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1.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 141: 109033, 2023 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37640123

RESUMO

Soy saponins are generally known to have negative effects on growth and the intestines of aquatic animals, and appropriate levels of sodium butyrate (NaB) may provide some mitigating effects. We investigated the effects of low and high levels of soy saponin and the protective effects of NaB (based on high level of soy saponin) on growth, serum cytokines, distal intestinal histopathology, and inflammation in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂). The experiment included four groups: fishmeal group (FM, 0.00% saponin and 0.00% NaB), low saponin group (SL, 0.30% saponin and 0.00% NaB), high saponin group (SH, 1.50% saponin and 0.00% NaB) and high saponin with NaB group (SH-NaB, 1.50% saponin and 0.13% NaB). The results showed compared to FM, the final body weight (FBW) and weight gain (WG) were significantly higher and lower in SL and SH, respectively (P < 0.05). Compared to SH, the FBW and WG were significant higher in SH-NaB (P < 0.05). In the serum, compared to FM, the interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) levels in SH were significantly increased (P < 0.05). Compared to SH, the IFN-γ level was significantly decreased in SH-NaB (P < 0.05). In the distal intestine, based on Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) observation, the goblet cell/µm was significantly increased and decreased in the SL and SH, respectively, compared to FM. The intestinal diameter/plica height ratio in the SH was significantly higher than those in the FM, SL and SH-NaB (P < 0.05). The NO and ONOO- levels in the SH were significantly higher than that in FM and SL (P < 0.05). At the transcriptional level in the distal intestine, compared to FM, the mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor (tnfα), il1ß, interleukin-8 (il8) and ifnγ were significantly up-regulated in the SH (P < 0.05). Compared to the SH, tnfα, il8 and ifnγ were significantly down-regulated in the SH-NaB (P < 0.05). Compared to the FM, the mRNA levels of claudin3, claudin15, zo2 and zo3 were significantly up-regulated in the SL (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of occludin, claudin3, claudin12, claudin15, zo1, zo2 and zo3 were significantly down-regulated in the SH compared to the FM (P < 0.05). Additionally, compared to the SH, the mRNA levels of occludin, claudin3, claudin12, claudin15, zo1, zo2 and zo3 were significantly up-regulated in the SH-NaB (P < 0.05). After the 7-day Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge test, the survival was significantly higher and lower in the SL and SH, respectively, compared to FM (P < 0.05). Overall, low and high levels of soy saponins had positive and negative effects on growth, disease resistance, serum cytokines, and distal intestinal development and anti-inflammation, respectively, in hybrid grouper. NaB effectively increased disease resistance and improved distal intestinal inflammation in hybrid grouper, but the effects of NaB were mainly observed in improving distal intestinal tight junctions.

2.
Fish Shellfish Immunol ; 124: 525-533, 2022 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35489592

RESUMO

The present study was performed to determine the effects of Aeromonas hydrophila infection on intestinal -histopathology, innate immune response and changes in antioxidant capacity of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). A series of histopathological changes, innate immune enzyme activities, antioxidant enzyme activities, and the corresponding mRNA relative genes expressions in intestines were measured at 0, 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila (1✕107 CFU mL-1) infection. The results showed that Aeromonas hydrophila induced changes in intestinal morphology, including the decreased muscularis thickness, the proliferated goblet cells, and the atrophied intestine villi height. Moreover, the innate immune enzymes activities in serum such as acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme activities and immunoglobulin M were significantly reduced after infection at 1week, 2week and 3week. The contents of complement 3 and complement 4 were significantly decreased after infection as well. In addition, the antioxidant enzymes activities, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the experimental groups were significantly decreased compared with the control group, whereas the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased after infection at 1week, 2week and 3week. Furthermore, the mRNA relative expressions of the inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins-1ß, interferon-γ, and interleukins-6 were significantly increased after infection with Aeromonas hydrophila. The TJ-related gene expressions in the intestine of zonula occluden-1, occludin, occludin-1, occludin-2 were significantly reduced throughout the infection period. The mRNA relative expressions of signal transducers and activators of transcription 4 and janus kinase-3 in the intestine were significantly ascended compared with the non-infected group. Overall, the results elucidated that the intestine tissue injury and innate immune response reduction, as well as antioxidant capacity attenuation were occurred against Aeromonas hydrophila infection of the blunt snout bream.


Assuntos
Cyprinidae , Cipriniformes , Infecções por Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Aeromonas hydrophila/fisiologia , Animais , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Cyprinidae/genética , Cipriniformes/genética , Suplementos Nutricionais , Proteínas de Peixes/metabolismo , Imunidade Inata , Interleucinas/metabolismo , Intestinos , Ocludina/metabolismo , Ocludina/farmacologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo
3.
Exp Parasitol ; 238: 108277, 2022 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35613683

RESUMO

Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) is an important cause of severe malabsorption, weight loss, physical and mental retardation especially in infants and children throughout the world. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the standard drug used for their treatment which possesses several drawbacks with low efficacy. Gold nanoparticles possess a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and could be considered as a future alternative to many microbial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-Giardia effect of gold nanoparticles as an alternative to MTZ. This study was done on 70 experimentally albino rats that were divided into three main groups with seven subgroups (each of 10 rats). The effect of MTZ and gold nanoparticles as single or combined therapy were evaluated. The effect was assessed by counting Giardia fecal cysts in the stool and trophozoites in the intestinal wash, histopathological, transmission and scanning electron microscopic examinations of the small intestinal tissues. Toxic tests of biochemical parameters of liver and kidney function were also performed. A significant reduction of the parasite number in the stool and small intestinal sections was apparent in treated infected rats compared with the infected non-treated ones. Gold nanoparticles showed the best result and the highest effect in the eradication of the parasite from the stool and the intestine with marked improvement in the intestinal mucosal injury caused by G. lamblia trophozoites. Gold nanoparticles had a toxic effect on the liver, with no kidney toxicity. Nanogold can be considered as a potential therapeutic agent and as a promising alternative therapy for G. lamblia infection. Further studies using various dosages with different durations of treatment with gold nanoparticles can be tested on Giardia lamblia infection.


Assuntos
Giardia lamblia , Giardíase , Nanopartículas Metálicas , Animais , Giardia , Giardíase/tratamento farmacológico , Giardíase/parasitologia , Ouro/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/uso terapêutico , Metronidazol/farmacologia , Metronidazol/uso terapêutico , Ratos , Trofozoítos
4.
Exp Parasitol ; 230: 108158, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34534534

RESUMO

Our aim was to evaluate the impact of immunosuppression on the development of giardiasis. Thirty-six gerbils (4-6 weeks old) were distributed in four groups containing nine animals each: Control (CT); Control-Infected by Giardia lamblia (CTIn), Immunosuppressed (IS), and Immunosuppressed-Infected by G. lamblia (ISIn). Animals in the IS and ISIn groups received intramuscular dexamethasone solution for 25 days. On the 11th day, the animals in the CTIn and ISIn groups were inoculated with G. lamblia. After 14 days of infection, the 25th day of the experiment, all groups were euthanized. Four hours after euthanasia, the intestinal permeability was evaluated and sections of the duodenum and spleen were harvested for morphometric and histopathological analyses. Immunosuppressed groups showed a significant increase in intestinal permeability compared to control and infected groups. Considering that the infection can become chronic in immunosuppressed groups, we should be alert to the possibilities of chronic inflammatory changes, both locally and systemically, due to the loss of the intestinal barrier. Lesions were observed in the duodenal mucosa of the gerbils of the CTIn group, with reduced villi size, crypt hyperplasia, edema, and the presence of inflammatory infiltrate in the lamina propria. In the ISIn group, we observed no inflammation, long and intact villi, and a significant increase in the area of intestinal mucins, despite the large number of trophozoites identified. Our results suggest that exacerbation of the immune response has a direct relationship with the appearance of lesions during enteritis produced by G. lamblia in the assessed model.


Assuntos
Dexametasona/uso terapêutico , Enterite/tratamento farmacológico , Enterite/parasitologia , Giardíase/tratamento farmacológico , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Animais , Dexametasona/farmacologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Duodeno/parasitologia , Duodeno/patologia , Enterite/imunologia , Feminino , Gerbillinae , Giardia lamblia/efeitos dos fármacos , Giardia lamblia/imunologia , Giardia lamblia/patogenicidade , Giardíase/imunologia , Giardíase/parasitologia , Glucocorticoides/farmacologia , Terapia de Imunossupressão , Mucosa Intestinal/parasitologia , Mucosa Intestinal/patologia , Masculino , Carga Parasitária , Permeabilidade , Baço/patologia
5.
Chemosphere ; 356: 141827, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38583529

RESUMO

Microplastic pollution is drastically increasing in aquatic ecosystems and it is assumed that different sizes of microplastics have diverse impacts on the physiology of aquatic organisms. Therefore, this study was intended to examine the ingestion and size specific effects of polyamide microplastic (PA-MP) on different physiological aspects such as growth, feed utilization, survivability, blood parameters and intestinal histopathology of juvenile striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). In a 28-day exposure, the fish were fed with different sized PA-MP with a concentration of 500 mg per kg of feed in order to simulate highly microplastic contaminated environment. Three different treatments were set for this experiment i.e. T1, 25-50 µm (smaller microplastic); T2, 300 µm-2 mm (larger microplastic); T3, (mixed) including a control (C); each had three replicates. The highest ingestion was recorded in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of fish exposed to smaller PA-MP treatments (T1 followed by T3). The results also showed compromised weight gain (WG; g), specific growth rate (SGR; %/day) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) with the exposure of PA-MP. Besides, survivability significantly reduced among treatments with the ingestion of smaller sized microplastic and found lowest in T1 (65.0 ± 5.0). In addition, the presence of PA-MP in feed negatively affected the concentration of hemoglobin and blood glucose. Similarly, smaller PA-MP caused most erythrocytic cellular and nuclear abnormalities; found highest in T1 that significantly different from other treatments (p < 0.05). Various histopathological deformities were observed in fish fed with PA-MP incorporated feed. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the toxicity and stress imparted by smaller PA-MP affected the survivability and blood parameters where larger PA-MP caused mild to severe abnormalities. Based on eigenvector values, the major abnormalities in intestine included occurrence of epithelium columnar degeneration (ECD: 0.402; PC1), hyperplasia of internal mucosa (HISM: 0.411; PC1), beheading of villi (BV: 0.323; PC1), atrophy of mucosa (AM: 0.322; PC1), tiny vacuoles in apical villi (TV: 0.438. PC2), crypt degeneration (CD: 0.375: PC2) and atrophy of goblet cell (AGC: 0.375; PC2). Therefore, it has been speculated that the size based PA-MP ingestion in the GIT interfered with the digestion and absorption as well as caused deformities that reflected negatively in survivability and hemato-biochemical parameters of juvenile striped catfish.


Assuntos
Peixes-Gato , Microplásticos , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Animais , Peixes-Gato/fisiologia , Poluentes Químicos da Água/toxicidade , Microplásticos/toxicidade , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/patologia
6.
Sci Total Environ ; 887: 164050, 2023 Aug 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37178843

RESUMO

Antibiotics and microplastics (MPs) have become critical concerns worldwide because of their increasing amount and ecological risks to ecosystems. However, how MPs exposure affects the bioaccumulation and risks of antibiotics in waterfowls remains poorly understood. In this study, Muscovy ducks were exposed to single and combined contamination with polystyrene MPs and chlortetracycline (CTC) for 56 days, and the effects of MPs on CTC bioaccumulation and their risks in duck intestines were investigated. MPs exposure reduced the bioaccumulation of CTC in the intestine and liver of ducks and increased their fecal CTC excretion. MPs exposure caused severe oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier damages. Microbiome analysis showed that MPs exposure induced microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of Streptococcus and Helicobacter, the increase of which may exacerbate intestinal damages. Co-exposure to MPs and CTC alleviated the intestinal damage by regulating the gut microbiome. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that the combined exposure to MPs and CTC increased the abundance of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, and Megamonas and incidence of total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), especially tetracycline ARGs subtypes in the gut microbiota. The results obtained herein provide new insights into the potential risks of polystyrene MPs and antibiotics in waterfowls living in aquatic environments.


Assuntos
Clortetraciclina , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Microbiota , Animais , Microplásticos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Plásticos , Patos , Poliestirenos , Clortetraciclina/farmacologia , Intestinos
7.
J Ethnopharmacol ; 290: 115103, 2022 May 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35157955

RESUMO

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Based on ancient records and previous studies, many parts of Rhus chinensis Mill., including the fruits, have good preventive and therapeutic effects on inflammation, malaria, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal diseases. Rhus plants and Galla chinensis produced from R. chinensis leaves can also prevent or cure intestinal diseases. However, the preventive effect and molecular mechanisms of R. chinensis fruits on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have not been comprehensively studied. AIM OF THE STUDY: This article aims to estimate the effect of the 80% ethanol extract of R. chinensis fruits (RM) on alleviating NEC in rat pups and illustrate the potential molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rat pups were subjected to formula feeding, intermittent hypoxic, and cold stresses to establish the NEC model. The preventive effects of RM on NEC were evaluated through survival rate; clinical sickness index; macroscopic conditions; histopathology; and expression levels of inflammatory markers (i.e., tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-6 [IL-6]), oxidative stress indicators (i.e., total antioxidant status [TAS], total oxidant status [TOS], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], myeloperoxidase [MPO], malondialdehyde [MDA]), and tight junction proteins (i.e., Zonula Occludens 1 [ZO-1], Occludin). Moreover, the expression levels of several key proteins involved in oxidative stress (i.e., nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 [Nrf2], NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase-1 [NQO1]), inflammation (i.e., Toll-like receptor 4 [TLR4], phosphorylated-nuclear factor kappa-B [p-NF-κB], inducible nitric oxide synthase [iNOS]), and apoptosis (i.e., cleaved cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-3 [cleaved Caspase-3], Bcl-2-associated X [Bax], B-cell lymphoma-2 [Bcl-2]) in intestinal tissues were analyzed to clarify the molecular mechanisms. RESULTS: The extract particularly high doses (400 mg RM/kg body weight) could remarkably reduce the mortality and clinical sickness score and improve the macroscopic condition and histopathological injury of the intestine in NEC pups. After RM administration, the levels of TOS, TNF-α, IL-6, MPO, and MDA in the bowel tissue decreased, whereas the levels of TAS, SOD, and GSH-Px were significantly enhanced. The expression levels of ZO-1 and Occludin proteins were dramatically augmented in RM-treated groups to maintain intestinal barrier integrity. Further analyses revealed that RM might prevent NEC pups by improving some pivotal proteins involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis of enterocytes, namely, by down-regulating the levels of TLR4, p-NF-κB, iNOS, cleaved Caspase-3, and Bax and up-regulating the levels of Bcl-2, NQO1, and Nrf2. CONCLUSIONS: The RM prevented the intestinal inflammation and damage caused by NEC by regulating the expression of several pivotal proteins involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This study might provide a scientific basis for R. chinensis fruits as a traditional herbal medicine to prevent and/or alleviate NEC.


Assuntos
Enterocolite Necrosante/patologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Rhus , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Frutas , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Gravidade do Paciente , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas/efeitos dos fármacos , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/efeitos dos fármacos
8.
Animal ; 15(4): 100188, 2021 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33610517

RESUMO

The use of medicinal zinc oxide (ZnO) to prevent diarrhoea post-weaning will be banned in the EU from 2022. Therefore, new alternatives are needed to avoid an increase in diarrhoea and higher antibiotic use. A low dietary CP level has shown to lower the frequency of diarrhoea in pigs, due to lower microbial protein fermentation in the colon as well as improved conditions in the small intestine after weaning. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of decreased CP levels post-weaning as an alternative to medicinal ZnO on gut morphology and histopathology. Five hundred and sixty pigs were randomly assigned into one of six groups receiving a two-phase diet from 5.5 to 15 kg: positive control group (PC) with medicinal ZnO and standard levels of protein (19.1-18.4% CP), negative control group (NC) without medicinal ZnO and standard levels of protein (19.1-18.4% CP). The remaining four low protein groups were a low-standard (LS) CP level (16.6-18.4% CP), a low-low (LL) CP level (16.6-16.2% CP), a very low-high (VLH) CP level (14-19.3% CP) and a very low-medium (VLM) CP level (14-17.4% CP). Individual BW was recorded at day 0, 10 and 24 post-weaning, and all antibiotic treatments were recorded. Tissue samples from the small intestine (mid-jejunum) for morphological and histopathologic analysis, organ weights, blood and urine samples were collected at day 10 and 24 post-weaning from a total of 90 sacrificed weaners. The results demonstrated no differences in intestinal morphology between groups, but the histopathology showed a damaged brush border score in VLM and VLH pigs . In addition, a lower blood urea nitrogen in VLM pigs at 24 days was found. The LL and VLM pigs had a significantly decreased average daily gain in the overall trial period compared to PC and NC pigs. Conclusively, intestinal brush border was damaged by the very low protein diet at 24 days post-weaning, but intestinal morphology was unaffected by dietary strategy.


Assuntos
Óxido de Zinco , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Dieta , Dieta com Restrição de Proteínas/veterinária , Suplementos Nutricionais , Intestino Delgado , Suínos , Desmame , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologia
9.
Front Physiol ; 11: 359, 2020.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32477153

RESUMO

Fish silage (FS) has been confirmed as a high-quality feed ingredient because of its balanced nutrition, low cost, and environmental friendliness. In the present study, we evaluated the performance of replacing fishmeal by FS in the diet of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Five isonitrogenous (410 g kg-1) and isolipidic (75 g kg-1) diets were formulated with replacement of fishmeal by 0% (FM), 25% (FS25%), 50% (FS50%), 75% (FS75%), and 100% (FS100%) FS. After an 8-week trial, shrimps fed low FS diets (FM and FS25%) had significantly higher final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth ratio (SGR) (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found in body composition and most antioxidant enzyme activities of all groups (P > 0.05). Compared to high FS groups (FS75% and FS100%), low FS replacement levels (0 and 25%) had enhanced trypsin activity. And trypsin transcriptional level presented a similar trend with trypsin activity. In terms of intestinal histopathology, no obvious histological damage was observed in the intestine of all groups. tor and s6k of low replacement level groups (FM and FS25%) were significantly upregulated (P < 0.05), which indicated activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway in low FS groups at transcriptional level. The enhanced performances of growth and mTOR signaling pathway in low FS groups (FM and FS25%) provided us some insights into the regulation mechanism of nutrient signal on growth. Based on the above, dietary FS could influence the growth of shrimp by regulating mTOR at the transcriptional level, and FS is a potential substitute of fishmeal in shrimp feed.

10.
Nutrients ; 12(10)2020 Sep 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32992996

RESUMO

Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a bioactive peptide derived from milk κ-casein with immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Food allergy (FA) is an adverse immune reaction with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Allergen intake induces persistent intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. In this study, the anti-allergic activity of GMP was evaluated using a rat ovalbumin (OVA)-induced FA model with gastrointestinal manifestation. Rats were orally GMP treated from 3 days prior and during FA development. The severity of food anaphylaxis and diarrheal episodes, antibody production and histamine level were measured. Histopathological changes, inflammation and predominant cytokine profile at intestine were analyzed. Oral GMP intake decreased clinical signs and diarrhea severity induced by allergen, with a significant reduction in intestinal edema and expression level of IL-1ß and TNF-α. Prophylaxis with GMP also diminished serum anti-OVA IgE and IgG1, and histamine levels. GMP treatment markedly decreased eosinophil infiltration, mast cell and goblet cell hyperplasia, total IgE expression in intestine, and prevented histological changes in villi, crypts and internal muscularis layer. The treatment effectively suppressed IL-5, IL-13 and GATA3 expression and skewed the intestinal cytokine profile toward type 1 and regulatory. These results suggest that GMP may protect against FA through down-regulating the type 2 inflammatory response.


Assuntos
Antialérgicos/uso terapêutico , Caseínas/farmacologia , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/tratamento farmacológico , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/farmacologia , Alérgenos/imunologia , Anafilaxia/tratamento farmacológico , Anafilaxia/prevenção & controle , Animais , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/fisiopatologia , Fator de Transcrição GATA3 , Interleucina-13 , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Interleucina-5 , Intestinos , Masculino , Mastócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovalbumina/imunologia , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
11.
Iran J Parasitol ; 9(4): 530-40, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25759734

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Giardia lamblia is one of the most common protozoal infections in human especially children. Metronidazol (MTZ) is the drug of choice for treatment of giardiasis; its chemical composition possesses major threats and is becoming less sensitive. This study aimed to search for natural extracts alternative to MTZ. METHODS: In-vivo effects of dichloromethane extracts of ginger and cinnamon in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg/day separately were studied on 30 experimentally infected albino rats divided into 6 groups (5 rats each). Plant extracts were started on the 6th day post infection for 7 successive days. The study was evaluated by fecal cyst and intestinal trophozoite counts, histopathology, scanning and transmission electron microscopic examinations of the small intestinal mucosa. RESULTS: Ginger and cinnamon caused reduction of fecal cyst and trophozoites counts. Histopathology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after exposure to each extract revealed evident improvement of intestinal mucosal damage produced by G. lamblia infection and direct structural injury to the trophozoites. However, these results were more obvious after exposure to cinnamon extracts. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the potential therapeutic effects of ginger and cinnamon extracts on G. lamblia infection in albino rats as a promising alternative therapy to the commonly used antigiardial drugs.

12.
J Parasit Dis ; 38(4): 410-6, 2014 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25320494

RESUMO

The mucosal attachment pattern of Corynosoma australe in the intestines of Arctocephalus australis is described. Normal and abnormal tissue were sampled from 32 hosts to be submitted to histological routine protocol to embedding in paraffin and permanent mounting in balsam. Corynosoma australe shows three different degrees of body depth intestinal attachment (BDINA-1-3). BDINA-1: it is exclusive of the small intestine and the parasite attaches on the villi; BDINA-2: parasite affects the Lieberkühn crypts in several depth levels and, BDINA-3: the parasite reaches the submucosa. These attachment patterns alter the mucosa by degeneration and dysfunction due to necrosis of mucosal structure, great quantities of cellular debris and significant reduction of the mucosal thickness. Other aspects are crater-like concave holes (CLCHs) as sites where C. australe could be attached-detached several times according to adult migratory processes within luminal intestine space. The submucosa shows edema probably due to the local mucosal alterations resulting in homeostatic break. There is no severe inflammatory response by host but BDINA-1 to BDINA-3 and CLCH could represent foci to secondary opportunistic infections and significant areas of malabsorption in severally infected hosts contributing to increase clinical signs of preexistent pathologies.

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