Synergistic effects of ferulic acid esterase-producing lactic acid bacteria, cellulase and xylanase on the fermentation characteristics, fibre and nitrogen components and microbial community structure of Broussonetia papyrifera during ensiling.

BACKGROUND: The high fibre content of whole plants of Broussonetia papyrifera limits its efficient utilization. Ferulic acid esterase (FAE), in combination with xylanase, can effectively cleave the lignin-carbohydrate complex, promoting the function of cellulase. However, little is known about the impact of these additives on silage. To effectively utilize natural woody plant resources, FAE-producing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RO395, xylanase (XY) and cellulase (CE) were used to investigate the dynamic fermentation characteristics, fibre and nitrogen components and microbial community structure during B. papyrifera ensiling. RESULTS: Broussonetia papyrifera was either not treated (CK) or treated with FAE-producing lactic acid bacteria (LP), CE, XY, LP + CE, LP + XY or LP + CE + XY for 3, 7, 15, 30 or 60 days, respectively. In comparison with those in the CK treatment, the L. plantarum and enzyme treatments (LP + CE, LP + XY and LP + XY + CE), especially the LP + XY + CE treatment, significantly increased the lactic acid concentration and decreased the pH and the contents of acid detergent insoluble protein and NH3 -N (P < 0.05). Enzyme addition improved the degradation efficiency of lignocellulose, and a synergistic effect was observed after enzyme treatment in combination with LP; in addition, the lowest acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, hemicellulose and cellulose contents were detected after the LP + CE + XY treatment (P < 0.05). Moreover, CE, XY and LP additions significantly improved the microbial community structure, increased the relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus and Firmicutes, and effectively inhibited undesirable bacterial (Enterobacter) growth during ensiling. CONCLUSION: FAE-producing L. plantarum and the two tested enzymes exhibited synergistic effects on improving the quality of silage, which indicates that this combination can serve as an efficient method for improved B. papyrifera silage utilization. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum expressing multifunctional glycoside hydrolases on the characteristics of alfalfa silage.

For the first time, Lactobacillus plantarum strains carrying heterologous genes encoding multifunctional glycoside hydrolases were constructed and used as additives for alfalfa silage. The chemical characteristics, nonstructural carbohydrate composition, and fermentation quality of alfalfa silage were examined. The supernatant of L. plantarum expressing CbXyn10C and Bgxg1 (LP11AG) showed activities on xylan, Avicel, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), while the supernatant of the wild-type L. plantarum showed no activity. When LP11AG was used as silage additive, the water-soluble carbohydrate content of alfalfa silage increased by 72%, 55%, and 155% compared with control when the silage was stored at 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C, respectively. With LP11AG being used as an additive for the alfalfa silage stored at 20 °C, the hemicellulose, cellulose, and acid detergent ligninin (ADL) contents decreased by 17%, 6%, and 14% compared with the control (p < 0.05), respectively. Compared with the corresponding original contents, the contents of glucose, arabinose, galactose, and fructose detected in silage treated with LP11AG after 45 days of ensiling increased by 55%, 1494%, 68%, and 5% , respectively, when stored at 40 °C. Raffinose and stachyose, originally present in alfalfa, disappeared after ensiling. In conclusion, our results suggest that LP11AG provides a substantial benefit as a silage additive.

Effects of Dried Tea Residues of Different Processing Techniques on the Nutritional Parameters, Fermentation Quality, and Bacterial Structure of Silaged Alfalfa.

The effects of dried tea residues on the nutritional parameters and fermentation quality, microbial community, and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage were investigated. In this study, dried tea residues generated from five different processing techniques (green tea, G; black tea, B; white tea, W; Pu'er raw tea, Z; Pu'er ripe tea, D) were added at two addition levels (5% and 10% fresh weight (FW)) to alfalfa and fermented for 90 days. The results showed that the tea residues increased the crude protein (CP) content (Z10: 23.85%), true protein nitrogen (TPN) content, DPPH, and ABST radical scavenging capacity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the alfalfa silage. Moreover, the pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N) content, and acetic acid (AA) content decreased (p < 0.05). The effects of tea residues were promoted on these indicators with increasing tea residue addition. In addition, this study revealed that the influence of dried tea residues on the nutritional quality of alfalfa silage was greater than that on fermentation quality. Based on the nutrient composition, the addition of B or G to alfalfa silage can improve its silage quality, and these tea byproducts have the potential to be used as silage additives.

Effects of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and chemical additives on fermentation profile, chemical composition, and nutrient digestibility of high-moisture corn silage.

High-moisture corn silage presents a novel approach to reduce forage feeding expenses and enhance animal performance. Nevertheless, given corn's proclivity for starch, suboptimal fermentation quality in high-moisture corn silage can lead to spoilage, posing risks to livestock well-being. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of different additives on the fermentation profile, chemical composition, nutrient digestibility of high-moisture corn (HMC) silage. All treatments improved the quality of high-moisture corn silage fermentation, as demonstrated by a decrease in pH and increase in lactic acid (LA) content. The high-moisture corn silage had a low content of trans fatty acids (TFA). Fermentation effectively decreased prolamin content while increasing 48-h in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), estimated total tract starch digestibility (eTTSD), total digestible nutrient (TDN), and relative grain quality (RGQ) of high-moisture corn silage. Nonetheless, no effect was observed on the 48-h IVDMD of high-moisture corn silage among the different treatments. Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that neutral detergent fiber (aNDF), neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP), crude protein (CP), zein, and prolamin closely correlated with the digestibility of high-moisture corn. The study's findings demonstrate that inoculating L. buchneri and potassium sorbate can improve the quality of high-moisture corn silage fermentation and digestibility in different hybrids. The results will provide insights for enhancing farm productivity and profitability in China.

Potential for volatile fatty acid production via anaerobically-fermenting rice straw pretreated with silage effluent and phenyllactic acid.

To resolve environmental problems associated with rice straw and silage effluent disposal, silage effluent pretreating rice straw for the anaerobic production of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) was investigated. To prevent the lactic acid bacteria in silage effluent from inhibiting anaerobic fermentation, four phenyllactic acid (PLA) levels were set (0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 mg/kg). The total VFA yields of treatments pretreated only with silage effluent (CK) were higher than the groups combined with PLA during 15 days fermentation. Compared to PLA treatments, the total VFA of CK increased by 11.4 % ∼ 25.1 % on day 15. The CK showed higher lactic and propionic acid contents and lower pH values (<4.9). The PLA treatments decreased Lactobacillus abundance while increasing bacterial richness and evenness, and acetic and butyric acid contents. These demonstrated silage effluent has the potential to be used as a biological pretreatment for VFA production in anaerobic fermentation.

Contribution of the bacterial community of poorly fermented oat silage to biogas emissions on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau.

To better utilize poorly fermented oat silage on the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau, 239 samples of this biomass were collected from the plateau temperate zone (PTZ), plateau subboreal zone (PSBZ), and nonplateau climatic zone (NPCZ) in the region and analyzed for microbial community, chemical composition and in vitro gas production. Climatic factors affect the bacterial α-diversity and ß-diversity of poorly fermented oat silage, which led to the NPCZ having the highest relative abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Furthermore, the gas production analysis showed that the NPCZ had the highest maximum cumulative gas emissions of methane. Through structural equation modeling analysis, environmental factors (solar radiation) affected methane emissions via the regulation of lactate production by L. plantarum. The enrichment of L. plantarum contributes to lactic acid production and thereby enhances methane emission from poorly fermented oat silage. Notably, there are many lactic acid bacteria detrimental to methane production in the PTZ. This knowledge will be helpful in revealing the mechanisms of environmental factors and microbial relationships influencing the metabolic processes of methane production, thereby providing a reference for the clean utilization of other poorly fermented silage.

Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility, and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage in Response to Varying Proportion Alfalfa Silage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different proportions of alfalfa silage on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage. Three TMRs were prepared with different silage contents on a fresh matter basis: (1) 60% alfalfa silage (AS60), (2) 40% alfalfa silage (AS40), and (3) 20% alfalfa silage (AS20). The lactic acid in AS60 did not increase after 30 days of ensiling (p > 0.05). Butyric acid was detected in the AS20 group after 14 days of ensiling. The AS60 group showed significantly higher in vitro dry matter digestibility than the AS20 group (p < 0.05). The aerobic stability of TMR silage gradually increased with a decreasing percentage of alfalfa silage (p < 0.05). Unlike AS60, which directly gained an acidic environment from the alfalfa silage, AS40 developed a stable acidic environment during ensiling and further improved aerobic stability. However, when the percentage of alfalfa silage was reduced to 20%, a risk of clostridial spoilage occurred in the TMR silage. Therefore, the addition of 40% alfalfa silage to TMR is optimal and could achieve both good fermentation quality and considerable resistance to aerobic deterioration in TMR silage.

Ambient ultraviolet radiation: A new factor affecting anaerobic fermentation of oat and subsequent methane emissions.

To investigate the effect of ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau on anaerobic fermentation and subsequent methane emissions, oats grown under different ambient UV conditions (UV1, 100% ambient UV radiation; UV2, 50% ambient UV radiation) were fermented with molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) inoculant treatments. The UV2 treatment increased (P < 0.05) epiphytic bacterial counts and reduced (P < 0.05) the water-soluble carbohydrate contents of oat. Both the UV2 treatment and the LP inoculant substantially increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and inhibited detrimental microorganisms (enterobacteria and yeasts) during anaerobic fermentation, resulting in the absence of butyric acid. The UV2 treatment increased (P < 0.05) the acid detergent fiber contents after anaerobic fermentation and indirectly increased (P < 0.05) methane emissions by 8.52-14.69% during in vitro ruminal digestion. This study demonstrated that low ambient UV radiation during cultivation facilitated anaerobic fermentation and consequently enhanced subsequent methane emissions from the rumen.

Effects of different cutting methods and additives on the fermentation quality and microbial community of Saccharum arundinaceum silage.

To develop a new high-yielding and polysaccharide-containing forage resource for livestock, the effects of different cutting methods and additives on Saccharum arundinaceum silage were evaluated. The wilted S. arundinaceum were chopped and knead-wired. The silages from each cutting method were treated with Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), cellulase (CE) and the combination of LP and CE (LP + CE) for 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days. Compared with the CK treatment, CE treatment exhibited better effects in the degradation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), LP exhibited a better performance in preserving the content of dry matter (DM), and adding LP + CE significantly enhanced (P < 0.05) the contents of lactic acid (LA), crude protein (CP) and DM and significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the pH and NDF content during ensiling. In addition, both additives exerted a remarkable effect on the silage bacterial community (P < 0.05), with a dramatic increase in the Lactobacillus abundance and a decrease in the abundance of Enterobacter. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) became the most dominant bacteria that affected the fermentation quality of LP and LP + CE silages. Meanwhile, chopped silages showed better fermentation quality and nutrient preservation and a higher abundance of LAB. Our research indicated that the chopped S. arundinaceum ensiling with LP + CE could exert a positive effect on LA fermentation and preservation of nutrient substances by shifting the bacterial community. In conclusion, S. arundinaceum can serve as a new silage resource for feed utilization by the ensiling method of LP + CE-chopped.

Role of Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum during anaerobic storage of ear-removed corn on biogas production.

To optimize the volatile fatty acid production for anaerobic fermentation, the ear-removed corn was ensiled without (control) or with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP), Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (LC) and L. paraplantarum (LpP). Inoculation of LpP increased acetic acid content by 40%, and decreased butyric acid content by 38% in relative to control. Moreover, inoculation of LpP decreased the bacterial alpha diversity indices, while inherent species of Lentilactobacillus buchneri and L. hilgardii dominated the anaerobic fermentation. In particular, inoculation of LpP restricted the growth of yeasts and production of propionic acid at the early stage of storage, but continuously stimulated anaerobic fermentation, resulting in a higher maximal cumulative gas emissions of methane (by about 20 %) than that of LP and LC. Therefore, inoculation of LpP during anaerobic storage was favorable to produce intermediate metabolites (acetic acid) for subsequent biogas production of ear-removed corn.

Effect of different organic acid additives on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera) silage.

To investigate the effects of different organic acid additives and their concentrations on the fermentation quality and bacterial community of paper mulberry silage, paper mulberry was left untreated (control) or was treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), propionic acid (PA) or citric acid (CA), the amount of each additive was 2 g.kg-1 FM, 5 g.kg-1 FM and g.kg-1 FM. All groups were ensiled for 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. Compared to the control, adding EDTA reduced protein breakdown, preserved more water-soluble carbohydrates of the silages (WSCs, 24.74 g.kg-1 DM), and high concentrations of EDTA inhibited the activity of undesirable microorganisms. Adding PA increased the abundance of Lactiplantibacillus and decreased the abundance of Enterococcus, and it caused a rapid decrease in the pH of the silage at an early stage (from 6.50 to 5.31) while altering the microbiota, and low concentrations of PA resulted in high LA (66.22 g.kg-1 DM) concentration and low PA (9.92 g.kg-1 DM) concentration at 60 days of ensiling. Different concentrations of additives altered the microbial community of paper mulberry to different degrees. High concentrations of PA and CA can increase the abundance of Lactiplantibacillus. High concentrations of CA resulted in a rapid decrease in silage pH at an early stage and higher WSC concentration. These results suggest that EDTA, PA and CA can be used as additives to improve the quality of paper mulberry silage.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria, yeast, and their mixture on the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and bacterial community of cellulase-treated Pennisetum sinese silage.

The present study investigated the effects of Lentilactobacillus buchneri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a mixture of the two on the cellulose degradation and microbial community of cellulase-treated Pennisetum sinese (CTPS) during biological pretreatment. The CTPS was stored without additives (CK) or with L. buchneri (L), yeast (Y, S. cerevisiae), and their mixture (LY) under anaerobic conditions for 60 days. All inoculants enhanced the anaerobic fermentation of CTPS. In relative to L, inoculations with Y and LY decreased the cellulose level of fermented-CTPS by 8.90 ~ 17.13%. Inoculation with L inhibited the growth of Weissella cibaria during anaerobic storage. However, inoculations with LY increased the relative abundance of the homofermentative bacterium Lactiplantibacillus plantarum by 6.04%. Therefore, inoculating S. cerevisiae reduced the adverse effects of L. buchneri-stimulated fermentation on cellulose degradation by altering the bacterial community during anaerobic storage of P. sinese. This work provides a new insight for the subsequent anaerobic digestion of P. sinese.

Effect of epiphytic microflora after aerobic enrichment and reconstitution on fermentation quality and microbial community of corn stalk silage and Pennisetum sinese silage.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of enrichment and reconstitution of the forage epiphytic microflora on the fermentation quality, chemical composition, and bacterial community composition of corn stalk and Pennisetum sinese silages. Methods: The forage juice of fresh corn stalk and P. sinese were collected, diluted by gradient (10-1 to 10-5), and aerobically incubated to enrich and reconstitute the epiphytic microflora. Fresh corn stalk and P. sinese were ensiled for 3, 15, and 45 days after inoculation with either the original (D0) pre-incubated juices, or 10-1 (D1), 10-3 (D3), or 10-5 (D5) diluted and pre-incubated juices. Results: The lowest pH was found in the D3 treatment of the corn stalk silage. In P. sinese silage, the hemicellulose content of D3 and D5 treatments was 9.50 and 11.81% lower than that of D0 treatment (P < 0.05). In corn stalk silage, the neutral detergent fiber content was significantly lower in the D3 treatment than in the other treatments (P < 0.05). Both corn stalk and P. sinese silages exhibited a high abundance of Enterobacter during ensiling, resulting in high levels of acetic acid. Conclusion: Although the dilution and enrichment of the epiphytic microflora did not lead to full lactic acid fermentation, these pre-treatments were found to alter the microbial metabolites and chemical composition of the silage. These results provide a new perspective on the production of pre-fermented silage inoculant.

Effects of epiphytic and exogenous lactic acid bacteria on fermentation quality and microbial community compositions of paper mulberry silage.

This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains from various sources and evaluate their effects on the nutritional quality, fermentation characteristics, and microbial compositions of paper mulberry (PM) after 60 days of ensiling. Forty-nine LAB strains were isolated from Phalaris arundinacea silage, pickle, and fresh PM leaves; three of these strains (Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, YC1; Levilactobacillus brevis, PC3; and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, BP17) and one commercial inoculant Gaofuji (GFJ) were subsequently used. Compared with other treatments, PC3 and BP17 increased (P < 0.05) the LAB count and crude protein content and decreased (P < 0.05) the molds and coliform bacteria counts, pH, and ammonia-N content of PM silages. BP17 and PC3 increased the relative Lactiplantibacillus abundance and decreased that of Lelliottia and Cladosporium, improving PM silage quality. Therefore, PC3 and BP17 can improve the fermentation quality of PM silage and could be used as silage starter cultures.

Effect of cellulase and lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality, carbohydrate conversion, and microbial community of ensiling oat with different moisture contents.

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is one of the most widely cultivated crops used as forage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cellulase and Lactobacillus plantarum interactions with different moisture contents on oat ensiling. Oats with three moisture contents were treated with nothing (C), cellulase (CE), lactic acid bacteria (LP), or CE+LP and ensiled for 30 and 60 days. Compared with the control, LP and CE treatments increased crude protein and lactic acid concentrations and reduced the pH and ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen (NH3-N/TN) ratios of silages. The addition of CE improved lignocellulosic degradation, compared with approximately 67% (LD) and 81% moisture content (HD) ensiling, CE (CE, CE+LP) ensiling in the approximately 75% moisture content (MD) group retained higher water-soluble carbohydrate, glucose, sucrose and fructose concents. The LP and CE inoculations significantly reduced the microbial community diversity, and lower values for the observed species, ACE, Chao1, and Shannon indices compared with CK-treated samples. Additives inhibited the growth of unfavorable bacteria (such as Clostridium) and increased the abundances of lactic acid bacteria (LAB); the maximum increases in the Lactiplantibacillus abundance were obtained in the LP- and CE+LP-treated samples, improving the microbial community structure in silage. In summary, adding LP and CE effectively improved the oat fermentation quality, and better performances in ensiling oat and lignocellulose degradation were obtained with LP and CE combinations, especially for the MD group of silages that were ensiled for 60 days. The addition of CE and LP at the appropriate moisture content might be helpful for producing high-quality oat silage, and also provide a simple and feasible method to enhance the effects of bacteria and enzymes.

Effects of Ferulic Acid Esterase-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria and Storage Temperature on the Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility and Phenolic Acid Extraction Yields of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) Silage.

Two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains with different ferulic acid esterase (FAE) activities were isolated: Lactobacillus farciminis (LF18) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP23). The effects of these strains on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility and phenolic acid extraction yields of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) silage were studied at 20, 30 and 40 °C. Sorghum was ensiled with no additive (control), LF18 or LP23 for 45 days. At 40 °C, the lactic acid content decreased, whereas the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content significantly increased (p < 0.05). At all three temperatures, the inoculants significantly improved the lactic acid contents and reduced the NH3-N contents (p < 0.05). Neither LP23 nor LF18 significantly improved the digestibility of sorghum silages (p > 0.05). The LP23 group exhibited higher phenolic acid extraction yields at 30 °C (p < 0.05), and the corresponding yields of the LF18 and control groups were improved at 40 °C (p < 0.05). FAE-producing LABs might partially ameliorate the negative effects of high temperature and improve the fermentation quality of sorghum silage. The screened FAE-producing LABs could be candidate strains for preserving sorghum silage at high temperature, and some further insights into the relationship between FAE-producing LABs and ensiling temperatures were obtained.

Effects of the Application of Lactobacillus plantarum Inoculant and Potassium Sorbate on the Fermentation Quality, In Vitro Digestibility and Aerobic Stability of Total Mixed Ration Silage Based on Alfalfa Silage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the application of an inoculant and a preservative on the fermentation quality, in vitro digestibility, and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage-based fermented total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR was ensiled with (1) no additives (control), (2) Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), or (3) potassium sorbate (PS). The V-scores of all silages were higher than 80 points during the 30 days of ensiling. The addition of LP and PS had no effects on the in vitro parameters, such as in vitro digestibility and in vitro gas production (p > 0.05). LP-treated silage showed similar fermentation quality and comparable aerobic stability to the control (110 h). The LP only decreased the ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content (p < 0.05) during ensiling. The PS significantly increased the pH of TMR silages (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the addition of PS improved the aerobic stability (>162 h) of TMR silage, indicated by the higher water-soluble carbohydrate content and lower NH3-N content in comparison with those in the control after aerobic exposure (p < 0.05). The improvement in fermentation quality is extremely small in terms of applying LP in TMR silage based on a large percentage of other silage ingredients. The PS is effective in conserving unpacked TMR silage and showed the potential to reduce the risk of ruminal acidosis in livestock.

The enhancement by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of the Cd remediation ability and bioenergy quality-related factors of five switchgrass cultivars in Cd-contaminated soil.

A greenhouse experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth, P and Cd concentrations and bioenergy quality-related factors of five cultivars of switchgrass, including three lowland cultivars (Alamo (Ala), Kanlow (Kan), Performer (Per)) and two highland cultivars (Blackwell (Bw), Summer (Sum)), with 0, 1 and 10 mg/kg Cd addition levels. The results showed that AMF inoculation notably increased the biomass and P concentrations of all the cultivars. The Cd concentrations in the roots were higher than those in the shoots of all cultivars irrespective of inoculation, but the AMF had different effects on Cd accumulation in highland and lowland cultivars. AMF inoculation decreased the shoot and root concentrations in Ala and Kan, increased the shoot and root concentrations of Cd in Bw and Sum, and increased shoot Cd concentrations and decreased root Cd concentrations in Per. The highest Cd concentrations were detected in the roots of Bw and in the shoots of Sum with AMF symbiosis. Bw contained the highest total extracted Cd which was primarily in the roots. Ala had the second highest extracted Cd in the shoots, reaching 32% with 1 mg/kg of added Cd, whereas Sum had the lowest extracted Cd. AMF symbiosis had varied effects on bioenergy quality-related factors: for example, AMF decreased the ash lignin content in Ala and the C/N in Sum, increased the nitrogen, gross calorie values, and maintained the hemicellulose and cellulose contents in all cultivars with all tested concentrations of Cd. A principal component analysis (PCA) showed that AMF inoculation could enhance, weaken or transform (positive-negative, PC1-PC2) the correlations of these factors with the principle components under Cd stress. Therefore, AMF symbiosis enhanced the growth of different cultivars of switchgrass, increased/decreased Cd accumulation, promoted Cd extraction, and regulated the bioenergy quality-related factors in Cd-polluted areas. Bw is a suitable cultivar for phytostabilization due to high root Cd stabilization, whereas Ala is an appropriate cultivar for phytoremediation of less polluted areas because of its high Cd extraction and excellent bioenergy quality.