Use of automated central lamellar superficial keratectomy in the treatment of chronic pigmentary superficial keratitis in dogs / [Uso da ceratectomia superficial lamelar central automatizada no tratamento das ceratites superficiais pigmentares crônicas em cães]

Pigmentary superficial keratitis (PSK) is a chronic corneal disorder with different causes, which may include immune-mediated diseases and reactions to ultraviolet rays. This study aimed to evaluate the use of automated central lamellar superficial keratectomy (ACLSK) in the treatment of chronic pigmentary superficial keratitis (CPSK) in dogs. We enrolled 24 animals with CPSK and loss of visual function even after clinical treatment with preserved post-corneal transparent media, and the potential for recovery of visual function after surgical treatment. The microkeratome was positioned on the eye surface, and the central corneal lamellae were obtained after translation. With ACSLC, 21 animals (87.5%) recovered their visual function. In 3 animals (12.5%), the formation of granuloma and posterior central leukoma in the cornea compromised the transparency of the visual axis. This study concludes that ACLSK is a viable surgical alternative for the restoration of visual function in dogs with severe PSK, thus improving their quality of life. The short execution time of this procedure reduces the costs and anesthetic risks.

A ceratite pigmentar superficial (CPS) é uma doença crônica da córnea, com diferentes causas, que podem incluir doenças imunomediadas e reação aos raios ultravioleta. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização da ceratectomia superficial lamelar central automatizada (CSLCA) no tratamento da ceratite superficial pigmentar crônica (CSPC) em cães. Vinte e quatro animais incluídos apresentaram CSPC e perda da função visual mesmo após o tratamento clínico, porém mantiveram os meios transparentes pós-córnea preservados e o potencial de recuperação da função visual após o tratamento cirúrgico. O microcerátomo foi posicionado na superfície do olho e, após o término de sua translação, foram obtidas as lamelas centrais da córnea. Com a CSLCA, 21 animais (87,5%) recuperaram a função visual. Em três animais (12,5%), a formação de granuloma e leucoma central posterior na córnea comprometeu a transparência do eixo visual. Este estudo conclui que a CSLCA é uma alternativa cirúrgica viável para o restabelecimento da função visual em cães com CPS grave, melhorando, assim, sua qualidade de vida. Seu curto tempo de execução proporciona redução de custos e de riscos anestésicos.

Abscesso estromal em córnea de cão / Corneal stromal abscess in a dog

Background: The eye is an important sense organ responsible for sight. The cornea is the outermost of many eye layers,being predisposed to several lesions, some of them being frequent in small animal clinics meanwhile others are unusualand seldom reported in specialized literature. The stroma abscess is a common condition in horses, but atypical in dogs,it’s a condition in which a microperforation in the corneal epithelium allows microorganisms or a foreign body to penetratethe corneal stroma, and those become inside the cornea after a re-epithelialization, producing an intense inflammatoryresponse. Therefore, this case reports a case of deep stromal abscess in a Shih Tzu dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu, weighing 4.6 kg, was submitted to ophthalmic examination in which the left eyepresented an opaque yellowish-white protruding structure located on the right side, in the center of the cornea (3 o´clockposition), bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperemia and congestion, chemosis, blepharospasm, and a moderate amountof mucous discharge. The clinical diagnosis was stromal abscess with reflex uveitis. A differential diagnosis should includeconditions affecting the anterior part of the cornea, such as an epithelial inclusion cyst and a corneal ulcer. The inclusioncyst, contrarily to the corneal abscess, doesn’t cause pain, meanwhile, the corneal ulcer was ruled out by the FluoresceinStaining Test. The recommended treatment was surgical, through lamellar keratectomy, followed by overlapping pedicledconjunctival graft and third eyelid flap. In association with the surgical treatment, oral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory,and opioids, plus topical antibiotics and autologous serum eye drop. Seventy days post-surgery, the previously observedinflammatory signs were no longer present. In the conjunctival graft insertion site perpetuated a scar leucoma with few...

Abscesso estromal em córnea de cão / Corneal stromal abscess in a dog

Background: The eye is an important sense organ responsible for sight. The cornea is the outermost of many eye layers,being predisposed to several lesions, some of them being frequent in small animal clinics meanwhile others are unusualand seldom reported in specialized literature. The stroma abscess is a common condition in horses, but atypical in dogs,its a condition in which a microperforation in the corneal epithelium allows microorganisms or a foreign body to penetratethe corneal stroma, and those become inside the cornea after a re-epithelialization, producing an intense inflammatoryresponse. Therefore, this case reports a case of deep stromal abscess in a Shih Tzu dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu, weighing 4.6 kg, was submitted to ophthalmic examination in which the left eyepresented an opaque yellowish-white protruding structure located on the right side, in the center of the cornea (3 o´clockposition), bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperemia and congestion, chemosis, blepharospasm, and a moderate amountof mucous discharge. The clinical diagnosis was stromal abscess with reflex uveitis. A differential diagnosis should includeconditions affecting the anterior part of the cornea, such as an epithelial inclusion cyst and a corneal ulcer. The inclusioncyst, contrarily to the corneal abscess, doesnt cause pain, meanwhile, the corneal ulcer was ruled out by the FluoresceinStaining Test. The recommended treatment was surgical, through lamellar keratectomy, followed by overlapping pedicledconjunctival graft and third eyelid flap. In association with the surgical treatment, oral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory,and opioids, plus topical antibiotics and autologous serum eye drop. Seventy days post-surgery, the previously observedinflammatory signs were no longer present. In the conjunctival graft insertion site perpetuated a scar leucoma with few...(AU)

Cisto de inclusão epitelial corneal em canino / Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in canine

Este estudo descreve-se o caso de um canino com cisto de inclusão epitelial corneal. Um cão, sem raça definida, macho de 12 anos, foi atendido apresentando uma massa em seu olho esquerdo, a qual apresentava uma evolução de 5 meses sem resposta positiva a diferentes protocolos terapêuticos. O tutor relatou não haver lesão prévia ou trauma, assim como nenhum sinal de desconforto apresentado pelo animal, como epífora ou blefaroespasmo. O exame oftalmológico revelou uma deformação na estrutura corneana, sem sinais de dor. Alterações em outras estruturas oculares não foram observadas. Associado ao exame oftalmológico e ao resultado da citologia, chegou-se ao diagnóstico de cisto corneal e foi feita a excisão completa por meio de uma ceratectomia lamelar. Devido ao fato da massa não ultrapassar a porção média do estroma, o recobrimento da superfície não foi realizado. Dois meses após a cirurgia, o paciente não apresentou qualquer tipo de secreção ocular ou sinais de dor. Além disso, a córnea não continha neovascularização nem sequelas do processo cicatricial, recuperando sua transparência.

This study described the case of a canine with a corneal epithelial inclusion cyst. A twelve-year-old male dog of undefined race was attended presenting a mass on his left eye, which did not respond to any therapeutic protocols for the last five months. The tutor reported that there was no previous injury or trauma, as well as no signs of discomfort presented by the animal, such as epiphora or blepharospasm. The ophthalmological examination revealed a deformity in the corneal structure, without signs of pain. Alterations in other ocular structures were not observed. Regarding the ophthalmological exam and cytology result, a diagnosis of corneal cyst was obtained and the complete excision by a lamellar keratectomy was done. Since the mass did not exceed the middle portion of the stroma, the surface covering was not performed. Two months after surgery, the patient did not present any type of ocular secretion or signs of pain. Moreover, the cornea did not contain neovascularization or sequelae of the healing process, recovering its transparency.

Fluconazol intra-estromal - eficácia na cirurgia de abscesso estromal em equino / Intrastromal fluconazole - effectiveness in the surgery of stromal abscess in a horse

Background: Due to its ocular microflora, the equine species is predisposed to develop mycotic ulcers which, when notproperly treated, can lead to the formation of a stromal abscess. A stromal abscess occurs through the introduction ofmicroorganisms into the corneal stroma. During re-epithelialization, the foreign body is encapsulated, thus creating abarrier that protects bacteria or fungi from treatment with antimicrobial medication. This framework can end up resultingin blindness due to chronic iridocyclitis, putting the animal’s vision at risk. The current work aims to report a case of corrective surgery for stromal abscess in a mare with the administration of intraoperative intrastromal fluconazole, in orderto corroborate the effectiveness of the technique.Case: A 9-year-old mare was evaluated, with the complaint that her right eye was closed and “yellowish” and that she hadalready been treated with intramuscular injectable anti-inflammatory drugs based on flunexin meglumine (Banamine® -50 mg) for 15 days, referring to a possible ulcer in the right eye. Ophthalmic screening resulted in a negative direct reflexand no threat response in the right eye. Examination of the conjunctiva showed congestion and chemosis. Examination ofthe cornea of the right eye was negative for Fluorescein and Green Lissamine tests, and opacity and corneal neovascularization were noted. The final diagnosis was a corneal abscess of probable fungal origin secondary to a keratomycosis. Afterthe consultation, complementary blood and biochemical tests were performed, which showed normal results for the speciesin question, and treatment was started with eye drops based on atropine 1% (Fagra® - 20 mL), ciprofloxacin antimicrobialeye drops (Ciprovet Colirio® - 5 mL), and antifungal eye drops based on ketoconazole...

Arco corneano bilateral em canino / Bilateral corneal arcus in canine

Background: The cornea is a component of the animal’s eye that is transparent in appearance because of the arrangement of collagen fibrils and the absence of vascularization and pigmentation. Corneal degeneration can result in a lesion known as corneal arcus, which presents as loss of transparency. It is characterized by a dense white opacity with defined borders. This lesion can be caused by lipid keratopathy, occurring as cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in the corneal stroma. In this case, analysis of the serum lipid profile and evaluation of thyroid and pancreas function are recommended. This study aimed to report on a case of occurrence of corneal arcus in a canine. Case: A 6-year-old dog, of no defined breed, weighing 13.250 kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Alagoas with a 5-day history of constipation. Under ultrasound, fecaloma was observed; however, the finding that drew attention was the presence of an eye alteration presenting as bilateral opacity in the form of a vertical arc in the corneal regions, with whitish crystalline appearance. The lesion did not exhibit roughness or vascularization and had well-defined borders. The animal showed no discomfort or visual acuity changes. The tutor reported that the marks had already been on the animal’s eye when it was adopted four years age, and that it showed a slow progressive growth. Given that there were no clinical signs of metabolic or hormonal diseases that could be a primary cause for the formation of the corneal lesion, lipid or calcium deposition in the corneal stroma was suspected, possibly due to diet or idiopathic cause. Blood samples were collected for a blood count and to determine triglyceride, calcium, and cholesterol levels. Based on the test results (all within the normal range), history, and a physical examination (with no evidence of metabolic and/or endocrine diseases), a diagnosis of corneal arcus...

Arco corneano bilateral em canino / Bilateral corneal arcus in canine

Background: The cornea is a component of the animals eye that is transparent in appearance because of the arrangement of collagen fibrils and the absence of vascularization and pigmentation. Corneal degeneration can result in a lesion known as corneal arcus, which presents as loss of transparency. It is characterized by a dense white opacity with defined borders. This lesion can be caused by lipid keratopathy, occurring as cholesterol and triglyceride deposits in the corneal stroma. In this case, analysis of the serum lipid profile and evaluation of thyroid and pancreas function are recommended. This study aimed to report on a case of occurrence of corneal arcus in a canine. Case: A 6-year-old dog, of no defined breed, weighing 13.250 kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Alagoas with a 5-day history of constipation. Under ultrasound, fecaloma was observed; however, the finding that drew attention was the presence of an eye alteration presenting as bilateral opacity in the form of a vertical arc in the corneal regions, with whitish crystalline appearance. The lesion did not exhibit roughness or vascularization and had well-defined borders. The animal showed no discomfort or visual acuity changes. The tutor reported that the marks had already been on the animals eye when it was adopted four years age, and that it showed a slow progressive growth. Given that there were no clinical signs of metabolic or hormonal diseases that could be a primary cause for the formation of the corneal lesion, lipid or calcium deposition in the corneal stroma was suspected, possibly due to diet or idiopathic cause. Blood samples were collected for a blood count and to determine triglyceride, calcium, and cholesterol levels. Based on the test results (all within the normal range), history, and a physical examination (with no evidence of metabolic and/or endocrine diseases), a diagnosis of corneal arcus...(AU)

EFEITOS DO EXTRATO DE MEMBRANA AMNIÓTICA COMERCIAL NO TEMPO DE EPITELIZAÇÃO E NA CONCENTRAÇÃO DA MMP-9 LACRIMAL EM GATOS COM ÚLCERA DE CÓRNEA INDUZIDA EXPERIMENTALMENTE

Objetivo do estudo foi investigar se um AME disponível comercialmente pode acelerar a cicatrização de feridas na córnea e suprimir a expressão precoce de MMP-9 nas lágrimas de gatos com ceratite ulcerativa superficial induzida experimentalmente. Ao final da ceratectomia, os gatos do grupo de tratamento (TG, n = 8) receberam 40 L de AME (EyeQ ® Amniótico Colírio, Vetrix ®) quatro vezes ao dia, enquanto os gatos do grupo controle (CG, n = 8) recebeu 40 L de solução salina nos mesmos momentos. As lágrimas foram coletadas 24 e 48h após a ceratectomia, e a MMP-9 total foi quantificada por ELISA. A taxa de reepitelização corneana não diferiu entre os grupos (P = 0,26) sendo 0,48 ± 0,05 mm 2 / h no GC e 0,41 ± 0,03 mm 2 / h no GT. Da mesma forma, o tempo médio para atingir a cicatrização da ferida na córnea não diferiu entre os grupos (P = 0,25) e foi de 61,50 ± 3,54 h no GC e 70,50 ± 6,71 h no GT. As dimensões das áreas ulceradas também não diferiram em nenhum momento entre os grupos (P> 0,05). Em ambos os grupos, as córneas cicatrizaram sem cicatrizes, pigmentação ou vascularização. A expressão de MMP-9 nas lágrimas foi semelhante em ambos os grupos 24 horas após a ceratectomia, com uma leve diminuição em 48 horas (P> 0,05). O presente estudo indicou que a instilação de um AME comercial (EyeQ ®) é segura, mas não diminuiu o tempo de reepitelização da córnea e a expressão precoce de MMP-9 nas lágrimas de gatos com ceratite ulcerativa superficial induzida experimentalmente. Portanto, nossos resultados justificam uma investigação mais aprofundada do EyeQ ® em um ambiente clínico com gatos apresentando diferentes tipos de úlceras de córnea que ocorrem naturalmente.

The purpose of the study was investigated whether a commercially available AME can accelerate corneal wound healing and to suppress the early expression of MMP-9 in the tears of cats with experimentally induced superficial ulcerative keratitis. At the end of keratectomy, cats in the treatment group (TG, n = 8) received 40 L of AME (EyeQ ® Amniotic Eye Drops, Vetrix ®) four times daily, while cats in the control group (CG, n = 8) received 40 L of saline at the same time points. Tears were collected 24 and 48h after keratectomy, and the total MMP-9 was quantified by ELISA. The corneal re-epithelialization rate did not differ between groups (P = 0.26) being 0.48 ± 0.05 mm 2/h in the CG and 0.41 ± 0.03 mm 2 /h in the TG. Similarly, the average time to achieve corneal wound healing did not differ between groups (P = 0.25) and was 61.50±3.54 h in the CG and 70.50 ± 6.71 h in the TG. The dimensions of the ulcerated areas also did not differ at any time point between the groups (P > 0.05). In both groups corneas healed without scarring, pigmentation, or vascularization. The expression of MMP-9 in the tears was similar in both groups at 24h post keratectomy, with a slight decrease at 48 h (P > 0.05). The present study indicated that the instillation of a commercial AME (EyeQ ®) is safe, but it did not decrease the corneal re-epithelialization time and the early expression of MMP-9 in the tears of cats with experimentally induced superficial ulcerative keratitis. Hence, our results warrant further investigation of EyeQ ® in a clinical setting with cats presenting different types of naturally occurring corneal ulcers.

EFEITOS DA DORZOLAMIDA À 2% NA RE-EPITELIZAÇÃO CORNEAL E NOS NÍVEIS DA METALOPROTEASE-9 NA LÁGRIMA DE GATOS COM ÚLCERA DE CÓRNEA INDUZIDA EXPERIMENTALMENTE

O presente estudo objetivou determinar se a instilação três vezes ao dia de dorzolamida a 2% altera o tempo de cicatrização da ferida na córnea e a expressão precoce de MMP-9 em lágrimas de gatos com ceratite ulcerativa superficial induzida experimentalmente. Foram utilizados 16 gatos domésticos, com peso e idade 3,08kg (variando: 2,02 a 5,04kg) e 3,2 anos (variando: 1 a 5 anos), respectivamente. Os animais foram distribuídos de forma aleatória em dois grupos com n=8/cada, no qual o grupo tratamento (GT) recebeu 40µL de dorzolamida a 2% (três vezes ao dia) enquanto o controle (GC) recebeu 40µL solução salina, no mesmo período de tempo. Ambos os grupos receberam uma gota de tobramicina 0,3% (quatro vezes ao dia) até resultado negativo da fluoresceína na córnea. Lágrimas foram coletadas 24 e 48h após a ceratectomia e a MMP-9 total foi quantificada por ELISA. A taxa de reepitelização da córnea nao diferiu entre os grupos (p=0,26) e variou de 0,21 a 0,77 mm²/h. O tempo médio de cicatrização da ferida em córnea não diferiu entre os grupos (p=0,36) e foi de 65,50±3,62h no GC e 71,00±4,58h no GT. A única diferença significativa com relação às dimensões das áreas ulceradas foi observada nas primeiras 24h de avaliação, sendo a área do GC 3,34mm² maior que a observada no GT (p=0,04). 24h após a ceratectomia, o nível de MMP-0 no GC foi de 6,09±2,62 ng/mL maior quando comparado ao nível de MMP-9 no GT no mesmo momento (p=0,03). Podemos concluir que a instilação de uma solução oftálmica de dorzolamida 2% preservada com cloreto de benzalconio (CB) não prejudicou o tempo de cicatrização da ferida em córnea e a expressão precoce de MMP-9 nas lágrimas de gatos com ceratite ulcerativa superficial induzida experimentalmente. No entanto, nossos resultados justificam uma investigação mais aprofundada de uma solução oftálmica de dorzolamida 2% livre de conservante de CB em um experimento conduzido com uma metodologia semelhante.

The current study aimed to determine if three-times daily instillation of 2% dorzolamide alters the corneal wound healing time and the early expression of MMP9 in the tears of cats with experimentally induced superficial ulcerative keratitis. Sixteen adult domestic shorthair cats, with an average weight and age of 3.08 kg (range: 2.02 to 5.04 kg) and 3.20 years (range: 1 to 5 years), respectively, were enrolled in this study. The animals were randomly allocated to two diferente groups (eight cats per group). Cats in the treatment group (TG) received 40µL of a 2% dorzolamide (three times daily) while cats in the control group (CG) received 40µL of saline, at the same time point. Both group received one drop of 0.3% tobramycin (four times daily) until the corneas became fluorescein negative. Tears were collected 24 and 48h after keratectomy, and the total MMP-9 was quantified by ELISA. The corneal re-epithelialization rate did not differ between groups (p = 0.26) and ranged from 0.21 to 0.77 mm2 /h. The average time to achieve corneal wound healing did not differ between groups (p = 0.36) and was 65.50±3.62h in the CG and 71.00±4.58h in the TG. The only significant difference with regard the dimensions of the ulcerated areas was observed in the first 24h of evaluation, being the area of the CG 3.34 mm2 larger than the one observed in the TG (p = 0.04). In both groups corneas healed without scarring, pigmentation, or vascularization. At 24h post keratectomy, the level of MMP-9 in the CG was 6.09±2.62 ng/mL higher when compared to level of MMP-9 in the TG at the same time point (p = 0.03). This study showed that the instillation of a BAK-preserved 2% dorzolamide ophthalmic solution did not impair the corneal wound healing time and the early expression of MMP-9 in the tears of cats with experimentally induced superficial ulcerative keratitis. However, our results warrant further investigation of a BAK-preservative free 2% dorzolamide ophthalmic solution in an experiment conducted with a similar methodology.

Hemangiossarcoma corneal em cão / Corneal hemangiosarcoma in a dog

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia maligna e sua apresentação corneal é rara em cães. Relata-se um caso de hemangiossarcoma corneal primário, em uma fêmea canina, sem raça definida, de 20kg, nove anos de idade e com histórico de crescimento progressivo de massa em bulbo ocular direito há dois meses. Ao exame oftálmico do olho direito, foram observados blefarospasmo, hiperemia conjuntival moderada e presença de nódulo avermelhado, irregular em região dorsal de córnea direita, ocupando cerca de 60% dela. A ultrassonografia ocular foi realizada, e constatou-se que a neoplasia acometia apenas a córnea. Por meio do exame citológico, foi diagnosticada neoplasia mesenquimal maligna. O paciente foi submetido à ceratectomia seguida de flap de terceira pálpebra. Encaminhou-se o material excisado para análise histopatológica, e foi diagnosticado hemangiossarcoma. Após 15 dias, o flap de terceira pálpebra foi retirado, e, ao exame oftálmico, notou-se a recidiva da neoplasia, que recobria toda a córnea e parte da conjuntiva bulbar, procedendo-se à enucleação. O paciente foi submetido à ultrassonografia abdominal e à radiografia torácica sem nenhuma alteração evidente, o que caracterizou o caráter primário da afecção. Após dois anos do procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente encontra-se bem clinicamente, sem qualquer sinal de recidiva ou metástase. Apesar da exérese cirúrgica da neoplasia com margens limpas, em casos de hemangiossarcoma com comportamento agressivo, a enucleação deve ser considerada uma opção viável para um protocolo terapêutico de sucesso e melhor prognóstico do paciente.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm and its corneal presentation is uncommon in the dog. The present work reports a case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma on a mongrel female dog, 20kg, nine years old with a 2 month history of a mass with progressive growth in the right eye. The ophthalmic examination of the right eye showed blepharospasm, moderated conjunctival hyperemia and the presence of a reddish irregular nodule on the dorsal region of the cornea, occupying approximately 60% of the cornea. The ocular ultrasound revealed that the neoplasm affected only the cornea and the cytological examination diagnosed a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. The patient was submitted to keratectomy followed by a third eyelid flap. The excised material was sent for histopathological analysis that diagnosed hemangiosarcoma. Fifteen days after surgery the third eyelid flap was removed and the ophthalmic examination revealed recurrence of the tumor, with the mass occupying the entire cornea and part of the bulbar conjunctiva. The patient was submitted to enucleation. No alterations were observed on the abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography, showing the primary characteristics of the disease. Two years after surgery the patient is clinically healthy, without any signs of recurrence or metastasis. Despite the surgical excision of the tumor with free margins, in cases of hemangiosarcoma with aggressive behavior, the enucleation should be considered as a viable option for a successfull therapeutic protocol and better prognosis of the patient.(AU)

Hemangiossarcoma corneal em cão / Corneal hemangiosarcoma in a dog

O hemangiossarcoma é uma neoplasia maligna e sua apresentação corneal é rara em cães. Relata-se um caso de hemangiossarcoma corneal primário, em uma fêmea canina, sem raça definida, de 20kg, nove anos de idade e com histórico de crescimento progressivo de massa em bulbo ocular direito há dois meses. Ao exame oftálmico do olho direito, foram observados blefarospasmo, hiperemia conjuntival moderada e presença de nódulo avermelhado, irregular em região dorsal de córnea direita, ocupando cerca de 60% dela. A ultrassonografia ocular foi realizada, e constatou-se que a neoplasia acometia apenas a córnea. Por meio do exame citológico, foi diagnosticada neoplasia mesenquimal maligna. O paciente foi submetido à ceratectomia seguida de flap de terceira pálpebra. Encaminhou-se o material excisado para análise histopatológica, e foi diagnosticado hemangiossarcoma. Após 15 dias, o flap de terceira pálpebra foi retirado, e, ao exame oftálmico, notou-se a recidiva da neoplasia, que recobria toda a córnea e parte da conjuntiva bulbar, procedendo-se à enucleação. O paciente foi submetido à ultrassonografia abdominal e à radiografia torácica sem nenhuma alteração evidente, o que caracterizou o caráter primário da afecção. Após dois anos do procedimento cirúrgico, o paciente encontra-se bem clinicamente, sem qualquer sinal de recidiva ou metástase. Apesar da exérese cirúrgica da neoplasia com margens limpas, em casos de hemangiossarcoma com comportamento agressivo, a enucleação deve ser considerada uma opção viável para um protocolo terapêutico de sucesso e melhor prognóstico do paciente.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm and its corneal presentation is uncommon in the dog. The present work reports a case of primary corneal hemangiosarcoma on a mongrel female dog, 20kg, nine years old with a 2 month history of a mass with progressive growth in the right eye. The ophthalmic examination of the right eye showed blepharospasm, moderated conjunctival hyperemia and the presence of a reddish irregular nodule on the dorsal region of the cornea, occupying approximately 60% of the cornea. The ocular ultrasound revealed that the neoplasm affected only the cornea and the cytological examination diagnosed a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. The patient was submitted to keratectomy followed by a third eyelid flap. The excised material was sent for histopathological analysis that diagnosed hemangiosarcoma. Fifteen days after surgery the third eyelid flap was removed and the ophthalmic examination revealed recurrence of the tumor, with the mass occupying the entire cornea and part of the bulbar conjunctiva. The patient was submitted to enucleation. No alterations were observed on the abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography, showing the primary characteristics of the disease. Two years after surgery the patient is clinically healthy, without any signs of recurrence or metastasis. Despite the surgical excision of the tumor with free margins, in cases of hemangiosarcoma with aggressive behavior, the enucleation should be considered as a viable option for a successfull therapeutic protocol and better prognosis of the patient.(AU)

UTILIZAÇÃO DA MATRIZ EXTRACELULAR CORNEAL DE TILÁPIA NA CERATOPLASTIA LAMELAR EXPERIMENTAL EM SUÍNOS E APLICADA A AFECÇÕES CORNEAIS EM CÃES E GATO

A córnea é a estrutura mais anterior do olho, e quando encontra-se hígida, é lisa, esférica e transparente. As afecções corneais podem ser causadas por vários fatores e se não tratadas corretamente, podem levar a perda da visão. Devido a escassez de estudos no Brasil sobre a utilização da matriz extracelular corneal (MEC), objetivou-se utilizar a matriz extracelular corneal de tilápia (MECT) em córneas de suínos submetidos a ceratoplastia e em cães e gato com enfermidades corneais. Para a realização dos estudos in vitro, as córneas de tilápia foram descelularizadas utilizando o hidróxido de sódio (0,5 M) e conservadas em solução de Dulbeccos modified minimum essencial medium (DMEN) associada ao glicerol. As mesmas foram avaliadas através da extração e quantificação do DNA, onde ocorreu uma diferença estatística do DNA antes da descelularização (10,43 ± 3,84 ng/mg) e após a descelularização (4,6 ± 2,15 ng/mg). No teste microbiológico não foram observadas a presença de contaminantes e no cultivo celular observou-se que as células Madin Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), 3T3-L1 e fibroblasto bovinos se desenvolveram na MECT. Já nos estudos in vivo, observou-se a opacidade corneal em todos os animais do grupo ceratectomia (CT) e em 92,8% (13/14) dos animais do grupo ceratoplastia (CP). A vascularização corneal esteve presente em 92,8% (13/14) dos animais do grupo CP até os 30 dias de pós-operatório (PO), e esteve ausente aos 60 dias de PO no grupo CP e grupo CT. Na avaliação histológica foram observados a presença de vasos nos subgrupos CP15 e CP30, e não foram observados vasos no subgrupo CP60. A reeepitelização corneal esteve presente em todos os animais dos subgrupos CP e CT e pôde-se observar através da coloração pelo tricrômio de gomory que a MECT se integrou à córnea receptora. Após a realização dos estudos experimentais, as MECTs foram utilizadas em dois cães com úlceras profundas e um gato com sequestro corneano. Após a ceratectomia, a MECT foi suturada na córnea receptora utilizando poliglactina nº 8-0 no canino 1 e felino e mononylon nº 10-0 no canino 2. O tratamento prescrito no PO consistiu no uso de antibiótico e cicloplégico tópico e anti-inflamatório sistêmico. Com 30 dias de PO, utilizou-se o corticóide tópico. Na avaliação do PO com sete dias, a reepitelização esteve presente em todos os animais e com 60 dias de PO as córneas apresentaram-se translúcidas nos três pacientes. No canino 1 observouse a presença de pigmentação em faixa e na área da ceratoplastia, enquanto que no canino 2 e felino, visualizou-se a presença de uma nébula na área do enxerto. Desta forma, a MECT permitiu o crescimento celular, sem efeito citotóxico, sendo integrada na córnea suína, e a mesma foi eficaz no tratamento do sequestro corneal em felino e úlceras complicadas em caninos.

The cornea is the most anterior structure of the eye and when healthy, it is smooth, spherical and transparent. Corneal disorders can be caused by several factors and if is not treated correctly, can lead to loss of vision. Due to the lack of studies in Brazil on the use of corneal extracellular matrix (ECM), the objective of this study was to evaluate corneal extracellular matrix of tilapia (TECM) in corneas of pigs experimentally submitted to keratoplasty and subsequent use for the treatment of dogs and cat with corneal diseases. Corneas of tilapia were decellularized with sodium hydroxide (0.5 M) and preserved in DMEM with glycerol solution for further in vitro analysis. Corneas were evaluated by the extraction and quantification of DNA and the statistical analysis of DNA had different results before (10.43 ± 3.84 ng/mg) and after decellularization (4.6 ± 2.15 ng/mg). TECM cultures showed no microbiological contaminants and cell cultures supported the growth of bovine MDBK, 3T3-L and fibroblast cells. In vivo assessments demonstrated corneal opacities in all animals that underwent keratectomy (KT) and in 92.8% (13/14) of the keratoplasty (KP) group. Corneal vascularization was present in 92,8% (13/14) animals of the KP group at day 30 postoperatively (PO) and was absent at day 60 PO in the KP and KT groups. At histologic evaluation vessels were present in the subgroups CP15 and CP30 and no vessels were observed in the subgroup CP60. Corneal reepithelization occurred in all animals of KP and KT groups. Gomori trichrome stains revealed that the TECM grafts were integrated into the cornea. Next, TECM were used in two dogs with deep ulcers and a cat with corneal sequestrum. After keratectomy TECM graft was sutured in the recipient cornea of case 1 with 8-0 polyglactin and in case 2 and case 3 with mononylon 10- 0. PO included topical antibiotic, topical cycloplegic and systemic anti-inflammatory. 30 days after surgery topical corticosteroid was introduced. At day 7 PO reepithelization was present in all animals and at day 60 all animals presented corneal transparency. Band pigmentation was present where keratoplasty was performed in case 1. Corneal nebula was present at graft surfaces in cases 2 and 3. Thus, TECM allowed cell growth, without cytotoxic effect, integrated into swine cornea, and was effective in the treatment of corneal sequestrum in a cat and complicated ulcers in dogs.

Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a dog

Background: Intrastromal corneal cysts are uncommon lesions caused by the implantation of corneal epithelial cells in the stroma, and their subsequent intrastromal proliferation, which has often been secondary to trauma. Lamellar keratectomy has been the chosen treatment and diagnosis has been confi rmed by histopathology. In this report, we describe a case of corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a dog that was successfully treated with lamellar keratectomy.Case: A 10 year old Yorkshire Terrier dog was referred to the Ophthalmology Section of the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), presenting an abnormal appearance in the left cornea. The ophthalmic examination revealed a white and elevated mass, measuring approximately 3 mm in the left cornea. Thus, a superficial keratectomy was performed by utilizing an angled ophthalmic disc knife, under general anesthesia, and an operating microscope. In addition, a third eyelid fl ap was performed to protect the cornea. The postoperative treatment involved broad-spectrum antibiotic containing tobramycin 0.3%, and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory solution of sodium diclofenac 0.1%, administered six times a day for two weeks. In addition, atropine sulphate 1% was applied once a day for five days. After three weeks of follow-up, the third eyelid flap was removed, and there was no evidence of...(AU)

Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a dog

Background: Intrastromal corneal cysts are uncommon lesions caused by the implantation of corneal epithelial cells in the stroma, and their subsequent intrastromal proliferation, which has often been secondary to trauma. Lamellar keratectomy has been the chosen treatment and diagnosis has been confi rmed by histopathology. In this report, we describe a case of corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in a dog that was successfully treated with lamellar keratectomy.Case: A 10 year old Yorkshire Terrier dog was referred to the Ophthalmology Section of the Veterinary Clinics Hospital of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), presenting an abnormal appearance in the left cornea. The ophthalmic examination revealed a white and elevated mass, measuring approximately 3 mm in the left cornea. Thus, a superficial keratectomy was performed by utilizing an angled ophthalmic disc knife, under general anesthesia, and an operating microscope. In addition, a third eyelid fl ap was performed to protect the cornea. The postoperative treatment involved broad-spectrum antibiotic containing tobramycin 0.3%, and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory solution of sodium diclofenac 0.1%, administered six times a day for two weeks. In addition, atropine sulphate 1% was applied once a day for five days. After three weeks of follow-up, the third eyelid flap was removed, and there was no evidence of...

Topical 1% Nalbuphine on corneal sensivity and epitheilization after experimental lamellar keratectomy in rabbits

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of topical 1% nalbuphine on corneal sensitivity and re-epithelialization, after lamellar keratectomy in rabbits. All protocols were approved by the Animal Care Comission of São Paulo State University (Protocol 028793-08) and were conducted in accordance with the Institutional Animal Committee and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) statement for the use of animals in research. Surgeries were performed on the left eye (Nalbuphine Group) and on the right eye (Control Group). Two groups were formed (n=10) and corneas received either 30µl of 1% nalbuphine (NG) or 30µl of 0,9% saline (CG). Treatments occurred at 7, 11, 15 and 19 hours. After the surgery, the corneas were stained with fluorescein and photographed daily; corneal touch threshold (CTT) was assessed with Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer, at 7 and 19 hours, 20 minutes after treatments. Data were statistically compared with repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test, and T test (P 0.05). Average ±SD time for corneal re-epithelialization was 7.40±0.47 days (NG) and 8.90±0.31 days (CG) (P=0.11). The results showed that the diameter of the keratectomized area and CTT did not change significantly between both groups (P>0.05); however, a higher area under the curve for both parameters was observed in the NG (2771), in comparison to CG (2164). Topical 1% nalbuphine did not change significantly corneal sensitivity and re-epithelialization, after experimental lamellar keratectomy in rabbits.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da nalbufina 1% sobre o limiar de sensibilidade corneal (LSC) e a epitelização corneal em coelhos submetidos à ceratectomia lamelar unilateral. Os procedimentos foram aprovados pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrarias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Protocolo no 028793-08), de acordo com as normas do Institutional Animal Committee and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). Conceberam-se dois grupos (n=10) e os olhos foram tratados com 30µl de Nalbufina 1% (Olho esquerdo - GN) ou com 30µl de solução salina (Olho direito - GC), às 7, 11, 15 e 19 horas das ceratectomias unilaterais, até sua reepitelização. O limiar de sensibilidade corneal (LSC) foi avaliado 20 minutos após cada tratamento, 48 horas antes e depois da ceratectomia a intervalos regulares de 12 horas (7 e 19 horas) com estesiômetro de Cochet-Bonnet. Após a realização da cirurgia, diariamente, as córneas foram coradas com fluoresceína e registradas em fotos digitais para mensuração em software Image-J. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O limiar de sensibilidade e a área ulcerada foram comparados ao teste de Bonferroni, após ANOVA de medias repetidas (P 0,05). O teste t-Student foi aplicado na avaliação das médias quanto ao tempo de reepitelização. Não houve diferença significativa quanto ao limiar de sensibilidade entre os grupos, em qualquer dos períodos avaliados (P>0,05), todavia, constatou-se maior área sob a curva, relativamente ao LSC, no GN (2771), comparativamente ao GC (2164). O tempo médio±DP de reepitelização no GN foi de 7,40±0,47 dias e de 8,90±0,31 dias no GC, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos (P=0,11). Como conclusão, tem-se que o uso tópico de nalbufina 1% não alterou significativamente o limiar de sensibilidade e a reepitelização corneais em coelhos submetidos a ceratectomia lamelar experimental.

Topical 1% Nalbuphine on corneal sensivity and epitheilization after experimental lamellar keratectomy in rabbits

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of topical 1% nalbuphine on corneal sensitivity and re-epithelialization, after lamellar keratectomy in rabbits. All protocols were approved by the Animal Care Comission of São Paulo State University (Protocol 028793-08) and were conducted in accordance with the Institutional Animal Committee and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO) statement for the use of animals in research. Surgeries were performed on the left eye (Nalbuphine Group) and on the right eye (Control Group). Two groups were formed (n=10) and corneas received either 30µl of 1% nalbuphine (NG) or 30µl of 0,9% saline (CG). Treatments occurred at 7, 11, 15 and 19 hours. After the surgery, the corneas were stained with fluorescein and photographed daily; corneal touch threshold (CTT) was assessed with Cochet-Bonnet aesthesiometer, at 7 and 19 hours, 20 minutes after treatments. Data were statistically compared with repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test, and T test (P 0.05). Average ±SD time for corneal re-epithelialization was 7.40±0.47 days (NG) and 8.90±0.31 days (CG) (P=0.11). The results showed that the diameter of the keratectomized area and CTT did not change significantly between both groups (P>0.05); however, a higher area under the curve for both parameters was observed in the NG (2771), in comparison to CG (2164). Topical 1% nalbuphine did not change significantly corneal sensitivity and re-epithelialization, after experimental lamellar keratectomy in rabbits.

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da nalbufina 1% sobre o limiar de sensibilidade corneal (LSC) e a epitelização corneal em coelhos submetidos à ceratectomia lamelar unilateral. Os procedimentos foram aprovados pela Comissão de Ética no Uso de Animais da Faculdade de Ciências Agrarias e Veterinárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista (Protocolo no 028793-08), de acordo com as normas do Institutional Animal Committee and the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). Conceberam-se dois grupos (n=10) e os olhos foram tratados com 30µl de Nalbufina 1% (Olho esquerdo - GN) ou com 30µl de solução salina (Olho direito - GC), às 7, 11, 15 e 19 horas das ceratectomias unilaterais, até sua reepitelização. O limiar de sensibilidade corneal (LSC) foi avaliado 20 minutos após cada tratamento, 48 horas antes e depois da ceratectomia a intervalos regulares de 12 horas (7 e 19 horas) com estesiômetro de Cochet-Bonnet. Após a realização da cirurgia, diariamente, as córneas foram coradas com fluoresceína e registradas em fotos digitais para mensuração em software Image-J. A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada ao teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O limiar de sensibilidade e a área ulcerada foram comparados ao teste de Bonferroni, após ANOVA de medias repetidas (P 0,05). O teste t-Student foi aplicado na avaliação das médias quanto ao tempo de reepitelização. Não houve diferença significativa quanto ao limiar de sensibilidade entre os grupos, em qualquer dos períodos avaliados (P>0,05), todavia, constatou-se maior área sob a curva, relativamente ao LSC, no GN (2771), comparativamente ao GC (2164). O tempo médio±DP de reepitelização no GN foi de 7,40±0,47 dias e de 8,90±0,31 dias no GC, não havendo diferença significativa entre os grupos (P=0,11). Como conclusão, tem-se que o uso tópico de nalbufina 1% não alterou significativamente o limiar de sensibilidade e a reepitelização corneais em coelhos submetidos a ceratectomia lamelar experimental.

Superficial keratectomy and 360º conjunctival flap for bullous keratopathy in a dog: a case report / Recobrimento conjuntival em 360º e ceratectomia superficial na ceratite bolhosa em cão: relato de caso

A case of a two-year-old male Pinscher with a history of discomfort in the right eye was reported. The left eye had been enucleated by the referring veterinarian due to the same symptom with unsuccessful clinical treatment. The Schirmer tear test value was elevated and a decreased intraocular pressure was observed by applanation tonometry. Biomicroscopy revealed profuse corneal edema and keratoconus and fluorescein staining was negative. Gonioscopy and ophthalmoscopy did not provide any relevant data due to the corneal alterations. Bullous keratopathy was diagnosed. Surgery was performed in two steps: 1) superficial keratectomy and 360º conjunctival flap, and 2) superficial keratectomy to restore corneal transparency. Thirty days after the second superficial keratectomy, the third eyelid flap was removed. Conjunctivalization of the upper nasal quadrant of the cornea was observed. The axial portion of the cornea was transparent and vision was restored.(AU)

Relata-se o caso ocorrido em um cão, da raça Pinscher, com dois anos de idade e histórico de desconforto no olho direito. O olho esquerdo havia sido enucleado por outro profissional, por apresentar os mesmos sinais, cujo tratamento clínico instituído não lograra êxito. O valor do teste da lágrima de Schirmer encontrava-se aumentado e identificou-se diminuição da pressão intraocular à tonometria de aplanação. Observaram-se, à biomicroscopia, edema corneal profuso e ceratocone, e o teste da fluoresceína foi negativo. Gonioscopia e oftalmoscopia não lograram fornecer dados relevantes dadas as condições da córnea. Diagnosticou-se ceratite bolhosa. Optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico, que fora realizado em duas etapas: 1- ceratectomia superficial e "flap" conjuntival de 360º; 2- ceratectomia superficial para devolver transparência à córnea. Transcorridos 30 dias da segunda ceratectomia superficial, o "flap" de terceira pálpebra foi desfeito. Observou-se conjuntivalização do quadrante nasal superior da córnea, córnea clara no eixo visual e retorno da visão.(AU)

Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a dog

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic disease of the squamous epithelial cells that has been rarely described in the literature. This neoplasm affects the eyelid, conjunctiva and third eyelid, as well as the cornea. Corneal SCC is a neoplastic lesion characterized by a pink, typically irregular mass protruding from the epithelial surface of the cornea. Canine corneal SCC has been associated with chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or keratitis secondary to exophthalmia and is common in humans, horses and cows. The treatment is surgical with excision of the lesion of the ocular surface. This paper reported a study of a dog with corneal SCC, which was successfully treated with a superficial lamellar keratectomy excision combined with cryosurgery.

Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a dog

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a neoplastic disease of the squamous epithelial cells that has been rarely described in the literature. This neoplasm affects the eyelid, conjunctiva and third eyelid, as well as the cornea. Corneal SCC is a neoplastic lesion characterized by a pink, typically irregular mass protruding from the epithelial surface of the cornea. Canine corneal SCC has been associated with chronic keratoconjunctivitis sicca, or keratitis secondary to exophthalmia and is common in humans, horses and cows. The treatment is surgical with excision of the lesion of the ocular surface. This paper reported a study of a dog with corneal SCC, which was successfully treated with a superficial lamellar keratectomy excision combined with cryosurgery.(AU)

Effects of ethyl-cyanoacrylate and octyl-cyanoacrylate on experimental corneal lesions in rabbits / Efeitos do etil-cianoacrilato ou do octil-cianoacrilato sobre lesões corneais experimentais em coelhos

The use of ethyl-cyanoacrylate and octyl-cyanoacrylate were clinically and histopathologically compared on the corneas of 36 rabbits after lamellar keratectomy (standardized diameter and depth). The animals were distributed into two groups, one for each type of adhesive. From each group, six subgroups were histopathologically evaluated on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, 30th, and 60th day post-operative. General (daily) and ophthalmic (days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 30, 44, and 60) evaluations clinically indicated that there were significant differences for the variables water intake, attitude, blepharitis, corneal edema, and fluorescein test. The adhesive permanence time for octyl-cyanoacrylate (17.22 days) was greater than that for ethyl-cyanoacrylate (7.66 days). With respect to the histopathological evaluation, corneal epithelization and collagen organization occurred without severe complications. However, treatment with ethyl-cyanoacrylate led to a moderate inflammatory reaction in the initial phases. With octyl-cyanoacrylate, re-epithelization and collagen organization proceeded more slowly with a discrete inflammatory reaction in the initial phases. From clinical and histopathologic points of view, octyl-cyanoacrylate showed advantages over ethyl-cyanoacrylate, whereas wound healing was achieved in both groups without major complications.(AU)

Comparou-se o uso do etil-cianoacrilato e do octil-cianoacrilato em córneas de 36 coelhos após ceratectomia lamelar (diâmetro e profundidade padronizados). Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos, segundo o tipo de adesivo, e redistribuídos em seis subgrupos com três animais cada, para as avaliações histológicas aos 3, 7, 14, 21, 30 e 60 dias de pós-operatório. As avaliações clínicas gerais (diárias) e as oftálmicas (dias 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, 30, 44 e 60), indicaram diferença entre os dois grupos, quanto ao consumo de água, atitude, blefarite, edema da córnea e teste da fluoresceína. O Tempo de permanência, sobre o leito corneal, do adesivo octil-cianoacrilato (17,22 dias), foi maior que o do etil-cianoacrulato (7,66 dias). A histopatologia, para ambos os grupos, mostrou que a re-epitelização e a organização do colágeno ocorreram sem graves intercorrências. O grupo tratado com o etil-cianoacrilato apresentou, nas fases iniciais, reação inflamatória mais evidente que o tratado com octil-cianoacrilato. Neste, a re-epitelização e a organização do colágeno ocorreram mais lentamente e com reação inflamatória discreta. Sob os pontos de vista clínico e de avaliação histológica simples, os resultados mostraram vantagens do octil-cianoacrilato, entretanto, a cicatrização da córnea ocorreu em ambos os grupos.(AU)