Effect of ageing and MAP on quality of striploin from cattle of Holstein-Friesian breed

There have been determined the features of m. longissimus lumborum steaks from young cattle-for-fattening of Holstein-Friesian breed, Polish black-and-white variety. There were measured pH values, basic chemical composition and colour parameters. The meat was subjected to moist-ageing for 12 days and, next, stored in modified atmosphere for the following 10 days. The amount of heat loss in relation to the temperature of thermal processing was determined. Texture parameters were studied instrumentally and organoleptically. The studied muscles from young cattle-for-fattening characterised with proper and similar pH values. The average fat content was 4.37%. The surface colour of the studied dorsal muscle was relatively bright, the average value L*=37.97, and on the cross-section L*=32.97. The average value of the muscle surface's 'redness' was a*=18.98, whereas cross-section's a*=20.27. The amounts of heat leakages were rising along with the increase of temperature from 11.24 to 37.14%. Ageing and storing in MAP led to a significant decrease in the amounts of heat leakages. Ageing and storing in MAP had a significant influence on decreasing shear force and on increasing the organoleptic evaluation marks of the m. longissimus lumborum after thermal processing, which shows that the muscle may become culinary meat with features accepted by consumers.(AU)

Check-All-That-Apply method for sensory characterization of pork from immunocastrated male pigs fed different oil sources

In the last decade, other quality attributes have emerged as the main aspects that impact pork consumers acceptance, such as environmentally friendly production, nutritional value, and animal welfare. This study applies a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire for sensory characterization of loins from genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs fed diets containing either a standard commercial diet with 1.5 % soybean oil (control) or 3 % oil from either soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO) during the growing-finishing phases. Twenty CATA attributes for loin samples were generated. We interviewed 101 consumers to select all the CATA terms that they considered suitable to characterize sensory attributes of longissimus lumborum muscle samples of pigs from each dietary treatment. The CATA results indicated differences among pork loin samples depending on the source and inclusion level of dietary oil. Loins from pigs fed 3 % SO were characterized by a higher frequency of the "juicy texture" attribute (p < 0.05) and a lower frequency of the "dry texture" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. Moreover, loins from pigs fed 3 % SO had a lower citation frequency of the "tasteless" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. The attributes "cooked pork meat-like taste", "juicy texture", "tender texture", and "brightness" were placed close to the overall liking. "Tender texture", "juicy texture", "pork meat-like" (odor and taste), and "cooked pork meat-like taste" attributes were considered drivers of liking. Feeding genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs with diets containing 3 % SO may be advisable from a pork sensory quality perspective.

Estimated correlations of ultrasound carcass measurements and physical-chemical components of Santa Ines sheep meat

A avaliação da composição da carcaça do gado gera informações relevantes sobre a qualidade e rendimento final dos produtos cárneos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as correlações das medidas ultrassonográficas in vivo do Longissimus lumborum com os componentes físico-químicos de ovinos Santa Inês de um ano de idade criados em sistema extensivo. A avaliação ultrassonográfica foi realizada da área de olho de lombo (USrea), profundidade do lombo (USld), largura do lombo (USlw) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (USsft). Após o abate, os cortes de carne foram pesados ​​e o rendimento de carcaça calculado. dia 12a costela do lado esquerdo foi separada da carcaça e dissecada, após o que ossos, músculos e gordura individuais foram separados e pesados. Os componentes foram reagrupados, triturados e coletados para avaliação centesimal. Correlações positivas significativas (p < 0,05) foram encontradas entre as medidas de ultrassom e as métricas de carne, exceto para o comprimento do lombo, que apresentou baixa correlação. Correlações significativas (p < 0,05) foram encontradas entre os músculos e as medidas de USld, USrea e USsft. As correlações (p < 0,05) entre os ossos e USld e USrea foram negativas e significativas. USsft apresentou correlação (p < 0,05) com o rendimento de carcaça. Assim, as medidas de ultrassom associadas ao Longissimus lumborumpode constituir uma valiosa ferramenta para avaliação dos componentes físico-químicos e da carcaça de ovinos Santa Inês de um ano de idade criados em sistemas extensivos.(AU)

Influence of harvest method on proximate composition, texture profile and protein oxidation of beef from grain-fed Nellore cattle

The influence of harvest method on proximate composition, protein oxidation, and texture profile of beef from Nellore cattle were investigated. Longissimus lumborum (LL) muscles were obtained from twelve grain-fed Nellore carcasses. The animals were slaughtered after stunning (STU; n=6) or without stunning (WST; n=6) and after 24 hours postmortem, the LL was sliced into 2.54-cm steaks, packed under aerobic conditions, and stored at 4°C for nine days. Proximate composition was analyzed on day 0, whereas protein oxidation (carbonyl content) and texture profile (hardness, chewiness, cohesiveness, and springiness) were evaluated on days 0, 3, 6, and 9. STU and WST steaks exhibited similar proximate composition, hardness, and chewiness (p > 0.05). WST steaks exhibited greater protein oxidation and lower cohesiveness than their STU counterparts on day 0 (p < 0.05). Concerning the storage period, WST steaks demonstrated a decrease in springiness and a more pronounced increase in cohesiveness than their STU counterparts (p < 0.05). These results indicated that the harvest method influenced LL protein oxidation and texture profile from Bos indicus cattle.(AU)

Reference gene stability in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of Colombian Creole sheep / Estabilidade de genes de referência no músculo Longissimus thoracis et lumborum de ovelhas crioulas colombianas

The Colombian Creole sheep breed has a high economic and social importance for Colombia. Both males and females of this breed are multipurpose animals, and evaluating the production and meat quality of both sexes is important for small farmers in Colombia. This requires the use of tools that help to evaluate critical production points, such as Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), which is a widely used molecular tool for the relative quantification of candidate genes in various tissues. For its correct use, the use of housekeeping genes with stable expression, so-called "reference genes", is required. However, recent studies have shown that the expression of these reference genes can vary among tissues and can be modulated by breed, sex, or external stimuli. Likewise, there is little information regarding the expression of these genes in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of male and female Colombian Creole sheep. In this study, the stability in the expression of seven reference genes (ACTB, YWHAZ, SDHA, GAPDH, TUBB2A, B2M, and PGK1) in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of male and female Colombian Creole sheep was compared since they are used in RT-qPCR studies to determine the most stable ones for this breed. Twelve animals, six males and six females, with a body weight of 26 ± 4 kg and 12 ± 3 months of age, were used under grazing conditions. Biopsies of the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle were taken, from which RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. Expression was determined using RT-qPCR, and its stability was analyzed by computational algorithms using the geNorm, Normfinder, and BestKeeper software packages, which were integrated using the RefFinder software package. The results indicate that GAPDH, ACTB, and SDHA have the highest stability, whereas the most variable expression was found for B2M. These data provide the basis for more precise results in RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in the muscle of Colombian Creole sheep.(AU)

A raça de ovinos Crioula Colombiana tem grande importância econômica e social para a Colômbia. Avaliar a produção e a qualidade da carne de machos e fêmeas é importante para pequenos produtores do país e, assim, faz necessário o uso ferramentas que ajudam a avaliar os pontos críticos de produção, como a reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction [RT-qPCR]). Esta é uma ferramenta molecular amplamente usada para a quantificação relativa de genes candidatos em vários tecidos. Para o seu uso correto, é necessário o uso de genes com expressão estável denominados genes de referência. No entanto, estudos recentes têm mostrado que a expressão desses genes de referência pode variar entre os tecidos e pode ser modulada por raça, sexo ou estímulos externos. Da mesma forma, existem poucas informações sobre a expressão desses genes no músculo Longissimus thoracis et lumborum de ovinos machos e fêmeas da raça Crioula Colombiana. Neste estudo foi comparada a estabilidade na expressão de sete genes de referência (ACTB, YWHAZ, SDHA, GAPDH, TUBB2A, B2M e PGK1) no músculo Longissimus thoracis et lumborum de ovinos Crioulo Colombiano machos e fêmeas, por serem genes utilizados em estudos de RT-qPCR visando determinar os mais estáveis para esta raça. Doze animais com peso corporal de 26 ± 4 kg e 12 ± 3 meses de idade foram utilizados em condições de pastejo. Foram realizadas biópsias do músculo Longissimus thoracis et lumborum, de onde o RNA foi extraído e o cDNA foi sintetizado. A expressão foi determinada usando RT-qPCR e sua estabilidade foi analisada por algoritmos computacionais usando geNorm, Normfinder e BestKeeper pacote de software, os quais foram integrados usando RefFinder pacote de software. Os resultados indicam que GAPDH, ACTB e SDHA apresentam maior estabilidade, enquanto a expressão mais variável foi para B2M. Esses dados fornecem a base para resultados mais precisos em estudos de RT-qPCR de expressão gênica em músculos defeminino ovinos da raça Crioula Colombiana.(AU)

Beef of Nellore cattle has limited tenderization despite pH decline in Longissimus lumborum

Bos taurus indicus temperament is variable and affects beef tenderization. Our objective was to investigate temperament and performance of non­castrated Nellore and identify groups based on Longissimus lumborum (LL) pH decline as well as beef characteristics produced by those groups. We investigated 94 animals with a subset of carcasses (n = 24) selected based on LL pH at 24 h postmortem (pm) to represent two groups: resistant to pH decline (> 5.8 called pH­Res; n = 10) and normal (< 5.7 called pH­Nor; n = 14). Steaks were fabricated from the LL muscle and randomly assigned to aging (2, 7, 14, and 21 days). Sarcomere length, cooking loss, myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI), and Warner­Bratzler shear force (WBSF) were determined. Data on temperament were investigated in a multivariate approach, while beef data were compared between groups using the analysis of variance. Rectal temperature at the beginning of the finishing phase and total weight gain were greater and related to animals in the pH­Res group (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03, respectively). Temperature and pH decline curves, sarcomere length, and cooking loss revealed that pH­Res produced beef with lower quality compared to the pH­Nor group. Results for MFI and WBSF did not show differences between groups within each time pm; however, overall steaks from pH­Res were tougher (p = 0.06). Incidence of LL pH between 5.8 and 5.9 at 24 h pm did not compromise the tenderization rate or extension; however, it affected the water holding capacity in this population of Nellore cattle.(AU)

Expression of calpain system transcripts responds inversely to beef tenderization after vitamin D3 supplementation in Nellore cattle / Expressão de transcritos do sistema calpaína responde de forma inversa ao amaciamento após suplementação com vitamina D3 em bovinos Nelore

Uma vez que o sistema calpaína é central para o amaciamento da carne e dada a importância da atividade de calpastatina na determinação da maciez de bifes de bovinos Bos taurus indicus, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar se a expressão do gene de µ-calpaína (CAPN1), calpastatina total (CAST T), e suas variantes (CAST I e II) foi induzido pela inclusão de vitamina D3 na dieta. Os animais receberam nenhuma ou 2 × 106 UI dose de vitamina D3 por 2 ou 8 dias antes do abate, e foram submetidos a diferentes condições durante o confinamento: exposição solar ou sombreamento artificial. Bifes do Longissimus lumborum foram fabricados e submetidos a maturação por 1, 7, e 21 dias post-mortem e posteriormente usados para determinação da força de cisalhamento e do índice de fragmentação miofibrilar. Vitamina D3 não influenciou a abundância de RNAm, exceto para maior abundância de transcritos de CAST II em animais que foram suplementados por 8 dias antes do abate. Foi encontrada associação negativa entre a abundância de CAST II e a força de cisalhamento. Essa contradição revela uma importante modulação da expressão do sistema calpaína resultado da suplementação com vitamina D que pode ser importante na determinação de estratégias para melhorar a maciez da carne.(AU)

The calpain system is the central player for meat tenderization and the calpastatin activity plays an important role in beef tenderness of Bos taurus indicus cattle. This study investigated whether dietary vitamin D3 induced gene expression of µ-calpain (CAPN1), total calpastatin (CAST T), and their variants (CAST I and II). Animals received none or 2 × 106 IU of vitamin D3 for either 2 or 8 days before slaughter and were submitted to different conditions during feedlot: sun exposure or artificial shade. Steaks from Longissimus lumborum were fabricated, aged for 1, 7, and 21 days post-mortem, and later used for the analyses of shear force and the myofibrillar fragmentation index. Vitamin D3 did not influence mRNA abundance; however, it induced a greater CAST II transcript in animals supplemented 8 days before slaughter. There was a negative association between CAST II abundance and the shear force, which revealed an important modulation of the calpain system expression due to vitamin D supplementation. This result is an important tool for strategies to improve beef tenderness.(AU)

Meat quality of (Bos indicus) cattle finished on different concentrate feeds

The study investigated meat quality of bulls fed concentrate feeds and hay. The treatments were hay ad libitum + dried cafeteria leftover 4 kg DM d-1(D1); hay ad libitum+ wheat bran 4 kg DM d-1(D2); hay ad libitum+ 4 maize grain 4 kg DM d-1(D3); hay ad libitum+ mix 4 kg DM d-1(1:1, wheat bran to maize grain, respectively (D4)); hay ad libitum+ scrambled whole groundnut 4 kg DM d-1(D5); and hay ad libitum+ mix of each ingredient 4 kg DM d-1(D6)). Samples from longissimus lumborum muscle were taken in triplicate. Beef from bulls fed D5 had highest (p < 0.05) protein and fat than those fed other treatments. However, bulls finished in D3 had similar fat to those fed with whole ground nut. Highest meat tenderness (p < 0.05) recorded at 24thfollowed by 16thd than those aged on other periods. Beef from D6 produced lean meat, which is acceptable to consumer and market demand than D3, produced carcass with highest fat coverage This study confirmed that meat from D6 had an acceptable quality attribute suggesting the breed could serve as a potential source in red meat industry.(AU)

Meat quality of the Berrichon du Cher lambs and its cross-breeds with a native breed / Qualidade da carne dos cordeiros Berrichon du Cher e seus cruzamentos com raça nativa

This study evaluated the meat of lambs from crossbreeding of Polish lowland sheep, heather and rams of the Berrichone du Cher breed (B). The lambs were kept in a medium-intensive feeding system. During fattening, they received haylage and grass hay with the addition of clover, and a mixture of cereal grains with the addition of minerals and vitamins. During the fattening period, all feeds were given at will. The slaughter and cutting of the carcasses were performed in accordance with the technology applicable in the meat industry. In the longissimus lumborum muscle, the content of dry matter, total protein, total fat and ash was determined. In addition, the pH value of 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughter, as well as the parameters of colour and tenderness of the meat were measured. The content of collagen protein, cholesterol and selected fatty acids was also determined. As a result of the conducted analyzes, the influence of the Berrichone du Cher breed on the improvement of quantitative parameters related to the slaughter value and some parameters related to the physicochemical composition of the hybrid meat was reported.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar como o cruzamento da raça Berrichon du Cher com raças nativas de ovelhas polonesas de baixa altitude e ovelhas de charneca polonesa afeta os parâmetros qualitativos da carne .O maior teor de proteína (19,86 ± 0,36%, P <0,05) em cordeiros foi encontrado no grupo Berrichon du Cher e no grupo de cordeiros ovinos (19,23 ± 0,67%, P <0,05). Por outro lado, o maior teor de colágeno total (1,10 ± 0,21%) e a maior sensibilidade do tecido muscular (10,69 ± 0,74 N cm-2), que também apresentaram o menor diâmetro das fibras musculares (24,01 ± 4,62 µm, P < 0,01) foi encontrado nos cordeiros mestiços Berrichon du Cher e Polish Heath Sheep. Tanto a raça quanto o gênero afetaram significativamente o teor de colesterol na carne de cordeiro e o maior teor de colesterol foi encontrado na carne dos cordeiros Berrichon du Cher. Seu menor teor foi demonstrado na carne de Ovinos da Baixada Polonesa com a diferença de 9,1 mg 100g-1 de tecido muscular. Um dos níveis mais baixos do isômero CLA (C 18: 2 cis-9 trans-11) também foi encontrado no grupo dos cordeiros Berrichon du Cher. Este isômero evita a formação de colesterol. Dependência semelhante em relação ao gênero também foi observada. Os resultados obtidos indicam que as raças nativas são utilizadas em cruzamentos com a raça Berrichon du Cher destinada à engorda, principalmente para melhorar parâmetros quantitativos relacionados ao valor de abate e parâmetros selecionados de propriedades físicas e químicas da carne ovina.

Viability of Brazilian distillers dried grains with solubles for pigs / Viabilidade de grãos secos de destilaria com solúveis produzidos no Brasil para suínos

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the performance, carcass, meat and economic viability characteristics of pigs fed Brazilian coproducts of corn ethanol production. A total of 40 finishing pigs were subjected to four levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0, 100, 200, or 300 g kg-1) for 28 days, and body weight, daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion were measured. After slaughter, the carcass yield, fat thickness, loin eye area, the depth and perimeter of the loin eye, and the pH and temperature at 45 min and 24 h post-mortem, along with the drip loss and color of the Longissimus lumborum were evaluated. The economic viability of the diets was calculated. The inclusion of DDGS showed a quadratic effect on daily feed intake over 0-14 days. Pigs fed with 300 g kg-1 of DDGS showed worse feed conversion than those fed the control diet over 0-7, 0-14 and 0-21 days. The a* color parameter of the meat decreased linearly with increasing DDGS concentration but the other carcass and meat characteristics were not affected. Inclusion of 184.1 g kg-1 of DDGS showed the best economic viability, considering the cost of weight gain. DDGS may be included in pig diets up to 200 g kg-1 without affecting the performance or carcass and meat characteristics, while 300 g kg-1 compromises feed conversion.(AU)

O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho, características de carcaça e carne e viabilidade econômica de suínos alimentados com coprodutos da produção de etanol de milho produzido no Brasil. Um total de 40 suínos em terminação foi distribuído em quatro níveis de DDGS de milho (0, 100, 200, ou 300 g kg-1) por 28 dias e seu peso corporal, consumo de ração diário, ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar foram mensurados. Após o abate, rendimento de carcaça, espessura de toucinho, área de olho de lombo, profundidade e perímetro do olho de lombo, pH e temperatura a 45 min e 24 h post-mortem além da perda por gotejamento e do Longissimus lumborum foram avaliados. A viabilidade econômica das dietas foi calculada. A inclusão de DDGS mostrou efeito quadrático no consumo de ração em 0-14 dias. Suínos alimentados com 300 g kg-1 de DDGS apresentaram pior conversão alimentar em comparação àqueles da dieta controle em 0-7, 0-14 e 0-21 dias. A cor a* da carne diminuiu linearmente com aumento da concentração de DDGS nas dietas mas as outras características de carcaça e carne não foram afetadas. Inclusão de 184.1 g kg-1 de DDGS mostrou melhor viabilidade econômica, considerando o custo por ganho de peso. Os DDGS podem ser incluídos em dietas de suínos até 200 g kg-1 sem afetar o desempenho e características de carcaça e carne enquanto 300 g kg-1 compromete a conversão alimentar.(AU)

Immunocastration on performance and meat quality of Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle under different nutritional systems

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunocastration on the animal growth, carcass traits, and meat quality of Nellore cattle receiving or not Ionophore supplementation at pasture or pasture with concentrate (semi-feedlot). The first experiment (Pasture) was carried out during the rainy season, while the second (supplemented = Semi-feedlot) was conducted during the dry season. In each assessment, 60 males were allocated into three treatments, in a completely randomized design: non-castrated, immunocastrated (anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine), and immunocastrated animals receiving ionophore. The highly energetic supplemented diet was prepared using 85 % corn and 10 % soybean meal at 1 % body weight, while the ionophore was provided with salt containing 1,650 mg kg−1 of lasalocid. After slaughter, the carcasses were graded, and Longissimus thoracis et lumborum samples were collected for meat quality analysis. The non-castrated animals exhibited a more significant final body weight and hot carcass weight than those immunocastrated regardless of ionophore supplementation (p < 0.05). The carcasses of non-castrated animals had less fat cover and marbling than castrated animals. A high incidence of dark cutting beef was verified in non-castrated animals. The immunocastrated cattle produced tenderer beef, mainly at pasture rearing. In conclusion, regardless of production system or ionophore supplementation, immunocastration was an adequate choice to generate high-quality meat, since it increased marbling and improved beef tenderness. However, limitations regarding animal growth should be estimated.

Immunocastration on performance and meat quality of Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle under different nutritional systems

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunocastration on the animal growth, carcass traits, and meat quality of Nellore cattle receiving or not Ionophore supplementation at pasture or pasture with concentrate (semi-feedlot). The first experiment (Pasture) was carried out during the rainy season, while the second (supplemented = Semi-feedlot) was conducted during the dry season. In each assessment, 60 males were allocated into three treatments, in a completely randomized design: non-castrated, immunocastrated (anti-gonadotropin-releasing hormone vaccine), and immunocastrated animals receiving ionophore. The highly energetic supplemented diet was prepared using 85 % corn and 10 % soybean meal at 1 % body weight, while the ionophore was provided with salt containing 1,650 mg kg−1 of lasalocid. After slaughter, the carcasses were graded, and Longissimus thoracis et lumborum samples were collected for meat quality analysis. The non-castrated animals exhibited a more significant final body weight and hot carcass weight than those immunocastrated regardless of ionophore supplementation (p < 0.05). The carcasses of non-castrated animals had less fat cover and marbling than castrated animals. A high incidence of dark cutting beef was verified in non-castrated animals. The immunocastrated cattle produced tenderer beef, mainly at pasture rearing. In conclusion, regardless of production system or ionophore supplementation, immunocastration was an adequate choice to generate high-quality meat, since it increased marbling and improved beef tenderness. However, limitations regarding animal growth should be estimated.(AU)

The effect of feed restriction on the fat profile of Santa Inês lamb meat

Consumers today are increasingly more demanding regarding their food, seeking healthier and better quality products, and in this context animal nutrition plays a key role. The meat composition can be altered by animal feed itself, being that lipid profile may directly contribute to consumer health, reducing the predisposition of developing cardiovascular diseases, main cause of mortality in the world. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary feed restriction in Santa Inês lambs on their intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat profile, fat profile of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle, and the total meat lipids and cholesterol. Three groups of lambs were subjected to diets: without restriction (WR), and 30 and 60% feed restriction. Overall, stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the predominant and the lowest lipid and cholesterol levels were observed at the highest restriction level, presenting higher polyunsaturated:saturated (PUFA:SFA) and desirable (DFA) fatty acid ratios (p < 0.05). Lambs subjected to 60% dietary feed restriction had a better quality meat with lower lipid and cholesterol contents, and profile favorable for human health due the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, that is important parameter the market demands to meet the consumers expectations.(AU)

The effect of feed restriction on the fat profile of Santa Inês lamb meat

Consumers today are increasingly more demanding regarding their food, seeking healthier and better quality products, and in this context animal nutrition plays a key role. The meat composition can be altered by animal feed itself, being that lipid profile may directly contribute to consumer health, reducing the predisposition of developing cardiovascular diseases, main cause of mortality in the world. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of dietary feed restriction in Santa Inês lambs on their intramuscular, intermuscular, and subcutaneous fat profile, fat profile of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle, and the total meat lipids and cholesterol. Three groups of lambs were subjected to diets: without restriction (WR), and 30 and 60% feed restriction. Overall, stearic, palmitic, and oleic acids were the predominant and the lowest lipid and cholesterol levels were observed at the highest restriction level, presenting higher polyunsaturated:saturated (PUFA:SFA) and desirable (DFA) fatty acid ratios (p < 0.05). Lambs subjected to 60% dietary feed restriction had a better quality meat with lower lipid and cholesterol contents, and profile favorable for human health due the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, that is important parameter the market demands to meet the consumers’ expectations.

Intramuscular fatty acid composition of steers finished on oat pastures mixture with vetch or cornmeal supplementation / Composição de ácidos graxos da gordura intramuscular de novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia consorciada com ervilhaca ou suplementados com grão de milho moído

The effects of energetic supplementation and mixture vetch (Vica sativa L.) were studied to evaluate the intramuscular fatty acid profile of steers finished on oat (Avena sativa L.) pastures. Eighteen 21-month-old crossbred steers were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in three treatments and six repetitions: oat pasture (OA), oat pasture + vetch (OA + VET), and oat pasture + supplementation (OA + SUP). Supplementation comprised the addition of corn meal at a daily dose of 1% of the animals body weight. Steers receiving supplementation had higher lipid content in Longissimus lumborum than did those fed with OA + VET (1.25 vs 1.02%), whereas those fed with OA (1.15%) showed intermediate values. Conjugated linoleic acid levels were higher in steers fed OA (0.57%) and OA + SUP (0.59%), whereas the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids was observed in animals fed OA + VET (3.32%). Pasture-finishing without supplementation resulted in a lower ratio of n-6:n-3 (3.14). Steers finished in oat mixture with vetch showed healthier intramuscular fat than did those finished with cornmeal supplementation; importantly, the higher the amount of PUFAs, the better n-6:n-3 ratio.(AU)

Os efeitos da suplementação energética e da ervilhaca (Vica sativa L.) foram estudados para avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos intramusculares de novilhos terminados em pastagens de aveia (Avena sativa L.). Foram avaliados 18 novilhos mestiços com 21 meses de idade. O experimento foi realizado em três tratamentos e seis repetições: pastagem de aveia (OA), pastagem de aveia + ervilhaca (OA + VET) e pastagem de aveia + suplementação (OA + SUP). A suplementação compreendeu a adição de fubá na dose diária de 1% do peso corporal dos animais. Os novilhos que receberam suplementação apresentaram maior teor lipídico no Longissimus lombar do que aqueles alimentados com OA + VET (1,25 contra 1,02%), enquanto aqueles alimentados com AO (1,15%) apresentaram valores intermediários. Os níveis de ácido linoléico conjugado foram maiores em novilhos alimentados com AO (0,57%) e OA + SUP (0,59%), enquanto a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi observada em animais alimentados com OA + VET (3,32%). Animais terminados em pastagens sem suplementação apresentaram menor proporção de n-6: n-3 (3,14). Novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia com ervilhaca apresentaram gordura intramuscular mais saudável do que aqueles terminados com suplementação de milho moído, uma vez que apresentaram maior quantidade de PUFAs e melhor a relação n-6: n-3.(AU)

Meat quality of Pantaneiro lambs at different body weights / Qualidade da carne de cordeiros Pantaneiros de diferentes pesos corporais

The aim of this study was to assess the meat quality of Pantaneiro lambs finished in confinement and slaughtered at different body weights (15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 kg). Forty-five non-castrated male Pantaneiro lambs were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and nine replicates. The animals were housed in individual pens and slaughtered when they reached the target weights. For instrumental and centesimal analyses, the Semimembranosus, Longissimus lumborum, Gluteobiceps, and Triceps brachii muscles were used, whereas for fatty acid profile analysis only the Longissimus lumborum muscle was used. The different body weights influenced the final pH of the meat, but this still remained within the recommended values; however, the meat of heavier lambs had increased water-holding capacity (WHC), redness (a*), and fat content, making it the tenderest but least luminous and humid meat. Greater body weight led to a higher saturated fatty acid (SFA) content, reduction of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), higher hypercholesterolemic fatty acid content (H), and higher atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity indexes (TI). Therefore, it was concluded that the meat of lambs slaughtered at lower body weight presented better nutritional quality, making it more suitable for human consumption.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade da carne de cordeiros Pantaneiros terminados em confinamento e abatidos com diferentes pesos corporais (15, 20, 25 30 e 35 kg). Foram utilizados 45 cordeiros Pantaneiros, machos, não castrados, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e nove repetições. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais e abatidos quando atingiram os pesos pré-determinados. Para as análises instrumentais e centesimais, foram utilizados os músculos Semimembranosus, Longissimus lumborum, Gluteobiceps e Triceps brachii, enquanto que apenas o Longissimus lumborum foi utilizado para análise de perfil de ácidos graxos. Os diferentes pesos corporais influenciaram no pH final da carne, mas este se manteve ainda dentro do valor recomendado; porém, a elevação do peso corporal dos cordeiros, aumentou a capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), o índice de vermelho (a*) e os teores de lipídeos da carne, deixando-a mais macia, porém, menos luminosa e úmida. O maior peso corporal levou a um maior teor de ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), redução nos teores de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI) e poli-insaturados (AGPI), aumento da hipercolesterolemia (H) e dos índices de aterogenicidade (IA) e trombogenicidade (IT). Portanto, concluiu-se que a carne de cordeiros abatidos com menor peso corporal apresentou melhor qualidade nutricional, tornando-a mais adequada ao consumo humano.(AU)

Influence of muscle source on proximate composition, texture profile and protein oxidation of beef from grain-finished Bos indicus cattle / Influência do tipo muscular na oxidação proteica, perfil de textura e composição centesimal da carne de bovinos Bos indicus terminados em grãos

The aim of this research was to investigate the influence of muscle type on protein oxidation, texture profile (hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness) and proximate composition of beef from grain-finished Bos indicus (Nellore) cattle in Brazil. The muscles longissimus lumborum (LL) and psoas major (PM) were collected 24 h post mortem from eight (n=8) Nellore bull carcasses, fabricated into five steaks (1.5-cm) and displayed under aerobic conditions for nine days at 4 °C. Proximate composition and texture profile were analyzed on day 0, whereas protein oxidation was analyzed during 9 days of storage. LL exhibited greater (P<0.05) protein concentration than PM steaks, whereas PM demonstrated greater (P<0.05) lipid and ash content than their correlative LL. In addition, LL steaks exhibited greater (P<0.05) hardness, springiness, cohesiveness and chewiness than PM steaks. In contrast, protein oxidation was greater (P<0.05) in PM than in LL steaks throughout the storage. The results suggest that the differences of muscle metabolism and composition contributed to the variation on biochemical attributes and texture profile of LL and PM steaks. Muscle-specific strategies are indicated to improve the color stability of PM steaks from grain-finished Bos indicus cattle.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar a influência do tipo muscular na oxidação proteica, perfil de textura (dureza, elasticidade, coesividade e mastigabilidade) e composição centesimal da carne de bovinos Bos indicus (Nelore) terminados com grãos no Brasil. Os músculos longissimus lumborum (LL) e psoas major (PM) foram obtidos 24 horas post mortem de oito (n=8) carcaças de touros Nelore, cortados em cinco bifes (1,5 cm), e dispostos em condições aeróbicas por nove dias a 4 °C. Composição centesimal e perfil de textura foram analisados no dia 0, enquanto que a oxidação proteica foi analisada durante 9 dias de estocagem. Os bifes LL demonstraram maior (P<0.05) concentração de proteína em relação aos bifes PM, enquanto que PM apresentou maior (P<0.05) conteúdo de lipídeos e cinzas que LL. Além disso, os bifes LL exibiram maior (P<0,05) dureza, elasticidade, coesividade e mastigabilidade em relação aos bifes PM. Em contraste, a oxidação proteica foi maior (P<0,05) nos bifes PM do que nos bifes LL em todos os dias de estocagem. Os resultados sugerem que as diferenças no metabolismo e na composição muscular contribuíram para a variação nos atributos bioquímicos e perfil de textura entre os bifes LL e PM. Estratégias músculo-específicas são indicadas a fim de promover a estabilidade de cor nos bifes PM oriundos de bovinos Bos indicus terminados com grãos.(AU)

Physicochemical characteristics and gene expression of meat from does fed with dried carnauba wax palm fruit / Características físico-químicas e expressão gênica da carne de cabras alimentadas com fruto da carnaúba desidratado

This trial was carried out with the objective to evaluate the effect of feeding dried carnauba wax palm fruit on the quality of goat meat. Initially, the animals were divided into two groups: a control group, fed with ground corn-based concentrate, and a treatment group, fed with dried carnauba wax palm fruit included in the concentrate. After 28 days of feeding, the animals were slaughtered, and different muscles (Longissimus lumborum and semimembranosus) were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid profile, and expression of some genes related to meat quality. The diet with carnauba wax palm fruit does not interfere in the chemical composition of the meat in terms of moisture content, protein, fat, pH, and meat color. On the other hand, palmitic (C16:0) and linoleic (C18:2) fatty acids presented differences between muscles in the group fed carnauba wax palm fruit. The treatment with carnauba wax palm fruit reduces the expression of genes related to lipogenesis and cholesterol metabolism, suggesting the production of a tender meat with lower cholesterol content. The inclusion of carnauba wax palm fruit in the diet of does maintained the physicochemical characteristics of the loin and leg, and it reduced the expression of the analyzed genes, suggesting improvement in meat quality.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão do fruto da carnaúba desidratado na alimentação de cabras sobre a qualidade da carne. Inicialmente, os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo controle, alimentado com concentrado tendo o milho como base alimentar, e um grupo tratamento, no qual se incluiu o fruto da carnaúba desidratado em substituição ao milho. Após 28 dias de alimentação, os animais foram abatidos e diferentes músculos (Longissimus lumborum e Semimembranoso) foram avaliados quanto às características físico-químicas, perfil de ácidos graxos e expressão de alguns genes relacionados à qualidade da carne. Observou-se que a inclusão do fruto da carnaúba desidratado não interferiu na composição química da carne em termos de umidade, proteína, gordura, pH e coloração. Por outro lado, os níveis de ácido palmítico (C16:0) e linoleico (C18:2) apresentaram diferenças entre os músculos do grupo alimentado com o fruto da carnaúba desidratada. O tratamento com fruto da carnaúba desidratado reduziu a expressão de genes relacionados com os processos de lipogênese e metabolismo do colesterol, sugerindo a produção de uma carne tenra e com menor teor de colesterol. A inclusão de fruto da carnaúba desidratado na dieta de cabras manteve as características físico-químicas dos músculos avaliados e reduziu a expressão dos genes analisados, sugerindo uma melhora na qualidade da carne.(AU)

Aspectos qualitativos da carcaça e carne ovina são modificados com uso de aspersão de água / Qualitative aspects of the carcass and ovine meat are modified with the use of water spray

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar os aspectos qualitativos da carne ovina, após a submissão ou não de 20 carcaças à aspersão de água. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em bloco ao acaso, com dois tratamentos com dez carcaças cada e dez repetições. As carcaças foram submetidas e não submetidas à aspersão de água por 10 horas consecutivas em câmara fria. As análises de qualidade instrumental da carne foram determinadas nos músculos Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), e ocorreram em dois períodos distintos, inicialmente dentro do período de 24 horas post mortem e após 7 meses de congelamento não industrial. Foram analisados pH, coloração de carne e gordura subcutânea, perda por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, atividade de água, comprimento de sarcômero, força de cisalhamento e medidas corporais da carcaça. Além destas, foram incluídas a mensurações subjetivas de cor e marmoreio e a análise microbiológica (Escherichia coli). Após as análises, foi observado que nas carcaças aspergidas, o músculo LTL modificou o croma dentro de 24 horas post mortem e a tonalidade após o congelamento (7 meses). Além destes, houve aumento na contagem microbiológica (5,9 x 10¹ e 4,3 x 10² UFC/cm²) e no rendimento frigorífico (48,77; 46,28 kg). Contudo, houve maior perda no resfriamento (4,87; 3,27%). Para carcaças não aspergidas, houve maior declínio de pH 2 horas post mortem (pH 6,9) e menor pH final após 24 horas (pH 5,6). Entretanto, após o congelamento não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. Para as outras análises não foi constatada diferença significativa. O uso ou não de aspersão por 10 horas consecutivas em carcaças ovinas, promove alterações indesejadas nos aspectos qualitativos da carcaça e carne. Neste sentido, não recomendamos o uso prolongado (10 horas) de aspersão em carcaças ovinas.

The objective of this research was to investigate the qualitative aspects of sheep meat, after the submission or not of 20 carcasses to water spray. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with two treatments with ten carcasses each and ten replicates. The carcasses were submitted and not submitted to water sprinkling for 10 consecutive hours in a cold chamber. Instrumental meat quality analyzes were performed on the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles, and occurred in two distinct periods, initially within the 24-hour post-mortem period and after 7 months of non-industrial freezing. The pH, meat and subcutaneous fat staining, cooking loss, water retention capacity, water activity, sarcomere length, shear force and body measurements of the carcass were analyzed. In addition to these, subjective color and marbling measurements and microbiological analysis (Escherichia coli) were included. After the analysis, it was observed that sputum carcasses, LTL muscle modified chroma within 24 hours post mortem and tonality after freezing (7 months). In addition, there was an increase in the microbiological count (5.9 x 10¹ and 4.3 x 10² UFC / cm²) and in the refrigerator yield (48.77, 46.28 kg). However, there was greater loss in cooling (4.87, 3.27%). And in for unprosted carcasses, there was a greater decline in pH 2 hours post mortem (pH 6.9) and lower final pH after 24 hours (pH 5.6). However, after freezing there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments. For the other analyzes, no significant difference was found. The use or not of spraying for 10 consecutive hours in ovine carcasses, promotes unwanted changes in the qualitative aspects of the carcass and meat. In this sense, we do not recommend prolonged use (10 hours) of spraying on ovine carcasses.

Aspectos qualitativos da carcaça e carne ovina são modificados com uso de aspersão de água / Qualitative aspects of the carcass and ovine meat are modified with the use of water spray

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar os aspectos qualitativos da carne ovina, após a submissão ou não de 20 carcaças à aspersão de água. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento em bloco ao acaso, com dois tratamentos com dez carcaças cada e dez repetições. As carcaças foram submetidas e não submetidas à aspersão de água por 10 horas consecutivas em câmara fria. As análises de qualidade instrumental da carne foram determinadas nos músculos Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), e ocorreram em dois períodos distintos, inicialmente dentro do período de 24 horas post mortem e após 7 meses de congelamento não industrial. Foram analisados pH, coloração de carne e gordura subcutânea, perda por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, atividade de água, comprimento de sarcômero, força de cisalhamento e medidas corporais da carcaça. Além destas, foram incluídas a mensurações subjetivas de cor e marmoreio e a análise microbiológica (Escherichia coli). Após as análises, foi observado que nas carcaças aspergidas, o músculo LTL modificou o croma dentro de 24 horas post mortem e a tonalidade após o congelamento (7 meses). Além destes, houve aumento na contagem microbiológica (5,9 x 10¹ e 4,3 x 10² UFC/cm²) e no rendimento frigorífico (48,77; 46,28 kg). Contudo, houve maior perda no resfriamento (4,87; 3,27%). Para carcaças não aspergidas, houve maior declínio de pH 2 horas post mortem (pH 6,9) e menor pH final após 24 horas (pH 5,6). Entretanto, após o congelamento não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os tratamentos. Para as outras análises não foi constatada diferença significativa. O uso ou não de aspersão por 10 horas consecutivas em carcaças ovinas, promove alterações indesejadas nos aspectos qualitativos da carcaça e carne. Neste sentido, não recomendamos o uso prolongado (10 horas) de aspersão em carcaças ovinas.(AU)

The objective of this research was to investigate the qualitative aspects of sheep meat, after the submission or not of 20 carcasses to water spray. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with two treatments with ten carcasses each and ten replicates. The carcasses were submitted and not submitted to water sprinkling for 10 consecutive hours in a cold chamber. Instrumental meat quality analyzes were performed on the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscles, and occurred in two distinct periods, initially within the 24-hour post-mortem period and after 7 months of non-industrial freezing. The pH, meat and subcutaneous fat staining, cooking loss, water retention capacity, water activity, sarcomere length, shear force and body measurements of the carcass were analyzed. In addition to these, subjective color and marbling measurements and microbiological analysis (Escherichia coli) were included. After the analysis, it was observed that sputum carcasses, LTL muscle modified chroma within 24 hours post mortem and tonality after freezing (7 months). In addition, there was an increase in the microbiological count (5.9 x 10¹ and 4.3 x 10² UFC / cm²) and in the refrigerator yield (48.77, 46.28 kg). However, there was greater loss in cooling (4.87, 3.27%). And in for unprosted carcasses, there was a greater decline in pH 2 hours post mortem (pH 6.9) and lower final pH after 24 hours (pH 5.6). However, after freezing there was no significant difference (p<0.05) between treatments. For the other analyzes, no significant difference was found. The use or not of spraying for 10 consecutive hours in ovine carcasses, promotes unwanted changes in the qualitative aspects of the carcass and meat. In this sense, we do not recommend prolonged use (10 hours) of spraying on ovine carcasses.(AU)