/química , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Desenho de Fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Bicamadas Lipídicas/química , Bicamadas Lipídicas/metabolismo , Permeabilidade/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 1/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ácidos Sulfônicos/síntese química , Ácidos Sulfônicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Placental health and foetal development are dependent upon element homeostasis. Analytical techniques such as mass spectroscopy can provide quantitative data on element concentrations in placental tissue but do not show spatial distribution or co-localisation of elements that may affect placental function. The present study used synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy to elucidate element content and distribution in healthy and pathological placental tissue. The X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) beamline at the Australian Synchrotron was used to image trace metal content of 19 placental sections from healthy term (n = 5, 37-39 weeks), foetal growth-restricted (n = 3, <32 weeks, birth weight <3rd centile), postdate (n = 7, >41 completed weeks), and stillbirth-complicated pregnancies (n = 4, 37-40 weeks). Samples were cryo-sectioned and freeze-dried. The concentration and distribution of fourteen elements were detected in all samples: arsenic, bromine, calcium, chlorine, copper, iron, molybdenum, phosphorous, potassium, rubidium, selenium, strontium, sulphur, and zinc. The elements zinc, calcium, phosphorous, and strontium were significantly increased in stillbirth placental tissue in comparison to healthy-term controls. Strontium, zinc, and calcium were found to co-localise in stillbirth tissue samples, and calcium and strontium concentrations were correlated in all placental groups. Molybdenum was significantly decreased in stillbirth, foetal growth-restricted, and postdate placental tissue in comparison to healthy-term samples (p < 0.0001). Synchrotron-based XFM reveals elemental distribution within biological samples such as the placenta, allowing for the co-localisation of metal deposits that may have a pathological role. Our pilot study further indicates low concentrations of placental molybdenum in pregnancies complicated by foetal growth restriction, postdate delivery, and stillbirth.
Assuntos
Retardo do Crescimento Fetal , Molibdênio , Placenta , Natimorto , Síncrotrons , Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Molibdênio/análise , Placenta/metabolismo , Retardo do Crescimento Fetal/metabolismo , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Oligoelementos/análise , Oligoelementos/metabolismo , Adulto , Espectrometria por Raios X/métodosRESUMO
Molybdenum is an essential trace element for human health and survival, with molybdenum-containing enzymes catalysing multiple reactions in the metabolism of purines, aldehydes, and sulfur-containing amino acids. Recommended daily intakes vary globally, with molybdenum primarily sourced through the diet, and supplementation is not common. Although the benefits of molybdenum as an anti-diabetic and antioxidant inducer have been reported in the literature, there are conflicting data on the benefits of molybdenum for chronic diseases. Overexposure and deficiency can result in adverse health outcomes and mortality, although physiological doses remain largely unexplored in relation to human health. The lack of knowledge surrounding molybdenum intake and the role it plays in physiology is compounded during pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, micronutrient demand increases, and diet is an established factor in programming gestational outcomes and maternal health. This review summarises the current literature concerning varied recommendations on molybdenum intake, the role of molybdenum and molybdoenzymes in physiology, and the contribution these play in gestational outcomes.
Assuntos
Complicações na Gravidez , Oligoelementos , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Placenta , Micronutrientes , Molibdênio , Suplementos Nutricionais/efeitos adversos , Complicações na Gravidez/induzido quimicamente , Resultado da GravidezRESUMO
Adipose tissue (AT) is the primary reservoir of lipid, the major thermogenesis organ during cold exposure, and an important site for lactate production. However, the utilization of lactate as a metabolic substrate by adipocytes, as well as its potential involvement in the regulation of adipocyte thermogenesis, remain unappreciated. In vitro experiments using primary stromal vascular fraction preadipocytes isolated from mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) revealed that lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB), the key glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, is upregulated during adipocyte differentiation, downregulated upon chronic cold stimulation, and regained after prolonged cold exposure. In addition, the global knockout of Ldhb significantly reduced the masses of iWAT and epididymal WAT (eWAT) and impeded the utilization of iWAT during cold exposure. In addition, Ldhb loss of function impaired the mitochondrial function of iWAT under cold conditions. Together, these findings uncover the involvement of LDHB in adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis.
Assuntos
Adipócitos Bege , Animais , Camundongos , Adipócitos Bege/metabolismo , Ácido Láctico/metabolismo , Tecido Adiposo , Tecido Adiposo Branco/metabolismo , Termogênese , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Tecido Adiposo Marrom/metabolismoRESUMO
The aldehyde oxidases (AOXs) are a small sub-family of cytosolic molybdo-flavoenzymes, which are structurally conserved proteins and broadly distributed from plants to animals. AOXs play multiple roles in both physiological and pathological processes and AOX inhibition is of increasing significance in the development of novel drugs and therapeutic strategies. This review provides an overview of the evolution and the action mechanism of AOX and the role of each domain. The review provides an update of the polymorphisms in the human AOX. This review also summarises the physiology of AOX in different organs and its role in drug metabolism. The inhibition of AOX is a promising therapeutic treatment for cancer, obesity, aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Assuntos
Aldeído Oxidase/antagonistas & inibidores , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/tratamento farmacológico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Aldeído Oxidase/metabolismo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/metabolismo , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/química , Obesidade/metabolismoRESUMO
Glucose Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) is an attractive antiangiogenic and anticancer target for its selective accumulation on the surface of cancer cells and cancer endothelial cells rather than normal cells. In this study, we identified a novel series of small molecules that binds to GRP78, exhibiting potent antiangiogenic and anticancer activities without affecting normal cells. Among these, FL5,2-(4-((4-acetamidophenoxy)methyl)phenyl)-N-isobutylbenzofuran-3-carboxamide, was superior to others due to its strong binding affinity to GRP78 (an increase in the Tm > 2 °C stabilising the GRP78 protein) and potent antiangiogenic and anticancer activities against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) (EC50 = 1.514 µM) and human renal cancer cells (786-O) (50% cell death at 10 µM). Furthermore, FL5 displayed no cytotoxic activity towards mouse fibroblast cells (Swiss-3T3), which do not harbour cell surface GRP78 under normal condition. FL5 was less detrimental to ATPase activity, which is essential for normal cells, as seen in the virtual docking studies. This study reports the discovery of novel small molecules targeting GRP78 with potent antiangiogenic and anticancer activities and less toxicity to normal cells, which provides prototype candidates for novel paths for cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Angiogênese/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/antagonistas & inibidores , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/farmacologia , Células 3T3 , Inibidores da Angiogênese/química , Animais , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Chaperona BiP do Retículo Endoplasmático , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequenas/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The present study was designed to synthesize 2-Cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9(11)-en-28-oate-13ß, 28-olide (1), a lactone derivative of oleanolic acid (OA) and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Compound 1 significantly diminished nitric oxide (NO) production and down-regulated the mRNA expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further in vivo studies in murine model of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) showed that 1 possessed more potent protective effects than the well-known anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone by inhibiting myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, reducing total cells and neutrophils, and suppressing inflammatory cytokines expression, and thus ameliorating the histopathological conditions of the injured lung tissue. In conclusion, compound 1 could be developed as a promising anti-inflammatory agent for intervention of LPS-induced ALI.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Anti-Inflamatórios/administração & dosagem , Ácido Oleanólico/administração & dosagem , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/genética , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/imunologia , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/imunologia , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/genética , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Interleucina-1beta/genética , Interleucina-1beta/imunologia , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/imunologia , Lipopolissacarídeos/efeitos adversos , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Pulmão/imunologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Ácido Oleanólico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Oleanólico/síntese química , Peroxidase/genética , Peroxidase/imunologia , Células RAW 264.7 , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/genética , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
CDDO-Me, initiated in a phase II clinical trial, is a potential useful therapeutic agent for cancer and inflammatory dysfunctions, whereas the therapeutic efficacy of CDDO-Me on LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) has not been reported as yet. The purpose of the present study was to explore the protective effect of CDDO-Me on LPS-induced ALI in mice and to investigate its possible mechanism. BalB/c mice received CDDO-Me (0.5mg/kg, 2mg/kg) or dexamethasone (5mg/kg) intraperitoneally 1h before LPS stimulation and were sacrificed 6h later. W/D ratio, lung MPO activity, number of total cells and neutrophils, pulmonary histopathology, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α in the BALF were assessed. Furthermore, we estimated iNOS, IL-6, IL-1ß, and TNF-α mRNA expression and NO production as well as the activation of the three main MAPKs, AkT, IκB-α and p65. Pretreatment with CDDO-Me significantly ameliorated W/D ratio, lung MPO activity, inflammatory cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine production in BALF from the in vivo study. Additionally, CDDO-Me had beneficial effects on the intervention for pathogenesis process at molecular, protein and transcriptional levels in vitro. These analytical results provided evidence that CDDO-Me could be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating LPS-induced ALI.