Micoplasmose respiratória murina em ratos (Rattus norvegicus): revisão de literatura / Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats (Rattus norvegicus): literature review

O Mycoplasma pulmonis é o agente etiológico primário da micoplasmose respiratória murina (MRM), importante patologia que acomete os ratos de laboratório, animais há muito utilizados para a realização de pesquisas experimentais e que, nos últimos anos, também passaram a ser criados como animais de companhia, com crescente presença em clínicas veterinárias. A MRM, uma patologia crônica que pode se apresentar de maneira subclínica, tem a sua instalação eprogressão usualmente associadas a falhas de manejo. O conhecimento sobre a MRM em ratos, é fundamental para a convivência saudável dos tutores com esses animais, além de ser essencial para que os animais empregados em investigações científicas possibilitem a obtenção de resultados experimentais fidedignos.

Mycoplasma pulmonis is the primary etiologic agent of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM), an important pathology of laboratory rats. For a long time, rats have been used in experimental research but nowadays it was observed an increasing number of rats treated as pets with a progressive presence of them in veterinary clinics. MRM is a chronic pathology often subclinical that is usually associated with inadequate management conditions. The objective of the present paper is to emphasize the importance of MRM in rats, to make possible a healthy coexistence of these animals with their owners and also for the achievement of reliable experimental results when they were applied in scientific investigations.

Micoplasmose respiratória murina em ratos (Rattus norvegicus): revisão de literatura / Murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in rats (Rattus norvegicus): literature review

O Mycoplasma pulmonis é o agente etiológico primário da micoplasmose respiratória murina (MRM), importante patologia que acomete os ratos de laboratório, animais há muito utilizados para a realização de pesquisas experimentais e que, nos últimos anos, também passaram a ser criados como animais de companhia, com crescente presença em clínicas veterinárias. A MRM, uma patologia crônica que pode se apresentar de maneira subclínica, tem a sua instalação eprogressão usualmente associadas a falhas de manejo. O conhecimento sobre a MRM em ratos, é fundamental para a convivência saudável dos tutores com esses animais, além de ser essencial para que os animais empregados em investigações científicas possibilitem a obtenção de resultados experimentais fidedignos.(AU)

Mycoplasma pulmonis is the primary etiologic agent of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis (MRM), an important pathology of laboratory rats. For a long time, rats have been used in experimental research but nowadays it was observed an increasing number of rats treated as pets with a progressive presence of them in veterinary clinics. MRM is a chronic pathology often subclinical that is usually associated with inadequate management conditions. The objective of the present paper is to emphasize the importance of MRM in rats, to make possible a healthy coexistence of these animals with their owners and also for the achievement of reliable experimental results when they were applied in scientific investigations.(AU)

Panorama do uso de animais nas instituições de ensino superior do Brasil / Overview of the use of animals in higher education institutions in Brazil

O uso de animais para fins científicos no Brasil segue normativas emitidas pelo Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal (CONCEA) que visam garantir a utilização humanitária dos animais. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o uso de animais nas universidades brasileiras, bem como a preocupação com o bem-estar animal pelos indivíduos responsáveis pelo seu uso e manutenção. Foi aplicado à discentes, docentes e técnicos de laboratório de todas as regiões do país um questionário semi-estruturado com questões abrangendo o uso de animais em laboratórios. Os resultados sugerem que as instituições pesquisadas buscam manter as condições ideais de bem-estar animal e atendem, em sua maioria, às resoluções normativas do CONCEA. Entretanto, foi observado que, especialmente em atividades de ensino, o uso de animais, em muitos casos, ainda é feito sem aprovação prévia pelos Comitês de Éticas na Utilização de Animais (CEUAs) institucionais. Além disso, foi observado que, embora a maior parte das instituições com biotérios para a manutenção de animais, muitos reconhecem que estes biotérios não atendem às demandas, demonstrando que a falta de investimentos em infra-estrutura cria um viés que impede que a legislação nacional seja completamente cumprida.

The animals use for scientific purposes in Brazil follows regulations issued by the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) that aim to guarantee the humanitarian use of animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of animals in Brazilian universities, as well as the concern for animal welfare by the individuals responsible for their use and maintenance. A semi-structured questionnaire with questions covering the use of animals in laboratories was applied to students, teachers and laboratory technicians from all regions of the country. The results suggest that the researched institutions seek to maintain the ideal conditions of animal welfare and attend, in the majority, to the normative resolutions of CONCEA. However, it was observed that, especially in teaching activities, the use of animals, in many cases, is still done without prior approval by the Institutional Comitees of Ethics in the Use of Animals (CEUAs). In addition, it was observed that, although most institutions have animal bioterium for animals maintenance, many recognize that these bioterium do not meet the demands, demonstrating that the lack of investments in infrastructure creates a bias that prevents the legislation national legislation from being completely fulfilled.

Panorama do uso de animais nas instituições de ensino superior do Brasil / Overview of the use of animals in higher education institutions in Brazil

O uso de animais para fins científicos no Brasil segue normativas emitidas pelo Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal (CONCEA) que visam garantir a utilização humanitária dos animais. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o uso de animais nas universidades brasileiras, bem como a preocupação com o bem-estar animal pelos indivíduos responsáveis pelo seu uso e manutenção. Foi aplicado à discentes, docentes e técnicos de laboratório de todas as regiões do país um questionário semi-estruturado com questões abrangendo o uso de animais em laboratórios. Os resultados sugerem que as instituições pesquisadas buscam manter as condições ideais de bem-estar animal e atendem, em sua maioria, às resoluções normativas do CONCEA. Entretanto, foi observado que, especialmente em atividades de ensino, o uso de animais, em muitos casos, ainda é feito sem aprovação prévia pelos Comitês de Éticas na Utilização de Animais (CEUAs) institucionais. Além disso, foi observado que, embora a maior parte das instituições com biotérios para a manutenção de animais, muitos reconhecem que estes biotérios não atendem às demandas, demonstrando que a falta de investimentos em infra-estrutura cria um viés que impede que a legislação nacional seja completamente cumprida.(AU)

The animals use for scientific purposes in Brazil follows regulations issued by the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) that aim to guarantee the humanitarian use of animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the use of animals in Brazilian universities, as well as the concern for animal welfare by the individuals responsible for their use and maintenance. A semi-structured questionnaire with questions covering the use of animals in laboratories was applied to students, teachers and laboratory technicians from all regions of the country. The results suggest that the researched institutions seek to maintain the ideal conditions of animal welfare and attend, in the majority, to the normative resolutions of CONCEA. However, it was observed that, especially in teaching activities, the use of animals, in many cases, is still done without prior approval by the Institutional Comitees of Ethics in the Use of Animals (CEUAs). In addition, it was observed that, although most institutions have animal bioterium for animals maintenance, many recognize that these bioterium do not meet the demands, demonstrating that the lack of investments in infrastructure creates a bias that prevents the legislation national legislation from being completely fulfilled.(AU)

Biological indicators of animal welfare in rodents in the biological essay laboratory of the University of Costa Rica: evaluation protocols / Indicadores biológicos de bem-estar animal nos roedores no laboratório de ensaios biológicos da Universidade de Costa Rica: protocolo de avaliação

Animal welfare can be affected by many factors that compromise both physical and mental health, that is why the more objective relationships are provided, the greater the likelihood of identifying the state of well-being of the animals. The purpose of this paper was to provide a rapid assessment protocol for biological indicators of animal welfare. The protocol was validated by two workers from the bioterium of the Biological Essay Laboratory of the University of Costa Rica by applying it in two animal colonies: female and male HSD:SD rats, and female and male HSD: IC mice. The evaluators reported two types of affections such as the presence of hematoporphyrin in rats and the presence of alopecia in mice. In both colonies, these results showed that there are no differences with the proposed tool.

O bem-estar animal pode ver-se afetado por muitos fatores que comprometem tanto a saúde física como a psíquica do animal, razão pela qual entre mais parâmetros objetivos sejam fornecidos, maior será a probabilidade de identificar o estado de bem-estar de nossos animais. O fim deste trabalho foi fornecer um protocolo de avaliação rápida para indicadores biológicos de bem-estar animal. O protocolo foi avaliado por dois funcionários do bioterio de produção em dois colônias de animais. Ratos fêmeas e machos HSD:SD e camundongos fêmeas e machos ICR. Os avaliadores reportaram dois tipos de afetações: a presença de porfirina nos ratos e a presença de barbering nos camundongos. Em ambas as colônias estes resultados se apresentaram em diferentes estados fisiológicos dos animais. Os resultados amostraram que ambos os avaliadores não amostraram diferenças com a ferramenta proposta de avaliação.

Biological indicators of animal welfare in rodents in the biological essay laboratory of the University of Costa Rica: evaluation protocols / Indicadores biológicos de bem-estar animal nos roedores no laboratório de ensaios biológicos da Universidade de Costa Rica: protocolo de avaliação

Animal welfare can be affected by many factors that compromise both physical and mental health, that is why the more objective relationships are provided, the greater the likelihood of identifying the state of well-being of the animals. The purpose of this paper was to provide a rapid assessment protocol for biological indicators of animal welfare. The protocol was validated by two workers from the bioterium of the Biological Essay Laboratory of the University of Costa Rica by applying it in two animal colonies: female and male HSD:SD rats, and female and male HSD: IC mice. The evaluators reported two types of affections such as the presence of hematoporphyrin in rats and the presence of alopecia in mice. In both colonies, these results showed that there are no differences with the proposed tool.(AU)

O bem-estar animal pode ver-se afetado por muitos fatores que comprometem tanto a saúde física como a psíquica do animal, razão pela qual entre mais parâmetros objetivos sejam fornecidos, maior será a probabilidade de identificar o estado de bem-estar de nossos animais. O fim deste trabalho foi fornecer um protocolo de avaliação rápida para indicadores biológicos de bem-estar animal. O protocolo foi avaliado por dois funcionários do bioterio de produção em dois colônias de animais. Ratos fêmeas e machos HSD:SD e camundongos fêmeas e machos ICR. Os avaliadores reportaram dois tipos de afetações: a presença de porfirina nos ratos e a presença de barbering nos camundongos. Em ambas as colônias estes resultados se apresentaram em diferentes estados fisiológicos dos animais. Os resultados amostraram que ambos os avaliadores não amostraram diferenças com a ferramenta proposta de avaliação.(AU)

Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values   for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values   for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized.  The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed

Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de ratos wistar provenientes do biotério da PUC- Goiás / Hematological and biochemical parameters of wistar rats from PUC - Goiás

Countries with a long tradition in the maintenance of bioterium have determined the reference values of their animals in order to evaluate the homeostasis and alterations caused by pathological processes, and these values are now used by bioterium worldwide, but parameters Biochemical and hematological can vary from one animal to another, so it is necessary for each vivarium to obtain its own reference value, since intraspecies variations may exist. The objective of this study was to determine reference values for wistar rats from the PUC-Goiás Bioterium. We used 17 Wistar rats with a mean weight of 344 g, obtained from the sectoral laboratory of PUC-Goiás, and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated using EDTA and serum collected. The parameters evaluated were arranged in tables with mean, standard deviation and standard error. For the purpose of comparison, some results obtained in the literature were also presented. Results: In the present study, values were found that deviate from the range of values found in other studies when the averages were observed, among which we have the number of platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, Aspartate Aminotransferase (ASAT) and alkaline phosphatase. Some parameters were discrepant in relation to other studies, highlighting the need for each animal to determine its own reference values for homeostasis evaluation and disease development during scientific experiments.

Em Países com longa tradição na manutenção de biotérios tem determinado os valores de referência dos seus animais, a fim de avaliar a homeostase e alterações provocadas por processos patológicos, sendo que, esses valores passaram a ser utilizados por bio-térios de todo mundo, porém parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos podem variar de um biotério para outro, assim, faz-se necessário que cada Biotério obtenha seu próprio valor de referência, uma vez que variações intraespécies podem existir. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar valores de referência para ratos Wistar do Biotério da PUC-Goiás. Foram utilizados 17 ratos Wistar com peso médio de 344 g, obtidos do biotério setorial da PUC-Goiás e foram avaliados parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos utilizando respec-tivamente sangue colhido com EDTA e soro. Os parâmetros avaliados foram dispostos em tabelas com média, desvio padrão e erro padrão. Para efeito de comparação foram apresentados também alguns resultados obtidos na literatura. No presente estudo foram encontrados valores que destoam da faixa de valores encontrados em outros estudos quando observado as médias, dentre estes temos o número de plaquetas, linfócitos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, Aspartato Aminotransferase (ASAT) e fosfatase alcalina. Alguns parâmetros mostraram- se discrepantes em relação a outros estudos, destacando a ne-cessidade de cada biotério determinar seus próprios valores de referência para avaliação da homeostasia e desenvolvimento de doenças durante os experimentos científicos.

Parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos de ratos wistar provenientes do biotério da PUC- Goiás / Hematological and biochemical parameters of wistar rats from PUC - Goiás

Countries with a long tradition in the maintenance of bioterium have determined the reference values of their animals in order to evaluate the homeostasis and alterations caused by pathological processes, and these values are now used by bioterium worldwide, but parameters Biochemical and hematological can vary from one animal to another, so it is necessary for each vivarium to obtain its own reference value, since intraspecies variations may exist. The objective of this study was to determine reference values for wistar rats from the PUC-Goiás Bioterium. We used 17 Wistar rats with a mean weight of 344 g, obtained from the sectoral laboratory of PUC-Goiás, and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated using EDTA and serum collected. The parameters evaluated were arranged in tables with mean, standard deviation and standard error. For the purpose of comparison, some results obtained in the literature were also presented. Results: In the present study, values were found that deviate from the range of values found in other studies when the averages were observed, among which we have the number of platelets, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, Aspartate Aminotransferase (ASAT) and alkaline phosphatase. Some parameters were discrepant in relation to other studies, highlighting the need for each animal to determine its own reference values for homeostasis evaluation and disease development during scientific experiments.(AU)

Em Países com longa tradição na manutenção de biotérios tem determinado os valores de referência dos seus animais, a fim de avaliar a homeostase e alterações provocadas por processos patológicos, sendo que, esses valores passaram a ser utilizados por bio-térios de todo mundo, porém parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos podem variar de um biotério para outro, assim, faz-se necessário que cada Biotério obtenha seu próprio valor de referência, uma vez que variações intraespécies podem existir. O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar valores de referência para ratos Wistar do Biotério da PUC-Goiás. Foram utilizados 17 ratos Wistar com peso médio de 344 g, obtidos do biotério setorial da PUC-Goiás e foram avaliados parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos utilizando respec-tivamente sangue colhido com EDTA e soro. Os parâmetros avaliados foram dispostos em tabelas com média, desvio padrão e erro padrão. Para efeito de comparação foram apresentados também alguns resultados obtidos na literatura. No presente estudo foram encontrados valores que destoam da faixa de valores encontrados em outros estudos quando observado as médias, dentre estes temos o número de plaquetas, linfócitos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos, Aspartato Aminotransferase (ASAT) e fosfatase alcalina. Alguns parâmetros mostraram- se discrepantes em relação a outros estudos, destacando a ne-cessidade de cada biotério determinar seus próprios valores de referência para avaliação da homeostasia e desenvolvimento de doenças durante os experimentos científicos.(AU)

Perfil hematológico e bioquímico de camundongos da linhagem Balb-c / Haematological and biochemical profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized. The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed. Hematological results obtained for males and females were: 9.19 ± 3.35 (106/mm³) and 7.3 ± 2.01(106/mm³) of RBC; 35.8 ± 6.7% and 38.44 ± 3.93% of HCT; 11.51 ± 2.17 g/dL and 11.85 ± 1.56 g/dL of HGB; 45.83 ± 15.03 fL and 60.26 ± 18.25 fL of VCM; 31.80 ± 1.15% and 31.88 ± 0.99% of MCHC; and, 5380 ± 1994.21(10³/mm³) and 3564 ± 1071(10³/mm³) of WBC. The platelet counts were 878.92 ± 84.19 and 678.28 ± 227.21, for males and females respectively.[...]

Perfil hematológico e bioquímico de camundongos da linhagem Balb-c / Haematological and biochemical profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized. The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed. Hematological results obtained for males and females were: 9.19 ± 3.35 (106/mm³) and 7.3 ± 2.01(106/mm³) of RBC; 35.8 ± 6.7% and 38.44 ± 3.93% of HCT; 11.51 ± 2.17 g/dL and 11.85 ± 1.56 g/dL of HGB; 45.83 ± 15.03 fL and 60.26 ± 18.25 fL of VCM; 31.80 ± 1.15% and 31.88 ± 0.99% of MCHC; and, 5380 ± 1994.21(10³/mm³) and 3564 ± 1071(10³/mm³) of WBC. The platelet counts were 878.92 ± 84.19 and 678.28 ± 227.21, for males and females respectively.[...](AU)

Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis em dietas para frangos de corte

Através do presente estudo avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação com Bacillus thuringienis var. israelensis, sobre o desempenho, rendimento de órgãos e carcaça, qualidade da carne, morfometria intestinal, parâmetros hematológicos e morfometria de túbulos semíniferos de frangos de corte. O experimento foi conduzido no biotério do Laboratório de Ensino e Experimentação Zootécnica Prof. Dr. Renato Rodrigues Peixoto UFPEL/ Pelotas -RS, Brasil. Um total de 288 frangos de corte machos e fêmeas com um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb foram alojados em boxes. As aves foram distribuídas ao acaso em quatro tratamentos, com 12 repetições de 6 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiam na suplementação ou não com o Bacillus thuringienis var. israelensis (Bti), em cada sexo. Foi utilizado um programa alimentar considerando as fases: inicial, crescimento e final. O Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis foi adicionado às dietas na quantidade de 1x108 UFC por g de ração, diariamente, por 42 dias. Para as avaliações de desempenho foram consideradas as variáveis: ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. Para as avaliações de rendimento de órgãos e carcaça, qualidade da carne, morfometria intestinal e parâmetros hematológicos, foram eutanasiadas aos 42 dias de idade, 12 aves por tratamento representando a média do boxe. Para a morfometria dos túbulos semíferos foram coletados testículos dos machos eutanasiados aos 42 dias. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P0,05). Frangos de corte machos obtiveram maior ganho de peso nos períodos de 1 a 21 dias (701 g), de 21 a 42 dias (1496 g) e de 1 a 42 dias (2197 g), maior consumo de ração de 1 a 21 dias (1038 g), de 21 a 42 dias (2735 g) e de 1 a 42 dias (3773 g). Apresentaram melhor conversão alimentar de 1 a 21 dias (1,49). Aos 42 dias obtiveram maior peso do fígado (38,2 g), maior peso vivo (2319 g), maior peso de coxa (116,6 g), maior peso de sobrecoxa (132 g) e maior percentagem de perda por cocção (29,4%). Foi observada interação significativa entre Bti:Sexo para a variável perda por cocção (P<0,05), onde os machos não suplementados obtiveram maior perda (31,2%) e as fêmeas não suplementadas a menor (25,9%).Também foi observada interação significativa entre Bti:Sexo para a variável b*pele (P<0,05), onde o uso do Bti produziu menor b*pele nos machos (20,5) e maior nas fêmeas (24,0). O grupo suplementado com Bti apresentou menor profundidade de cripta do duodeno quando comparado com o grupo não suplementado (684 vs 762 m; P<0,05). A inclusão do Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis nas dietas de frangos de corte, não melhorou as variáveis de desempenho, rendimento de órgãos e carcaça, qualidade da carne, parâmetros hematológicos e morfometria de túbulos semíniferos. Na morfometria intestinal proporcionou redução na profundidade de cripta do duodeno.

It was evaluated through the present study the effect of diet supplementation with Bacillus thuringienis var. israelensis, on the performance, organs and carcass yield, meat quality, intestinal morphometry, hematological parameters and morphometry of seminiferous tubules of broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted in the bioterium of the Laboratory of Zootechnical Teaching and Experimentation Prof. Dr. Renato Rodrigues Peixoto UFPEL/Pelotas -RS, Brazil. A total of 288 one-day-old male and female Cobb strain broilers were housed in pens. The birds were randomly distributed into four treatments, with 12 replicates of six individuals each. The treatments consisted of diet supplementation or not with Bacillus thuringienis var. israelensis (Bti), in each sex. Birds were fed considering three phases: initial, growth and final. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis was added to the diets in the amount of 1x108 CFU per gram of feed, daily, for 42 days. For performance evaluations, the following variables were considered: weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. For the evaluations of organ and carcass yield, meat quality, intestinal morphometry and hematological parameters, 12 birds per treatment were euthanized at 42 days of age, representing the pen average. For the morphometry of the semiferous tubules, male testes were collected from individual euthanized males at 42 days. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared using Tukey's test (P0.05). Male broilers showed greater weight gain in the periods from 1 to 21 days (701 g), from 21 to 42 days (1496 g) and from 1 to 42 days (2197 g), higher feed intake from 1 to 21 days (1038 g), from 21 to 42 days (2735 g) and from 1 to 42 days (3773 g). They showed better feed conversion from 1 to 21 days (1.49). At 42 days, they had higher liver weight (38.2 g), higher live weight (2319 g), higher thigh weight (116.6 g), higher drumstick weight (132 g) and higher percentage of cooking loss (29.4%). There was a significant interaction between Bti:sex for the cooking loss variable (P<0.05), where non-supplemented males had the highest loss (31.2%) and non-supplemented females the lowest (25.9%). A significant interaction was also observed between Bti:sex for the variable b*skin (P<0.05), where the use of Bti produced lower b*skin in males (20.5) and higher in females (24.0). The Bti-supplemented group had a lower duodenal crypt depth when compared to the non-supplemented group (684 vs 762 m; P<0.05). The inclusion of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in broiler diets did not improve performance variables, organ and carcass yield, meat quality, hematological parameters and seminiferous tubule morphometry. In intestinal morphometry, it provided a reduction in duodenal crypt depth.

Aplicação de modulador biológico em cama de maravalha para o controle de Salmonella spp. em frangos de corte

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do modulador biológico BAC TRAT 2A® adicionado na cama frente a sobrevivência e multiplicação de Salmonella sp. durante o alojamento de frangos de corte em dois estudos: um em infectório experimental, realizado entre fevereiro e agosto de 2019 e outro a campo, realizado entre março de 2018 e agosto de 2019. O primeiro estudo foi subdividido em duas partes, uma primeira com dois tratamentos: E1T1 sem inoculação de Salmonella Heidelberg e sem inoculação de BAC TRAT A® na cama e E1T2 sem inoculação de Salmonella Heidelberg e com inoculação de BAC TRAT A® na cama; a segunda parte também com dois tratamentos: E2T1 - com inoculação de Salmonella Heidelberg e sem inoculação de BAC TRAT A® na cama e E2T2 - com inoculação de Salmonella Heidelberg e com inoculação de BAC TRAT A® na cama. O segundo estudo, realizado a campo, foi composto por dois barracões, sendo que a cama utilizada no barracão 1 foi o controle negativo (C) e a cama do barracão 2 foi o tratamento (T), sendo tratada com o modulador biológico BAC TRAT A®. Além da avaliação do efeito do modulador biológico, no segundo estudo ainda foram avaliados perfil genotípico e fenotípico dos isolados obtidos, além da análise de resistência antimicrobiana. No primeiro estudo, o modulador biológico apresentou resultados positivos apenas na primeira parte, observando-se uma redução significativa nas contagens de Salmonella tanto para a cama (P<0,01) quanto para o ceco (P<0,05) no tratamento em que houve aplicação do produto (E1T2). Na segunda parte do primeiro estudo não se observou diferença estatística significativa entre os tratamentos. No segundo estudo, realizado a campo, o modulador também apresentou desempenho positivo para a diminuição do desafio sanitário envolvendo a presença de Salmonella sp. durante a criação de aves. Tanto no ambiente quanto no ceco das aves, por ação indireta, houve uma diminuição da carga do patógeno, principalmente nos estágios finais do ciclo de criação, possivelmente provocada pela exclusão competitiva na cama do aviário e modulação biológica da microbiota das aves em contato com o produto.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the biological modulator BAC TRAT 2A® added to poultry bed considering the survival and multiplication of Salmonella sp. during broiler housing in two studies: one in a bioterium, carried out between February and August 2019 and another in the field, carried out between March 2018 and August 2019. The first study was divided into two parts, the first with two treatments: E1T1 without inoculation of Salmonella Heidelberg and without inoculation of BAC TRAT A® in bed and E1T2 - without inoculation of Salmonella Heidelberg and with inoculation of BAC TRAT A® in bed ; the second part also with two treatments: E2T1 - with inoculation of Salmonella Heidelberg and without inoculation of BAC TRAT A® in bed and E2T2 - with inoculation of Salmonella Heidelberg and with inoculation of BAC TRAT A® in bed. The second study, carried out in the field, consisted of two sheds, the bed used in shed 1 being the negative control (C) and the bed in shed 2 being the treatment (T), being treated with the biological modulator BAC TRAT A®. In addition to evaluating the effect of the biological modulator, the second study also evaluated the genotypic and phenotypic profile of the isolates obtained, in addition to the analysis of antimicrobial resistance. In the first study, the biological modulator showed positive results only in the first part, observing a significant reduction in Salmonella counts for both the bed (P <0.01) and the cecum (P <0.05) in the treatment in which the product was applied (E1T2). In the second part of the first study, there was no statistically significant difference between treatments. In the second study, carried out in the field, the modulator also showed a positive performance for reducing the health challenge involving the presence of Salmonella sp. during poultry farming. Both in the environment and in the cecum of the birds, by indirect action, there was a decrease in the pathogen load, mainly in the final stages of the breeding cycle, possibly caused by the competitive exclusion in the aviary litter and biological modulation of the birds' microbiota in contact with the product.

Absence of effect of scrotal length and width over litter size for Wistar rats

The increase of the bioterium’s production capacity and the quality of its products are a necessity due to the biological experimentation requirements. The identification of efficient selection criteria for the rodents could contribute to production optimization. An important trait for Wistar rats is litter size, over which there may be interference of sires’scrotal measurements. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of scrotal length and width over litter size in Wistar rats. The measurement s of the scrotal length and width of 27 sires at 60 days of age were made aiming at evaluating such effects over litter size at birth, by means of a nonparametric evaluation of the data. The correlations among these variables were also estimated. There was no significant effect of scrotal length and width, season at calving and dam age at calving over the variable litter size at birth (P > 0. 05). The correlations obtained also did not indicate any association between litter size and the scrotal size of rats. We conclude that the s election of Wistar sires for scrotal size at 60 days of age is not an efficient strategy in order to improve litter size in the studied population. These results indicate that other factors may be involved in the variability in litter size at birth in this colony.

Ética e experimentação animal

Medical ethics that becomes more and more consolidated and important underwent modifications because of experiences with animals. This humanitarian movement initiated some time ago is now picking the best results, with permanent attention an care regarding this aspect at the Brazilian Medical Universities. The animal involuntarily involved, contribute with medical and surgical research and should be respected. The results should benefit both

A ética médica, cada vez mais consolidada, sofre reajuste em função da ética aplicada aos animais de experimentação científica. Este movimento humanitário plantado há algum tempo, colhe os melhores frutos graças as credenciadas lideranças universitárias numa constate vigilância do assunto nas Faculdades de Medicina no Brasil. Os animais contribuindo, mesmo que involuntariamente, com o homem, se prestam a experimentação clínica e cirúrgica, desde que com respeito e cujos resultados retornem em benefícios para o homem e para eles próprios.

Ética e experimentação animal

Medical ethics that becomes more and more consolidated and important underwent modifications because of experiences with animals. This humanitarian movement initiated some time ago is now picking the best results, with permanent attention an care regarding this aspect at the Brazilian Medical Universities. The animal involuntarily involved, contribute with medical and surgical research and should be respected. The results should benefit both

A ética médica, cada vez mais consolidada, sofre reajuste em função da ética aplicada aos animais de experimentação científica. Este movimento humanitário plantado há algum tempo, colhe os melhores frutos graças as credenciadas lideranças universitárias numa constate vigilância do assunto nas Faculdades de Medicina no Brasil. Os animais contribuindo, mesmo que involuntariamente, com o homem, se prestam a experimentação clínica e cirúrgica, desde que com respeito e cujos resultados retornem em benefícios para o homem e para eles próprios.

Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values   for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values   for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized.  The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed

Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values   for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values   for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized.  The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed

Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values   for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values   for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized.  The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed

Haematological and Biochemical Profile of Balb-c Mice

Background: Animal models are widely used in scientific research because of the ability to generate information from an organism like everything under a given experimental condition. Hematological and biochemical tests in laboratory animals are essential for the validation of several scientific studies. In addition, it standardizes physiological values   for these animals according to their sex, age, lineage, environment, and nutritional status. The present work aims to establish reference values   for biochemical and hematological standards in Balb/c mice, for males and females.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 50 male and female mice were used at reproductive age. The procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the samples were standardized.  The collected blood samples were immediately transferred to eppendorf tubes containing heparin, and intended for hematological and biochemical evaluation. The hematological evaluation consisted of Red blood cell count (RBC), Leukocyte counts (WBC), Platelet counts (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT), Hemoglobin concentration (HGB), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Already the quantified biochemical parameters were: urea, creatinine, alanina aminotransaminase (ALT), aspartato aminotransaminase (AST) and fosfatase alcalina (FAL). The differential leukocyte count was also performed