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The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of non-genetic factors on several first lactation and lifetime performance traits and elucidate their genetic parameters in an organized Vrindavani cattle population. Data on eight first-lactation and thirteen lifetime traits were collected on 2400 cows with pedigree records that were reared during 33-year period (1989-2021). The first-lactation traits included age at first calving (AFC), total milk yield (FTMY), standard milk yield (FSMY305), peak yield (FPY), lactation length (FLL), dry period (FDP), service period (FSP) and calving interval (FCI). Whereas, the lifetime traits mainly included total lifetime milk yield (TLMY), total standard milk yield (TSMY), number of lactations completed (NL), total lactation length (TLL), herd life (HL), productive life (PL), average milk yield per day of herd life (TLMY/HL), average milk yield per day of productive life (TLMY/PL), average milk yield per day of productive life (TLMY/TLL). Other lifetime production traits included average service period (ASP), average dry period (ADP), average calving interval (ACI) and unproductive days (UD). The heritability estimates of first-lactation traits ranged between 0.026 and 0.228 and were found to be low for AFC (0.180 ± 0.042), FCI (0.191 ± 0.125), FSMY305 (0.145 ± 0.061), FTMY (0.165 ± 0.048), FDP (0.052 ± 0.049) and FSP (0.026 ± 0.033); however, FLL (0.229 ± 0.044) and FPY (0.202 ± 0.046) showed moderate heritability. Positive phenotypic correlation (p < 0.001) was revealed among FTMY, TLMY, TLL, HL and PL. The AFC produced a significant effect (p < 0.05) on several traits i,e, TLL, TLMY/HL, FSMY305, FPY, TLMY, HL and TLMY/PL. Lower AFC was associated with higher TLMY, TLL and TLMY/HL; while FSMY305, FPY, HL and TLMY/PL were higher in heifers that calved late in their life. The results revealed that AFC may be optimized with first lactation and lifetime traits for this population.
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Lactação , Leite , Bovinos/genética , Animais , Feminino , Lactação/genética , FenótipoRESUMO
Extraction of bioactive compounds for application in nutraceuticals is gaining popularity. For this, there is a search for low-cost substrates that would make the end product and the process more economical. Mushroom waste (stalk, cap, stem etc.) is one such high valued substrate that has received much attention recently due to its rich reserves of terpenoids, polyphenols, sesquiterpenes, alkaloids, lactones, sterols, antioxidative vitamins, anthocyanidins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides, among others. However, there is a need to identify green and hybrid technologies that could make the bioactive extraction process from these substrates safe, efficient and sustainable. To this effect, many emerging technologies (supercritical fluid, ultrasound-, enzyme- and microwave-assisted extraction) have been explored in the last decade which have shown potential for scale-up with high productivity. This review systematically discusses such technologies highlighting the current challenges faced during waste processing and the research directives needed for further advancements in the field.
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Goats are important livestock mainly recognized for their low rearing costs and adaptability to harsh climate making them suitable for small farmers. Goat's milk has been tagged as highly consumed milk in many parts of the world and also carry essential substances as minerals, vitamins, enzymes, proteins, electrolytes and fatty acids which are easily metabolised by the body. The unique health benefits of goat milk make it a remedy for various disease conditions. Additionally, the low allergenicity and high digestibility of goat milk make it a popular dairy product for infants and immunocompromised individuals. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements made in analyzing goat milk's nutritional, therapeutic, and functional properties and its current applications in the food and nutraceuticals sector. Also, the article provides insights into the diverse range of food and cosmetics applications of goat milk-derived components. Besides the long history of the use of goat milk for human nutrition, the scientific literature concerning various bioactive components and their beneficial therapeutic effects with respect to modern science are also reviewed in detail.
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The Citrus fruits belong to the category where the groups of fruits are recognized to be an admirable repository of bioactive elements and phytochemical constituents, with strong biological potentials. The prominent use of Citrus fruits for nutrition as well as food processing has led to the release of a large amount of waste into the environment and surrounding, and it simultaneously burdens the nature and existence of many organisms including the human population. In order to rectify such consequences, the reuse of food waste from citrus for various advantageous effects. In this regard, the first part of the article primarily focussed on the various strategies available for the extraction of chemical elements from citrus waste and the remaining strand of the article focussed on the various bioactive compounds with special reference to their pharmacological as well as the medicinal benefits and future prospects.
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Determining the slaughter weight of pigs is crucial to the profitability of swine production farms. Unfortunately, in developing countries, the basic infrastructure for weight measurement may not always be available, affecting farmers' income. This study presents a machine learning-based approach to determine the dressed weight of pigs using four morphometric dimensions: paunch girth (PG), heart girth (HG), body length and wither height, which can be measured in situ. Different neural network model structures were constructed taking LM, GDX and BR training algorithms, tansigmoid/logsigmoid hidden layer transfer functions and 5-30 hidden layer neurons (HLNs). Results showed that LM training algorithm with logsigmoidal transfer function and 20 HLNs resulted in 99.8% accuracy in determining the pig dressed weight. Further, the number of morphometric parameters as inputs was gradually reduced and it was found that 99% accuracy can still be achieved using just PG and HG, thereby reducing the measurement time.
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Spent hen meat is considered as a category of waste generated by the poultry sector which can lead to serious environmental concerns if not disposed and utilized properly. In this work, spent hen meat was hydrolysed by 2% Flavourzyme (6.5 pH, 55 °C) followed by ultrafiltration to produce three peptide fractions with molecular weights > 10 kDa, 5-10 kDa and < 5 kDa. These fractions were evaluated for antioxidant potential, SDS PAGE and amino acid profile. The SDS PAGE profile demonstrated bands in the low molecular weight (< 10 kDa) region. Peptide fractions of < 5 kDa exhibited highest antioxidant activity and, essential as well as hydrophobic amino acid composition than whole hydrolysate and other peptide fractions. Incorporation of the identified hydrolysate fraction in food could improve its shelf stability while serving as a preventive component against human degenerative diseases.
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Kodo (Paspalum scrobiculatum) and little (Panicum sumatrense) millet grains were utilized to minimize their antinutrient content (phytate and tannin) and maximize their antioxidant activity (DPPH) by studying the effect of ultrasonication time, germination time and temperature using central composite rotatable design. Results revealed the optimum conditions for producing ultrasonicated and germinated kodo and little millet flour of the highest antioxidant activity and lowest antinutrient content (phytate and tannin) by using 30 min for ultrasonication, 72 h for germination at 40 °C. Further, a second order model was developed to describe and predict the effect of process variables on antioxidant activity and antinutrient contents. Extended experiments were carried out under the optimized conditions to validate the developed model. The antioxidant activity obtained was 88.46% RSA and 89.06% RSA for kodo and little millet grain flours, respectively whereas antinutrient content for phytate was 0.165 mol/kg and 0.199 mol/kg and for tannin 2.88 mol/kg and 9.51 mol/kg, for kodo and little millet grain flours, respectively. This study provides useful information about the potential utilization of ultrasonicated and germinated kodo and little millet grain flours for the development of functional foods.
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Chevon Seekh Kabab is a popular meat product of India. However, due to high protein and moisture content it undergoes quick microbial spoilage and oxidative reactions leading to lower shelf life. The combination of chitosan edible film and cinnamon essential oil (CEO) was chosen to remediate this problem because of its antimicrobial and antioxidative effect. Control and chitosan edible film with CEO coated chevon Seekh Kabab samples were stored at 4 °C. The physicochemical (pH, TBARS, TVBN, moisture, colour), microbiological (APC, psychrophilic, coliform and Staphylococcal count) and sensory attributes were evaluated over a 30 days period. The maximum shelf life of 27 days was observed when 2% chitosan edible film with 0.3% CEO was coated over samples. A reduction in moisture, L* value, a* value and sensory scores along with an increase in pH, TVBN, TBARS, b* value and microbiological parameters were observed during the storage period. Reaction kinetics for the physicochemical and microbiological parameters was also established. The physicochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters were within prescribed limits till spoilage in the treated sample. This investigation may aid researchers working on scaling up of processing and preservation of Seekh Kabab.
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Simultaneous (Sm) and sequential (Sq) use of microbial proteases for the hydrolysis of spent hen/chicken meat from antioxidant potential perspective is relatively unexplored and requires attention. In this work, meat was hydrolyzed using Flavourzyme (Fz) and Alcalase (Ac), each at 1, 2, and 3% for 6 h as well as using both enzymes (at 2% each) in Sm and Sq treatment. Maximum attained %DPPH-RSA (Fz:68.25; Ac:77.18; Sm:59.82; and Sq:65.97) and FRAP (mM TEAC/g) values (Fz:3.77; Ac:2.56; Sm:2.54; and Sq:3.37) were measured as a function of hydrolysis time. The highest (23.38%) and lowest (10.68%) degree of hydrolysis (DH) was obtained with 3% Ac and 1% Fz, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy clearly revealed changes in the secondary structure of proteins. SDS PAGE profiling of hydrolysates showed that Fz produces low molecular weight peptides (2-75 kDa) as compared to Ac or its combination with Ac. As per the results of this study, Sq enzyme treatment is recommended for preparing spent hen meat hydrolysate with higher functional attributes for possible use as functional food/nutraceutical.
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Galinhas , Endopeptidases/química , Proteínas de Aves Domésticas/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Subtilisinas/química , Animais , Hidrolisados de Proteína/análise , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Papaya fruit is highly nutritive, but very fragile, and thus has a limited shelf life. Drying is essential to preserve it for longer durations. In this work, osmotic dehydration (OD) with and without ultrasound (US) was applied to papaya slices as a pretreatment in conjugation with vacuum (VD) and convective air drying (AD). Drying was carried out in a novel dryer. Moisture content, drying time, water activity, total color change, total phenolic content, radical scavenging activity, texture, and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrums were evaluated for fresh and dried papaya slices. RESULTS: It was observed that US-assisted osmotic dehydration (USOD) followed by VD had the lowest drying time with highest retention of phenols and antioxidants as compared to other drying techniques. Higher phenols and antioxidants in US-pretreated samples were attributed to the release of trapped intra-cellular polyphenols by cavitation. However, the color characteristics and texture of OD pretreatment followed by convective AD slices were found to be better. Color retention could be due to carotenoid preservation, which would be degraded in other treatments, whereas lower brittleness was associated with lower pectin. Infrared spectroscopy confirmed the retention of phytochemicals and antioxidants in dried papaya slices that were subjected to pretreatment. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment before drying enhances the end product quality of dried papaya slices. The results of this study highlight that USOD-VD is effective for nutrition preservation while OD-AD is suitable for preserving physical characteristics. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Carica/química , Dessecação/métodos , Conservação de Alimentos/métodos , Ultrassom/métodos , Antioxidantes/química , Dessecação/instrumentação , Conservação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Frutas/química , Osmose , Compostos Fitoquímicos/química , Polifenóis/química , Ultrassom/instrumentação , VácuoRESUMO
Seaweed is a novel food source that is packed with bioactive compounds but is rarely used in its raw/cooked form. An efficient nutrient delivery medium is required to make the potential health benefits of seaweeds accessible to the general population while maintaining its palatability. In this study, coffee infused with different seaweed concentrations (1%, 3%, 5%) were prepared and their physico-chemical, phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants, rheology, thermal and spectral characteristics were observed. Increase in seaweed concentration resulted in increased acidity and decreased total soluble solids of the beverage with no distinct color change. Rheological measurements showed flow behavior index in the range of 1.09-1.34 indicating dilatant tendency of the seaweed-coffee infusions which gradually decreased towards a Newtonian nature with increase in seaweed concentration. Higher detection of flavonoids and ferric reducing antioxidant power was possible with increase in seaweed concentration from 1 to 5%. However, no significant changes in total phenols and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was observed. Sensory evaluation of the coffee drinks was done using fuzzy logic which showed highest sensory acceptability for the infusion with 1% seaweed concentration. Thermograms showed changes in flavor profile on increasing seaweed concentration which was later confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. Results of the study highlight that coffee can be successfully used to mask the off-flavor of seaweed while disseminating its health benefits to the general population through an effective and extensively utilized food medium.
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The suitability of genetic algorithm as an optimization tool for freeze drying of mushroom has been explored. The optimized solution set obtained from genetic algorithm was compared to a derivative based goal attainment algorithm (fgoalattain) to identify the better optimizer. Regression models for quality parameters of freeze dried button mushrooms were developed and models with ≥ 85% correlation were selected and compiled into an objective function for optimization. Verified optimal solutions revealed that genetic algorithm was more proficient in optimizing physical quality parameters (rehydration and shrinkage ratio) as contrary to fgoalattain which optimized nutritional characteristics (ascorbic acid and protein) better. The ability of genetic algorithm for optimization from the perspective of a consumer was found to be better.
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Almond protein isolate (API) obtained from almond meal was processed using dynamic high-pressure microfluidisation (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 MPa pressure; single pass). Microfluidisation caused significant reductions in the particle size and increased absolute zeta potential. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated reduction in band intensity and the complete disappearance of bands beyond 80 MPa. Structural analysis (by circular dichroism, UV-Vis, and intrinsic-fluorescence spectra) of the API revealed disaggregation (up to 80 MPa) and then re-aggregation beyond 80 MPa. Significant increments in protein digestibility (1.16-fold) and the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS; 1.15-fold) were observed for the API (80 MPa) than control. Furthermore, significant improvements (P < 0.05) in the functional properties were observed, viz., the antioxidant activity, protein solubility, and emulsifying properties. Overall, the results revealed that moderate microfluidisation treatment (80 MPa) is an effective and sustainable technique for enhancing physico-chemical and functional attributes of API, thus potentially enabling its functional food/nutraceuticals application.
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Manipulação de Alimentos , Tamanho da Partícula , Proteínas de Plantas , Pressão , Prunus dulcis , Solubilidade , Prunus dulcis/química , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMO
In recent years, the digital transformation of bioprocesses, which focuses on interconnectivity, online monitoring, process automation, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), and real-time data acquisition, has gained considerable attention. AI can systematically analyze and forecast high-dimensional data obtained from the operating dynamics of bioprocess, allowing for precise control and synchronization of the process to improve performance and efficiency. Data-driven bioprocessing is a promising technology for tackling emerging challenges in bioprocesses, such as resource availability, parameter dimensionality, nonlinearity, risk mitigation, and complex metabolisms. This special issue entitled "Machine Learning for Smart Bioprocesses (MLSB-2022)" was conceptualized to incorporate some of the recent advances in applications of emerging tools such as ML and AI in bioprocesses. This VSI: MLSB-2022 contains 23 manuscripts, and summarizes the major findings that can serve as a valuable resource for researchers to learn major advances in applications of ML and AI in bioprocesses.
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Inteligência Artificial , Aprendizado de MáquinaRESUMO
Livestock and poultry wastewater poses a potent risk for environmental pollution accelerating disease load and premature deaths. It is characterized by high chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, heavy metals, pathogens, and antibiotics, among other contaminants. These contaminants have a negative impact on the quality of soil, groundwater, and air, and is a potential hazard to human health. Depending on the specific characteristics of wastewater, such as the type and concentration of pollutants present; several physical, chemical and biological strategies have been developed for its treatment. This review aims at providing comprehensive overview of the profiling of livestock wastewater from the dairy, swine and poultry sub-sectors along with the biological, physico-chemical, AI-based and integrated treatment methodologies, and valorisation for the generation of value-added products such as bioplastics, biofertilizers, biohydrogen and microalgal-microbial fuel cells. Additionally, future perspectives for efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment are contemplated.
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Gado , Aves Domésticas , Humanos , Animais , Suínos , Fazendas , Águas Residuárias , Análise da Demanda Biológica de OxigênioRESUMO
Anthropogenic emissions of CO2 have reached a critical level and the global surface temperature is expected to rise by 1.5 °C between 2030 and 2050. To ameliorate the current global warming scenario, the research community has been struggling to find more economical and innovative solutions for carbon sequestration. Among such techniques, the use of microalgal species such as Chlorella sp., Dunaliella tertiolecta, Spirulina platensis, Desmodesmus sp., and Nannochloropsis sp., among others have shown high carbon tolerance capacity (10-100%) for establishing carbon capture, utilization and storage systems. To make microalgal-based carbon capture more economical, the microalgal biomass (â¼2 g/L) can be converted biofuels, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals through biorefinery approach with product yield in the range of 60-99.5%. Further, CRISPR-Cas9 has enabled the knockout of specific genes in microalgal species that can be used to generate low pH tolerant strains with high lipid production. Inspite of the emerging developments in pollution control by microalgae, only limited investigations are available on its economic aspects which indicate a production cost of â¼$ 0.5-15/kg microalgal biomass. This review intends to summarize the advancements in different carbon sequestration techniques while highlighting their mechanisms and major research areas that need attention for economical microalgae-based carbon sequestration.
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Chlorella , Microalgas , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Aquecimento Global , Biomassa , Biocombustíveis , Biodegradação AmbientalRESUMO
Bio-based fuels and chemicals through the biorefinery approach has gained significant interest as an alternative platform for the petroleum-derived processes as these biobased processes are noticed to have positive environmental and societal impacts. Decades of research was involved in understanding the diversity of microorganisms in different habitats that could synthesize various secondary metabolites that have functional potential as fuels, chemicals, nutraceuticals, food ingredients, and many more. Later, due to the substrate-related process economics, the diverse low-value, high-carbon feedstocks like lignocellulosic biomass, industrial byproducts, and waste streams were investigated to have greater potential. Among them, municipal solid wastes can be used as the source of substrates for the production of commercially viable gaseous and liquid fuels, as well as short-chain fattyacids and carboxylic acids. In this work, technologies and processes demanding the production of value-added products were explained in detail to understand and inculcate the value of municipal solid wastes and the economy, and it can provide to the biorefinery aspect.
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The Chenopodium genus includes >250 species, among which only quinoa, pigweed, djulis, and kaniwa have been explored for starches. Chenopodium is a non-conventional and rich source of starch, which has been found effective in producing different classes of food. Chenopodium starches are characterized by their smaller granule size (0.4-3.5 µm), higher swelling index, shorter/lower gelatinization regions/temperature, good emulsifying properties, and high digestibility, making them suitable for food applications. However, most of the investigations into Chenopodium starches are in the primary stages (isolation, modification, and characterization), except for quinoa. This review comprehensively explores the major developments in Chenopodium starch research, emphasizing isolation, structural composition, functionality, hydrolysis, modification, and application. A critical analysis of the trends, limitations, and scope of these starches for novel food applications has also been provided to promote further scientific advancement in the field.
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Amaranthus , Chenopodium quinoa , Chenopodium , Amido/química , Chenopodium quinoa/química , Temperatura , Amilose/químicaRESUMO
In the present investigation, novel nano-curcumin enriched milk cream powder (CP) was formulated using microfluidization (at 100 MPa/2 passes) followed by spray drying (at three different temperatures: 150, 170 and 190 °C) with sodium caseinate (N) and gum arabic (G) as encapsulating materials. The effect of processing and encapsulating materials on the powder functionalities, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, morphology, fluorescence properties, bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity were studied. Results showed that NCP (spray dried at 190 °C) had significantly higher yield (68 %), encapsulation efficiency (EE) (93 %), and lower particle size (724 nm) than that of GCP. Fluorescence spectra of the powders revealed characteristic 'blue shift' phenomenon indicating better encapsulation and protection of the nano-curcumin corroborating EE results. SEM images showed distinctive features of NCP and GCP; wherein, NCP had shrivelled and irregular surface as compared to the GCP which exhibited round shape and smooth surface. TEM results confirmed that curcumin particles were in the nano-scale (50-250 nm) for both NCP and GCP. In vitro simulated digestion showed significantly high (88.48 %) curcumin bioaccessibility of NCP plus remarkable inhibition of HepG2 cells; whereas, no cytotoxicity was observed in Caco-2 cells by MTT assay. Formulation's applicability was shown by reconstituting powders as a 'cream spread' wherein high sensory acceptability observed. Sodium caseinate was found to be an excellent delivery vehicle for the fortification of nano-curcumin in the cream powder. To our knowledge, this is the first report of formulating a novel nano-curcumin fortified cream powder which has tremendous potential as a functional food ingredient.
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Curcumina , Animais , Células CACO-2 , Caseínas , Curcumina/farmacologia , Humanos , Leite , Pós , Secagem por AtomizaçãoRESUMO
Seafood processing is an important economical activity worldwide and is an integral part of the food chain system. However, their processing results in solid waste generation whose disposal and management is a serious concern. Proteins, amino acids, lipids with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), carotenoids, and minerals are abundant in the discards, effluents, and by-catch of seafood processing waste. As a result, it causes nutritional loss and poses major environmental risks. To solve the issues, it is critical that the waste be exposed to secondary processing and valorization for recovery of value added products. Although chemical waste treatment technologies are available, the majority of these procedures have inherent flaws. Biological solutions, on the other hand, are safe, efficacious, and ecologically friendly while maintaining the intrinsic bioactivities after waste conversion. Microbial fermentation or the actions of exogenously introduced enzymes on waste components are used in most bioconversion processes. Algal biotechnology has recently developed unique technologies for biotransformation of nutrients, which may be employed as a feedstock for the recovery of important chemicals as well as biofuel. Bioconversion methods combined with a bio-refinery strategy offer the potential to enable environmentally-friendly and cost-effective seafood waste management. The refinement of these wastes through sustainable bioprocessing interventions can give rise to various circular bioeconomies within the seafood processing sector. Moreover, a techno-economic perspective on the developed solid waste processing lines and its subsequent environmental impact could facilitate commercialization. This review aims to provide a comprehensive view and critical analysis of the recent updates in seafood waste processing in terms of bioconversion processes and byproduct development. Various case studies on circular bioeconomy formulated on seafood processing waste along with techno-economic feasibility for the possible development of sustainable seafood biorefineries have also been discussed.