An overview of the taxonomic instability of endangered Golden and Zhobi mahseer in Pakistan

Abstract In South and South East Asia three genera of fish species i.e. Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor are commonly known as Mahseer with at least 47 species. Among these 23 belongs to genus Tor, 22 to Neolissochilus and one to Naziritor i.e. Naziritor zhobensis. Recently another species added to genus Naziritor is Naziritor chelynoides in India. Among Tor species Tor putitora (Hamilton) is the most widely distributed Mahseer in Pakistan and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. However, based alone on morphological characters some authors identify the Pakistani counterparts as Tor macrolepis (Heckel), (a species presumed to be found exclusively in the Indus River system) distinct from Tor putitora (a species found in Ganga Brahmaputra River system). In order to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity, present study carried out meristic and morphometric measurements of Mahseer collected from a total of 11 water bodies of Pakistan. Ratios between the morphometric characters were calculated and statistically analyzed using t-test and correlation coefficient. Two species identified as Tor putitora and Naziritor zhobensis were the sole Mahseer inhabitants of Indus system in Pakistan. Tor putitora occurred at all surveyed sites while Nazirtor zhobensis had a distribution range from river Zhob to tributaries of river Gomal the right bank tributaries of River Indus. The study corroborates that there are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies in any existing populations of both species. The study further demonstrates that head length, a character frequently used in Mahseer taxonomy, is not a good measure for species identification. Finally the present study establishes that Naziritor zhobensis still exists in the water bodies of Pakistan and that golden Mahseer occurring in Indus riverine system of Pakistan is Tor putitora.

Resumo No sul e sudeste da Ásia, três gêneros de espécies de peixes, ou seja, Tor, Neolissochilus e Naziritor, são comumente conhecidos como Mahseer com pelo menos 47 espécies. Entre estas, 23 pertencem ao gênero Tor, 22 a Neolissochilus e um a Naziritor, ou seja, Naziritor zhobensis. Recentemente, outra espécie adicionada ao gênero Naziritor é Naziritor chelynoides na Índia. Entre as espécies de Tor, Tor putitora (Hamilton) é o Mahseer mais amplamente distribuído no Paquistão e em outros países do subcontinente indiano. No entanto, com base apenas em caracteres morfológicos, alguns autores identificam as contrapartes paquistanesas como Tor macrolepis (Heckel) (uma espécie que se presume ser encontrada exclusivamente no sistema do rio Indo), distinta de Tor putitora (uma espécie encontrada no sistema do rio Ganga Brahmaputra). A fim de resolver essas ambiguidades taxonômicas, o presente estudo realizou medidas merísticas e morfométricas de Mahseer coletadas em um total de 11 corpos dágua do Paquistão. As razões entre os caracteres morfométricos foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente usando o teste t e o coeficiente de correlação. Duas espécies identificadas como Tor putitora e Naziritor zhobensis foram os únicos habitantes Mahseer do sistema fluvial Indo no Paquistão. Tor putitora ocorreu em todos os locais pesquisados, enquanto Nazirtor zhobensis tinha uma faixa de distribuição do rio Zhob aos afluentes do rio Gomal, afluentes da margem direita do rio Indo. O estudo corrobora que não há sinapomorfias morfológicas inequívocas em nenhuma das populações existentes de ambas as espécies. O estudo demonstra ainda que o comprimento da cabeça, um caractere frequentemente usado na taxonomia de Mahseer, não é boa medida para identificação das espécies. Finalmente, o presente estudo estabelece que Naziritor zhobensis ainda existe nos corpos dágua do Paquistão e que o Mahseer dourado ocorrendo no sistema fluvial Indo do Paquistão é Tor putitora.

An overview of the taxonomic instability of endangered Golden and Zhobi mahseer in Pakistan / Uma visão geral da instabilidade taxonômica do golden em perigo e do Zhobi mahseer no Paquistão

Abstract In South and South East Asia three genera of fish species i.e. Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor are commonly known as Mahseer with at least 47 species. Among these 23 belongs to genus Tor, 22 to Neolissochilus and one to Naziritor i.e. Naziritor zhobensis. Recently another species added to genus Naziritor is Naziritor chelynoides in India. Among Tor species Tor putitora (Hamilton) is the most widely distributed Mahseer in Pakistan and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. However, based alone on morphological characters some authors identify the Pakistani counterparts as Tor macrolepis (Heckel), (a species presumed to be found exclusively in the Indus River system) distinct from Tor putitora (a species found in Ganga Brahmaputra River system). In order to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity, present study carried out meristic and morphometric measurements of Mahseer collected from a total of 11 water bodies of Pakistan. Ratios between the morphometric characters were calculated and statistically analyzed using t-test and correlation coefficient. Two species identified as Tor putitora and Naziritor zhobensis were the sole Mahseer inhabitants of Indus system in Pakistan. Tor putitora occurred at all surveyed sites while Nazirtor zhobensis had a distribution range from river Zhob to tributaries of river Gomal the right bank tributaries of River Indus. The study corroborates that there are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies in any existing populations of both species. The study further demonstrates that head length, a character frequently used in Mahseer taxonomy, is not a good measure for species identification. Finally the present study establishes that Naziritor zhobensis still exists in the water bodies of Pakistan and that golden Mahseer occurring in Indus riverine system of Pakistan is Tor putitora.

Resumo No sul e sudeste da Ásia, três gêneros de espécies de peixes, ou seja, Tor, Neolissochilus e Naziritor, são comumente conhecidos como Mahseer com pelo menos 47 espécies. Entre estas, 23 pertencem ao gênero Tor, 22 a Neolissochilus e um a Naziritor, ou seja, Naziritor zhobensis. Recentemente, outra espécie adicionada ao gênero Naziritor é Naziritor chelynoides na Índia. Entre as espécies de Tor, Tor putitora (Hamilton) é o Mahseer mais amplamente distribuído no Paquistão e em outros países do subcontinente indiano. No entanto, com base apenas em caracteres morfológicos, alguns autores identificam as contrapartes paquistanesas como Tor macrolepis (Heckel) (uma espécie que se presume ser encontrada exclusivamente no sistema do rio Indo), distinta de Tor putitora (uma espécie encontrada no sistema do rio Ganga Brahmaputra). A fim de resolver essas ambiguidades taxonômicas, o presente estudo realizou medidas merísticas e morfométricas de Mahseer coletadas em um total de 11 corpos d'água do Paquistão. As razões entre os caracteres morfométricos foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente usando o teste t e o coeficiente de correlação. Duas espécies identificadas como Tor putitora e Naziritor zhobensis foram os únicos habitantes Mahseer do sistema fluvial Indo no Paquistão. Tor putitora ocorreu em todos os locais pesquisados, enquanto Nazirtor zhobensis tinha uma faixa de distribuição do rio Zhob aos afluentes do rio Gomal, afluentes da margem direita do rio Indo. O estudo corrobora que não há sinapomorfias morfológicas inequívocas em nenhuma das populações existentes de ambas as espécies. O estudo demonstra ainda que o comprimento da cabeça, um caractere frequentemente usado na taxonomia de Mahseer, não é boa medida para identificação das espécies. Finalmente, o presente estudo estabelece que Naziritor zhobensis ainda existe nos corpos d'água do Paquistão e que o Mahseer dourado ocorrendo no sistema fluvial Indo do Paquistão é Tor putitora.

Epidemiological aspects of cattle tick fever in Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos da tristeza parasitária bovina no Brasil

The present work reviews the epidemiologic situation of Anaplasma marginale and Babesia spp. infections and the occurrence of cattle tick fever outbreaks in Brazil. In areas of tick fever enzootic instability, environmental conditions interfere with the development of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: chilly winter in the southern region, floods in the Pantanal, and low humidity in the Caatinga. In contrast, the climatic conditions of stable zones (Cerrado, Amazon and Atlantic Forest biomes) favor tick development. In enzootic areas, tick fever is uncommon because the animals are in frequent contact with the parasite, acquiring immunity naturally during the period of innate resistance; however, outbreaks may occur when calves become infested by considerable numbers of infected ticks during this period or in adults raised in tick-free environments that become infested for the first time when transporting to stable areas. It is necessary to better understand the disease's risk factors under stable conditions and the implications of the mechanical and other vector transmission of A. marginale. To prevent tick fever outbreaks in Brazil, it is important to develop and use anaplasmosis and babesiosis vaccines in cattle from enzootic unstable regions, especially when animals are moved to stable areas.(AU)

O presente trabalho revisa a situação epidemiológica das infecções por Anaplasma marginale e Babesia spp. e a ocorrência de surtos de Tristeza parasitária bovina (TPB) no Brasil. Em áreas de instabilidade enzoótica, as condições ambientais interferem no desenvolvimento do Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: o frio do inverno na região Sul; as inundações no Pantanal; e a baixa umidade na Caatinga. Por outra parte, as condições climáticas das zonas de estabilidade (os biomas Cerrado, Amazônia e Mata Atlântica) favorecem o desenvolvimento do carrapato. A TPB não é comum nas áreas estáveis, porque os animais estão em contato frequente com os parasitas, adquirindo imunidade naturalmente. Podem, porém, ocorrer surtos quando um número considerável de carrapatos infectados infesta bezerros, durante o período de resistência inata, ou quando adultos que foram criados em ambientes livres de carrapatos infestam-se, pela primeira vez, ao serem transportados para áreas estáveis. É necessário entender melhor os fatores de risco da doença em condições de estabilidade e a implicação da transmissão de A. marginale de forma mecânica, ou por meio de vetores diferentes do carrapato. Para prevenir surtos de TPB, no Brasil, é necessário desenvolver e usar vacinas em bovinos de regiões de instabilidade, especialmente antes de transportá-los para áreas estáveis.(AU)

An overview of the taxonomic instability of endangered Golden and Zhobi mahseer in Pakistan / Uma visão geral da instabilidade taxonômica do golden em perigo e do Zhobi mahseer no Paquistão

In South and South East Asia three genera of fish species i.e. Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor are commonly known as Mahseer with at least 47 species. Among these 23 belongs to genus Tor, 22 to Neolissochilus and one to Naziritor i.e. Naziritor zhobensis. Recently another species added to genus Naziritor is Naziritor chelynoides in India. Among Tor species Tor putitora (Hamilton) is the most widely distributed Mahseer in Pakistan and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. However, based alone on morphological characters some authors identify the Pakistani counterparts as Tor macrolepis (Heckel), (a species presumed to be found exclusively in the Indus River system) distinct from Tor putitora (a species found in Ganga Brahmaputra River system). In order to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity, present study carried out meristic and morphometric measurements of Mahseer collected from a total of 11 water bodies of Pakistan. Ratios between the morphometric characters were calculated and statistically analyzed using t-test and correlation coefficient. Two species identified as Tor putitora and Naziritor zhobensis were the sole Mahseer inhabitants of Indus system in Pakistan. Tor putitora occurred at all surveyed sites while Nazirtor zhobensis had a distribution range from river Zhob to tributaries of river Gomal the right bank tributaries of River Indus. The study corroborates that there are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies in any existing populations of both species. The study further demonstrates that head length, a character frequently used in Mahseer taxonomy, is not a good measure for species identification. Finally the present study establishes that Naziritor zhobensis still exists in the water bodies of Pakistan and that golden Mahseer occurring in Indus riverine system of Pakistan is Tor putitora.

No sul e sudeste da Ásia, três gêneros de espécies de peixes, ou seja, Tor, Neolissochilus e Naziritor, são comumente conhecidos como Mahseer com pelo menos 47 espécies. Entre estas, 23 pertencem ao gênero Tor, 22 a Neolissochilus e um a Naziritor, ou seja, Naziritor zhobensis. Recentemente, outra espécie adicionada ao gênero Naziritor é Naziritor chelynoides na Índia. Entre as espécies de Tor, Tor putitora (Hamilton) é o Mahseer mais amplamente distribuído no Paquistão e em outros países do subcontinente indiano. No entanto, com base apenas em caracteres morfológicos, alguns autores identificam as contrapartes paquistanesas como Tor macrolepis (Heckel) (uma espécie que se presume ser encontrada exclusivamente no sistema do rio Indo), distinta de Tor putitora (uma espécie encontrada no sistema do rio Ganga Brahmaputra). A fim de resolver essas ambiguidades taxonômicas, o presente estudo realizou medidas merísticas e morfométricas de Mahseer coletadas em um total de 11 corpos d’água do Paquistão. As razões entre os caracteres morfométricos foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente usando o teste t e o coeficiente de correlação. Duas espécies identificadas como Tor putitora e Naziritor zhobensis foram os únicos habitantes Mahseer do sistema fluvial Indo no Paquistão. Tor putitora ocorreu em todos os locais pesquisados, enquanto Nazirtor zhobensis tinha uma faixa de distribuição do rio Zhob aos afluentes do rio Gomal, afluentes da margem direita do rio Indo. O estudo corrobora que não há sinapomorfias morfológicas inequívocas em nenhuma das populações existentes de ambas as espécies. O estudo demonstra ainda que o comprimento da cabeça, um caractere frequentemente usado na taxonomia de Mahseer, não é boa medida para identificação das espécies. Finalmente, o presente estudo estabelece que Naziritor zhobensis ainda existe nos corpos d'água do Paquistão e que o Mahseer dourado ocorrendo no sistema fluvial Indo do Paquistão é Tor putitora.

An overview of the taxonomic instability of endangered Golden and Zhobi mahseer in Pakistan / Uma visão geral da instabilidade taxonômica do golden em perigo e do Zhobi mahseer no Paquistão

In South and South East Asia three genera of fish species i.e. Tor, Neolissochilus and Naziritor are commonly known as Mahseer with at least 47 species. Among these 23 belongs to genus Tor, 22 to Neolissochilus and one to Naziritor i.e. Naziritor zhobensis. Recently another species added to genus Naziritor is Naziritor chelynoides in India. Among Tor species Tor putitora (Hamilton) is the most widely distributed Mahseer in Pakistan and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. However, based alone on morphological characters some authors identify the Pakistani counterparts as Tor macrolepis (Heckel), (a species presumed to be found exclusively in the Indus River system) distinct from Tor putitora (a species found in Ganga Brahmaputra River system). In order to resolve this taxonomic ambiguity, present study carried out meristic and morphometric measurements of Mahseer collected from a total of 11 water bodies of Pakistan. Ratios between the morphometric characters were calculated and statistically analyzed using t-test and correlation coefficient. Two species identified as Tor putitora and Naziritor zhobensis were the sole Mahseer inhabitants of Indus system in Pakistan. Tor putitora occurred at all surveyed sites while Nazirtor zhobensis had a distribution range from river Zhob to tributaries of river Gomal the right bank tributaries of River Indus. The study corroborates that there are no unequivocal morphological synapomorphies in any existing populations of both species. The study further demonstrates that head length, a character frequently used in Mahseer taxonomy, is not a good measure for species identification. Finally the present study establishes that Naziritor zhobensis still exists in the water bodies of Pakistan and that golden Mahseer occurring in Indus riverine system of Pakistan is Tor putitora.(AU)

No sul e sudeste da Ásia, três gêneros de espécies de peixes, ou seja, Tor, Neolissochilus e Naziritor, são comumente conhecidos como Mahseer com pelo menos 47 espécies. Entre estas, 23 pertencem ao gênero Tor, 22 a Neolissochilus e um a Naziritor, ou seja, Naziritor zhobensis. Recentemente, outra espécie adicionada ao gênero Naziritor é Naziritor chelynoides na Índia. Entre as espécies de Tor, Tor putitora (Hamilton) é o Mahseer mais amplamente distribuído no Paquistão e em outros países do subcontinente indiano. No entanto, com base apenas em caracteres morfológicos, alguns autores identificam as contrapartes paquistanesas como Tor macrolepis (Heckel) (uma espécie que se presume ser encontrada exclusivamente no sistema do rio Indo), distinta de Tor putitora (uma espécie encontrada no sistema do rio Ganga Brahmaputra). A fim de resolver essas ambiguidades taxonômicas, o presente estudo realizou medidas merísticas e morfométricas de Mahseer coletadas em um total de 11 corpos dágua do Paquistão. As razões entre os caracteres morfométricos foram calculadas e analisadas estatisticamente usando o teste t e o coeficiente de correlação. Duas espécies identificadas como Tor putitora e Naziritor zhobensis foram os únicos habitantes Mahseer do sistema fluvial Indo no Paquistão. Tor putitora ocorreu em todos os locais pesquisados, enquanto Nazirtor zhobensis tinha uma faixa de distribuição do rio Zhob aos afluentes do rio Gomal, afluentes da margem direita do rio Indo. O estudo corrobora que não há sinapomorfias morfológicas inequívocas em nenhuma das populações existentes de ambas as espécies. O estudo demonstra ainda que o comprimento da cabeça, um caractere frequentemente usado na taxonomia de Mahseer, não é boa medida para identificação das espécies. Finalmente, o presente estudo estabelece que Naziritor zhobensis ainda existe nos corpos d'água do Paquistão e que o Mahseer dourado ocorrendo no sistema fluvial Indo do Paquistão é Tor putitora.(AU)

Estabilização de ombro em um gato ­ Relato de caso / Shoulder estabilization in a cat ­ Case report

A estabilidade da articulação do ombro é garantida por ligamentos, cápsula articular, tendões e músculos, contudo traumas podem causar falência dos mecanismos estabilizadores, com consequente luxação ou instabilidade articular. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de instabilidade medial e lateral de ombro direito em felino sem raça definida, atendido com queixa de claudicação aguda de membro torácico secundária a trauma por confronto com outro animal. Inicialmente foi realizado tratamento clínico por meio de imobilização articular. Contudo, devido ao insucesso da técnica, procedeu-se para o tratamento cirúrgico de estabilização articular com prótese ligamentar sintética. No pós-operatório imediato, evidenciou-se ausência de crepitações e instabilidade articular. Após oito dias da cirurgia, o paciente apresentou retorno total às funções de apoio do membro e sem sinais de dor ou redução de movimentos. Concluiu-se que, embora de reduzida ocorrência, a instabilidade de origem traumática do ombro configura-se como um diferencial para claudicação aguda de membro torácico e que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário, mostrando-se eficiente na resolução de tais casos com o acesso e técnica de estabilização propostos.

The stability of the shoulder joint is granted by ligaments, joint capsule, tendons and muscles. However, traumatic injuries can cause failure of the stabilization mechanisms, which leads to articular luxation or instability. The aim of the paper is to report a case of medial and lateral right shoulder joint instability in a mixed-breed cat, presenting acute forelimb lameness after a fight trauma with another cat. Initially, it was recommended a conservative treatment through articular immobilization. However, the technique was unsuccessful, and the surgery treatment was performed, to stabilize the joint with synthetic ligament prosthetic. In the postoperative period, no crepitation or instability were identified. After eight days of surgery, the patient returned totally to the normal function of the forelimb, without movement restriction or pain. It was concluded that, although rare, the traumatic shoulder joint instability is a differential diagnosis for acute forelimb lameness and the surgical treatment can be necessary, showing a good result in the resolution of these injuries with the surgical approach and stabilization method proposed.

Manejo de neonatos caninos prematuros / Management of premature neonatal puppies

Dentre as mais importantes causas de morbidade neonatal na prematuridade, destacam-se os distúrbios respiratórios, complicações infecciosas, instabilidade crítica da termorregulação, inabilidade para homeostase energética e falhas na transferência de imunidade passiva. Dentre os problemas de origem pulmonar intimamente relacionados à prematuridade, destaca-se a imaturidade pulmonar por deficiência de surfactante, evoluindo para diminuição da capacidade pulmonar, hipoxemia, hipercapnia e acidose. Os neonatos caninos prematuros apresentam baixa vitalidade, hipotermia, bradipnéia, irregularidade do padrão respiratório, reduzido tônus e responsividade neuro-muscular. As áreas do parênquima pulmonar para efetuar trocas gasosas são limitadas em filhotes prematuros, culminando em alterações do equilíbrio ácidobase. Além disto, os recém-nascidos prematuros apresentam instabilidade energética e falha de transferência de imunidade passiva. Como medida preventiva à morbidade do neonato prematuro, indicase a corticoterapia pré-natal 48 horas antes do parto em cadelas gestantes, induzindo a maturidade funcional do pulmão fetal, além de melhorar a vitalidade e evolução clínica neonatal. Ademais, a corticoterapia antenatal estimula a transferência placentária de imunoglobulinas e absorção de imunoglobulinas colostrais, bem como aumenta a capacidade glicogênica. Nos casos emergenciais, preconiza-se medidas intensivas aos recém-nascidos prematuros, as quais incluem: reanimação respiratória, controle da hipotermia, reposição glicêmica na hipoglicemia e controle imunológico da falha de transferência imune passiva.(AU)

Among the most important causes of neonatal morbidity in prematurity, respiratory disorders, infectious complications, critical instability of thermoregulation, inability for energy homeostasis and failures in the transfer of passive immunity stand out. Among the problems of pulmonary origin closely related to prematurity, pulmonary immaturity due to surfactant deficiency stands out, evolving to decreased lung capacity, hypoxemia, hypercapnia and acidosis. Premature canine neonates have low vitality, hypothermia, bradypnea, irregular breathing pattern, reduced tone and neuromuscular responsiveness. The areas of the lung parenchyma to carry out gas exchange are limited in premature pups, culminating in changes in acid-base balance. In addition, premature newborns have energetic instability and failure to transfer passive immunity. As a preventive measure against premature neonate morbidity, prenatal corticosteroid therapy is indicated 48 hours before delivery in pregnant bitches, inducing functional maturity of the fetal lung, in addition to improving neonatal vitality and clinical evolution. Furthermore, antenatal corticosteroid therapy stimulates the placental transfer of immunoglobulins and the absorption of colostral immunoglobulins, as well as increasing the glycogenic capacity. In emergency cases, intensive measures are recommended for premature newborns, which include: respiratory resuscitation, hypothermia control, glycemic replacement in hypoglycemia and immunological control of passive immune transfer failure.(AU)

Maize grain supply and demand for the animal protein chain in the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Oferta e demanda de milho para a cadeia da proteína animal no Rio Grande do Sul

The animal production system has been affected in the Rio Grande do Sul State by low maize production, mainly non-ruminants. The total demand is not well known and official data are inaccurate and underestimated. This research characterized and analyzed the maize grain demand and supply for animal feed in the last 15 years at the Rio Grande do Sul State. The state supply was obtained from governmental harvests measurement. The demand was obtained by the total animals (swine, poultry and dairy and beef cattle), while the total state demand was obtained using the relative national consumption from these segments in relation to the total. The current maize grain demand was at the order of 6 million tons for the feeding of swine, poultry and cattle, while total demand was between 9 to 12 million tons in the Rio Grande do Sul State. The state maize production supplied near half of the total demand for the animal protein chain, characterizing a significant deficit for this sector, providing instability and making this productive chain economically unfeasible in the state.

Os sistemas de produção animal tem sido severamente afetada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul pela baixa oferta de milho produzido a nível estadual, especialmente não-ruminantes. A demanda do setor não é conhecida e as estimativas oficiais são imprecisas e subestimadas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar e analisar a demanda e a oferta do milho produzido no estado para a alimentação animal nos últimos 15 anos. A oferta estadual foi obtida pelo acompanhamento governamental das safras. A demanda por segmento (aves, suínos e bovino de leite e corte) foi obtida pelo tamanho do rebanho gaúcho, enquanto que a demanda total foi utilizando a mesma proporção do consumo nacional de milho em relação aos segmentos avaliados. A demanda atual de milho para a alimentação de suínos, aves e bovinos no Rio Grande do Sul é da ordem de 6 milhões de toneladas e a demanda total do estado situa-se entre 9 a 12 milhões de toneladas. A oferta estadual de milho supre pouco mais da metade da necessidade para a cadeia da proteína animal, caracterizando um déficit significativo para este setor, proporcionando instabilidade e inviabilizando economicamente esta cadeia produtiva no estado, uma vez que há alta demanda de importação de milho de outros estados.

Ex vivo biomechanical testing of Funkquist B dorsal laminectomy between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae in dogs / Análise biomecânica ex vivo dos efeitos da laminectomia dorsal Funkquist B entre a sexta e a sétima vertebras cervicais em cães

Dorsal laminectomy is routinely performed for spinal cord compressions or stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal. However, despite good results, relevant complications have been described in dogs. Considering the incomplete understanding of the necessity for complementary surgical stabilization after performing laminectomies in the cervical region, this study compared the resistance and range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spinal column subjected to Funkquist B laminectomy between the sixth and seventh vertebrae in dogs. Forty-four cervical vertebral columns (C2-T1) of dogs, with an average weight of 26.2±3.8 kg, were selected using radiography and computed tomography. Four experimental groups (n=11) were established according to the mechanical test: two control groups (flexion and extension control) and two laminectomy groups (flexion and extension laminectomies). Numerical results of the maximum load for measuring the resistance and ROM of the columns of the two control groups and the two laminectomy groups were compared. The laminectomy groups showed a lower maximum load, regardless of the mechanical test performed (P<0.001). The ROM was not influenced by laminectomy, the type of mechanical test (ventral flexion or extension), or its interaction (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the effect of the laminectomy factors (yes or no) and the effect of the mechanical tests for ventral flexion or extension (P<0.05). In conclusion, Funkquist B dorsal cervical laminectomy between C6 and C7 decreases mechanical resistance with a supraphysiological loading force but does not alter the ROM, suggesting that it can be used without additional mechanical stabilization in dogs.

A laminectomia dorsal é realizada com frequência no tratamento de compressões medulares ou estenose do canal vertebral cervical. No entanto, complicações relevantes têm sido descritas em cães. Considerando que ainda não há entendimento completo da necessidade de estabilização cirúrgica complementar após a realização de uma ou múltiplas laminectomias na região cervical, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resistência e amplitude de movimento (ADM) da coluna cervical submetida à laminectomia Funkquist B entre a sexta e a sétima vértebras em cães. Quarenta e quatro colunas vertebrais cervicais (C2-T1) de cães, com peso médio de 26,2 ± 3,8 kg, foram selecionadas por meio de radiografia e tomografia computadorizada. Quatro grupos experimentais (n = 11) foram estabelecidos de acordo com o teste mecânico realizado: dois grupos controle (flexão e extensão controle) e dois grupos laminectomia (flexão e extensão laminectomia). Os resultados numéricos da carga máxima para medir a resistência e ADM das colunas dos dois grupos de controle e dos dois grupos de laminectomia foram comparados. Os grupos de laminectomia apresentaram menores valores de carga máxima, independentemente do teste mecânico realizado (P < 0,001). A ADM não foi influenciada pela laminectomia, tipo de teste mecânico (flexão ou extensão ventral) ou sua interação (P < 0,05). Não houve interação entre o efeito do fator de laminectomia, sim ou não, ou o efeito do teste mecânico na flexão ou extensão ventral (P < 0,05). A laminectomia cervical dorsal Funkquist B entre C6 e C7 diminui a resistência mecânica com uma força de carga suprafisiológica, mas não altera a ADM, sugerindo que pode ser usada sem estabilização mecânica adicional em cães.

Occurrence of unstable non-acid milk in dairy farms in northern Tocantins state, Brazil / Ocorrência de leite instável não ácido (LINA) em propriedades leiteiras no norte do Tocantins

The diagnosis of unstable non-acid milk (UNAM) in Brazil is overlooked due to the lack of information about this problem available to dairy farmers, mainly in the North region of the country. This report describes the occurrence of UNAM in three dairy farms of family farmers in northern Tocantins state, Brazil, who use animal feed based on Urochloa brizantha without mineral supplementation. The animals had been subjected to a poor feeding practice, with low quantity and quality, due to the dry period in the region and inappropriate nutritional management. Fourteen animals that presented alterations in milk characteristics were subjected to 72% alizarol test, California mastitis test, strip cup test, somatic cell count (SCC), boil test, physical-chemical and microbiological analyses, and search for undesirable substances. The time of lactation, udder health, and serum glucose level of animals, and soil and forage quality were also evaluated. The results showed 42% animals diagnosed with mastitis, 21% of them with clinical and 21% with subclinical mastitis; and 78% of animals with samples positive for the alizarol and boil tests, and Dornic acidity between 14° and 18°, characterizing positive cases for UNAM. Only one animal presented SCC above the limit established by the Brazilian legislation. The animals presented undamaged teats and no alteration in glycemia. Changes in nutritional management were recommended and done and the alizarol tests were redone after 14 days, showing all negative results for UNAM. The conclusion is that incorrect nutritional management is the main cause of UNAN in the studied cases.(AU)

O diagnóstico do leite instável não ácido (LINA) no Brasil ainda é negligenciado devido à falta de informação dos produtores acerca do problema, principalmente na região norte do país. Este relato descreve a ocorrência de leite instável não ácido (LINA) em três propriedades de agricultura familiar localizadas no norte do Tocantins cuja alimentação dos animais era à base de Urochloa brizantha e sem suplementação mineral. Os animais passavam por restrição alimentar, com quantidade e qua-lidade prejudicadas em função do período de seca e de um manejo nutricional inadequado. Foi realizado teste do Alizarol 70%, California Mastitis Tests, Teste de Caneca Telada, CCS, teste da fervura, além de análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e pes-quisa de substâncias indesejáveis em 14 animais que apresentaram alterações em seu leite. Também foram avaliados o tempo de lactação, a saúde do úbere e os níveis de glicose sérica dos animais, além da qualidade do solo e das forrageiras oferecidas. 42% dos animais foram diagnosticados com mastite, destes, 21% clínica e 21% subclínica. 78% dos animais obtiveram amostra com resul-tado positivo no teste do alizarol e no teste da fervura e acidez Dornic entre 14° e 18, caracterizando casos positivos para LINA. Apenas um animal apresentou CCS acima do preconizado pela legislação. Os animais apresentaram tetos íntegros e não altera-ção da glicemia. Foram sugeridas mudanças no manejo nutricional, e após 14 dias foram refeitos os testes do Alizarol com todos resultados negativos para LINA. Concluiu-se que os casos estudados têm como principal causa o manejo nutricional incorreto.(AU)

Reparo de ruptura crônica do ligamento patelar em um felino / Repair of chronic patelar ligament rupture in a cat

Relata-se o caso de uma felina, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade e 3,6 kg, com queixa de impotência funcional completa do membro pélvico esquerdo após trauma. A paciente apresentava aumento de volume em região do joelho, dor à palpação e instabilidade patelar. O diagnóstico de ruptura do ligamento patelar foi realizado com base nos resultados do exame ortopédico, juntamente com exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico do joelho. O método utilizado para reparo da lesão foi a sutura em oito com fio de tetrafluorcabono associado à sutura interrompida simples para aproximação das bordas do ligamento. Durante a reavaliação de trinta dias pós-operatório, a paciente já apresentava melhora significativa, com atividade funcional completa do membro e ausência de dor.(AU)

We report the case of an eight-month-old, 3.6 kg, crossbred feline, complaining of complete functional impotence of the left pelvic limb after trauma. The patient presented swelling in the knee region, pain on palpation and patellar instability. The diagnosis of patellar ligament rupture was based on the results of the orthopedic examination, together with radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the knee. The method used to repair the lesion was eight-point suture with tetrafluorocabono thread associated with simple interrupted suture for approximation of the ligament edges. During the thirty-day postoperative reassessment, the patient already presented significant improvement, with complete functional activity of the limb. and absence of pain.(AU)

Reparo de ruptura crônica do ligamento patelar em um felino / Repair of chronic patelar ligament rupture in a cat

Relata-se o caso de uma felina, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade e 3,6 kg, com queixa de impotência funcional completa do membro pélvico esquerdo após trauma. A paciente apresentava aumento de volume em região do joelho, dor à palpação e instabilidade patelar. O diagnóstico de ruptura do ligamento patelar foi realizado com base nos resultados do exame ortopédico, juntamente com exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico do joelho. O método utilizado para reparo da lesão foi a sutura em oito com fio de tetrafluorcabono associado à sutura interrompida simples para aproximação das bordas do ligamento. Durante a reavaliação de trinta dias pós-operatório, a paciente já apresentava melhora significativa, com atividade funcional completa do membro e ausência de dor.

We report the case of an eight-month-old, 3.6 kg, crossbred feline, complaining of complete functional impotence of the left pelvic limb after trauma. The patient presented swelling in the knee region, pain on palpation and patellar instability. The diagnosis of patellar ligament rupture was based on the results of the orthopedic examination, together with radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the knee. The method used to repair the lesion was eight-point suture with tetrafluorocabono thread associated with simple interrupted suture for approximation of the ligament edges. During the thirty-day postoperative reassessment, the patient already presented significant improvement, with complete functional activity of the limb. and absence of pain.

Presença da mutação do gene BRCA1 em cadelas com tumores mamários malignos / Presence of BRCA1 gene mutation in bitches with malignant mammary tumors

Mammary tumors (MTs) in bitches are similar to breast cancers in women. Thus, they can be used as a model for human breast cancer and findings can be extrapolated for use in human medicine. BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene. When the gene has a mutation, it cannot repair damaged DNA, which causes genetic instability and tumorigenesis. Therefore, we aimed to study the frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BRCA1 gene that are associated with distinct histological types of malignant MT in bitches. The study population consisted of 91 bitches, including a control group of 6 animals with healthy mammary glands and 85 animals with MTs. All animals underwent a presurgery evaluation consisting of a questionnaire administered to the person responsible for the animal, a physical examination, collection of peripheral blood for hematological and serum biochemistry evaluations, an electrocardiogram, and a preanesthesia evaluation. In addition, distant metastasis was studied via chest radiography and abdominal ultrasound. After evaluations were complete, the animals that could undergo surgery were administered general anesthesia and underwent a mastectomy or mammary gland sample collection. Histopathological examination and molecular analysis were performed to identify mutations in the BRCA1 gene. Histopathological examinations found 10 different types of malignant tumors in 36 sick animals. Tumor samples plus samples from the 6 control animals were subjected to DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and genetic sequencing. The tumor with the highest incidence (33.33%) was a complex carcinoma, followed by carcinoma in mixed tumor (13.88), tubular carcinoma (13.88) and carcinosarcoma (13.88). Molecular analysis revealed 3 different SNP points in 5 samples (4006G>A, 3619A>G, and 3761C>T). The allelic variant 4006G>A (1/36) resulted in the alteration of the amino acid valine by isoleucine (V1336 I). The mutation 3619A>G (2/36) inserted the amino acid alanine instead of threonine (T1207 A). The mutation 3761C>T (2/36) led to the alteration of the amino acid serine by phenylalanine (S1254 F), a mutation for which there are no published reports. The histological types that showed BRCA1 mutations were complex carcinoma (1/5), carcinoma in mixed tumor (1/5), papillary carcinoma (1/5) and tubular carcinoma (2/5). Software analysis identified the new SNP (nucleotide 3761) in BRCA1 and 2 point mutations in nucleotides 4006 and 3619 and responsible for genetic instability. The development of breast cancer is caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. The results of our study show that these factors have a greater presence in female, mixed breed, uncastrated, and older dogs, confirming the data in the veterinary literature. In the present study, we found different histological types of malignant breast tumors with mutations in the BRCA1 gene, as other authors have reported. However, we also found the mutation 3761C>T, which, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported in the literature. This shows the need for studies in veterinary medicine that assess mutations in the BRCA1 gene and the most common histological types. In conclusion, SNPs in the BRCA1 gene cause genetic instability, resulting in additional mutations that lead to the development of breast tumors. They are point mutations that affect transcription, resulting in truncated proteins. These proteins may have a loss of function, leading to carcinogenesis.(AU)

Preliminary evaluation of the use of bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei as a source to accelerate the process of formation and development of bioflocs

This study aims at investigating to follow the formation and development of biofloc aggregates in a system with the introduction of an in vitro selected bacterial consortium (Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus cohnii) in order to induce fast formation of biofloc and to compare it to the development of spontaneous formation biofloc. Two experimental groups were evaluated for biofloc formation, SFT and IFT. The first refers to spontaneous (conventional) formation of the flocs and the second to induced formation (IFT), achieved through the consortium of potentially inducing bacteria. Both treatments presented a constant increase of bioflocs, however, in the IFT treatment, the microbial aggregates were larger and more uniform. By the end of the experiment, we verified that the aggregates formed in the IFT showed higher volume and lower sedimentation rate in comparison to the spontaneously formed ones. The results show that domestication in microbial communities is efficient as related to bioflocs, reducing instability during its formation and development.(AU)

Preliminary evaluation of the use of bacteria isolated from the digestive tract of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei as a source to accelerate the process of formation and development of bioflocs

This study aims at investigating to follow the formation and development of biofloc aggregates in a system with the introduction of an in vitro selected bacterial consortium (Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus cohnii) in order to induce fast formation of biofloc and to compare it to the development of spontaneous formation biofloc. Two experimental groups were evaluated for biofloc formation, SFT and IFT. The first refers to spontaneous (conventional) formation of the flocs and the second to induced formation (IFT), achieved through the consortium of potentially inducing bacteria. Both treatments presented a constant increase of bioflocs, however, in the IFT treatment, the microbial aggregates were larger and more uniform. By the end of the experiment, we verified that the aggregates formed in the IFT showed higher volume and lower sedimentation rate in comparison to the spontaneously formed ones. The results show that domestication in microbial communities is efficient as related to bioflocs, reducing instability during its formation and development.

Blood serum stability limit and maximum storage time of bovine samples

Measuring metabolic parameters in the blood has been an indispensable tool for assessing the productive and health status of dairy cows for more than 100 years. The values of laboratory parameters depend on various preanalytical, analytical and postanalytical factors. The most important preanalytical factors are sample transport time and temperature, hemolysis, anticoagulant type, and sample volume. Preanalytical factors can lead to reduced stability of the analyte in the sample, which changes their concentration. Loss of stability changes the time of storage and manipulation of the sample, which determines the criteria for its acceptance or rejection. The two stability indicators are stability limit and maximum permissible instability. A stability limit (SL) is defined as the period of time in which a property variation does not exceed a maximum permissible instability (MPI). The aim of this study was to determine the SL and MPI for each analyte in the blood serum of cows and to determine whether SL differs in the function of the presence of preanalytical errors in the blood sample. Three hundred samples of dairy cow origin in different periods of lactation participated in this research. They were classified into 6 groups of 50 samples: according to the time from sampling to processing in the laboratory (0-4 h, 4-8 h and over 8 h; all transported on dry ice, protected from environmental factors, without preanalytical errors) and according to the presence of preanalytical errors (group with hemolysis, a group transported at ambient temperature and a group with a small sample volume). Each sample was aliquoted in two portions. One portion was left at +4°C and tested once a day for 6 days of sample storage, and the second portion, placed at -20°C, was tested once a month for 6 months. The MPI had a value ranging from 1.51 to 8.4. Metabolic profile analytes with lower MPI values (1.51-3.22) were albumin (ALB), total protein (TPROT), UREA, glucose (GLU), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Higher MPI values (5.1-8.4) were found for nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutirate (BHB), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides (TGC), total bilirubin (TBIL) and aspartat aminotransferase (AST). For most parameters, we can conclude that their PD% changed faster in storage conditions at +4°C compared to the regime of -20°C. The largest number of biochemical analytes in bovine blood serum shows preserved stability in the first 6 days at +4°C or 6 months at -20°C if transported to the laboratory within 8 h after sampling in ideal conditions and without the action of preanalytical errors. Prolonged transport under ideal conditions or the existence of preanalytical errors such as transport at room temperature, hemolysis or small sample volume shorten the stability of the ALB, NEFA, GLU, UREA and P. Concentration of all analytes decreases during the stability test except for UREA, NEFA, BHB and for CHOL and TGC in some groups. Variations in parameters such as BHB, NEFA, TBIL, AST, and Ca have shown potential clinical significance. At storage conditions at +4°C, clinically significant variations at at least one measurement point were found for AST (7.5% of samples), BHB (6.1% of samples), NEFA (9.9% of samples) and for TBIL (in 7% of samples). This study can help define acceptable delay times and storage conditions for bovine blood samples, which is of great importance because in working with farm animals it is often not possible to take samples in a short time and deliver them to the laboratory, and samples are often burdened with certain preanalytical errors with limited possibilities of re-sampling.(AU)

Reparo de ruptura crônica do ligamento patelar em um felino / Repair of chronic patelar ligament rupture in a cat

Relata-se o caso de uma felina, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade e 3,6 kg, com queixa de impotência funcional completa do membro pélvico esquerdo após trauma. A paciente apresentava aumento de volume em região do joelho, dor à palpação e instabilidade patelar. O diagnóstico de ruptura do ligamento patelar foi realizado com base nos resultados do exame ortopédico, juntamente com exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico do joelho. O método utilizado para reparo da lesão foi a sutura em oito com fio de tetrafluorcabono associado à sutura interrompida simples para aproximação das bordas do ligamento. Durante a reavaliação de trinta dias pós-operatório, a paciente já apresentava melhora significativa, com atividade funcional completa do membro e ausência de dor.

We report the case of an eight-month-old, 3.6 kg, crossbred feline, complaining of complete functional impotence of the left pelvic limb after trauma. The patient presented swelling in the knee region, pain on palpation and patellar instability. The diagnosis of patellar ligament rupture was based on the results of the orthopedic examination, together with radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the knee. The method used to repair the lesion was eight-point suture with tetrafluorocabono thread associated with simple interrupted suture for approximation of the ligament edges. During the thirty-day postoperative reassessment, the patient already presented significant improvement, with complete functional activity of the limb. and absence of pain.

Intoxicação por lasalocida em bezerros búfalos no Estado do Pará, Brasil / Lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves in the state of Pará, Brazil

Background: Ionophore antibiotics are food additives with coccidiostatic or antimicrobial action; they are also used as growth promoters, ruminal pH regulators, volatile fatty acid molar modifiers, and methanogenesis reducers. However, these compounds have the potential to cause microbial resistance, in addition to the risk of intoxication. Ionophore poisoning may be caused by excessive intake, sensitivity of certain animal species, and concomitant use with other drugs. In Brazil, cases of ionophore poisoning in buffalos are rare. This study aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological findings of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves. Case: A visit was made to a farm in the municipality of Mojú, Pará state to care for Murrah buffalo calves. After weaning, the buffalos were grazed in paddocks with Panicum spp., and received a supplement of mineral, protein, and vitamin. This supplement contained, per kg, 250 g PB, 50 g Ca, 20 g P, 8 g S, 39 g Na, 20 mg Co, 557 mg Cu, 200 mg Fe, 12.4 mg Se, 2040 mg Zn, 0.19 mg biotin, 26750 IU of vitamin A, 4175 IU of vitamin D, 155 IU of vitamin E and 300 mg/kg of lasalocid. The product was made available to all calves, at 1-2 g/kg body weight (BW), according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Older calves were raised together with those less than 30 days old; as a result, the older calves tended to eat more, which could lead to a supplementation consumption of more than 1 kg body weight per animal per day. It was reported that between 40 and 60 days after the introduction of this supplement, 16 calves fell ill and died due to apathy, motor instability, tremors, and distended neck. The herd had a mortality rate of 33.3%. Two calves underwent a necroscopic examination at the Pathology Section of the Veterinary Institute of the Federal University of Pará. Macroscopic examination revealed extensive pale areas in the skeletal muscles, myocardium, and tongue. Fragments of these muscles and various organs were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, processed according to the routine histological technique, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome stain. Microscopic examination of the histologic samples revealed foci of muscle atrophy and necrosis characterized by an increase in cytoplasmic eosinophilia associated with the loss of stretch marks, and hyperchromatic nuclei that were displaced to the periphery. The necrosis of the muscle fibers was highlighted by Masson's trichrome staining. Discussion: The diagnosis of lasalocid poisoning in buffalo calves was based on epidemiological data, clinical findings, results of macroscopic and histopathological examination, and based on the estimated ionophore intake, obtained directly from the supplement label and by the calf's handler. Based on the absence of stratification of the calves by similarity of age and because the buffalo calves older than 30 days could eat more than 1 kg of the supplement (containing 300 mg/kg of lasalocid), it was possible to estimate the intake of lasalocid per kg CP (body weight). Therefore, the intake of lasalocid by a 70-kg buffalo calf in approximately 90 days and daily supplement consumption between 1 and 1.5 kg would be between 4.2 and 6.4 mg/kg of body weight. This report reinforces that notion that buffalo calves should never ingest ionophores; however, if necessary, strict protocols must be followed to avoid poisoning in these animals. This study highlighted the fact that stratification of buffaloes by different age groups during feeding became a risk factor that allowed greater consumption by older animals; this led to the estimated consumption of 4.2-6.4 mg/kg of lasalocid.

Estabilização cirúrgica da coluna vertebral cervical em ovino / Cervical spinal cord surgical stabilization in a sheep

Background: Trauma is the main cause of spinal fractures and dislocations in humans and large animals. Clinical signspresent with acute onset and vary according to the location and severity of the spinal cord injury. The treatment of fractures in large animals depends on economic value, cost of procedures, prognosis, location and type of fracture. However,although spinal fractures in large animals are not uncommon, the literature about their clinical aspects and treatment isscanty. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to describe a surgical stabilization of atlantoaxial subluxation, fracture ofthe third cervical vertebra and C2-C3 subluxation.Case: An approximately 2-year-old Île-de-France sheep, weighing 101 kg, with a history of cervical trauma and nonambulatory tetraparesis was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Institution (UNIPAMPA). During physical examination, the animal presented good general physical condition and heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature was accordingto physiological parameters for the species. The animal remained in lateral decubitus, with minimal head and limb movements, and exhibited deep pain sensitivity. Clinical treatment with dexamethasone, limb physiotherapy and change inlateral decubitus position were employed, but failed to improve the animal’s condition. After five days of unresponsive toclinical treatment, the patient was referred to the neurology department, where it underwent neurological examination andradiographic examination of the cervical region was performed under general anesthesia. The radiographic examinationrevealed atlantoaxial subluxation, by displacement of the odontoid process into the vertebral canal, fracture of the thirdcervical vertebra and C2-C3 vertebral subluxation. The surgical planning aimed cervical vertebral instability repair usingatlantoaxial arthrodesis associated the stabilization of C1-C2 and C2-C3 vertebrae with Schanz pins and bone cement...

Mucopolissacaridose tipo I em cão / Mucopolysaccharidosis type I in a dog

Background: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of rare illnesses caused by deficient activity of enzymes requiredfor degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Each type of MPS is caused by mutations in one of the genes that encodethe 11 acid hydrolases involved in this degradation process, which are present in the lysosomes. Progressive accumulationof GAGs in the lysosomes result in cellular dysfunction and multisystemic clinical signs, with consequent decrease in quality of life and lifespan of the affected patients. The objective of the present work is to report a case of MPS type I in a dog.Case: A mixed-breed male dog of approximately 2-month-old weighing 2.5 kg was referred to Hospital Veterinário deUberaba with a distended abdomen. At the clinical examination, the patient exhibited a regular nutritional status, pale mucous membranes, 7% dehydration, an arterial pulse rate of 120 beats per minute, a respiratory rate of 40 breaths per minute,and a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. There were increased abdominal volume and tension, and hepatosplenomegaly.The abdominal percussion exam produced a dull tone. Additional findings included muscular atrophy, increased volume inthe metaphyseal areas of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, valgus limb deformity in the thoracic limbs, and instability of thehip joint. Radiographic examination revealed a series of bone alterations such as reduced vertebral bodies, a generalizeddecrease in radiopacity, thin cortical areas in long bones, narrowing of the pelvic canal, and marked deformation and irregularities in acetabular and epiphyseal (both proximal and distal) areas of the femurs and tibias. Ankylosis of the tibiotarsal andtarsometatarsal joints was also observed. There was also loss of trabecular structure and irregularities on the surfaces of allepiphyses of the bones, epiphyseal lines markedly open, and bones that were...