Incorporating Decision Simulation Technology in a Skin Cancer Prevention E-Training for Massage Therapists.

Decision simulation technology is known to augment health practitioner education and training; little is known about its use for educating lay health practitioners about cancer prevention. We report the development and evaluation of a decision simulation component of a skin cancer risk reduction electronic training (e-training) for massage therapists (MTs). Simulation facilitated tracking and analysis of MTs' selected dialog options leading to client-focused helping conversations (MT conversations intended to encourage client pro-health behavior) regarding skin cancer risk reduction. The tracking also enabled further assessment of the e-training competencies. We constructed five decision simulation cases in the DecisionSim™ online platform, mimicking MT-client encounters pertaining to skin cancer risk reduction, allowing MTs to apply training knowledge to initiate a helping conversation. We scored each simulation by tracking conversation pathways via selected dialog options (optimal, feedback required, suboptimal), analyzing total scores and real time spent on each case. MTs rated satisfaction with the simulations on a 5-point Likert scale. Eighty-one MTs completed the simulations in an average of 2.7 min. Most (91%) MTs selected feedback required or suboptimal dialog options for at least one of the five cases, often incorrectly choosing conversation statements reflecting their own feelings. The majority (86%) agreed/strongly agreed that they enjoyed the simulations (mean score 4.31); 92% found the simulations helpful to include in the training (mean score 4.36). Decision simulations integrated into e-training are useful for assessing lay practitioners' practical application of cancer risk reduction knowledge and skills and use of appropriate helping conversations.

Predictive ability of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3 in identifying risk of obstructive sleep apnea among recently unemployed adults.

BACKGROUND: The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD)-3 was developed to aid in the identification of these disorders. The core criterion A (ICSD-3A) to identify obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) requires the presentence of specific signs and symptoms. This study explores the predictive ability of the ICSD-3A for OSA as compared with objective measures of respiratory event index (REI). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 291 participants who completed a home sleep apnea test (HSAT) during the screening evaluation of the Assessing Daily Activity Patterns through occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study were included. METHODS: Participants were classified as having mild OSA (REI ≥ 5 and < 15), moderate (≥ 15 to < 30), or severe OSA (> 30). Predictive parameters identifying participants as having OSA by the ICSD-3A criteria were assessed using REI classifications as the reference standard and further compared with a subsample using the STOP-Bang questionnaire. RESULTS: The ICSD-3A had a sensitivity of 19.2% for identifying participants as having moderate to severe OSA and specificity of 84.4%. The ICSD-3A had a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) = 0.53. On the subsample of participants, the STOP-Bang questionnaire's ROC is 0.61. Results were similar when examining the classification of participants with mild compared with no OSA. CONCLUSION: In this population, the ability of the ICSD-3A in detecting moderate to severe OSA as well as mild OSA was low. The ROC for the ICSD-3 did not differ significantly from the STOP-Bang questionnaire's ROC in this research population.

A Guide for Intentional Home Telehealth Assessment: Patient and Caregiver Perceptions.

Telehealth can provide expanded access to healthcare. The Comprehensive Patient Assessment for Using Telehealth at Home is a comprehensive approach for an intentional remote patient meeting that provides a high-quality patient encounter when using technology. In this study, we describe the perspectives of seriously ill older adults and their caregivers on the usability of the Comprehensive Patient Assessment for Using Telehealth at Home using technology to meet remotely and assess patients in their own homes. This study used qualitative description with semistructured interviews to explore participants' user experience of the telehealth visit using the Comprehensive Patient Assessment for Using Telehealth at Home. The overarching theme of participants' experiences with the Comprehensive Patient Assessment for Using Telehealth at Home intervention was of a continuum of acceptance of technology use. Participants felt that a combination of in-person and telehealth visits was ideal, and telehealth visits were appropriate for routine visits. In-person assessments would be necessary if the communication was not adequately received through remote technology. Other themes were satisfaction and detractors, usability of the technology, privacy and confidentiality, and timing of the telehealth visit. Telehealth presents new opportunities for patients to engage and connect with providers, allowing them to seek care in the comfort of their own home. In some circumstances, telehealth is appropriate but is not a permanent replacement for in-person visits.

Differences in sleep architecture according to body mass index in children with type 1 diabetes.

Slow wave sleep (SWS), or deep sleep, is thought to be the most restorative stage of sleep and may be of a particular interest in the pathophysiology of obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in sleep architecture based on body mass index (BMI) among a pediatric population with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). We hypothesized that children with T1DM who are obese would have less SWS than those who are not obese. Of 105 children with T1DM (mean age 13.54 years, 49.5% females) in this study, 19% were obese, 22% were overweight, and 59% had a normal BMI (81% non-obese). The overall SWS% among the participants was 13.2%. In contrast to our hypothesis, there was no significant difference in SWS% between obese and non-obese participants. However, the percent of time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep among obese participants was significantly lower than those who were not obese (P = .022), which remained after adjusting the result for multiple covariates. While we found no significant association between the SWS time and BMI, obese adolescents with T1DM spent less time in REM sleep than those who were not obese. This study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the importance of addressing sleep in clinical care of youth with T1DM.

Longitudinal assessment of daily activity patterns on weight change after involuntary job loss: the ADAPT study protocol.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization has identified obesity as one of the most visible and neglected public health problems worldwide. Meta-analytic studies suggest that insufficient sleep increases the risk of developing obesity and related serious medical conditions. Unfortunately, the nationwide average sleep duration has steadily declined over the last two decades with 25% of U.S. adults reporting insufficient sleep. Stress is also an important indirect factor in obesity, and chronic stress and laboratory-induced stress negatively impact sleep. Despite what we know from basic sciences about (a) stress and sleep and (b) sleep and obesity, we know very little about how these factors actually manifest in a natural environment. The Assessing Daily Activity Patterns Through Occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study tests whether sleep disruption plays a key role in the development of obesity for individuals exposed to involuntary job loss, a life event that is often stressful and disrupting to an individual's daily routine. METHODS: This is an 18-month closed, cohort research design examining social rhythms, sleep, dietary intake, energy expenditure, waist circumference, and weight gain over 18 months in individuals who have sustained involuntary job loss. Approximately 332 participants who lost their job within the last 3 months are recruited from flyers within the Arizona Department of Economic Security (AZDES) Unemployment Insurance Administration application packets and other related postings. Multivariate growth curve modeling will be used to investigate the temporal precedence of changes in social rhythms, sleep, and weight gain. DISCUSSION: It is hypothesized that: (1) unemployed individuals with less consistent social rhythms and worse sleep will have steeper weight gain trajectories over 18 months than unemployed individuals with stable social rhythms and better sleep; (2) disrupted sleep will mediate the relationship between social rhythm disruption and weight gain; and (3) reemployment will be associated with a reversal in the negative trajectories outlined above. Positive findings will provide support for the development of obesity prevention campaigns targeting sleep and social rhythms in an accessible subgroup of vulnerable individuals.

Weighted STOP-Bang and screening for sleep-disordered breathing.

BACKGROUND: STOP-Bang is a tool for predicting the likelihood for sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). In the conventional score, all variables are dichotomous. Our aim was to identify whether modifying the STOP-Bang scoring tool by weighting the variables could improve test characteristics. METHODS: Subjects who participated in the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS) were included in this analysis using a derivation dataset (n = 1667) and a validation dataset (n = 4774). In the derivation dataset, each STOP-Bang variable was evaluated using linear regression against the presence of SDB (AHI > 15/h) in order to determine the coefficients that would allow variable weighting. In other models, BMI, age, and neck circumference were entered as continuous variables. The sum of the weighted dichotomous variables yielded a weighted STOP-Bang (wSTOP-Bang). The sum of the weighted-continuous variables yielded a continuous STOP-Bang (cSTOP-Bang). The wSTOP-Bang, cSTOP-Bang, and the conventional STOP-Bang scores were then applied to the validation dataset, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed. RESULTS: The area under the curve (AUC) for cSTOP-Bang (0.738) was greater than the AUC for conventional STOP-Bang (0.706) and wSTOP-Bang (0.69). The sensitivities for cSTOP-Bang, STOP-Bang, and wSTOP-Bang were similar at 93.2, 93.2, and 93.3 %, respectively. The cSTOP-Bang had a higher specificity (31.8 %) than both STOP-Bang (23.2 %) and wSTOP-Bang (23.6 %). The cSTOP-Bang had a higher likelihood ratio of a positive test (1.36) than both STOP-Bang (1.21) and wSTOP-Bang (1.22). CONCLUSIONS: Modifying the STOP-Bang score by weighting the variables and using continuous variables for BMI, age, and neck circumference can maintain sensitivity while improving specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

Effects of sleep on breakfast behaviors in recently unemployed adults.

OBJECTIVES: Skipping meals is linked to negative cardiometabolic health outcomes. Few studies have examined the effects of breakfast skipping after disruptive life events, like job loss. The present analyses examine whether sleep timing, duration, and continuity are associated with breakfast eating among 186 adults who recently (past 90 days) experienced involuntary unemployment from the Assessing Daily Activity Patterns Through Occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study. METHODS: We conducted both cross-sectional and 18-month longitudinal analyses to assess the relationship between actigraphic sleep after job loss and breakfast eating. RESULTS: Later sleep timing was associated with a lower percentage of days breakfast was eaten at baseline (B = -0.09, SE = 0.02, P < .001) and longitudinally over 18 months (estimate = -0.04; SE = 0.02; P < .05). No other sleep indices were associated with breakfast consumption cross-sectionally or prospectively. CONCLUSIONS: Unemployed adults with a delay in sleep timing are more likely to skip breakfast than adults with an advancement in sleep timing. Future studies are necessary to test chronobiological mechanisms by which sleep timing might impact breakfast eating. With the understanding that sleep timing is linked to breakfast eating, the advancement of sleep timing may provide a pathway for the promotion of breakfast eating, ultimately preventing cardiometabolic disease.

Predictive abilities of the STOP-Bang and Epworth Sleepiness Scale in identifying sleep clinic patients at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea.

This study compared the predictive abilities of the STOP-Bang and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for screening sleep clinic patients for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Forty-seven new adult patients without previous diagnoses of OSA or SDB were administered the STOP-Bang and ESS and were assigned to OSA or SDB risk groups based on their scores. STOP-Bang responses were scored with two Body Mass Index cut points of 35 and 30 kg/m(2) (SB35 and SB30). The tools' predictive abilities were determined by comparing patients' predicted OSA and SDB risks to their polysomnographic results. The SB30 correctly identified more patients with OSA and SDB than the ESS alone. The ESS had the highest specificity for OSA and SDB.

Extending sleep to improve glycemia: The Family Routines Enhancing Adolescent Diabetes by Optimizing Management (FREADOM) randomized clinical trial protocol.

Sleep deficiencies amongst individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) have been linked with dysregulated glycemic control and greater morbidities. Sleep extension (EXT) has been identified as a viable intervention target to improve adolescent outcomes. The intervention aims to emphasize collaborative work with families to engage in behaviors that increase the likelihood of the youth increasing their sleep duration consistently. This study will randomize up to 175 youth with T1DM and at least one caregiver to either an EXT intervention or a family routines support (FRS) consultation. It is hypothesized that the EXT condition will lead to improvements in sleep, which in turn, will contribute to improved glycemic control. The primary endpoint is improved glycemic control assessed via a continuous glucose monitor (CGM) to ascertain average glucose levels across a week, glycemic variability, and percent time in the target range at one month and HbA1c at three months. Analyses will control for co-morbid conditions, including sleep-disordered breathing and obesity. This study will provide the needed data to support addressing sleep as part of the standards of care in youth with T1DM.

The impact of social rhythm and sleep disruptions on waist circumference after job loss: A prospective 18-month study.

OBJECTIVE: This study prospectively examined change in waist circumference (WC) as a function of daily social rhythms and sleep in the aftermath of involuntary job loss. It was hypothesized that disrupted social rhythms and fragmented/short sleep after job loss would independently predict gains in WC over 18 months and that resiliency to WC gain would be conferred by the converse. METHODS: Eligible participants (n = 191) completed six visits that included standardized measurements of WC. At the baseline visit, participants completed the social rhythm metric and daily sleep diary and wore an actigraph on their nondominant wrist each day for a period of 2 weeks. RESULTS: When controlling for obesity and other covariates, WC trajectories decreased for individuals with more consistent social rhythms, more activities in their sdiocial rhythms, and higher sleep quality after job loss. WC trajectories did not change for individuals with lower scores on these indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency and consistency of social rhythms after job loss play a key role in WC loss. These findings support the implementation of social rhythm interventions after job loss, a potentially sensitive time for the establishment of new daily routines that have an impact on metabolic health.

Effectiveness of an audience response system in teaching pharmacology to baccalaureate nursing students.

It has been proposed that students' use of an audience response system, commonly called clickers, may promote comprehension and retention of didactic material. Whether this method actually improves students' grades, however, is still not determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a lecture format utilizing multiple-choice PowerPoint slides and an audience response system was more effective than a lecture format using only multiple-choice PowerPoint slides in the comprehension and retention of pharmacological knowledge in baccalaureate nursing students. The study also assessed whether the additional use of clickers positively affected students' satisfaction with their learning. Results from 78 students who attended lecture classes with multiple-choice PowerPoint slides plus clickers were compared with those of 55 students who utilized multiple-choice PowerPoint slides only. Test scores between these two groups were not significantly different. A satisfaction questionnaire showed that 72.2% of the control students did not desire the opportunity to use clickers. Of the group utilizing the clickers, 92.3% recommend the use of this system in future courses. The use of multiple-choice PowerPoint slides and an audience response system did not seem to improve the students' comprehension or retention of pharmacological knowledge as compared with those who used solely multiple-choice PowerPoint slides.

Effectiveness of an audience response system in teaching pharmacology to baccalaureate nursing students.

It has been proposed that students' use of an audience response system, commonly called clickers, may promote comprehension and retention of didactic material. Whether this method actually improves students' grades, however, is still not determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a lecture format utilizing multiple-choice PowerPoint slides and an audience response system was more effective than a lecture format using only multiple-choice PowerPoint slides in the comprehension and retention of pharmacological knowledge in baccalaureate nursing students. The study also assessed whether the additional use of clickers positively affected students' satisfaction with their learning. Results from 78 students who attended lecture classes with multiple-choice PowerPoint slides plus clickers were compared with those of 55 students who utilized multiple-choice PowerPoint slides only. Test scores between these two groups were not significantly different. A satisfaction questionnaire showed that 72.2% of the control students did not desire the opportunity to use clickers. Of the group utilizing the clickers, 92.3% recommend the use of this system in future courses. The use of multiple-choice PowerPoint slides and an audience response system did not seem to improve the students' comprehension or retention of pharmacological knowledge as compared with those who used solely multiple-choice PowerPoint slides.

Using anthropometric measures to screen for obstructive sleep apnea in the Sleep Heart Health Study cohort.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To evaluate predictions of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (MS-OSA) by the neck circumference/height ratio (NHR) and waist circumference/height ratio (WHR) and compare to the derived STOP-Bang Questionnaire (dSBQ) prediction. METHODS: Included were 6,167 participants from the Sleep Heart Health Study baseline evaluation who completed polysomnograms and had anthropometric measurements and data to compute proxy dSBQ item answers. The sample was divided randomly into derivation (n = 2,035) and validation (n = 4,132) subsets. The derivation sample was used to estimate the NHR and WHR cut points to detect MS-OSA; the validation sample was used to evaluate sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: Mean age was 63.1 years, and 47.2% were men for the overall sample. In the derivation sample, a cut point ≥ 0.21 for NHR yielded a sensitivity of 92.0% and a specificity of 25.0%; a cut point ≥ 0.52 for WHR yielded a sensitivity of 91.2% and a specificity of 25.0% for MS-OSA. Using the validation sample, the NHR, WHR, and dSBQ areas under the receiver operator curves were 69.8%, 65.2%, and 70.5%, respectively, for MS-OSA. There was no statistical difference with listwise comparison of the NHR and dSBQ areas under the receiver operator curves (P = .997); however, there was a significant difference between the WHR and dSBQ areas under the receiver operator curves (P = .015) for MS-OSA. CONCLUSIONS: The NHR is a viable obstructive sleep apnea screening tool comparable to the dSBQ, independent of witnessed apneas and body mass index, that can be used for different body types. CITATION: Vana KD, Silva GE, Carreon JD, Quan SF. Using anthropometric measures to screen for obstructive sleep apnea in the Sleep Heart Health Study cohort. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(8):1635-1643.

Inconsistent social rhythms are associated with abdominal adiposity after involuntary job loss: An observational study.

OBJECTIVE: Unemployment is an established risk factor for obesity. However, few studies have examined obesity-related health behavior after involuntary job loss specifically. Job loss confers a disruption in daily time structure that could lead to negative metabolic and psychological outcomes through chronobiological mechanisms. This study examines whether individuals with unstable social rhythms after involuntary job loss present with higher abdominal adiposity than individuals with more consistent social rhythms and whether this relationship varies as a function of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Cross-sectional baseline data (n = 191) from the ongoing Assessing Daily Activity Patterns in occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study were analyzed using linear regression techniques. Participants completed the Social Rhythm Metric-17 (SRM) daily over 2 weeks. They also completed the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) and participated in standardized waist circumference measurements (cm). RESULTS: A significant interaction emerged between SRM and BDI-II demonstrating that less consistent social rhythms were associated with larger waist circumference at lower levels of depressive symptoms. Additional exploratory analyses demonstrated a positive association between the number of daily activities performed alone and waist circumference when controlling for symptoms of depression. CONCLUSION: These findings are the first to demonstrate a relationship between social rhythm stability and abdominal adiposity in adults who have recently, involuntarily lost their jobs. Results highlight the moderating role of depressive symptoms on daily routine in studies of metabolic health. Future prospective analysis is necessary to examine causal pathways.

Association between obstructive sleep apnea and multiple involuntary job loss history among recently unemployed adults.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been associated with negative occupational outcomes including absenteeism and poor work productivity. This analysis explored whether the severity of OSA was associated with multiple involuntary job loss history among recently unemployed adults. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the screening visit of the Assessing Daily Activity Patterns Through Occupational Transitions study. Information was collected from 261 participants who recently involuntarily lost their jobs. Data included demographics, employment, medical history, and results from a limited channel home sleep apnea test. The respiratory event index was categorized as <5 events per hour (no-OSA), 5 to <15 (mild OSA), and ≥15 (moderate to severe OSA). Logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to identify factors associated with multiple involuntary job loss. RESULTS: A total of 44.8% of participants reported multiple involuntary job loss. Those with mild OSA had 1.85 (95%CI: 1.04, 3.28) increased odds of reporting multiple involuntary job loss as compared to participants with no OSA in the unadjusted model; while participants with moderate-to-severe OSA had 2.71 (95%CI: 1.33, 5.70) increased odds. After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, beginning work between 7 and 9 AM, job type, and, compensation type, the odds of involuntary job loss among participants with moderate-severe OSA were 2.46 (95%CI: 1.13, 5.52) as compared to having no OSA. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of recently unemployed adults, having OSA significantly increased the odds of reporting previous involuntary job losses. This study suggests OSA could be a risk factor for job loss.

Incidence and remission of sleep-disordered breathing and related symptoms in 6- to 17-year old children--the Tucson Children's Assessment of Sleep Apnea Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and remission of sleep-disordered breathing in adolescent children. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 319 children completed 2 home polysomnograms approximately 5 years apart. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) was determined to be present if a child had a respiratory disturbance index>or=1 event per hour associated with >or=3% oxygen desaturation. Subjective symptoms such as witnessed apnea, excessive daytime sleepiness, difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep, and habitual loud snoring were considered present if they occurred frequently or almost always. Body mass index percentiles were calculated with childhood growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention adjusted for sex and age. RESULTS: The mean age at assessment was 8.5 years at baseline and 13.7 years at follow-up, respectively. Incident SDB was more common in boys (odds ratio [OR]=3.93, P=.008, confidence interval [CI]=1.41-10.90). Children with prevalent SDB were more likely to be boys (OR=2.48, P=.006) and had a greater increase in body mass index percentile change (OR 1.01, P=.034). Children with prevalent SDB also had 3.41 greater odds for development of obesity from baseline to follow-up in comparison with children with prevalent NoSDB. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent boys are more likely to have persistent and incident SDB than girls. Children with prevalent SDB are more likely to have development of obesity. These risks are similar to those observed in adults.

Perceived Barriers and Facilitating Factors in Implementing Delayed School Start Times to Improve Adolescent Sleep Patterns.

BACKGROUND: Most adolescents in the United States do not obtain sufficient sleep. Early school start times play a significant role in adolescent sleep deprivation. Most primary and secondary schools begin classes earlier than the 8:30 am. Perceived barriers to implementing a delayed school start time have been suggested in the literature but have not been quantified. This study explored perceived barriers and facilitating factors for implementing delayed high-school start times. METHODS: A cross-sectional study. School administrators who had delayed their school start times were invited to complete an online questionnaire ranking the perceived barriers and facilitating factors for implementing the delayed start times. RESULTS: Most commonly cited perceived barriers were lack of a tiered bus system, school athletes missing more afternoon classes, and less time after school for athletics. Most commonly cited facilitating factors were school-administrator involvement in the decision-making process and sleep education for family members and school administrators. CONCLUSIONS: Participants found that providing sleep education to fellow administrators, teachers, school staff members, families, and students and including them in the decision-making process positively facilitated the implementation of delayed school start times. Perceived barriers to implementation may be overcome with support from stakeholders and planning committees.

Sleep patterns and sleep deprivation recorded by actigraphy in 4th-grade and 5th-grade students.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates sleep patterns of fourth- and fifth-grade students using actigraphy. METHODS: The study included 257 students enrolled in a Southwestern US school district who participated in a novel sleep science curriculum during the Spring 2016-17 and Fall 2017-18 semesters and met the study inclusion criteria. As part of this curriculum, participants underwent 5-7 days of continuous wrist actigraphy and completed an online sleep diary. RESULTS: Approximately two-thirds of the 9-11-year-old fourth- and fifth-grade students slept less than the minimum 9 h per night recommended by both the American Academy of Sleep Medicine/Sleep Research Society and the National Sleep Foundation. The sleep midpoint time on weekends was about 1 h later than on weekdays. There was a significant effect of age on sleep duration. Compared to 9-year old students, a larger proportion of 10-year old students had a sleep duration less than 8.5 h. Boys had shorter sleep duration than girls, and a larger percentage of boys obtained less than 9 h of sleep compared to girls. CONCLUSIONS: Insufficient sleep is a highly prevalent condition among 9-11-year-old fourth- and fifth-grade elementary students. Importantly, there is a difference between sleep patterns on weekdays and weekends which may portend greater problems with sleep in adolescence and young adulthood.

Longitudinal evaluation of sleep-disordered breathing and sleep symptoms with change in quality of life: the Sleep Heart Health Study (SHHS).

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Findings from population studies evaluating the progression and incidence of sleep disordered breathing have shown evidence of a longitudinal increase in the severity of sleep disordered breathing. The present study evaluates the association among changes in sleep disordered breathing, sleep symptoms, and quality of life over time. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. Data were from the Sleep Heart Health Study. SETTING: Multicenter study. PARTICIPANTS: Three thousand seventy-eight subjects aged 40 years and older from the baseline and follow-up examination cycles were included. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcomes were changes in the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scales obtained from the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey. The primary exposure was change in the respiratory disturbance index obtained from unattended overnight polysomnograms performed approximately 5 years apart. Other covariates included measures of excessive daytime sleepiness and difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep. RESULTS: Mean respiratory disturbance index increased from 8.1 +/- 11 SD at baseline to 10.9 +/- 14 (P < 0.0001) at follow-up. The mean Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scores were 48.5 and 54.1 at baseline and 46.3 and 54.8 at follow-up. No associations between change in respiratory disturbance index and changes in Physical Component Summary or Mental Component Summary scores were seen. However, worsening of difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness were significantly associated with lower quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: A slight increase in severity of sleep disordered breathing was seen over 5 years; this was not associated with worsening of quality of life. However, subjective symptoms of quality of sleep and daytime sleepiness were associated with declining quality of life.

Diabetes management mediates the association between sleep duration and glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of diabetes management and sleep duration with glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus. PATIENTS/METHODS: 111 participants (mean age = 13.59 ± 2.11 years, 52.3% male, 50.5% non-white) wore actigraphy (average duration = 5.5 nights) and completed self-reported daily sleep diaries (average duration = 5.3 nights). Parents and participants each completed the Diabetes Management Scale (DMS) as part of a neurobehavioral evaluation. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and daily frequency of self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG) were collected from patient medical records. RESULTS: Youth with T1DM slept below the recommended amount of sleep for this age group (M = 7.45, SD = 0.74), which is approximately 9 h for school aged youth. They were in poor glycemic control with an average HbA1c of 9.11% (SD = 1.95) and their SMBG frequency was 4.9 (SD = 2.71). Average sleep duration from actigraphy was significantly correlated with average SMBG frequency and inversely related to HbA1c, indicating that less sleep was associated with worse management and glycemic control. When entered into a mediation model, diabetes management (SMBG frequency) completely mediated the relationship between sleep duration and glycemic control (HbA1c). Different sleep parameters of sleep quality, time to sleep, and sleep consistency also significantly correlated with HbA1c, SMBG, and parent and child-reports of various aspects of diabetes management. In particular, later bedtimes and a greater social jetlag predicted worse glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: In a sample of sleep deprived and poorly controlled youth with T1DM, diabetes management was an intermediary factor between sleep duration and glycemic control. Additional analyses of data supported circadian influences on glycemic control. These results highlight the importance of addressing sleep duration, quality, and consistency as part of routine diabetes management in this population.