Variations in Tissue-Specific Expression of Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein Gene in Two Native Yunnan Chicken Breeds

Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) is a fatty acid-binding protein that can promote the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. However, few results have been published regarding its role in Yunnan Native chicken breeds. The aim of this study was to determine ADFP gene tissue-specific expression in Piao chickens (PC) and Wuliangshan black-bone chickens (WBC) by RT-qPCR. The ontogenetic expression levels of the ADFP gene were significantly different during growth and development phases in the subcutaneous fat, liver, and pectoralis muscle of PC, and in the subcutaneous fat, liver, and pectoralis muscle of WBC (p 0.05). Individual tissue-differential expression levelswere detectedon d 91 and 112 in PC, with highest levels determined in abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat, respectively. However, in WBC, the highest levels were determined on d 49, 91 and 112 d in the pectoralis muscle and liver. Correlation analysis revealed ADFP expression level in liver of WBC was significantly related with LW and HC (p 0.05), while no significant correlations with carcass fatness (CF) were found in PC (p>0.05). The results suggest ADFPdifferential expression in the liver and pectoral muscles of PC and WBC during the growth and development phases (p 0.05). The observed expression patterns indicate that the ADFP gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism of PC and WBC, and that these patterns are expressed differently in the tissues of different chicken genotypes.(AU)

Variations in Tissue-Specific Expression of Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein Gene in Two Native Yunnan Chicken Breeds

Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) is a fatty acid-binding protein that can promote the absorption of long-chain fatty acids. However, few results have been published regarding its role in Yunnan Native chicken breeds. The aim of this study was to determine ADFP gene tissue-specific expression in Piao chickens (PC) and Wuliangshan black-bone chickens (WBC) by RT-qPCR. The ontogenetic expression levels of the ADFP gene were significantly different during growth and development phases in the subcutaneous fat, liver, and pectoralis muscle of PC, and in the subcutaneous fat, liver, and pectoralis muscle of WBC (p 0.05). Individual tissue-differential expression levelswere detectedon d 91 and 112 in PC, with highest levels determined in abdominal fat and subcutaneous fat, respectively. However, in WBC, the highest levels were determined on d 49, 91 and 112 d in the pectoralis muscle and liver. Correlation analysis revealed ADFP expression level in liver of WBC was significantly related with LW and HC (p 0.05), while no significant correlations with carcass fatness (CF) were found in PC (p>0.05). The results suggest ADFPdifferential expression in the liver and pectoral muscles of PC and WBC during the growth and development phases (p 0.05). The observed expression patterns indicate that the ADFP gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism of PC and WBC, and that these patterns are expressed differently in the tissues of different chicken genotypes.

Fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ingestão dietética em mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de Terapia de Reposição Hormonal (TRH) / Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and dietary intake in the climateric women not users of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Neste trabalho foram avaliados os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e o consumo alimentar de mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH), de acordo com os períodos climatéricos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em 95 mulheres climatéricas residentes em três municípios do Sudoeste do Paraná. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos por meio de entrevista, além de dados antropométricos e de consumo alimentar. A média etária foi de 52,5 ± 5,85 anos, 77,9% estudaram 8 ou mais anos, 76,8% possuíam renda familiar de até três salários mínimos, 70,5% possuíam cônjuge e 60% não tiveram nenhum ou até dois partos. Foi observada frequência de excesso de peso e de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em mais de 65% das mulheres. A presença de comorbidades (p = <0,001) foi mais frequentes nas mulheres pós-menopáusicas. Quanto à ingestão de lipídios e ácidos graxos saturados, observou-se maior consumo excessivo nas pré- e peri-menopáusicas (p = 0,042 e p = 0,022, respectivamente). Os achados do estudo demonstram a importância da prevenção de DCV independentemente do período climatérico e da utilização de TRH.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the dietary intake in climacteric women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), according to the climacteric periods. This is a cross-sectional study involving 95 climacteric women living in three municipalities located in the Southwest region of Parana. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by interviews, in addiction to the anthropometric data and on the food consumption. The mean age was 52.5 ± 5.85 years, 77.9% studied for eight years or more, 76.8% had a family income of up to three minimum wages, 70.5% had a spouse, and 60% did not have any or up to two deliveries. Frequencies of overweight and risk for cardiovascular disease were observed in more than 65% of women. The occurrence of comorbidities (p = 0.001) was more frequent in postmenopausal women. With regard to the lipids and saturated fatty acids intake, a higher consumption in the preand peri-menopausal periods (p = 0.042 and p = 0.022 respectively). These findings demonstrate the importance of preventing CVD, independently of the climacteric period and the use of HRT.

Fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e ingestão dietética em mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de Terapia de Reposição Hormonal (TRH) / Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and dietary intake in the climateric women not users of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Neste trabalho foram avaliados os fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) e o consumo alimentar de mulheres climatéricas não usuárias de terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH), de acordo com os períodos climatéricos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal em 95 mulheres climatéricas residentes em três municípios do Sudoeste do Paraná. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e clínicos por meio de entrevista, além de dados antropométricos e de consumo alimentar. A média etária foi de 52,5 ± 5,85 anos, 77,9% estudaram 8 ou mais anos, 76,8% possuíam renda familiar de até três salários mínimos, 70,5% possuíam cônjuge e 60% não tiveram nenhum ou até dois partos. Foi observada frequência de excesso de peso e de risco para doenças cardiovasculares em mais de 65% das mulheres. A presença de comorbidades (p = <0,001) foi mais frequentes nas mulheres pós-menopáusicas. Quanto à ingestão de lipídios e ácidos graxos saturados, observou-se maior consumo excessivo nas pré- e peri-menopáusicas (p = 0,042 e p = 0,022, respectivamente). Os achados do estudo demonstram a importância da prevenção de DCV independentemente do período climatérico e da utilização de TRH.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the dietary intake in climacteric women not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT), according to the climacteric periods. This is a cross-sectional study involving 95 climacteric women living in three municipalities located in the Southwest region of Parana. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by interviews, in addiction to the anthropometric data and on the food consumption. The mean age was 52.5 ± 5.85 years, 77.9% studied for eight years or more, 76.8% had a family income of up to three minimum wages, 70.5% had a spouse, and 60% did not have any or up to two deliveries. Frequencies of overweight and risk for cardiovascular disease were observed in more than 65% of women. The occurrence of comorbidities (p = 0.001) was more frequent in postmenopausal women. With regard to the lipids and saturated fatty acids intake, a higher consumption in the preand peri-menopausal periods (p = 0.042 and p = 0.022 respectively). These findings demonstrate the importance of preventing CVD, independently of the climacteric period and the use of HRT.(AU)

Effect of Breed and Caponisation on the Growth Performance, Carcass Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile in the Muscles of Greenleg Partridge and Polbar Breeds

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of­ caponisation of Polbar (Pb) and Greenleg Partridge (Zk) breeds on the production performance, carcass composition, and the nutrient content and fatty acid profile in the breast and thigh muscles and abdominal fat. From 18 weeks of age to the end of the experiment, the Zk capons were significantly heavier than the cocks. The Zk capons had higher (p0.05) weight and share of breast and leg muscles. At 24 weeks of age, we noted an increase in the total content of n-3 PUFA and linolenic acid C18:3 in the breast muscles of the Zk and Pb capons. The content of PUFA and n-3 PUFA in thigh muscles and the n6/n3 ratio were reduced in the Pb capons at 24 weeks of age, compared with the Zk cocks. Caponisation of the Pb cocks had a beneficial effect on the final body weight, feed intake, and slaughter characteristics, in comparison with the non-caponised birds of this breed. A tendency towards an increased total share of PUFA and MUFA, a significantly higher content of n-3 PUFA, and a lower (p0.05) n-6/n-3 ratio were found for the breast muscles of the Pb capons. Both breeds are a good material for production of capons. The meat of the capons of both breeds exhibited a beneficial, higher PUFA/SFA ratio, higher n-3 PUFA and MUFA content, and a more favourable n-6/n-3 ratio.(AU)

Effect of Breed and Caponisation on the Growth Performance, Carcass Composition, and Fatty Acid Profile in the Muscles of Greenleg Partridge and Polbar Breeds

The aim of the study was to determine the impact of­ caponisation of Polbar (Pb) and Greenleg Partridge (Zk) breeds on the production performance, carcass composition, and the nutrient content and fatty acid profile in the breast and thigh muscles and abdominal fat. From 18 weeks of age to the end of the experiment, the Zk capons were significantly heavier than the cocks. The Zk capons had higher (p0.05) weight and share of breast and leg muscles. At 24 weeks of age, we noted an increase in the total content of n-3 PUFA and linolenic acid C18:3 in the breast muscles of the Zk and Pb capons. The content of PUFA and n-3 PUFA in thigh muscles and the n6/n3 ratio were reduced in the Pb capons at 24 weeks of age, compared with the Zk cocks. Caponisation of the Pb cocks had a beneficial effect on the final body weight, feed intake, and slaughter characteristics, in comparison with the non-caponised birds of this breed. A tendency towards an increased total share of PUFA and MUFA, a significantly higher content of n-3 PUFA, and a lower (p0.05) n-6/n-3 ratio were found for the breast muscles of the Pb capons. Both breeds are a good material for production of capons. The meat of the capons of both breeds exhibited a beneficial, higher PUFA/SFA ratio, higher n-3 PUFA and MUFA content, and a more favourable n-6/n-3 ratio.

Correlation Analysis of Relative Expression of Apob, Adfp and Fatp1 with Lipid Metabolism in Daweishan Mini Chickens

Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to measure the relative expression levels of the adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) gene, fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) gene and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene in subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, liver and muscle at five growth stages (28, 49, 70, 91 and 112 d) to determine the effect of the expression ofthese genes on fat deposition in Daweishan Mini chickens.The relative expression of ADFP gene mRNA in the abdominal fat andthe liver was significantly different between 49 d and 70 d (p 0.05). The relative ApoB gene expression on 91d was higher in the liver, followed by muscles,subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat, and was significantly higher in the liver than in the other three tissues. FATP1 gene expression in the liver presented a significant positive correlation with subcutaneous fat thickness (p 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the three genes may control the fat development in Daweishan Mini chicken

Correlation Analysis of Relative Expression of Apob, Adfp and Fatp1 with Lipid Metabolism in Daweishan Mini Chickens

Quantitative RT-PCR was applied to measure the relative expression levels of the adipose differentiation-related protein (ADFP) gene, fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) gene and apolipoprotein B (ApoB) gene in subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat, liver and muscle at five growth stages (28, 49, 70, 91 and 112 d) to determine the effect of the expression ofthese genes on fat deposition in Daweishan Mini chickens.The relative expression of ADFP gene mRNA in the abdominal fat andthe liver was significantly different between 49 d and 70 d (p 0.05). The relative ApoB gene expression on 91d was higher in the liver, followed by muscles,subcutaneous fat, and abdominal fat, and was significantly higher in the liver than in the other three tissues. FATP1 gene expression in the liver presented a significant positive correlation with subcutaneous fat thickness (p 0.05). The results of this study suggest that the three genes may control the fat development in Daweishan Mini chicken(AU)

Influence of Sex on the Physical-chemical Characteristics of Abdominal Chicken Fat

The aim of this study was to determine if sex influenced abdominal fat yield, chemical composition, pH, color, fatty acid profile, and stability (by Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC) of Cobb chickens. Abdominal fat yields of 1.86 and 1.49% were obtained for females and males, respectively. Abdominal fat lipid contents of 70.68 and 74.36 g/100g, moisture content of 27.87 and 24.09 g/100g, protein content of 0.91 and 0.95 g/100g, ash content of 0.038 and 0.041 g/100g were obtained in males and females, respectively. Fat pH was not different between sexes, with values of 6.71 for males and 6.63 for females (p 0.05). Color L* values of 58.67 and 55.42, a* values of 4.95 and 3.44, and b* values of 7.36 and 8.18 were obtained for males and females, respectively. Female abdominal fat contained higher proportion of oleic acid (53.87%) followed by palmitic acid (30.07%), whereas 34.69% palmitic acid, 31.92% oleic acid, and 25.30% linoleic acid were determined in males. The proportions of the evaluated fatty acids were significantly different (p>0.05) between males and females, except for palmitic acid. The DSC analysis showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between sexes for melting and crystallization points. It was concluded that sex influences abdominal chicken fat yield, chemical composition, color, and DSC parameters.

Influence of Sex on the Physical-chemical Characteristics of Abdominal Chicken Fat

The aim of this study was to determine if sex influenced abdominal fat yield, chemical composition, pH, color, fatty acid profile, and stability (by Differential Scanning Calorimetry - DSC) of Cobb chickens. Abdominal fat yields of 1.86 and 1.49% were obtained for females and males, respectively. Abdominal fat lipid contents of 70.68 and 74.36 g/100g, moisture content of 27.87 and 24.09 g/100g, protein content of 0.91 and 0.95 g/100g, ash content of 0.038 and 0.041 g/100g were obtained in males and females, respectively. Fat pH was not different between sexes, with values of 6.71 for males and 6.63 for females (p 0.05). Color L* values of 58.67 and 55.42, a* values of 4.95 and 3.44, and b* values of 7.36 and 8.18 were obtained for males and females, respectively. Female abdominal fat contained higher proportion of oleic acid (53.87%) followed by palmitic acid (30.07%), whereas 34.69% palmitic acid, 31.92% oleic acid, and 25.30% linoleic acid were determined in males. The proportions of the evaluated fatty acids were significantly different (p>0.05) between males and females, except for palmitic acid. The DSC analysis showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between sexes for melting and crystallization points. It was concluded that sex influences abdominal chicken fat yield, chemical composition, color, and DSC parameters. (AU)

Morfologia gastrica, parametros fermentativos e metabolicos de Bradypus variegatus (Mammalia: Pilosa)

Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever detalhadamente a anatomia macro e microscópica do estômago de B. variegatus; avaliar os níveis de ingestão, digestibilidade, energia digestível e trânsito de digesta desta espécie em cativeiro; determinar pH, amônia, ácidos graxos voláteis produzidos no estômago e avaliar o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo de substâncias relacionadas ao metabolismo energético e proteico. A partir do estudo anatômico evidenciou-se um estômago de grande tamanho situado na porção cranial e média da cavidade abdominal, com extensão do antímero esquerdo ao antímero direito. Topograficamente, compreende as regiões xifóidea, hipocondríaca esquerda e direita, abdominal direita e esquerda e umbilical. Constatou-se que este órgão faz sintopia com esôfago, diafragma e fígado, intestinos delgado e grosso, e ainda útero nas fêmeas, vértebras torácicas, lombares, baço, pâncreas e rins, costelas e músculos intercostais e abdominais. Possui grandes dilatações saculares arredondadas, um apêndice gástrico cônico e um segmento fusiforme dividido em duas partes por uma constrição medial. As saculações apresentam delimitadas por sulcos e internamente apresenta inflexões de pilares que delimitam as saculações gástricas e que permitiu propor a divisão deste órgão em saco cranial, saco lateral esquerdo, saco ventral e saco de conexão, que compõem o estômago cárdico aglandular, saco lateral direito e divertículo, que concebem a região cárdica glandular, e ainda pré-piloro glandular, que constitui a região gástrica própria, e pré-piloro aglandular que abrange a região pilórica. Demostrou-se que o consumo, a digestibilidade e o trânsito da digesta são influenciados pela composição de FDN e lignina dos alimentos. As câmaras que retém maior quantidade de digesta apresentam pH de 5,2 e 6,2, enquanto os pre-piloros glandular e aglandular exibiram pH de 2,3. Foram identificados neste órgão presença de ácidos voláteis como acetato (54,75mM/mL), propionato (10,79mM/mL), butirato (5,25mM/mL), iso-butirico (0,67mM/mL), n-valerico (0,55mM/mL) e iso-valerico (0,27 mM/mL) e elevada concentracao de amonia (15,46mg/dL). As analises bioquimicas mostraram teores para glicose de 70,72mg/dL, de 82,15mg/dL para triglicerideos e 121,54mg/dL de colesterol. As lipoproteínas HDL, VLDL e LDL apresentaram valores de 58,65mg/dL, 50,16mg/dL e 16,43mg/dL, respectivamente. A albumina exibiu valor de 30,48g/dL e a uréia exibiu concentracão de 35,81mg/dL. As particularidades observadas nesta pesquisa evidenciam adaptações anatômicas e fisiológicas de B. variegatus possivelmente relacionado ao hábito arborícola e folívora.

This study aimed to describe in detail the macro and microscopic anatomy of the stomach of B. variegatus; evaluate the levels of intake, digestibility, digestible energy and digesta transit of this species in captivity; determine pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids produced in the stomach and evaluate the blood biochemical profile of substances related to energy and protein metabolism. The anatomical study showed a large stomach located in the cranial and middle portion of the abdominal cavity, extending from the left antimere to the right antimere. Topographically, it comprises the xiphoid, left and right hypochondriac, right and left abdominal and umbilical regions. It was found that this organ makes syntopy with the esophagus, diaphragm and liver, small and large intestines, and also uterus in females, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, spleen, pancreas and kidneys, ribs and intercostal and abdominal muscles. It has large rounded saccular dilations, a conical gastric appendix, and a spindle-shaped segment divided into two parts by a medial constriction. The sacculations are delimited by sulci and internally present inflections of pillars that delimit the gastric sacculations and which allowed to propose the division of this organ into the cranial sac, left lateral sac, ventral sac and connecting sac, which make up the aglandular cardic stomach, right lateral sac and diverticulum, which encompasses the glandular cardic region, and also glandular prepylorus, which constitutes the proper gastric region, and aglandular prepylorus, which encompasses the pylorus region. It was shown that intake, digestibility and digesta transit are influenced by the composition of NDF and lignin in foods. The chambers that retain the greatest amount of digesta have a pH of 5.2 and 6.2, while the glandular and aglandular prepylorus exhibited a pH of 2.3. The presence of volatile acids such as acetate (54.75mM/mL), propionate (10.79mM/mL), butyrate (5.25mM/mL), iso-butyric (0.67mM/mL), n-valeric were identified in this organ (0.55mM/mL) and isovaleric (0.27 mM/mL) and high ammonia concentration (15.46mg/dL). Biochemical analyzes showed glucose levels of 70.72mg/dL, 82.15mg/dL for triglycerides and 121.54mg/dL for cholesterol. The HDL, VLDL and LDL lipoproteins presented values of 58.65mg/dL, 50.16mg/dL and 16.43mg/dL, respectively. Albumin showed a value of 30.48g/dL and urea showed a concentration of 35.81mg/dL. The particularities observed in this research show anatomical and physiological adaptations of B. variegatus possibly related to arboreal and leaf-eating habits.

VALORIZAÇÃO NUTRICIONAL EM DIETAS SUPLEMENTADAS COM CARBOIDRASES PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE

O Objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de carboidrases sobre dietas com redução da densidade nutricional sobre o desempenho produtivo, morfometria intestinal, produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, digestibilidade de nutrientes e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte. O experimento foi realizado no aviário experimental da Universidade Federal, setor Palotina. Foram alojados 1620 pintos de corte macho, Cobb 500 em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (dietas comerciais x blend de carboidrases). O desempenho zootécnico das aves foi avaliado semanalmente até os 35 dias. Aos 42 dias foi determinado o rendimento de carcaça, e composição de carcaça. Aos 21 dias de idade das aves, foi realizada a avaliação da digestibilidade e da metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes nas dietas. Aos 28 dias foram coletados segmentos intestinais para avaliação da morfometria intestinal e determinação dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no conteúdo cecal. A suplementação de carboidrases em dietas comerciais B elevou (p<0,05) o peso vivo e o ganho de peso das aves e melhorou o índice de conversão alimentar das aves aos 7 dias de idade. Para o período total de 1 a 35 dias, aves que ingeriram dieta comercial A apresentaram maior (p<0,05) consumo de ração em relação a dieta controle. As aves que receberam dieta comercial A com adição do complexo enzimático apresentaram melhor (p<0,05) conversão alimentar. Aves que receberam o complexo enzimático na dieta, independentemente do tipo de dieta comercial, apresentaram maior (p<0,05) relação vilo:cripta. Houve interação significativa (p<0,05) das dietas comerciais e a suplementação enzimática sobre os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) e aparente corrigida (EMAn). No desdobramento da interação, observou-se que o consumo da dieta comercial B, com níveis nutricionais mais elevados, independentemente da inclusão de enzima resultou em maiores valores de EMA e EMAn do que o consumo da dieta comercial A. Aos 42 dias a suplementação das dietas com carboidrases independentemente do tipo de dieta comercial resultou em maior (p<0,05) rendimento de pernas. Tanto para o peso absoluto quanto para o peso relativo, dietas comerciais A e acrescidas do complexo enzimático resultaram em uma menor deposição de gordura. A suplementação das dietas de frangos de corte com complexos enzimáticos compostos por carboidrases possibilita melhor conversão alimentar, redução da gordura abdominal, aumento da taxa de digestibilidade dos alimentos, o que permite a redução da necessidade de utilização de ingredientes não renováveis contribuindo com a redução do impacto ambiental gerado pela produção animal.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrases supplementation on diets with reduced nutritional density on productive performance, intestinal morphometry, production of short-chain fatty acids, nutrient digestibility and broiler carcass yield. The experiment was carried out in the experimental aviary of the Federal University, in Palotina. 1620 male broiler chicks Cobb 500 were housed in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (comercial diet x blend of carbohydrases). The zootechnical performance of the birds was evaluated weekly until 35 days. At 42 days, carcass yield and carcass composition were determined. At 21 days, an evaluation of the digestibility and metabolization of nutrients in the diets was carried out. At 28 days, intestinal organs were collected for evaluation of intestinal morphometry and determination of short-chain fatty acids in the cecal content. Carbohydrases supplementation in comercial diets B increased (p <0.05) the live weight and weight gain of the birds and improved the feed conversion ratio at 7 days of age. For the period from 1 to 35 days, birds that ingested the comercial diet A had higher (p <0.05) feed consumption in relation to the control diet. The birds that received a comercial diet A with the addition of the enzyme complex showed better (p <0.05) feed conversion. Birds that received the enzyme complex in the diet, regardless of nutritional density, had a higher (p <0.05) V:C. There was a significant interaction (p <0.05) for the values of EMA and EMAn. In the interaction unfolding, it was observed that the control diets regardless of the inclusion of enzyme showed higher values of EMA and EMAn than comercial diets A . At 42 days, supplementation of diets regardless of nutritional density resulted in higher (p <0.05) leg yield. For both absolute weight and relative weight, comercial diets A and added enzyme complex resulted in less fat deposition. Supplementation of broiler diets with enzymatic complexes composed of carbohydrases allows better feed conversion, reduction of abdominal fat, increase in the digestibility rate, which allows the reduction of non-renewable ingredients contributing to the reduction of environmental impact generated by animal production.

Medidas comparativas do padrão morfométrico e perfil energético de éguas Crioulas no terço final da gestação, com diferentes escores corporais / Comparative measurements of the morphometric pattern and energy profile of Crioula mares in the final third of gestation, with different body condition scores

O objetivo deste estudo é comparar e descrever medidas morfométricas e perfil energético de éguas da raça Crioula no terço final da gestação. Foram utilizadas vinte éguas gestantes, divididas em 2 grupos conforme o escore corporal (BCS); o GrN (n=10), grupo de éguas com BCS 5 ou moderado, e GrO (n=10), grupo de éguas obesas ou BCS 9, analisadas conforme o mês de gestação (8º, 9º, 10º e 11º). Foram realizadas coletas de sangue e avaliações morfométricas mensais do peso corporal (PC), perímetro torácico (PT), perímetro abdominal (PA), altura da crista do pescoço (AC), espessura de gordura subcutânea na base da cauda (EGBC) e espessura de gordura retroperitoneal (EGRP). Para avaliar o perfil energético, foram mensurados os níveis séricos de triglicerídeos (TAG), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), Leptina (LEP) e Adiponectina. Os resultados das mensurações analisadas demonstraram no GrN incremento (P<0,05) nas variáveis PC, PT, PA e NEFA do 8º para o 9º mês de gestação. Porém, na variável EGBC, o aumento (P<0,01) foi observado entre o 8º e o 11º mês avaliado. No GrO, o PA demonstrou incremento (P<0,01) entre o 8º e o 11º mês de gestação, e a LEP apresentou aumento (P<0,05) entre o 10º e o 11º mês. Quando os dois grupos foram comparados, as variáveis PC, PT, EGBC e EGRP apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) em todos os meses avaliados. Na análise de correlação, o BCS associou-se com o PC (r=0,691; P<0,0001), PT (r=0,705; P<0,0001), EGBC (r=0,701; P<0,0001), EGRP (r=0,627; P<0,0001), níveis séricos de LEP (r=0,426; P<0,0001) e Adiponectina (r=0,217; P<0,05). Dessa forma, pode-se afirmar que a gordura corporal aumentou progressivamente nas éguas do GrN, diferentemente do observado no GrO. Através dos métodos utilizados neste trabalho, torna-se possível a avaliação prática da morfometria das éguas da raça Crioula no terço final da gestação, possibilitando de forma objetiva a identificação de indivíduos obesos(AU)

The aim of this study was to compare and describe morphometric measurements and energy profile of the Crioula breed mares at the end of gestation. Twenty pregnant mares were used and separated into 2 groups according to body condition score (BCS). The GrN (n= 10) group of mares with BCS 5 or moderate and GrO (n = 10) group of obese mares or BCS 9 were analyzed according to the month of pregnancy (8th, 9th, 10th and 11th). Blood samples and monthly morphometric evaluation were performed for body weight (PC), heart girth (PT), waist circumference (PA), height of the crest of the neck (AC), thickness subcutaneous fat on the base of the tail (EGBC) and retroperitoneal (EGRP). To evaluate the energy profile serum levels of triglycerides (TAG), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin (LEP) and adiponectin were measured. The results of the analyzed measurements showed an increase in GrN (P<0.05) in the PC, PT, PA and NEFA variables between the 8th and 9th month of pregnancy. Although there was an increase (P<0.01) between the 8th and 11th month of pregnancy in the EGBC variable, in GrO the PA was increased (P<0.01) between the 8th and 11th month of pregnancy and the LEP showed an increase (P<0.05) between the 10th and 11th month. When both groups were compared, the variables PC, PT, EGBC and EGRP showed differences (P<0.05) in all months evaluated. In the correlation the BCS was associated with PC (r=0.691, P<0.0001), PT (r=0.705, P<0.0001), EGBC (r=0.701, P<0.0001), EGRP (r=0.627, P<0.0001), serum leptin levels (r=0.426, P<0.0001) and adiponectin (r=0.217, P<0.05). Thus, it can be stated that the body fat increased progressively in mares GrN, different from that observed in GrO. Therefore, by the methods used in this study, the morphometry practical evaluation of the Crioula breed mares in the last third of gestation became possible, allowing an objective way to identify obese individuals(AU)

IMPACTO DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE ÔMEGA 3 NO DESEMPENHO E PERFIL LIPÍDICO SANGUÍNEO DE CAMUNDONGOS

Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFAs) ômega 3 e 6 que são lipídios essenciais devem estar presentes na dieta. A indústria avícola vem estimulando o consumo de ovos por meio do enriquecimento com PUFAs da série ômega-3 (AGP -3), também conhecidos como ovos PUFA. Nesse sentido, o objetivo desse estudo foi verificar alterações de desempenho, deposição de gordura abdominal e perfil lipídico sérico em camundongos Swiss sob dieta contendo gema de ovo enriquecidas com fontes de ômega3. Foram utilizados 30 camundongos Swiss, adultos, separados em três grupos com três tratamentos e dez repetições por tratamento: Tratamento controle - TCC (dieta sem gema ovo); Tratamento com gema de ovo comercial TOC (1g gema de ovo/liofilizada/dia); Tratamento com gema de ovo enriquecida com omega 3 - TOE (1g gema de ovo/liofilizada/dia). Os animais foram alojados em gaiolas individuais e a quantidade de ração fornecida foi 10g/100g peso-animal/dia e água ad libitum, o consumo de ração foi analisado semanalmente. Após 112 dias do experimento os animais foram sacrificados para determinação do colesterol, HDL e triglicerídeo sanguíneo. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, observou-se menor variação do peso com o mesmo valor de consumo entre os camundongos com a gema enriquecida na dieta, comparados aos demais tratamentos. Na fração lipídica sanguínea, entre os animais com gema na dieta, os do tratamento com gema enriquecida apresentaram menores taxas de colesterol total e HDL no sangue. Esses resultados permitem concluir que o consumo de gema de ovo enriquecida com ômega 3 promove alterações no consumo alimentar e perda de peso, além de apresentar modificações no perfil lipídico sérico em camundongos Swiss em comparação com dieta com gema de ovo comercial e controle.

The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) omega 3 and 6 which are essential lipids must be present in the diet. The poultry industry has been stimulating egg consumption through enrichment with PUFAs of the omega-3 (AGP -3) series, also known as PUFA eggs. In this sense, the objective of this study was to verify changes in performance, abdominal fat deposition and serum lipid profile in Swiss mice on a diet containing egg yolk enriched with omega3 sources. 30 Swiss mice, adults, were separated into three groups with three treatments and ten replicates per treatment: Control treatment - TCC (diet without egg yolk); Treatment with commercial egg yolk - TOC (1g egg yolk / lyophilized / day); Treatment with egg yolk enriched with omega 3 - TOE (1g egg yolk / lyophilized / day). The animals were housed in individual cages and the amount of feed supplied was 10g / 100g animal weight / day and water ad libitum, feed consumption was analyzed weekly. After 112 days of the experiment the animals were sacrificed for determination of cholesterol, HDL and blood triglyceride. According to the results obtained, a lower weight variation with the same consumption value was observed among the mice with the yolk enriched in the diet, compared to the other treatments. In the blood lipid fraction, among the animals with gem in the diet, those with enriched yolk had lower rates of total cholesterol and HDL in the blood. These results allow to conclude that the consumption of egg yolk enriched with omega 3 promotes changes in dietary intake and weight loss, in addition to presenting changes in the serum lipid profile in Swiss mice compared to diet with commercial and control egg yolk.

L-arginina suplementar para frangos de corte na fase final de criação (29 aos 42 dias)

Avaliou-se a L-arginina suplementar em ração (SArg) e seus efeitos na modulação lipídica, na excreção e aproveitamento de nutrientes em frangos de corte, alimentados com nível recomendado ou reduzido de proteína bruta (PB). Foram realizados dois experimentos concomitantemente com frangos de corte Cobb® em cada ensaio, machos e fêmeas, dos 29 aos 42 dias de idade. Em ambos experimentos, as aves foram distribuídas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados (boxes e gaiolas metálicas), em arranjo fatorial 2x5 (sexo x SArg (0; 3; 6; 9 e 12 g kg -1 ) com seis repetições contendo 23 aves nos boxes e 3 aves para as gaiolas. Os ensaios consistiram em um nível nutricional de PB recomendado (Experimento 1 187,5 g kg -1 ) e reduzido (Experimento 2 170,0 g kg -1 ). Nos dois experimentos foram analisados o desempenho zootécnico, rendimento (carcaça, partes e gordura abdominal - GA), composição química do peito, perfil lipídico sanguíneo (triglicerídeos - TGL, colesterol total-CT e colesterol fracionado - cHDL, cLDL, cVLDL), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade (matéria seca, extrato etéreo e energia bruta), balanço de nitrogênio e energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn). Apenas no experimento 1, avaliou-se a atividade da enzima málica (ENZM) e glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenasse (G6PD) no fígado das aves. Os dados foram submetidos a ANOVA, sendo o sexo comparado pelo teste F e a L-arginina suplementar por regressão polinomial (linear, quadrática e resposta linear plateau LRP) ou teste de Scott-Knott com nível de 5% de probabilidade, através do softwatre R, versão 3.5.1. Em ambos os ensaios os machos apresentaram condições produtivas melhores que as fêmeas. No Experimento 1, a conversão alimentar ajustou-se a LRP e melhorou (4,35%) até 6,67 g kg -1 de SArg. Por outro lado, a GA reduziu de forma linear, assim como o CT e cLDL. Já o TGL e cVLDL apresentaram efeito quadrático com redução (15,37 e 13,09%, respectivamente) até 6,69 g kg -1 de SArg. A EnzM reduziu (29,24%) até o nível de 7,85 g kg -1 de SArg e a G6PD aumentou (26,57%) ao adicionar SArg. O SArg não aumentou a excreção de nitrogênio, porém reduziu a EMAn nos níveis de 9 e 12 g kg -1 . No experimento 2, observou-se melhora na conversão alimentar (4,5%) na forma de LRP até 7,66 g kg -1 de SArg. Houve aumento na deposição de colágeno no peito ao adicionar SArg, porém não foi constatada diferença significativa na GA. Por outro lado, o TGL teve efeito quadrático com redução (17,48%) até 7,63 g kg -1 de SArg e não foi observado aumento na excreção de nutrientes e alteração na EMAn. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que, para o nível recomendado de PB, 6,9 g kg -1 de SArg é eficiente em diminuir a lipogênese sem alterar a excreção de nutrientes e EMAn. No entanto, quando o nível de PB da ração é reduzido o nível 7,66 g kg -1 de SArg propicia melhora no desempenho zootécnico, e não modifica a excreção de nutriente e a EMAn, mas reduz os níveis de TG influenciando o metabolismo lipídico.

This study investigated the effects supplemental L-arginine (SArg) and its effects on lipid modulation and nutrient excretion of broilers fed with normal or reduced levels of crude protein (CP). Two experiments were conducted concomitantly with broilers Cobb® in each trial, males and females, from 29 to 42 days. The birds were distributed in a randomized block design (boxes and metal cages), in a 2x5 factorial arrangement (sex x SArg (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g kg -1 ), with six replicates of 23 birds for the boxes and three birds for the cages. The difference of the tests will consist of the nutritional level of crude protein: normal (Experiment 1- 187.5 g kg -1 ) and reduced (Experiment 2- 170.0 g kg -1 ). In both experiments were broiler performace, yield (carcass, cuts and abdominal fat-AF), breast chemical composition, blood lipid profile (triglycerides TGL, colesterol total-TC and fractionated cholesterol HDLc, LDLc, VLDLc), metabolizable coefficient of dry matter, ethereal extract and gross energy, nitrogen balance and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn). In Experiment 1 also evaluated the activity of the malic enzyme (ENZM) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in the liver. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, with sex compared by the F test, and the additional L-arginine by polynomial regression (linear, quadratic and linear response plauteau - LRP) or Scott-Knott test at the 5% level of probability through R software, version 3.5.1. Male broilers had better productive conditions than females in all trials. In the Experiment 1, the feed conversion data adjusted to the LRP model and improved (4.35%) up to 6.67 g kg -1 of SArg. However, AF reduced linearly, as well as CT and LDL. TGL and cVLDL showed a quadratic effect with reduction (15.37 and 13.09%, respectively) up to the level of 6.69 g kg -1 of SArg. SArg did not increase nitrogen excretion, but decreased EMAn at the levels of 9 and 12 g kg -1 . In the Experiment 2, the feed conversion data adjusted to the LRP model and improved (4.50%) up to 7.66 g kg -1 of SArg. There was an increase in the deposition of collagen in the broilers breast, but there was no significant change in AF. On the other hand, TGL had quadratic effect with reduction (17.48%) up to 7.63 g kg -1 of SArg and no increase in nutrient excretion and change in EMAn was observed. Thus, it can be concluded that, for the normal CP level, the SArg of 6.9 g kg-1 is efficient in decreasing lipogenesis and without altering the excretion of nutrients and EMAn. However, when the level of CP of the diet is reduced the level of SArg of 7.66 g kg -1 leads to improvement in the broiler performance without altering nutrient excretion and EMAn, reduces the metabolism of the TGL, and supposedly influences lipid metabolism

Utilização de óleo de soja associado ao óleo de linhaça em dietas para frangos de corte

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da substituição parcial e total do óleo de soja por um óleo comercial, constituído, predominantemente, por ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (AGPI) ômega 3 (n-3), na dieta de frangos de corte sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, perfil de ácidos graxos e características físico-químicas da carne. Foram utilizados 180 pintos Cobb-500, machos, de um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos foram T1 = 0% de óleo comercial e 2,55% de óleo de soja, T2 = 2% de óleo comercial e 0,85% de óleo de soja e T3 = 3% de óleo comercial e 0% de óleo de soja. O período experimental foi de 21 dias, e o fornecimento das dietas experimentais teve início a partir do 22° dia de idade das aves. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos com relação ao ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, peito, coxa/sobrecoxa e gordura abdominal e teor de lipídeos totais nos cortes de peito e coxa/sobrecoxa das aves. Com relação ao perfil de ácidos graxos no peito, observou-se resposta quadrática da deposição de ácido palmítico, redução linear da deposição dos ácidos linoleico (AL) e gama-linolênico e aumento linear da deposição dos ácidos alfa-linolênico (ALA), eicosapentaenoico (EPA) e docosaexaenoico (DHA) à medida que se aumentou o nível de suplementação do óleo comercial. Nos cortes de coxa/sobrecoxa, a suplementação levou a uma redução linear da deposição de AL e a uma resposta quadrática na deposição de ALA, EPA e DHA. Com relação às características físico-químicas do peito de frango, o pH, a luminosidade (L*) e o teor de amarelo (b*) não foram influenciados pela substituição do óleo de soja pelo óleo comercial. Já o teor de vermelho (a*) respondeu de forma quadrática à suplementação. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o óleo comercial, nos níveis avaliados, não influencia a produção das aves e as características físico-químicas dos cortes de peito e coxa/sobrecoxa. No entanto, a utilização do óleo comercial resultou em maior deposição de AGPI n-3 e menor deposição de AGPI ômega 6 (n-6) nos cortes avaliados, o que pode contribuir para a promoção da saúde em humanos que consomem esses produtos.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the partial and total replacement, in the broiler chicken diet, of soybean oil for a commercial oil consisting, predominantly, of omega 3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) over performance, carcass yield, fatty acid profile and physicochemical traits of the meat. One hundred and eighty male Cobb-500 chicks, of one day of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and six replicates. The treatments were as follows: T1 = 0% commercial oil and 2.55% soybean oil; T2 = 2% commercial oil and 0.85% soybean oil; and T3 = 3% commercial oil and 0% soybean oil. The experimental period was of 21 days, beginning the supplementation of the experimental diets when the birds completed 22 days of age. There were no significant differences between treatments regarding weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield, breast, thigh and abdominal fat yield and total lipid content in breast and thigh. Concerning the fatty acid profile in the breast, a quadratic response of the deposition of palmitic acid, linear reduction of the deposition of linoleic (LA) and gama-linolenic acids, and a linear increase of the deposition of alpha-linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids was verified with the increase in the level of commercial oil supplementation. The supplementation led to a linear reduction of LA deposition and a quadratic response in the deposition of ALA, EPA and DHA in the thigh. Regarding the physicochemical traits of the chicken breast, pH, luminosity (L*) and yellow content (b*) were not influenced by the replacement of soybean oil for commercial oil. Meanwhile, the red content (a*) responded to the supplementation in a quadratic manner. In conclusion, the evaluated levels of commercial oil did not influence production or the physicochemical traits of breast and thigh. However, the use of commercial oil resulted in higher deposition of n-3 PUFAs and lower deposition of omega 6 (n-6) PUFAs in the evaluated meat cuts, which may contribute to health promotion in humans that consume these products.

Toxemia da gestação em cabra associada a corpo estranho no rúmen / Pregnancy toxemia in a doe associated with rumen foreign body

Background: Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disease that occurs in consequence of a disorder on the fatty acids energetic metabolism during periods of your most utilization, affecting mainly small ruminants. Usually it occurs in late pregnancy, where the fast fetal growth increases the energy requirement. On the other hand, the space occupied by the fetus in the abdominal cavity, decreases ruminal capacity. To maintain the energy balance the animal needs more frequent intake of food of high nutritional quality. In small ruminants, an error in the diet plan or a sudden stop feeding, during late pregnancy, are the most common precipitating factors that trigger toxemia of pregnancy. Due to the economic importance of this disease, the present report describes a case of pregnancy toxemia precipitated by the presence of rumen foreign body occurred in a doe in the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of Veterinary School of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Case: A ten years old Saanen doe weighing 36kg at the end of gestation period showed low body condition, anorexia and ruminal stasis when she arrived at the hospital. The seric level of alkaline phosphatase and β -hidroxybutyrate were 58.51 and 2,11mmol/L, respectively. The urine analyses revealed presence of ketone bodies (15 mg/dL) and pH 6.0. The real time ultrasound confirmed pregnancy and the abdominal X-ray revealed a presence of two nails and a linear foreign body of 10 cm length in the rumen. Following the doe expelled a dead fetus, progressing to decumbency and death one day after. The post mortem examination showed presence of a fish net and two nails at the ruminal ventral sac and a pale liver. Histological examination of the rumen revealed areas of ulceration and bacterial invasion as well as diffuse liver fatty degeneration. Discussion: Climate change, as well as factors that generate stress, such as treatment with antihelmintics, transport, ambient changes and confinement of unaccustomed animals may induce the onset of the disease. In this case, the clinical and laboratorial data associated with post mortem finds suggested the disease was not directly linked to poor nutrition due to lack of food or overeating, but the finding of foreign body rumen which prevented the animal to have its normal digestive function causing the consumer to stay injured and, until revoked, days prior to death. It is a disease in which there is an increase in ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetic acid and β-hidroxybutyric acid) as a result of maternal tissues hydrolyze fat. In the early stages of pregnancy toxemia ketone bodies are easily detected in urine, but blood levels are variable. Marked hypoglycemia or severe hyperglycemia terminal are both possible. A metabolite that can be measured is the β-hidroxybutyrate. This is an important metabolite in the biochemical profile in ruminants. Its levels can increase as a consequence of severe energy deficiency due to mobilization of reserve triglycerides and the conversion of fatty acids into ketone bodies. The increase of this metabolite was found in the blood of the doe. The literature mentioned that without treatment the mortality rate of this condition approach 100% and specific disease in herds can achieve an incidence rate enough to be classified as an outbreak.(AU)

Toxemia da gestação em cabra associada a corpo estranho no rúmen / Pregnancy toxemia in a doe associated with rumen foreign body

Background: Pregnancy toxemia is a metabolic disease that occurs in consequence of a disorder on the fatty acids energetic metabolism during periods of your most utilization, affecting mainly small ruminants. Usually it occurs in late pregnancy, where the fast fetal growth increases the energy requirement. On the other hand, the space occupied by the fetus in the abdominal cavity, decreases ruminal capacity. To maintain the energy balance the animal needs more frequent intake of food of high nutritional quality. In small ruminants, an error in the diet plan or a sudden stop feeding, during late pregnancy, are the most common precipitating factors that trigger toxemia of pregnancy. Due to the economic importance of this disease, the present report describes a case of pregnancy toxemia precipitated by the presence of rumen foreign body occurred in a doe in the Hospital of Veterinary Clinics (HCV) of Veterinary School of Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Case: A ten years old Saanen doe weighing 36kg at the end of gestation period showed low body condition, anorexia and ruminal stasis when she arrived at the hospital. The seric level of alkaline phosphatase and β -hidroxybutyrate were 58.51 and 2,11mmol/L, respectively. The urine analyses revealed presence of ketone bodies (15 mg/dL) and pH 6.0. The real time ultrasound confirmed pregnancy and the abdominal X-ray revealed a presence of two nails and a linear foreign body of 10 cm length in the rumen. Following the doe expelled a dead fetus, progressing to decumbency and death one day after. The post mortem examination showed presence of a fish net and two nails at the ruminal ventral sac and a pale liver. Histological examination of the rumen revealed areas of ulceration and bacterial invasion as well as diffuse liver fatty degeneration. Discussion: Climate change, as well as factors that generate stress, such as treatment with antihelmintics, transport, ambient changes and confinement of unaccustomed animals may induce the onset of the disease. In this case, the clinical and laboratorial data associated with post mortem finds suggested the disease was not directly linked to poor nutrition due to lack of food or overeating, but the finding of foreign body rumen which prevented the animal to have its normal digestive function causing the consumer to stay injured and, until revoked, days prior to death. It is a disease in which there is an increase in ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetic acid and β-hidroxybutyric acid) as a result of maternal tissues hydrolyze fat. In the early stages of pregnancy toxemia ketone bodies are easily detected in urine, but blood levels are variable. Marked hypoglycemia or severe hyperglycemia terminal are both possible. A metabolite that can be measured is the β-hidroxybutyrate. This is an important metabolite in the biochemical profile in ruminants. Its levels can increase as a consequence of severe energy deficiency due to mobilization of reserve triglycerides and the conversion of fatty acids into ketone bodies. The increase of this metabolite was found in the blood of the doe. The literature mentioned that without treatment the mortality rate of this condition approach 100% and specific disease in herds can achieve an incidence rate enough to be classified as an outbreak.

Declining fertility, insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism in dairy cows: developmental consequences for the oocyte and pre-implantation embryo

Background: The fertility of contemporary high-yielding dairy cows is in decline and herd health and lifespan are decreasing. Over-conditioned peri-parturient cows are more insulin resistant than lean cows and this leads to an increase in body fat mobilisation, in the form of free fatty acids (FFA). This, in turn, can increase the risk of a number of disorders including fatty liver syndrome, ketosis, milk fever and infertility. In humans, the accumulation of fat in non-adipose tissues and excess accumulation of fat in visceral adipose depots also contribute to peripheral insulin resistance. The delivery of FFA to the liver from visceral adipose tissue is now believed to be the primary contributor to the pathological symptoms of hepatic lipidosis, hyperinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance. The current article develops the hypothesis that the modern high-yielding dairy cow has inadvertently been selected to become increasingly insulin resistant, in part, as a consequence of a regional re-distribution in body fat towards intra-abdominal depots. In turn, this contributes to greater lipolysis and mobilisation of FFA during early lactation with implications for cow metabolism and fertility. These ideas are developed in the context of recent data on the effects of insulin and fatty acids on oocyte and early embryo development, with reference to mice and humans where mechanistic insights from ruminants are lacking. Review: Relative to non-ruminants, cattle and sheep are insulin resistant, but the mechanisms of insulin action in ruminants are believed to be similar to those of other species. Key insulin signalling pathways have been identified in both physiological and pathological conditions in humans and mice, but these mechanisms are poorly understood in ruminants. FFA are key inflammatory signals which, together with specific adipokines, can induce insulin resistance. Again, the mechanisms of action for these factors are poorly understood in ruminants. However, obesity is associated with hyperinsulinaemia and impaired egg quality in all species studied. Insulin sensitising agents in obese mice have been found to improve the post-fertilisation developmental potential of oocytes. In cattle, the detrimental effects of hyperinsulinaemia on oocyte quality are cumulative over time, suggesting that exposure to high levels of insulin during pre-antral follicular development is particularly harmful. Insulin resistance can also manifest in the pre-implantation embryo. In the mouse this leads to apoptotic cell death and lower pregnancy rates. The mechanisms of fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in the oocyte and embryo are currently not known. However, the follicle-enclosed oocyte preferentially accumulates saturated fatty acids, and high levels of palmitic (c16:0) and stearic (c18:0) acid impair maturation and postfertilisation development. In contrast, specific polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (e.g. α-linolenic acid (c18:3n-3)) can improve oocyte maturation and embryo development in vitro, but the effects of n-6 PUFA are generally inhibitory. However, it has been difficult to reproduce these findings in lactating cows. This is possibly due to selective uptake mechanisms in the ovary and high levels of relatively saturated FFA in peripheral circulation at this time. Conclusion: Insulin resistance in modern high-yielding dairy cows contributes to reduced fertility and there is evidence that this effect presents as reduced oocyte quality and impaired embryo development. Detailed mechanistic studies in cattle are lacking, but the level and nature of FFA (particularly PUFA) may be key in determining the extent of insulin resistance and oocyte/early embryo development.

Efeito da utilização de ácidos graxospoliinsaturados ômega-3 microparticulados na cicatrização de enteroanastomose experimental em ratos: resultados preliminares / Microparticulate poliunsatured fat acids (n-3) in the ileal enteroanastomosis healing in rats: preliminary results

Atualmente muito se tem discutido sobre os efeitos benéficos da suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGP), prevenindo ou auxiliando a terapia de várias doenças. O presente estudo visou avaliar a influência da suplementação com AGPs ômega-3 (n-3) veiculados em micro¬partículas na qualidade de cicatrização intestinal de enteroanastomose ileal em ratos. Para o estudo foram utilizados 30 ratos Wistar fêmeas submetidos à celiotomia mediana e enteroanastomose ileal. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos de tratamento: ao grupo 1 (G1) foram administradas micropartículas de n-3, via oral, de acordo com os diferentes períodos de tratamento e ao grupo 2 (G2) administrou-se cetoprofeno como antiinflamatório padrão, pela mesma via, durante 3 dias. Cada grupo foi dividido em 3 subgrupos de acordo com o período de eutanásia, sendo realizada aos 3, 6 ou 8 dias de pós-operatório. Após os tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos à eutaná¬sia, tendo as cavidades abdominais comparadas macroscopicamente quanto a alterações como: presença de secreção, grau de aderência, deiscência da sutura e formação de abscessos. A avaliação foi realizada atribuindo escores de pontuação às diferentes variáveis. O segmento intestinal do sítio de anastomose foi coletado para análise histológica (a ser publicado posteriormente). Com os dados até então obtidos pode-se concluir que a utilização de n-3 veiculado por micropartículas é vantajosa para o processo de cicatrização intestinal pós-operatória quando comparada com a administração de cetoprofeno. mediana e enteroanastomose ileal(AU)

Beneficial effect of long-chain fatty acids in the prevention or therapy of some illnesses has been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of supplementation with n-3 fatty acids-loaded microparticles in the healing of intestinal anastomosis in rats. Thirty female Wistar rats were submitted to ileal anastomosis. The animals were divided in two groups of treatment. The group 1 (G1) received n-3 fatty acids microparticles by oral route according to different periods of treatment and the group 2 (G2) (control group) received ketoprofen for three days. The groups were divided in 3 sub-groups according to the period of euthanasia, carried out at 3, 6 or 8 postoperative days. After euthanasia, alterations in the abdominal cavity were compared macroscopically (regarding secretion, degree of adhesion, dehiscence of the suture and abcess formation). The intestinal segment of the anastomosis was collected and processed for histological evaluation (this second stage will be published later). The results showed that the use of n-3-loaded microparticles is beneficial for the process of postoperative intestinal healing when compared with the ketoprofen treatment(AU)