Comparison of UV protection properties of cotton fabrics treated with aqueous and methanolic extracts of Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus viridis plants.

Harmful effects of ultraviolet rays and protection against them have been long discussed. Numerous synthetic dyes, finishes, UV absorbers, and optical brightening agents are present in the market for decades for achieving UV protection through textiles. However, due to environmental impacts of these chemical agents, textile industry is looking for alternatives. In this regard, some natural dyes and plant extracts have shown promising results. However, use of colorless plant extracts as UV protective finishes is still rare. In this study, ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) rating of bleached cotton fabric has been improved by the application of plant extracts with minimal change in fabric's color. For this purpose, two medicinal plants, that is, Solanum nigrum and Amaranthus viridis were selected and bleached cotton fabric was treated with their methanolic and aqueous extracts. Fabrics treated with both extracts exhibited excellent UPF ratings.

A supervised machine learning approach for the prediction of antioxidant activities of Amaranthus viridis seed.

This research aimed at modelling and predicting the antioxidant activities of Amaranthus viridis seed extract using four (4) data-driven models. Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-nearest Neighbour (k-NN), and Decision Tree (DT) were used as modelling algorithms for the construction of a non-linear empirical model to predict the antioxidant properties of Amaranthus viridis seed extract. Datasets for the modelling operation were obtained from a Box Behnken design while the hyperparameters of the ANN, SVM, k-NN and DT were determined using a 10-fold cross-validation technique. Among the Machine Learning algorithms, DT was observed to exhibit excellent performance and outperformed other Machine Learning algorithms in predicting the antioxidant activities of the seed extract, with a sensitivity of 0.867, precision of 0.928, area under the curve of 0.979, root mean square error of 0.184 and correlation coefficient of 0.9878. It was closely followed by ANN which was used to analyze and explain in detail the effect of the independent variables on the antioxidant activities of the seed extracts. This result affirmed the suitability of DT in predicting the antioxidant activities of Amaranthus viridis.

Occurrence and Distribution of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Multi-Industry Sources to Water, Sediments and Plants along Nairobi River Basin, Kenya.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ever-present pollutants in the environment. They are persistent and bio-accumulative with deleterious health effects on biota. This study assesses the levels of PFAS in environmental matrices along the Nairobi River, Kenya. An aggregate of 30 PFAS were determined in water, while 28 PFAS were detected in sediments and plants using solid phase extraction then liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric techniques. In water, higher levels of perfluoroundecanoic acids of up to 39.2 ng L-1 were observed. Sediment and plant samples obtained in the midstream and downstream contained higher levels of perfluorooctanoic acid of up to 39.62 and 29.33 ng g-1, respectively. Comparably, levels of long-chain PFAS were higher in water and sediments than in plants. Sediment/water log distribution of selected PFAS ranged between 2.5 (perfluoroundecanoic acid) and 4.9 (perfluorooctane sulfonate). The level of perfluorooctane sulfonate (1.83 ng L-1) in water is above the acceptable level in surface water posing high human health and ecological risks. The observed PFAS concentrations and distribution were attributed mainly to multi-industries located along the river, among other sources. The knowledge of PFAS occurrence and distribution in Nairobi River, Kenya, provides important information to local regulatory agencies for PFAS pollution control.

Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Amaranthus viridis (Amaranthaceae).

Amaranthus viridis is an important medicinal herb. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome (plastome) of A. viridis was repotred. It was a circular molecular of 150,452 bp in length and consists of a large single-copy region (LSC, 83,832 bp), a small single-copy region (SSC, 17,914 bp), and two inverted repeats (IRs, 24,353 bp for each) regions. The overall GC content was 36.6%. This plastome encodes 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and four rRNAs. The phylogenetic tree of 18 Amaranthaceae chloroplast genomes supported that A. viridis was closely related to A. hybridus.

Occurrence of organic micropollutants and human health risk assessment based on consumption of Amaranthus viridis, Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The contamination of water resource and food chain by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) constitutes a major environmental and human health concern worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of POPs in irrigation water, soil and in Amaranthus viridis (A. viridis) from different gardening sites in Kinshasa to evaluate the potential environmental and human health risks. A survey study for the use of pesticides and fertilizers was carried out with 740 market gardeners. The levels of POPs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) were analyzed in irrigation water and 144 vegetable samples collected from different gardening sites. The assessment of potential human health risk was estimated by calculating daily intake and toxic equivalency to quantify the carcinogenicity. The results show highest PAH levels in A. viridis from all studied sites. The concentrations of the sum of seven PCBs (Σ7PCBS) congeners in analyzed plants ranged between 15.89 and 401.36 ng g-1. The distributions of OCPs in both water and A. viridis were congener specific, chlorpyrifos-ethyl and p,p'-DDE were predominantly detected. Among PBDEs, only BDE47 was quantified with noticeable concentration in A. viridis, while no PBDEs were detected in irrigation water. Higher estimated daily intake values indicate that consuming leafy vegetables might associate with increased human health risks. However, calculated incremental lifetime cancer risk values indicates no potential carcinogenic risk for the local population. The results of this study provide important information on A. viridis contamination by POPs and strongly recommend implementing the appropriate measures to control the use of chemicals used in studied gardening areas. Thus in Kinshasa, urban agriculture control programs for POPs and fertilizers is very important in order to protect the public health through direct and dietary exposure pathways.

Heavy metal and microbial safety assessment of raw and cooked pumpkin and Amaranthus viridis leaves grown in Abakaliki, Nigeria.

In this study, heavy metal and microbial safety assessment of raw and cooked pumpkin and Amaranthus viridis leaves grown in Abakaliki, Nigeria, was examined. The levels of lead (Pb), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The microbial cells were counted and further identified to species level using 16S rDNA and ITS rDNA sequencing analysis at CABI microbial identification services United Kingdom (UK). The results showed that the heavy metal concentrations of lead (10.5, 12.0), arsenic (7.5, 8.5), chromium (0.9, 0.1), and mercury (13.1, 14.0) in the pumpkin and A. viridis leaves, respectively, were above maximum acceptable limit according to relevant national and international food regulatory agencies (Tables 1 and 2). Cooking significantlyreduced the concentrations of the heavy metals at (p > 0.05) to or below, lead (6.8, 8.4), arsenic (5.1, 6.1), chromium (0.6.0.1), and mercury (9.5, 11.4) in the pumpkin and A. viridis leaves, respectively, but still not to international safe limit. The result of the microbial safety assessment showed that the microbial load of both the pumpkin and Amaranthus viridis leaves were above acceptable limit and the contaminating organisms were identified as Escherichia coli (504743), Klebsiella pneumonia (504744b), and Aspergillus flavus (504740).This study therefore shows that the vegetables (pumpkin and A. viridis leaves) contain unacceptable levels of toxic heavy metals and potentially dangerous pathogenic microorganisms, thus present significant health risk for the consumers.

Acetylation of Amaranthus viridis starch: Modeling and process parameters optimization.

The optimum reaction conditions for the derivation of acetylated (esterified) starch using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were studied. All the independent variables (starch solids, acetic anhydride concentration, and reaction time) were of significant (p < .05) importance in achieving esterified starch of Amaranthus viridis. Optimum conditions of 152.46 g of starch, 11 ml of acetic anhydride and time of 2.92 min with corresponding acetyl content and degree of substitution (DS) of 1.74% and 0.06, respectively, were established for ANN. The RSM gave optimum conditions of 149.57 g (starch), 10.38 ml (acetic anhydride) and 3 min (time) with corresponding acetyl content and DS of 1.61% and 0.06, respectively. The order of priority of the process variables was established as acetic anhydride (42.59%), starch solids (33.90%), and reaction time (23.51%). The results provided useful information on development of economic and efficient acetylation process for modification of A. viridis starch.

Phytochemical screening, antioxidant, antityrosinase, and antigenotoxic potential of Amaranthus viridis extract.

OBJECTIVE: Amaranthus viridis (Amaranthaceae) widely distributed all over the world, growing under a wide range of climatic conditions and has been utilized as a medicinal herb in traditional Ayurvedic medicine as antipyretic agents, also for the treatment of inflammation, ulcer, diabetic, asthma and hyperlipidemia. The aim of the study was designed to evaluate the chemical composition and antioxidant and biological properties of different fractions obtained from A. viridis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four different extracts of A. viridis were prepared using aqueous, methanol, chloroform, and hexane and investigated their antioxidant potential using free radical scavenging activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging activity, as well as metal chelating activity. In addition, antityrosinase and antigenotoxicity properties were also evaluated by the standard in vitro methods. Finally, the active methanolic extract (ME) was investigated for identifying the phenolic compounds using UPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS: In the present study, chlorogenic acid, gulonic acid, and kaempferol were found to be the major components responsible for the antioxidant activity of A. viridis extract as evidenced from UPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the ME of A. viridis revealed excellent antioxidant activities such as DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50= 47.23 ± 0.66 µg/mL), NO radical scavenging activity (IC50= 64.33 ± 2.01 µg/mL), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging activity (IC50= 33.21 ± 3.3 µg/mL), ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50= 47.61 ± 1.31 µg/mL), metal chelating activity (IC50= 32.1 ± 1.11 µg/mL), as well as lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity (IC50= 112 ± 1.21 µg/mL). Furthermore, ME revealed that the protective effects of extract were observed on H2O2-induced DNA damages with alkaline comet assay. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, the study concluded that the promising antioxidant capacities of A. viridis extract can further be utilized in various agricultural, pharmaceutical, and food applications.

Highlighting mass spectrometric fragmentation differences and similarities between hydroxycinnamoyl-quinic acids and hydroxycinnamoyl-isocitric acids.

BACKGROUND: Plants contain a myriad of metabolites which exhibit diverse biological activities. However, in-depth analyses of these natural products with current analytical platforms remains an undisputed challenge due to the multidimensional chemo-diversity of these molecules, amplified by both isomerization and conjugation. In this study, we looked at molecules such as hydroxyl-cinnamic acids (HCAs), which are known to exist as positional and geometrical isomers conjugated to different organic acids namely quinic- and isocitric acid. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed at providing a more defined distinction between HCA conjugates from Amaranthus viridis and Moringa oleifera, using mass spectrometry (MS) approaches. METHODS: Here, we used a UHPLC-MS/MS targeted approach to analyze isobaric HCA conjugates extracted from the aforementioned plants. RESULTS: Mass spectrometry results showed similar precursor ions and fragmentation pattern; however, distinct differences were seen with ions at m/z 155 and m/z 111 which are associated with isocitric acid conjugates. CONCLUSION: Our results highlight subtle differences between these two classes of compounds based on the MS fingerprints, enabling confidence differentiation of the compounds. Thus, these findings provide a template reference for accurate and confident annotation of such compounds in other plants.

Neuro-endocrine effects of aqueous extract of Amaranthus viridis (Linn.) leaf in male Wistar rat model of cyclophosphamide-induced reproductive toxicity.

Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely used cytotoxic alkylating agent with antitumor and immunosuppressant properties that is associated with various forms of reproductive toxicity. The significance of natural antioxidants of plant origin should be explored, especially in a world with increasing incidence of patients in need of chemotherapy. The neuro-endocrine effects of aqueous extract of Amaranthus viridis (Linn.) leaf (AEAVL) in Wistar rats with CP-induced reproductive toxicity was determined. Forty rats were used for this study such that graded doses of the extract were administered following CP-induced reproductive toxicity and comparisons were made against control, toxic and standard (vitamin E) groups at p < 0.05. The synthetic drugs (CP, 65 mg/kg i.p. for 5 days; Vitamin E, 100 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days) as well as the extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days) were administered to the rats at 0.2 mL/100 g. CP induced reproductive toxicity as evidenced by significantly lowered levels of FSH, LH and testosterone, perturbation of sperm characterization, deleterious disruptions of the antioxidant system as evidenced by decreased levels of GSH as well as elevation of TBARS activity. Histopathological examination showed hemorrhagic lesions with scanty and hypertrophied parenchymal cells in the pituitary while the testis showed ballooned seminiferous tubules with loosed connective tissues and vacuolation of testicular interstitium. These conditions were significantly reversed (p < 0.05) following administration of the graded doses of the extract. It was, therefore, concluded that AEAVL could potentially be a therapeutic choice in patients with CP-induced neuro-endocrine dysfunction and reproductive toxicity.

Two phytotoxic azaphilone derivatives from Chaetomium globosum, a fungal endophyte isolated from Amaranthus viridis leaves.

A fungal endophyte isolated from the leaves of the allelopathic plant Amaranthus viridis of the family Amaranthaceae was identified as Chaetomium globosum through molecular means using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA gene. This is the first report of the isolation of C. globosum from Amaranthaceae. Chromatographic separation of the EtOAc extract of the fungal fermentation in potato dextrose broth yielded two known chlorine-containing azaphilone derivatives, chaetomugilin D (1) and chaetomugilin J (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were found to show phytotoxic activity in the lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seed germination bioassay. The IC50 values of 1 and 2 for root growth inhibition were 24.2 and 22.6 ppm, respectively, while IC50 values for shoot growth inhibition were 27.8 and 21.9 ppm, respectively. Phytotoxic activities of the chaetomugilin group of compounds have been reported for the first time, although their antifungal, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities are known.

Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus viridis leaves in experimental diabetes.

To investigate the antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of methanolic extract of leaves of Amaranthus viridis (MEAV) in normal and Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The anti-hyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Amaranthus viridis was evaluated by using normal and STZ induced diabetic rats at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg by mouth per day for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight was monitored at specific intervals, and different biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein were also assessed in the experimental animals. Histology of pancreas was performed. The statistical data indicated a significant increase in the body weight, decrease in the blood glucose, total cholesterol and serum triglycerides after treatment with MEAV. High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level was significantly increased when treated with extract. Histologically, focal necrosis was observed in the diabetic rat pancreas; however, was less obvious in treated groups. The MEAV has beneficial effects in reducing the elevated blood glucose level and body weight changes, and improves the lipid profile of STZ induced rats.

Anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of three species of Amaranthus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. METHODS: In this study, the anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity of methanol extracts of leaves of all three plants was evaluated by using normal and STZ induced diabetic rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg p.o. daily for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored at specific intervals, and different biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were also assessed in the experimental animals. Histology of pancreas was performed. RESULTS: It was found that all the three plants at 400 mg/kg dose showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity (P<0.01), while at 200 mg/kg dose less significant anti-diabetic activity (P<0.05) was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Methanol extracts of Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus spinosus and Amaranthus viridis showed significant anti-diabetic and anti-cholesterolemic activity, which provides the scientific proof for their traditional claims.