Urethral reconstruction combined with modified urethrostomy in a cat after prepubic urethrostomy

Background: In cats, urethral obstruction is generally caused by various reasons, including feline idiopathic cystitis, urethral crystals, urethral trauma, mucous plug, congenital or acquired anatomical deformity, and urolithiasis, especially in male cats. Depending on the severity and duration of clinical signs, immediate management including conservative or surgical therapy for restoration of urethral patency is required. Repetitive urethral obstruction due to intraluminal plugs, obstruction that cannot be resolved by medical management, and urethral strictures, trauma, or neoplasia should be managed by surgery. When the penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineal skin by repetitive perineal urethrostomy, prepubic urethrostomy is indicated. Potential complications of prepubic urethrostomy include urinary incontinence, peristomal dermatitis. In such cases, management of the peristomal site or placement of an artificial urethral sphincter have been reported previously. However, to date, urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penis has not been reported after prepubic urethral stricture following prepubic urethrostomy. The objective of this report is to describe surgical procedure of the urethral reconstruction combined with modified perineal urethrostomy in a cat with prepubic urethral stricture after prepubic urethrosotmy. Case: A 3-year-old castrated Scottish straight cat presented with dysuria after prepubic urethrostomy. The owner reported that the patient was diagnosed with urethral rupture, had undergone prepubic urethrostomy 2 months prior to presentation, and had persistent dysuria despite repetitive surgical revision of the prepubic urethral stoma at a local hospital. On physical examination, the preputial orifice and the penis appeared grossly normal. On ultrasonography, pericystic and periurethral fat had an edematous, striated appearance with alternating hyperechoic and anechoic regions. A small amount of free fluid was visible around the urethra. Abdominal radiography revealed a mildly distended bladder and loss of serosal detail around the area of the urinary bladder neck, consistent with inflammation and free fluid observed on ultrasonography. The retrograde urethrogram showed no leakage in either sites of the prepubic urethral orifice or the penis. Hence, complete urethral reconstruction with modified perineal urethrostomy was performed. The patient had normal urination at the 15-month follow-up. Discussion: Prepubic urethrostomy is beneficial for the patients whose penile or pelvic urethra is ruptured or not long enough to mobilize the pelvic urethra to the perineum. Complications of prepubic urethrostomy include skin necrosis around the stoma; urinary incontinence; stricture of the urethral stoma due to several reasons such as surgical-site irritation; poor mucosa-skin apposition; failure to provide tension-free stoma; and failure to expose wider pelvic urethra. In these cases, surgical management of the level of prepubic urethral stoma has been recommended by previous studies. However, no studies have been reported urethral reconstruction using pre-existing penile urethra in a patient with prepubic urethral stricture so far. To the author's knowledge, this case is the first report describing urethral reconstruction in a cat with urethral stricture after prepubic urethrostomy.

Phylogenetic position of Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), a parasite of Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in Brazil / Posição filogenética de Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 (Digenea: Gorgoderidae), parasita de Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) (Anura: Leptodactylidae) no Brasil

During a parasite survey in Brazilian amphibians from São Paulo state, Brazil, Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 was found in the urinary bladder (11 adult worms) and (five juvenile worms) in the kidneys of the pepperfrog Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824). Parasites were examined by microscopy and 28S rDNA and COI gene were sequenced and analyzed for the molecular study. The phylogenetic reconstructions resulted in identical topologies with highly supported values in the nodes in most clades using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods and positioned G. parvicava in the subclade formed by species of subfamily Gorgoderinae parasitizing the urinary bladder of amphibians. Molecular phylogenetic data showed that this species is related to other species of Gorgoderina. In addition, new molecular data and the analyses of genetic distances provide extra comparative data, which can be applied in further investigations on the taxonomic status and the diversity among Gorgoderina spp. and host-parasite relationships.

Durante o levantamento de parasitas de anfíbios brasileiros do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, Gorgoderina parvicava Travassos, 1922 foi encontrado na bexiga urinária (11 vermes adultos) e nos rins (cinco vermes juvenis) da rãpimenta Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824). Os parasitas foram examinados por microscopia e os genes 28S rDNA e COI foram sequenciados e analisados para o estudo molecular. As reconstruções filogenéticas resultaram em topologias idênticas com valores suportados nos nós na maioria dos clados, usando métodos de máxima verossimilhança e inferência bayesiana e posicionaram G. parvicava no subclado formado por espécies da subfamília Gorgoderinae parasitando a bexiga urinária de anfíbios. Dados filogenéticos moleculares mostraram que esta espécie está relacionada a outras espécies de Gorgoderina. Além disso, novos dados moleculares e as análises de distâncias genéticas fornecem dados comparativos extras, que podem ser aplicados em futuras investigações sobre o status taxonômico e a diversidade entre Gorgoderina spp. e relações parasita-hospedeiro.

Bovine tunica albuginea conserved in honey as xenograft for cystoplasty in rats / Túnica albugínea bovina conservada em mel como xenoenxerto na cistoplastia em ratos

ABSTRACT: Urinary bladder damages leading to few viable bladder tissue available might demand a challenging reconstructive surgery. In this context, biomaterials are valid alternatives for bladder reconstruction. This study evaluated the bovine tunica albuginea fragment as graft material for cystoplasty in rats and honey-preserved implant viability.Thirty Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) a test group (T) with a circular 1.0-cm-diameterbovine tunica albuginea graft application in the apex region by a continuous absorbable (Polyglactin 910 5-0) suture with stitching of all bladder layers and (2) a simulation group (S) in which animals underwent only partial cystectomy. In addition, each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups according to euthanasia period on post-surgery day 7, 15 and 30.Two animals had self-limiting hematuria at postsurgical period. At necropsy, frequent crystals and adhesion to the peritoneum were observed. At the histopathological evaluation, animals from the T group euthanized by 15th postoperative day had layers disorganization and initial muscle development, while T group rats euthanized by 30th postoperative day showed complete urothelization. Urothelization pattern was similar in both groups. Moreover, the muscular layer formation was present in both groups, but more evident in S group animals. Nevertheless, inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization were remarkably more intense in T group rats.It might be concluded that bovine tunica albuginea graft was successful in repairing rats' bladder, being a good biomaterial option in reconstructive urinary vesicle surgery.

RESUMO: Lesões na vesícula urinária que culminem em pouco tecido vesical viável podem demandar cirurgias reconstrutivas desafiadoras. Neste contexto, biomateriais são alternativas válidas para a reconstrução da bexiga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a túnica albugínea bovina como material para enxerto na cistoplastia em ratos, assim como a viabilidade deste implante preservado em mel. Trinta ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) um grupo teste (T), no qual os animais foram submetidos a cistectomia parcial seguida de cistoplastia com aplicação do enxerto circular com 1,0cm de diâmetro de túnica albugínea bovina na região do ápice com sutura absorvível (Poliglactina 910 5-0) em padrão contínuo englobando todas as camadas da bexiga; e (2) um grupo simulação (S), cujos ratos realizaram apenas cistectomia parcial. Além disso, cada grupo foi posteriormente dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com a data de eutanásia no dia 7, 15 ou 30 de pós-operatório.Dois animais apresentaram hematúria autolimitante no período de observação pós-operatória. Na necrópsia, notaram-se cristais frequentes e aderências entre bexiga e peritônio. Na avaliação histopatológica, animais do grupo T eutanasiados com 15 dias de pós-operatório apresentavam camadas vesicais desorganizadas e formação de musculatura inicial na bexiga, enquanto aqueles eutanasiados com 30 dias de cirurgia mostraram urotelização completa. O padrão de urotelização foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Além disso, a formação da camada muscular esteve presente em ambos os grupos, porém mais evidente nos animais do grupo S. No entanto, o infiltrado inflamatório bem como a neovascularização foram notavelmente mais intensos nos ratos do grupo T.Pode-se concluir que o enxerto de túnica albugínea bovina foi bem sucedido no reparo da vesícula urinária de ratos, demonstrando ser uma boa opção de biomaterial para cirurgias reconstrutivas da vesícula urinária.

Bovine tunica albuginea conserved in honey as xenograft for cystoplasty in rats / Túnica albugínea bovina conservada em mel como xenoenxerto na cistoplastia em ratos

Urinary bladder damages leading to few viable bladder tissue available might demand a challenging reconstructive surgery. In this context, biomaterials are valid alternatives for bladder reconstruction. This study evaluated the bovine tunica albuginea fragment as graft material for cystoplasty in rats and honey-preserved implant viability. Thirty Wistar rats were assigned to two groups: (1) a test group (T) with a circular 1.0-cm-diameterbovine tunica albuginea graft application in the apex region by a continuous absorbable (Polyglactin 910 5-0) suture with stitching of all bladder layers and (2) a simulation group (S) in which animals underwent only partial cystectomy. In addition, each of these groups was further divided into three subgroups according to euthanasia period on post-surgery day 7, 15 and 30. Two animals had self-limiting hematuria at postsurgical period. At necropsy, frequent crystals and adhesion to the peritoneum were observed. At the histopathological evaluation, animals from the T group euthanized by 15th postoperative day had layers disorganization and initial muscle development, while T group rats euthanized by 30th postoperative day showed complete urothelization. Urothelization pattern was similar in both groups. Moreover, the muscular layer formation was present in both groups, but more evident in S group animals. Nevertheless, inflammatory infiltrate and neovascularization were remarkably more intense in T group rats. It might be concluded that bovine tunica albuginea graft was successful in repairing rats bladder, being a good biomaterial option in reconstructive urinary vesicle surgery.(AU)

Lesões na vesícula urinária que culminem em pouco tecido vesical viável podem demandar cirurgias reconstrutivas desafiadoras. Neste contexto, biomateriais são alternativas válidas para a reconstrução da bexiga. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a túnica albugínea bovina como material para enxerto na cistoplastia em ratos, assim como a viabilidade deste implante preservado em mel. Trinta ratos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos: (1) um grupo teste (T), no qual os animais foram submetidos a cistectomia parcial seguida de cistoplastia com aplicação do enxerto circular com 1,0cm de diâmetro de túnica albugínea bovina na região do ápice com sutura absorvível (Poliglactina 910 5-0) em padrão contínuo englobando todas as camadas da bexiga; e (2) um grupo simulação (S), cujos ratos realizaram apenas cistectomia parcial. Além disso, cada grupo foi posteriormente dividido em três subgrupos de acordo com a data de eutanásia no dia 7, 15 ou 30 de pós-operatório. Dois animais apresentaram hematúria autolimitante no período de observação pós-operatória. Na necrópsia, notaram-se cristais frequentes e aderências entre bexiga e peritônio. Na avaliação histopatológica, animais do grupo T eutanasiados com 15 dias de pós-operatório apresentavam camadas vesicais desorganizadas e formação de musculatura inicial na bexiga, enquanto aqueles eutanasiados com 30 dias de cirurgia mostraram urotelização completa. O padrão de urotelização foi semelhante nos dois grupos. Além disso, a formação da camada muscular esteve presente em ambos os grupos, porém mais evidente nos animais do grupo S. No entanto, o infiltrado inflamatório bem como a neovascularização foram notavelmente mais intensos nos ratos do grupo T. Pode-se concluir que o enxerto de túnica albugínea bovina foi bem sucedido no reparo da vesícula urinária de ratos, demonstrando ser uma boa opção de biomaterial para cirurgias reconstrutivas da vesícula urinária.(AU)

Sphaerospora festivus n. sp., a parasite of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil / Sphaerospora festivus n. sp., um parasito do ciclídeo bandeira, Mesonauta festivus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) da Amazônia oriental, Brasil

Abstract The present study describes a new species of the genus Sphaerospora found in the urinary bladder of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus collected in Corre Água district of the municipality of Macapá, Amapá State (Brazil). The study includes morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the new parasite, to determine the relationship of the new species with related myxosporean species. The new species has polysporous plasmodia, which vary in size and shape. The mature myxospores are subspherical shape in valvar view. In the sutural view, the myxospores are 5.3±0.2 (5.2-5.6) μm in length and 7.0±0.7 (6.3-7.7) μm in width, with two piriform polar capsules equal size, 2.5±0.2 (2.3-2.8) μm in length and 1.8±0.2 (1.6-2.0) μm in width. The phylogenetic analyses of a partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed the status of the new species and determined the relationship of the new species and related myxosporean species.The sum of the evidence indicates that, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. belongs to the family Sphaerosporidae, and is the first record of the genus Sphaerospora from Brazil.

Resumo O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever uma nova espécie de Sphaerospora encontrado na bexiga urinária de Mesonauta festivus, coletado no distrito Corre Água, no município de Macapá, estado do Amapá (Brasil). Foram realizadas análises morfométricas e filogenéticas, nas quais se avaliou a relação entre as espécies de mixosporídeos já descritas. A nova espécie possui plasmódio poliespórico, que varia em tamanho e forma. Os esporos maduros são subesféricos. Na visão sutural, apresentam 5,3 ± 0,2 (5,2-5,6) μm de comprimento e 7,0 ± 0,7 (6,3-7,7) μm de largura, com duas cápsulas polares piriformes de tamanhos iguais, 2,5 ± 0,2 (2,3-2,8) μm de comprimento e 1,8 ± 0,2 (1,6-2,0) μm de largura. As análises filogenéticas das sequências parciais do gene 18S rDNA confirmam ser uma nova espécie e determinou a relação desta com outros myxozoários já relatados. Conclui-se que a espécie em estudo pertence à família Sphaerosporidae, gênero Sphaerospora, e nova espécie, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. e primeira ocorrência de parasitos desse gênero no Brasil.

Sphaerospora festivus n. sp., a parasite of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from eastern Amazon, Brazil / Sphaerospora festivus n. sp., um parasito do ciclídeo bandeira, Mesonauta festivus (Teleostei: Cichlidae) da Amazônia oriental, Brasil

The present study describes a new species of the genus Sphaerospora found in the urinary bladder of the flag cichlid, Mesonauta festivus collected in Corre Água district of the municipality of Macapá, Amapá State (Brazil). The study includes morphological and phylogenetic analyses of the new parasite, to determine the relationship of the new species with related myxosporean species. The new species has polysporous plasmodia, which vary in size and shape. The mature myxospores are subspherical shape in valvar view. In the sutural view, the myxospores are 5.3±0.2 (5.2-5.6) μm in length and 7.0±0.7 (6.3-7.7) μm in width, with two piriform polar capsules equal size, 2.5±0.2 (2.3-2.8) μm in length and 1.8±0.2 (1.6-2.0) μm in width. The phylogenetic analyses of a partial sequence of the 18S rRNA gene confirmed the status of the new species and determined the relationship of the new species and related myxosporean species.The sum of the evidence indicates that, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. belongs to the family Sphaerosporidae, and is the first record of the genus Sphaerospora from Brazil.(AU)

O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever uma nova espécie de Sphaerospora encontrado na bexiga urinária de Mesonauta festivus, coletado no distrito Corre Água, no município de Macapá, estado do Amapá (Brasil). Foram realizadas análises morfométricas e filogenéticas, nas quais se avaliou a relação entre as espécies de mixosporídeos já descritas. A nova espécie possui plasmódio poliespórico, que varia em tamanho e forma. Os esporos maduros são subesféricos. Na visão sutural, apresentam 5,3 ± 0,2 (5,2-5,6) μm de comprimento e 7,0 ± 0,7 (6,3-7,7) μm de largura, com duas cápsulas polares piriformes de tamanhos iguais, 2,5 ± 0,2 (2,3-2,8) μm de comprimento e 1,8 ± 0,2 (1,6-2,0) μm de largura. As análises filogenéticas das sequências parciais do gene 18S rDNA confirmam ser uma nova espécie e determinou a relação desta com outros myxozoários já relatados. Conclui-se que a espécie em estudo pertence à família Sphaerosporidae, gênero Sphaerospora, e nova espécie, Sphaerospora festivus n. sp. e primeira ocorrência de parasitos desse gênero no Brasil.(AU)

Sonographic abnormalities in augmented bladder using porcine intestinal submucosa (SIS) / Anormalidades ultrassonográficas em bexigas submetidas à cistoplastia utilizando submucosa intestinal suína (SIS)

Among the different materials for bladder augmentation, porcine intestinal submucosa (SIS) is the most widely investigated and stands out for its ability as a cell scaffold. In this context, the ultrasound examination allows the detection of changes from the surgical procedure, enabling the early verification of potential complications and evaluation of patient outcomes. The aim of this paper is to describe the main sonographic findings in dogs submitted to cystoplasty using acellular SIS and seeded with homologous smooth muscle cells at 30 (M30) and 60 (M60) days postoperatively. Sonographic changes included irregularities and thickening of bladder wall especially at M30. Additionally, were visualized urinary sediment and uroliths in animals submitted to acellular SIS cistoplasty. Abdominal ultrasonography was useful in the postoperative evaluation of animals undergoing cystoplasty with acellular or seeded SIS.(AU)

Entre os diferentes materiais utilizados para a reparação e o aumento da bexiga, a submucosa intestinal suína (SIS) é o mais amplamente investigado e se destaca por sua habilidade como um arcabouço celular. Nesse contexto, o exame ultrassonográfico possibilita a avaliação pós-operatória, bem como a detecção precoce de potenciais complicações. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os principais achados ultrassonográficos em cães submetidos à cistoplastia utilizando a SIS acelular e semeada com células musculares lisas homólogas aos 30 (M30) e 60 (M60) dias de pós-operatório. As alterações ultrassonográficas pós-operatórias incluíram irregularidades e espessamento da parede da bexiga, especialmente aos M30. Além disso, foram visualizados sedimento urinário e urólitos em animais submetidos à cistoplastia utilizando a SIS acelular. A ecografia abdominal foi útil na avaliação pós-operatória dos animais submetidos à cistoplastia utilizando a SIS acelular e semeada com células musculares lisas homólogas.(AU)

Sonographic abnormalities in augmented bladder using porcine intestinal submucosa (SIS) / Anormalidades ultrassonográficas em bexigas submetidas à cistoplastia utilizando submucosa intestinal suína (SIS)

Among the different materials for bladder augmentation, porcine intestinal submucosa (SIS) is the most widely investigated and stands out for its ability as a cell scaffold. In this context, the ultrasound examination allows the detection of changes from the surgical procedure, enabling the early verification of potential complications and evaluation of patient outcomes. The aim of this paper is to describe the main sonographic findings in dogs submitted to cystoplasty using acellular SIS and seeded with homologous smooth muscle cells at 30 (M30) and 60 (M60) days postoperatively. Sonographic changes included irregularities and thickening of bladder wall especially at M30. Additionally, were visualized urinary sediment and uroliths in animals submitted to acellular SIS cistoplasty. Abdominal ultrasonography was useful in the postoperative evaluation of animals undergoing cystoplasty with acellular or seeded SIS.(AU)

Entre os diferentes materiais utilizados para a reparação e o aumento da bexiga, a submucosa intestinal suína (SIS) é o mais amplamente investigado e se destaca por sua habilidade como um arcabouço celular. Nesse contexto, o exame ultrassonográfico possibilita a avaliação pós-operatória, bem como a detecção precoce de potenciais complicações. O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os principais achados ultrassonográficos em cães submetidos à cistoplastia utilizando a SIS acelular e semeada com células musculares lisas homólogas aos 30 (M30) e 60 (M60) dias de pós-operatório. As alterações ultrassonográficas pós-operatórias incluíram irregularidades e espessamento da parede da bexiga, especialmente aos M30. Além disso, foram visualizados sedimento urinário e urólitos em animais submetidos à cistoplastia utilizando a SIS acelular. A ecografia abdominal foi útil na avaliação pós-operatória dos animais submetidos à cistoplastia utilizando a SIS acelular e semeada com células musculares lisas homólogas.(AU)

Cirugías reconstructivas de la vejiga en pequenõs animales: indicaciones y principales técnicas / Reconstructive surgeries of bladder in small animals: indications and main techniques / Cirurgias reconstrutivas da bexiga em pequenos animais: indicações e principais técnicas

Las indicaciones para la cirugía reconstructiva de vejiga son innumeras y abarcan rupturas con laceración tecidual grave, neoplasias, cistitis intersticiales crónicas, disfunciones neurológicas y anormalidades genitourinarias congénitas. La cistotomía se enfoca al tratamiento de varias de esas afecciones. Después de su realización, inicia el proceso de cicatrización tisular en el que se incluye la distención del tejido remanente. El estiramento del tejido vesical ocurre durante algunos meses a partir de la excisión de la pared de la vejiga en hasta un 75% de su extensión. En situaciones en que el área total removida sea super a ese valor se debe recurrir a la recontrucción tisular de la vejiga con el objetivo de garantizar la complacencia vesical. El objetivo de la presente revisión de literatura es describir las principales técnicas para la reconstrucción vesical, ya que su realización es cada vez mas requerida en la rutina clínica y quirúrgica en medicina veterinaria posterior a procedimientos como cistotomia subtotal.(AU)

The indications for repairing surgery of the bladder are numerous and incloses rupture with severe tecidual laceration, neoplasmas, chronic interstitial cystitis, neurological disfunctions and congenital abnormatlities. Cystectomy is used to treat many of these conditions. After its execution, the tecidual cicatrization occurs by the combination of process amongst which, the distension of the remainder tissue. The strechtning of the vesical tissue occurs in several months as long as the excised part does not correspond to more than 75% of its extension. When the removed part is bigger than this, the tecidual reconstruction must be proceeded in order to assure the vesical complacence. The aim of the present work is to describe the main techniques for bladder reconstruction, since its execution its growing frequency in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary medicine after the subtotal cystectomy.(AU)

As indicações para a cirurgia reparadora da bexiga são inúmeras e abrangem ruptura com laceração tecidual grave, neoplasias, cistites intersticiais crônicas, disfunções neurológicas e anormalidades genitourinárias congênitas. A cistectomia destina-se ao tratamento de diversas dessas afecções. Após a sua realização, a cicatrização tecidual ocorre por meio da combinação de processos dentre os quais, a distenção do tecido remanescente. O alongamento do tecido vesical ocorre em alguns meses desde que excisada a parede da bexiga em até 75% da sua extensão. Nas situações em que a área total removida seja superior a esse valor deve-se recorrer à reconstrução tecidual da bexiga a fim de garantir a complacência vesical. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é descrever as principais técnicas para a reconstrução da bexiga, visto sua realização ser cada vez mais requerida na rotina clínica e cirúrgica em Medicina Veterinária após cistectomia subtotal.(AU)

NEOURETRA COM ENXERTO AUTÓLOGO DE SEGMENTO INTESTINAL EM FELINO

FARIA, B. G. O. Neouretra com enxerto autólogo de segmento intestinal em felino. 2020. 54p. Tese (Doutora em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2020. A uretrostomia em felinos é indicada nos casos de danos uretrais graves ou obstruções recorrentes para assegurar o retorno e manutenção do fluxo urinário. Entretanto, alguns casos podem necessitar de reconstrução uretral com tecido complementar. O enxerto de segmento intestinal autólogo é largamente utilizado na medicina para proporcionar a restauração funcional uretral, porém na medicina veterinária seu emprego ainda é incipiente. Desta forma, buscou-se avaliar a exequibilidade e aplicabilidade do enxerto de segmento intestinal autólogo na reparação uretral funcional em 14 felinos portadores de estenose ou ruptura uretral resultante de complicações de tratamentos anteriores, oito portadores de estenose e seis de ruptura uretral. Para tal, utilizou-se de segmento de aproximadamente sete centímetros da porção final do íleo, com preservação da irrigação e inervação mesentérica, com posterior anastomose terminoterminal dos intestinos remanescentes. Em 12 animais a uretra pré-prostática foi seccionada e em dois a secção ocorreu no colo da vesícula urinária. Foi realizado anastomose da uretra ou do colo da vesícula urinária a extremidade aboral do enxerto. Ato contínuo, com a extremidade oral foi confeccionada ostomia na região pré-púbica. Manobras transoperatórias para obtenção e aplicação do enxerto mostraram-se exequíveis e adequadas para manutenção da vitalidade tecidual do segmento enxertado e restauração do fluxo urinário imediato. Foram feitas avaliações clínicas e ultrasonográficas pós-operatórias por período mínimo de um ano que comprovaram a eficácia da técnica de enxertia e a normalidade do fluxo urinário, sem sinais de rejeição e mínimas complicações. O enxerto autólogo de segmento intestinal se comportou como bom substituto uretral e possui valor terapêutico para casos de reconstrução uretral, particularmente quando outras técnicas cirúrgicas são inviáveis.

FARIA, B. G. O. Neouretra with autologous graft intestinal segment in a cat. 2020. 54p. Thesis (Doctor in Animal Science on Tropics) School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny Federal University of Bahia, 2020. Urethrostomy in cats is indicated in cases of severe urethral damage or recurrent obstructions, to ensure the return and maintenance of urinary flow. However, some cases may require urethral reconstruction with tissues from other regions. The autogenous graft of vascularized intestinal segment is widely used in medicine to provide functional urethral restoration, but in veterinary medicine, its use is still limited. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and applicability of the autogenous graft of vascularized intestinal segment in functional urethral repair of 14 cats with stenosis or urethral rupture caused by complication of previous treatment. Eight cats were presented with urethral stenosis and six with urethral rupture. A segment of approximately seven centimeters from the final portion of the ileum, with preservation of its irrigation and mesenteric innervation, and subsequent end-to-end anastomosis of remained intestines was used. In 12 animals, the pre-prostatic urethra was sectioned and in two animals section occurred in the urinary bladder neck. Anastomoses of the urethra or the urinary bladder neck to the aboral end of the graft was performed. Thereafter an ostomy was performed with the oral end in the prepubic region. Transoperative maneuvers for obtaining and applying the graft proved to be feasible and suitable for maintaining the tissue vitality of the grafted segment and restoring the immediate urinary flow. Postoperative clinical and ultrasonographic evaluations were performed for a minimum period of one year, which proved the effectiveness of the grafting technique and the normality of the urinary flow, with no signs of rejection and minimal complications. Thus, the autogenous graft of vascularized intestinal segment behaves as a good urethral substitute and has significant therapeutic value for cases of urethral reconstruction, particularly when other surgical techniques are not feasible.

EMPREGO DA TÚNICA ALBUGÍNEA OVINA CONSERVADA NA CISTOPLASTIA EM RATO

A vesícula urinária de animais e humanos pode sofrer diversas enfermidades ou traumas de etiologias variadas, levando a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. Não havendo reparação pode levar a diminuição da sua capacidade volumétrica, elasticidade e até mesmo ao óbito. Há necessidade de buscar material que seja capaz de produzir a regeneração do tecido, manter sua complacência não formando cicatriz inerte, mantendo assim sua função. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento do enxerto de túnica albugínea ovina, conservada em glicerina, na cistoplastia em ratos a fim de propor a aplicabilidade e sucesso desse biomaterial como um novo material de enxertia heteróloga para a reconstrução da vesícula urinária. O experimento foi composto por dois grupos. Grupo teste (T) composto por 20 ratos wistar submetidos a cistectomia parcial e cistoplastia empregando túnica albugínea ovina; e grupo simulação (S) com 20 ratos wistar submetidos a cistectomia parcial e cistoplastia sem aplicação de enxerto. Os ratos de T e S foram subdivididos em grupos de cinco ratos com 7, 14, 28 e 42 dias pós-operatórios. Foram avaliados os aspectos macroscópicos e histológicos, não havendo nenhum óbito e todos os animais obtiveram boa recuperação. O grupo teste obteve mais intensa neovascularização e os primeiros sinais de regeneração total antes do grupo simulação. De acordo com os resultados macroscópicos e histológicos, facilidade da técnica e abundancia do tecido utilizado, os achados demonstram que a túnica albugínea pode ser utilizada como alternativa de enxerto para reconstrução da parede vesical.

Human and animal bladder can suffer several pathologies or traumas of varied etiologies, requiring surgical intervention. Without proper treatment, bladder related illnesses can lead to a decrease in their volumetric capacity, elasticity and in severe cases, death. There is a need to look for tissue regeneration material that can maintain its complacency by not forming an inert scar, thus maintaining its function. The objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of the glycerin conserved ovine albuginea tunica graft in the rat cystoplasty, to propose the applicability and success of this biomaterial as a new heterologous grafting material conserved in glycerin, for cystoplasty. Two groups composed the experiment. Test group (T) with 20 wistar rats submitted to partial cystectomy and cystoplasty using the ovine tunica albuginea. In addition, a Simulation (S) group, submitted to partial cystectomy and cystoplasty without graft. The two groups were subdivided in five animals of 7, 14, 28 and 42 postoperative group days. The macroscopic and histological aspects were assessed and there was no decease in any group, and the subjects obtained a good recovery. The test group obtained more intensive blood vessels and had the first signs of total regeneration earlier than the simulation group. Our findings point that according to macroscopic and histological results, easiness of technique and abundance of this tissue, ovine tunica albuginea can be used as an alternative graft for bladder wall reconstruction.

Caracterização histopatológica das neoplasias melanocíticas em cães com o auxílio dos métodos histoquímicos de Fontana Masson e bleaching, e avaliação da imunoexpressão de Ki-67 em melanoma amelanótico.

A vesícula urinária de animais e humanos pode sofrer diversas enfermidades ou traumas de etiologias variadas, levando a necessidade de intervenção cirúrgica. Não havendo reparação pode levar a diminuição da sua capacidade volumétrica, elasticidade e até mesmo ao óbito. Há necessidade de buscar material que seja capaz de produzir a regeneração do tecido, manter sua complacência não formando cicatriz inerte, mantendo assim sua função. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o comportamento do enxerto de túnica albugínea ovina, conservada em glicerina, na cistoplastia em ratos a fim de propor a aplicabilidade e sucesso desse biomaterial como um novo material de enxertia heteróloga para a reconstrução da vesícula urinária. O experimento foi composto por dois grupos. Grupo teste (T) composto por 20 ratos wistar submetidos a cistectomia parcial e cistoplastia empregando túnica albugínea ovina; e grupo simulação (S) com 20 ratos wistar submetidos a cistectomia parcial e cistoplastia sem aplicação de enxerto. Os ratos de T e S foram subdivididos em grupos de cinco ratos com 7, 14, 28 e 42 dias pós-operatórios. Foram avaliados os aspectos macroscópicos e histológicos, não havendo nenhum óbito e todos os animais obtiveram boa recuperação. O grupo teste obteve mais intensa neovascularização e os primeiros sinais de regeneração total antes do grupo simulação. De acordo com os resultados macroscópicos e histológicos, facilidade da técnica e abundancia do tecido utilizado, os achados demonstram que a túnica albugínea pode ser utilizada como alternativa de enxerto para reconstrução da parede vesical.

Human and animal bladder can suffer several pathologies or traumas of varied etiologies, requiring surgical intervention. Without proper treatment, bladder related illnesses can lead to a decrease in their volumetric capacity, elasticity and in severe cases, death. There is a need to look for tissue regeneration material that can maintain its complacency by not forming an inert scar, thus maintaining its function. The objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of the glycerin conserved ovine albuginea tunica graft in the rat cystoplasty, to propose the applicability and success of this biomaterial as a new heterologous grafting material conserved in glycerin, for cystoplasty. Two groups composed the experiment. Test group (T) with 20 wistar rats submitted to partial cystectomy and cystoplasty using the ovine tunica albuginea. In addition, a Simulation (S) group, submitted to partial cystectomy and cystoplasty without graft. The two groups were subdivided in five animals of 7, 14, 28 and 42 postoperative group days. The macroscopic and histological aspects were assessed and there was no decease in any group, and the subjects obtained a good recovery. The test group obtained more intensive blood vessels and had the first signs of total regeneration earlier than the simulation group. Our findings point that according to macroscopic and histological results, easiness of technique and abundance of this tissue, ovine tunica albuginea can be used as an alternative graft for bladder wall reconstruction.

Radical prostatectomy with Van Velthoven Suture to canine perineal / Prostatectomia radical com sutura de Van Velthoven na herniorrafia perineal de canino

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia.Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verifi ed a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fl uid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofi lament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, pe

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia.Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verifi ed a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fl uid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofi lament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, pe

Prostatectomia radical com sutura de Van Velthoven na herniorrafia perineal de canino / Radical Prostatectomy with Van Velthoven Suture to Canine Perineal Herniorrhaphy

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia. Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verified a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fluid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofilament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, performing cystopexy and cystostomy with Foley catheter. The prostatectomy was performed at the 21st day. In that time, prostatic urethra stenosis was observed. After probing urethral repair points in the pelvic urethra and urinary bladder, the prostate was resected and was applied a Van Velthoven suture. Omentalization of the anastomotic site was done before cavity washing with NaCl 0,9%. The abdominal access was closed in three layers. The patient remained probed for six days, and after this bladder compression was initiated. After 21 days of the second operative intervention, it was necessary to correct a perineal hernia in the opposite side; reconstruction was performed by mobilizing obturator internus muscle. Discussion: In many cases of perineal herniation it was observed prostatic hypertrophy and cysts, as observed in our clinical case. After castration, prostate involutes in two or three weeks, and occur clinical signs reliefs. But the patient related shows presence of urethral stricture, helding an excisional prostatectomy. After excision of the prostate, special attention should be given to the anastomosis between urinary bladder and urethra. With the circular Van Velthoven suture was observed low incidence of bladder contraction in humans, condition which could lead to, among other things, urinary incontinence. It was observed easy and speed of execution of the technique as well as obtaining an anastomosis without tension and adequate to anastomosis healing, as well appropriated patient recovery. We concluded that Van Velthoven suture is effective to prostatectomy in dogs and that the perineal hernia may be associated with several complications that could be adequately treated by surgery.

Avaliação clínica e histopatológica de alo-transplante de bexiga em cães / Clinical and histopathological evaluation of urinary bladder allotransplant in dogs

Testou-se a hipótese de o alo-transplante de bexiga devolver a capacidade estrutural e funcional desse órgão, usando-se 10 cães machos, saudáveis, submetidos à cistectomia parcial com preservação do trígono vesical. Utilizou-se o alo-transplante na reconstrução da vesícula urinária com acompanhamento dos animais durante 60 dias. Aos oito dias de pós-operatório, os cães apresentavam capacidade de contenção urinária e micção espontânea. Houve aumento gradativo do volume da vesícula urinária, alcançando, aos 60 dias, valores significativamente mais altos que os observados antes da cirurgia. Verificou-se integração tecidual com regeneração parcial na interface do transplante, caracterizada por reconstituição epitelial, proliferação fibroblástica, neoangiogênese e surgimento de fibras musculares lisas, aos 60 dias. Problemas como rejeição e obstrução uretral ocorreram em três cães. Conclui-se que o alo-transplante de bexiga em cães é viável e devolve a capacidade de repleção e as demais funções fisiológicas da vesícula urinária, ocorrendo regeneração parcial dos tecidos aos 60 dias de pós-operatório.(AU)

The hypothesis that urinary bladder allotransplant in dogs repairs the functional and structural capacity of this organ. Ten healthy male dogs were submitted to partial cystectomy, preserving the vesicle trigon. Allotransplant was used on the reconstruction of the urinary bladder and the animals were kept under observation for 60 days. On day seven after surgery, the dogs presented spontaneous capacity of contention and micturition. There was a gradual increase of the volume of the urinary bladder reaching to significantly higher values on day 60. Tissue integration with partial regeneration on the interface of the transplant, characterized by epithelial reconstitution, fibroblastic proliferation, neoangiogenesis and smooth muscular fibers appearance were observed on day 60. Problems as rejection and urethral obstruction occurred in three dogs. It is concluded that the allotransplant in dogs is viable, repairing the bladder capacity and other physiologic functions of the urinary bladder, although partial tissue regeneration is observed 60 days after operation.(AU)

Transplante de bexiga: estudo piloto

PURPOSE: Our aim was to study the feasible of bladder transplants. METHODS: Alive mongrel dogs are being used as trigone bladder segment donators and receptors RESULTS: The transplanted patients had 15 days of immunosuppression and so far an 18-months satisfactory post-operative outcome. Since a month after surgery, the dogs have been presenting full functional control of micturition and the evaluations have been showing normal bladder storage and contraction capacities. CONCLUSION: bladder transplants in dogs its a possible, physiological and simple model.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo biológico que seja viável para o estudo sistemático do transplante de bexiga. MÉTODOS: Cães mestiços vivos são usados como doadores e receptores do segmento supra-trigonal da bexiga. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes tansplantados só fizeram uso de imunossupressão por 15 dias, estão vivos e sadios com 18 meses de transplante. Desde o primeiro mês de transplante os cães apresentam controle funcional da micção, inclusive sem urina residual importante. CONCLUSÃO: Transplante de bexiga em cães é um modelo viável, fisiológico e simples.

Radical prostatectomy with Van Velthoven Suture to canine perineal / Prostatectomia radical com sutura de Van Velthoven na herniorrafia perineal de canino

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia.Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verifi ed a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fl uid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofi lament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, pe

Background: Prostatectomy excision is indicated for patients with neoplasm, trauma or recurrent prostatic abscess; Van Velthoven suture have been used in urethrovesical laparoscopic anastomosis in humans. This report aimed to describe the use of Van Velthoven suture after excisional prostatectomy in a canine, which suffered partial loss and deformation of the urinary bladder after complications of perineal hernia.Case: A thirteen-year-old male dog presented dyschezia, hypophagia and had increased water ingestion; furthermore, owner verifi ed a swelling lateral to the anus. On clinical examination it was observed left perineal hernia with incarcerated content, and peritonitis was diagnosed by ultrasonography exam. Antimicrobial and fl uid therapy were initiated, and one day after the patient was referred to surgery. Through perineal access was observed retrofl exed urinary bladder partially necrotic and multiple prostatic cysts; due to great extent of the necrotic urinary bladder, associated with impossibility of complete necrotic bladder tissue removal, prostate and urinary vesicle were placed in the peritoneal cavity. It was proceeded hernia reconstruction using polypropylene mesh and monofi lament nylon suture. Through median celiotomy, the bladder necrotic tissue was removed; due to hemodynamic patient instability, the total prostatectomy that was initiated was postponed, pe

Cirugías reconstructivas de la vejiga en pequenõs animales: indicaciones y principales técnicas / Reconstructive surgeries of bladder in small animals: indications and main techniques / Cirurgias reconstrutivas da bexiga em pequenos animais: indicações e principais técnicas

Las indicaciones para la cirugía reconstructiva de vejiga son innumeras y abarcan rupturas con laceración tecidual grave, neoplasias, cistitis intersticiales crónicas, disfunciones neurológicas y anormalidades genitourinarias congénitas. La cistotomía se enfoca al tratamiento de varias de esas afecciones. Después de su realización, inicia el proceso de cicatrización tisular en el que se incluye la distención del tejido remanente. El estiramento del tejido vesical ocurre durante algunos meses a partir de la excisión de la pared de la vejiga en hasta un 75% de su extensión. En situaciones en que el área total removida sea super a ese valor se debe recurrir a la recontrucción tisular de la vejiga con el objetivo de garantizar la complacencia vesical. El objetivo de la presente revisión de literatura es describir las principales técnicas para la reconstrucción vesical, ya que su realización es cada vez mas requerida en la rutina clínica y quirúrgica en medicina veterinaria posterior a procedimientos como cistotomia subtotal.

The indications for repairing surgery of the bladder are numerous and incloses rupture with severe tecidual laceration, neoplasmas, chronic interstitial cystitis, neurological disfunctions and congenital abnormatlities. Cystectomy is used to treat many of these conditions. After its execution, the tecidual cicatrization occurs by the combination of process amongst which, the distension of the remainder tissue. The strechtning of the vesical tissue occurs in several months as long as the excised part does not correspond to more than 75% of its extension. When the removed part is bigger than this, the tecidual reconstruction must be proceeded in order to assure the vesical complacence. The aim of the present work is to describe the main techniques for bladder reconstruction, since its execution its growing frequency in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary medicine after the subtotal cystectomy.

As indicações para a cirurgia reparadora da bexiga são inúmeras e abrangem ruptura com laceração tecidual grave, neoplasias, cistites intersticiais crônicas, disfunções neurológicas e anormalidades genitourinárias congênitas. A cistectomia destina-se ao tratamento de diversas dessas afecções. Após a sua realização, a cicatrização tecidual ocorre por meio da combinação de processos dentre os quais, a distenção do tecido remanescente. O alongamento do tecido vesical ocorre em alguns meses desde que excisada a parede da bexiga em até 75% da sua extensão. Nas situações em que a área total removida seja superior a esse valor deve-se recorrer à reconstrução tecidual da bexiga a fim de garantir a complacência vesical. O objetivo da presente revisão de literatura é descrever as principais técnicas para a reconstrução da bexiga, visto sua realização ser cada vez mais requerida na rotina clínica e cirúrgica em Medicina Veterinária após cistectomia subtotal.