Diferentes densidades de alojamento de galinhas poedeiras em gaiolas e suas respectivas produção, qualidade de ovos e escore de penas / Different housing densities of laying hens in cages and their production, egg quality andfeather score

As poedeiras criadas em sistema degaiolas tem seu bem-estar afetado devido ao menor espaço disponível para elas, o que vai de encontro da crescente pressão por grande parte de consumidores preocupados com as condições em que essas aves são criadas. A consequência dessa menor densidade de alojamento sobre a produtividade, e a qualidade de vida da ave e dos ovos por elas produzidos deve ser avaliada. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar a produção, qualidade de ovos, e bem-estar de galinhas poedeiras criadas em diferentes densidades de alojamentos em gaiolas. Às 28 semanas de idade, foram distribuídas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, 120 poedeiras leves da linhagem Novogen White, após debicagem, em 24 gaiolas com dimensões de 45 cm x 50cm, em três diferentes densidades de alojamento: 562,5 cm² /ave (quatro aves/gaiola), 450 cm² /ave (cinco aves/gaiola) e 375 cm² /ave(seis aves/gaiola), com 8 repetições cada. As dietas experimentais foram isoproteicas e isoenergéticas, formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja. O período experimental será compreendido por seis ciclos de 28 dias cada. As variáveis analisadas foram: peso do ovo, índice de gema, unidade Haugh, pigmentação da gema, porcentagem dos componentes dos ovos e espessura de casca (em milímetros). Quando as aves atingiram 44 semanas de idade, foi realizada a medição do escore de penas. Foram avaliadas 40 galinhaspor tratamento, em quatro regiões: peito, dorso, asas e posterior. Essa análise consiste emcategorizar as aves de acordo com três diferentes escores, de acordo com o tamanho da área de ausência de penas em cada região. Espera-se que a redução da densidade de alojamento das galinhas nas gaiolas propicie maior produção com melhor qualidade dos ovos, promovendo também melhor bem-estar das aves.(AU)

The well-beingof laying hens raised in cages is affected due to the smaller space available for them,which is in line with the growing pressure from a large number of consumers concerned about the conditions in which these birds are raised.The consequence of thislower housing density on productivity and the quality of life of the bird andthe eggs produced by them must be evaluated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the production, egg quality, and welfare of laying hens reared in different housing densities in cages. At 28 weeks of age, 120 light Novogen White laying hens were distributed, after beak trimming, in24 cages measuring 45 cm x 50 cm, in three different housing densities: 562.5 cm²/bird (four birds/cage), 450 cm²/bird (five birds/cage) and 375 cm²/bird (six birds/cage), with 8 repetitions each. The experimental diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic, based on corn and soybean meal. The trial period will comprise six cycles of 28 days each. The variables analyzed were: egg weight, yolk index, Haugh unit, yolk pigmentation, percentage of egg components and shell thickness (in millimeters). When the birds reached 44 weeks of age, the feather score was measured. Forty chickens per treatment were evaluated in four regions: chest, back, wings and hindquarters. This analysis consists of categorizing the birds according to three different scores, according to thesize of the area without feathers in each region. It is expected that the reduction in the hen housing density in the cages will lead to higher production with better egg quality, also promoting better hen welfare.(AU)

Beak trimming in japanese quails at initial phase is an alternative to reduce the negative effects of feather pecking

Regarding the lack of standardized methods for beak trimming to reduce feather pecking in Japanese quail, the present study aimed to compare two ages and 3 methods of beak trimming, evaluating the performance, egg quality and feather pecking. One-day-old Japanese quails (n = 770; 22 birds cage-1), at the initial phase, and 36-day-old (n = 630; 18 birds cage-1), at the production phase, were assigned to a completely randomized design, consisting of 7 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were: non-trimmed (NT), cauterization of approximately 1/3 at 14 days-of-age (CAUT 14) and at 28 days-of-age (CAUT 28), moderately trimmed to approximately 1/3 beak at 14 days-of-age (MOD 14) and at 28 days-of-age (MOD 28), severely trimmed to 1/3-1/2 beak at 14 days-of-age (SEV 14) and at 28 days-of-age (SEV 28). Data were analyzed using Minitab®. The results indicated that beak trimming methods applied did not influence the performance and egg quality. Quails subjected to MOD 28 and SEV (14 and 28) presented lower feed conversion per egg mass compared to NT. However, MOD 14 and SEV were more efficient in preventing feather pecking behavior.(AU)

Comparison between infrared and hot-blade beak trimming methods in white and brown pullets: performance, organ and bone development / [Comparativo entre debicagem infravermelha e por lâmina-quente em linhagens de frangas leves e semi-pesadas: desempenho, desenvolvimento ósseo e de órgãos]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate infrared beak trimming versus hot-blade beak trimming on performance, organ and bone development of laying pullets, using 240 birds, at 0-16 weeks of age, from two strains (white layer - Hy-Line W36 and brown layer - Hy-Line Brown). Infrared debeaking was performed on the first day of life in the hatchery, whereas hot-blade beak trimming was performed at eight days of age. Zootechnical performance at 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age was analyzed. At the end of the trial, one Bird per experimental unit was euthanized for liver, gizzard, proventriculus, heart and small intestine relative weight evaluation. Both tibiotarsus were collected to measure bone breaking resistance, bone mineral content and bone densitometry. There was higher body weight and feed intake in both bird strains submitted to infrared beak trimming. Additionally, hot-blade white layers presented lower body development and feed intake. The debeaking methods did not influence relative organ weights or tibiotarsus parameters evaluated. We conclude that the infrared beak trimming method promotes better pullet body development than the conventional hot-blade method, improving feed intake, without compromising organ and bone development, being a more adequate debeaking method to be used in layer production.(AU)

Para avaliar a debicagem infravermelha versus a debicagem pelo método da lâmina quente no desempenho, no desenvolvimento de órgãos e na qualidade óssea de poedeiras em recria, foram utilizadas 240 aves, entre zero e 16 semanas de idade, em duas linhagens (branca - Hy-Line W36 e vermelha - Hy-Line Brown). A debicagem por infravermelho foi realizada no primeiro dia de vida no incubatório, enquanto a debicagem com lâmina quente foi realizada aos oito dias de idade. Analisou-se o desempenho zootécnico na sexta, nona, 12ª e 15ª semanas de idade. No final do estudo, uma ave por unidade experimental foi eutanasiada para avaliação do peso relativo do fígado, da moela, do proventrículo, do coração e do intestino delgado, e ossos do tibiotarso foram coletados para avaliação da resistência à ruptura, do conteúdo mineral e da densitometria óssea. Houve maior peso corporal e consumo alimentar nas aves pertencentes às duas linhagens quando submetidas à debicagem por infravermelho, sem haver influência sobre o peso relativo dos órgãos e a qualidade óssea. Conclui-se que o método de debicagem por radiação infravermelha promove melhor desenvolvimento corporal das frangas em relação à debicagem por lâmina quente, melhorando consumo de ração, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento de órgãos e ossos, sendo mais adequada para utilização na avicultura de postura comercial.(AU)

Beak trimming by infrared radiation of layers

This study aimed at evaluating beak-trimming methods and intensities on the performance, beak length and uniformity, and egg parameters of commercial layers. During the rearing period, birds were distributed in randomized blocks, with a 2x3 factorial design + two treatments, consisting of beak trimming with infrared (IR) radiation (moderate or severe); three IR intensities (low: 42 nm, intermediate: 46 nm, or high: 52 nm); and two control hot blade (HB) beak trimming treatments (moderate or severe) with eight treatments and five replicates of 21 chicks each, totaling 840 birds. During the growing phase (second experiment) the factorial design was modified to 2 x 3 x 2 + 4, comprising two IR beak-trimming intensities (moderate or severe); three IR radiation intensities (low, moderate and high), second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not, and four additional HB beak-trimming treatments (moderate or severe) beak-trimming intensities, and second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not. There were 16 treatments with six replicates of seven birds each, totaling 672 laying hens, out of which 576 were selected for evaluation during the production period, with the same number of treatments and replicates of the previous phase. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), body weight uniformity (%), beak length (mm) and uniformity (%), absence of cannibalism (%), livability (%), egg production (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion per eggmass, eggmass, specific gravity, eggshell strength, Haugh unit, % yolk were evaluated. Beak trimming by infra-red radiation may be employed in commercial laying hens.(AU)

Beak trimming by infrared radiation of layers

This study aimed at evaluating beak-trimming methods and intensities on the performance, beak length and uniformity, and egg parameters of commercial layers. During the rearing period, birds were distributed in randomized blocks, with a 2x3 factorial design + two treatments, consisting of beak trimming with infrared (IR) radiation (moderate or severe); three IR intensities (low: 42 nm, intermediate: 46 nm, or high: 52 nm); and two control hot blade (HB) beak trimming treatments (moderate or severe) with eight treatments and five replicates of 21 chicks each, totaling 840 birds. During the growing phase (second experiment) the factorial design was modified to 2 x 3 x 2 + 4, comprising two IR beak-trimming intensities (moderate or severe); three IR radiation intensities (low, moderate and high), second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not, and four additional HB beak-trimming treatments (moderate or severe) beak-trimming intensities, and second beak trimming at 11 weeks of age or not. There were 16 treatments with six replicates of seven birds each, totaling 672 laying hens, out of which 576 were selected for evaluation during the production period, with the same number of treatments and replicates of the previous phase. Weight gain (g), body weight (g), body weight uniformity (%), beak length (mm) and uniformity (%), absence of cannibalism (%), livability (%), egg production (%), feed intake (g), feed conversion per eggmass, eggmass, specific gravity, eggshell strength, Haugh unit, % yolk were evaluated. Beak trimming by infra-red radiation may be employed in commercial laying hens.

Production indicators and levels of corticosterone in pullets treated with beak-trimming protocols

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of beak trimming by hot blade or infrared radiation on production indicators and plasma levels of corticosterone in pullets. During the rearing phase, an entirely random delineation was used a 2 x 3 factorial design (two different techniques for beak trimming x 3 strains), a total of six treatments with six repetitions of 20 hens. In the growing phase, the previous treatments were divided into 12, with eight repetitions with seven hens. These treatments were then distributed in a factorial design of 2 x 3 x 2 (two methodologies for beak trimming during rearing phase x three strains x with or without beak trimming at ten weeks of age). In the rearing phase the birds treated by infrared radiation had a lower total consumption and a longer beak length. In the growing phase, the execution of beak trimming at ten weeks of age, led to a lower total consumption and a lower body weight, but a better food conversion, when compared to those hens that did not have beak treatment. Beak trimming at ten weeks did not change the plasmatic levels of corticosterone.(AU)

Production indicators and levels of corticosterone in pullets treated with beak-trimming protocols

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of beak trimming by hot blade or infrared radiation on production indicators and plasma levels of corticosterone in pullets. During the rearing phase, an entirely random delineation was used a 2 x 3 factorial design (two different techniques for beak trimming x 3 strains), a total of six treatments with six repetitions of 20 hens. In the growing phase, the previous treatments were divided into 12, with eight repetitions with seven hens. These treatments were then distributed in a factorial design of 2 x 3 x 2 (two methodologies for beak trimming during rearing phase x three strains x with or without beak trimming at ten weeks of age). In the rearing phase the birds treated by infrared radiation had a lower total consumption and a longer beak length. In the growing phase, the execution of beak trimming at ten weeks of age, led to a lower total consumption and a lower body weight, but a better food conversion, when compared to those hens that did not have beak treatment. Beak trimming at ten weeks did not change the plasmatic levels of corticosterone.

Feed selectivity of laying hens undergoing different beak trimming in two rearing systems / Seletividade alimentar de galinhas poedeiras submetidas a diferentes métodos de debicagem em dois sistemas de criação

The present research was conducted to evaluate whether different beak trimming methods and rearing systems affected the feed selectivity of laying hens. A total of 178 Hy-line Brown laying hens in the growing phase and 120 hens in the production phase were divided in a factorial arrangement (2 x 3), with two rearing systems (floor and cages) and three beak trimming methods: without beak trimming (control), hot-blade beak trimming, and infrared beak trimming, with four replicates. Laying hens were feed with isonutritive diets. Samples were collected from feed orts and feed provided, with a subsequent analysis of dry matter, crude energy, crude protein, mineral matter, geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation. The results were subjected to the error normality test, analysis of variance and the Fisher-Snedecor (P 0.05) and Duncan tests (P 0.05). The beak trimming methods evaluated were not sufficient to prevent feed selection in laying hens. However, in the growing phase, hot-blade beak trimming reduced feed selection capacity of laying hens more than did infrared beak trimming. The cage system favored feed selection, both in the growing and production phases.(AU)

O presente trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar se diferentes métodos de debicagem e sistemas de criação afetam a seletividade alimentar de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 178 aves na fase de recria e 120 aves na fase de produção, da linhagem Hy-line Brown, divididas em um delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial (2x3), com dois sistemas de criação (piso e gaiolas) e três manejos de bico: sem debicar (controle), debicagem por lâmina quente e radiação infravermelha, com quatro repetições. As aves foram alimentadas com rações isonutritivas e foram coletadas amostras das sobras e das rações controle, com posterior análise da matéria seca, energia bruta, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, diâmetro geométrico médio e desvio padrão geométrico. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade dos erros, análise de variância e aos testes de médias de Fisher-snedecor (P 0,05) e Duncan (P 0,05). Os métodos de debicagem avaliados não são suficientes para impedir a seleção de alimento de galinhas de postura. No entanto, na fase de recria, a debicagem por lâmina quente reduz a capacidade de seleção das galinhas, em relação à debicagem por infravermelho. O sistema de criação em gaiolas favorece a seleção de alimento pelas galinhas poedeiras, tanto na fase de recria quanto na fase de produção.(AU)

Effects of laser beak trimming on the development of brown layer pullets

Laser beak trimming is a promising alternative to conventional hot-blade beak trimming as it is less painful and provides better beak uniformity and better animal welfare. In this study, laser vs. hot-blade beak trimming were compared in 400 Hy-line Brown pullets between 2-16 weeks of age. At 7 days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design into two treatments, with 10 replicates (pens) of 20 birds each. Birds and feed offer and residues were weekly weighed to determine weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. In weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, one bird per experimental unit was sacrificed to measure the development of the heart development, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and bursa. And of the oviduct in week 16. Pullers submitted to laser beak trimming presented higher weight gain and weekly feed intake, and better feed conversion ratio during the evaluated period. There was no influence of beak trimming methods on the development of the digestive organs, bursa or oviduct. Laser beak trimming can be used as an alternative to hot-blade beak trimming of commercial brown layers.(AU)

Effects of laser beak trimming on the development of brown layer pullets

Laser beak trimming is a promising alternative to conventional hot-blade beak trimming as it is less painful and provides better beak uniformity and better animal welfare. In this study, laser vs. hot-blade beak trimming were compared in 400 Hy-line Brown pullets between 2-16 weeks of age. At 7 days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design into two treatments, with 10 replicates (pens) of 20 birds each. Birds and feed offer and residues were weekly weighed to determine weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. In weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, one bird per experimental unit was sacrificed to measure the development of the heart development, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and bursa. And of the oviduct in week 16. Pullers submitted to laser beak trimming presented higher weight gain and weekly feed intake, and better feed conversion ratio during the evaluated period. There was no influence of beak trimming methods on the development of the digestive organs, bursa or oviduct. Laser beak trimming can be used as an alternative to hot-blade beak trimming of commercial brown layers.

Debicagem por radiação infravermelha e lâmina quente em poedeiras leves: feitos nas fases de cria, recria e produção

Foram conduzidos dois experimentos para avaliar os efeitos da debicagem por radiação infravermelha e lâmina quente nos períodos de cria, recria e produção sobre o desempenho, tamanho do bico, morfometria intestinal, peso relativo dos órgãos, maturidade sexual, produtividade e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais oriundas de matrizes jovens. O primeiro estudo foi realizado do primeiro dia de vida até a 18a semana utilizando 120 frangas Dekalb White, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e divididas em três tratamentos com cinco repetições cada, sendo eles: debicagem com lâmina quente em v realizada no sétimo dia de vida a um mm da narina com temperatura de 750°C; radiação infravermelha (RI) leve e moderada, realizados no primeiro dia de vida no incubatório, obedecendo a distância de 1,8 mm da narina para ambos os métodos, com intensidade de luz de 38 (placa 26/23) e 40 nm (placa 24/23), respectivamente. O segundo experimento foi realizado entre 18 a 33 semanas utilizando 90 poedeiras comerciais provenientes do primeiro estudo, seguindo o mesmo delineamento experimental. No primeiro experimento, a debicagem por RI moderada favoreceu o consumo de ração, mas piorou a conversão alimentar, enquanto a RI leve apresentou equivalência a lâmina quente para ambas as variáveis e a viabilidade criatória. As aves debicadas por RI, independentemente da intensidade apresentaram superioridade no comprimento de bico e uniformidade na 18a semana. Apesar disso, o método por lâmina quente proporcionou maior peso relativo da moela. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos para as variáveis de largura dos vilos, comprimento dos vilos e profundidade da cripta. No segundo experimento não houve influência dos métodos de debicagem sobre a maturidade sexual, produtividade, peso dos ovos, altura do albúmen, unidade haugh, coloração da gema e porcentagem da gema e albúmen, entretanto, a debicagem por RI proporcionou ovos com maior espessura e porcentagem de casca em comparação ao método por lâmina quente. Concluímos que até as 18 semanas a debicagem por RI leve pode ser utilizada na substituição da lâmina quente, já que os métodos apresentam similaridade entre si, sem causar prejuízos na mortalidade e conversão alimentar. Durante o período produtivo, entre 18 a 33 semanas, a debicagem por radiação infravermelha no protocolo moderado pode ser realizada em alternativa a lâmina quente, pois além de não impactar negativamente na maturidade, produção e qualidade de ovos, apresentou efeito benéfico na qualidade da casca.

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of infrared radiation and hot blade beak trimming in the rearing periods, rearing production and on performance, beak size, intestinal morphometry, relative organ weight, sexual maturity, productivity and egg quality of laying hens commercials from young matrices. The first study was carried out from the first day of life to the 18th week using 120 Dekalb White pullets, distributed in a completely randomized design and divided into three treatments with five replications each, namely: hot blade beak trimming in a "v" shape on the seventh day of life 1 mm from the nostril at a temperature of 750 °C; light and moderate infrared radiation (IR), performed on the first day of life in the hatchery, observing a distance of 1.8 mm from the nostril for both methods, with light intensity of 38 (plate 26/23) and 40 nm (plate 24/23), respectively. The second experiment was carried out between 18 and 33 weeks using 90 commercial laying hens from the first study, following the same experimental design. In the first experiment, beak trimming by moderate IR favored feed intake, but worsened feed conversion, while light IR showed hot plate equivalence for both variables and breeding viability. Birds beaked by RI, regardless of the intensity of the superiority in beak length and uniformity in the 18th week. Despite this, the hot blade method provided greater relative weight of the gizzard. There was no significant effect of treatments for the variables village width, villi length and crypt depth. In the second experiment there was no influence of beak trimming methods on sexual maturity, productivity, egg weight, albumen height, haugh unit, yolk color and percentage of yolk and albumen, however, IR beak trimming provided eggs with greater thickness and percentage of bark compared to the hot blade method. We conclude that, up to 18 weeks, light IR beak trimming can be used to modify the hot plate, as the methods are similar to each other, without damaging mortality and feed conversion. During the productive period, between 18 and 33 weeks, the beak trimming by infrared radiation in the moderate protocol can be performed as an alternative to the hot blade, as in addition to not negatively impacting the maturity, production and quality of eggs, the beneficial effect on the quality of the shell is dissipated.

Efeitos produtivos e de bem-estar animal em galinhas debicadas: revisão sistemática-meta-análise.

Atualmente, o mercado consumidor de proteína animal está mais exigente com as práticas de manejo que são adotadas durante o ciclo produtivo. A prática de debicagem é comum na criação de galinhas poedeiras e consiste na remoção da parte inferior e superior do bico, pode ser aplicada através de diferentes métodos como o corte e cauterização por lâmina quente ou por radiação infravermelha. Apesar de trazer benefícios do ponto de vista produtivo, a debicagem submete as aves ao estresse, com esse estudo objetivou-se realizar uma revisão sistemática (RS) e meta-análise (MA) das formas de debicagem e seus efeitos sobre a mortalidade, a produção de ovos, a bicagem das penas e os níveis de corticosterona. A estratégia de busca foi aplicada em três bases de dados eletrônicas Scopus (Elsevier), MEDLINE/PubMed e Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) e os critérios de inclusão envolveram estudos que avaliaram a população (galinha, pássaro, poedeira, pinto), a intervenção (bico, corte) e a resposta (mortalidade, bicagem, produção, corticosterona). A pesquisa bibliográfica identificou 1.775 publicações, sendo que 16 estudos foram utilizados, relatando 19 ensaios sobre a mortalidade, 20 sobre a produção de ovos, seis sobre a bicagem das penas e seis sobre os níveis de corticosterona foram considerados elegíveis para a RS final e incluídos na MA. O total de aves avaliadas foi de 4.133 (mortalidade), 3.642 (produção de ovos), 1.330 (bicagem de penas) e 124 (níveis de corticosterona). As aves submetidas a debicagem por lâmina quente, independente dos milímetros aparados, apresentaram maior mortalidade em comparação as aves do grupo controle sem debicar (p= 0,054) com uma heterogeneidade alta entre os estudos (I2= 95,07%; IC95%; 0,16 a 1,01). Ao associar o uso de lâmina quente e a radiação infravermelha em idades diferentes, aumenta em 4,3 a predição de morte em relação a intervenção somente com lâmina quente. O aumento de uma unidade na idade de debicagem aumenta o valor predito na produção de ovos a um nível de 0,99. Não foi observado associação entre a produção de ovos e os níveis de corticosterona com a debicagem. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que nos estudos avaliados, a debicagem das aves provocou uma maior mortalidade e não influenciou a produção de ovos e os níveis de corticosterona em relação ao grupo controle com bico intacto.

Currently, the animal protein consumer market is more demanding with the management practices that are adopted during the production cycle. The practice of beak trimming is common in the rearing of laying hens and consists of removing the lower and upper part of the beak, and can it be applied through different methods such as cutting and cauterization by hot blade or infrared radiation. Despite bringing benefits from the productive point of view, beak trimming subjects birds to stress, so this study aimed to perform a systematic review (SR) and meta-analysis (MA) of the forms of beak trimming and its effects on mortality, egg production, feather pecking and corticosterone levels. The search strategy was applied to three electronic databases - Scopus (Elsevier), MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) and the inclusion criteria covered studies that evaluated the population (chicken, bird, layer, chick), intervention (beak, cut) and response (mortality, pecking, production, corticosterone). The literature search identified 1,775 publications, and 16 studies were used, reporting 19 trials on mortality, 20 on egg production, six on feather pecking, and six on corticosterone levels were considered eligible for the final SR and included in the MA. The total number of birds evaluated was 4,133 (mortality), 3,642 (egg production), 1,330 (feather pecking) and 124 (corticosterone levels). Birds submitted to hot blade pecking, regardless of the millimeters trimmed, had higher mortality compared to the birds in the control group without pecking (p= 0.054) with a high heterogeneity between studies (I2= 95.07%; 95%CI; 0.16 to 1.01). When combining the use of hot blade and infrared radiation at different ages, the prediction of death increases by 4.3 compared to intervention with hot blade alone. The increase of one unit in the age of beak trimming increases the predicted value in egg production at a level of 0.99. No association between egg production and corticosterone levels was observed with beak trimming. Thus, we conclude that in the studies evaluated, beak trimming caused higher mortality and did not influence egg production and corticosterone levels compared to the control group with intact beak.

Performance and eggs quality of light-weight laying hens submitted to different methods of the beak trimming / Desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras leves submetidas a diferentes níveis de debicagem

The aim of experiment was to evaluate the effect of different methods of the beak trimming on performance and eggs quality of light-weight laying hens. 216 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The treatments evaluated were: hens no beak trimmed, hens beak trimmed to 7 mm, hens beak trimmed to 6 mm and hens beak trimmed to 5 mm in relation from nostrils to beak. The variables evaluated were feed intake (g), egg production (%), egg weight (g), mortality (%), egg mass (g), conversion per egg mass (kg/kg), conversion per dozen eggs (kg/dz), albumen (%), yolk (%), eggshell (%), broken eggs (%) and cracked eggs (%). There was effect of treatments on variables evaluated. The hens no beak trimmed shown higher feed intake and mortality then other treatments. The conversion per mass and dozen eggs (kg/dz) was few to hens no beak trimmed (P < 0.05). There was no effect of treatments on eggs quality variables. The beak trimming to 5, 6 or 7 mm in relation from nostrils to beak can used to laying hens.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos diferentes níveis de debicagem, sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais leves. Foram utilizadas 216 aves em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aves não debicadas, aves debicadas a 7 mm, aves debicadas a 6 mm e aves debicadas a 5 mm, sendo essa distância tomada da narina ao bico. As variáveis avaliadas foram: mortalidade, consumo de ração (g), produção de ovos (%), peso dos ovos (g), mortalidade (%), massa de ovos (g), conversão por massa de ovos (kg/kg), conversão por dúzia de ovos (kg/dúzia), percentual de albúmen (%), de gema (%), de casca (%), ovos quebrados (%) e trincados (%). O consumo e a mortalidade foram significativamente maiores nas aves não debicadas. A conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos foram piores nas aves não debicadas (P < 0,05). As variáveis de qualidade de ovos não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. As debicagens a 5, 6 ou 7 mm de distância da narina ao bico podem ser utilizadas em poedeiras leves sem causar prejuízos sobre o desempenho produtivo ou a qualidade dos ovos.

Performance and eggs quality of light-weight laying hens submitted to different methods of the beak trimming / Desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras leves submetidas a diferentes níveis de debicagem

The aim of experiment was to evaluate the effect of different methods of the beak trimming on performance and eggs quality of light-weight laying hens. 216 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates. The treatments evaluated were: hens no beak trimmed, hens beak trimmed to 7 mm, hens beak trimmed to 6 mm and hens beak trimmed to 5 mm in relation from nostrils to beak. The variables evaluated were feed intake (g), egg production (%), egg weight (g), mortality (%), egg mass (g), conversion per egg mass (kg/kg), conversion per dozen eggs (kg/dz), albumen (%), yolk (%), eggshell (%), broken eggs (%) and cracked eggs (%). There was effect of treatments on variables evaluated. The hens no beak trimmed shown higher feed intake and mortality then other treatments. The conversion per mass and dozen eggs (kg/dz) was few to hens no beak trimmed (P < 0.05). There was no effect of treatments on eggs quality variables. The beak trimming to 5, 6 or 7 mm in relation from nostrils to beak can used to laying hens.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos diferentes níveis de debicagem, sobre o desempenho e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras comerciais leves. Foram utilizadas 216 aves em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, distribuídas em quatro tratamentos, com seis repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aves não debicadas, aves debicadas a 7 mm, aves debicadas a 6 mm e aves debicadas a 5 mm, sendo essa distância tomada da narina ao bico. As variáveis avaliadas foram: mortalidade, consumo de ração (g), produção de ovos (%), peso dos ovos (g), mortalidade (%), massa de ovos (g), conversão por massa de ovos (kg/kg), conversão por dúzia de ovos (kg/dúzia), percentual de albúmen (%), de gema (%), de casca (%), ovos quebrados (%) e trincados (%). O consumo e a mortalidade foram significativamente maiores nas aves não debicadas. A conversão por massa e por dúzia de ovos foram piores nas aves não debicadas (P < 0,05). As variáveis de qualidade de ovos não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. As debicagens a 5, 6 ou 7 mm de distância da narina ao bico podem ser utilizadas em poedeiras leves sem causar prejuízos sobre o desempenho produtivo ou a qualidade dos ovos.(AU)

Comparison of national and international standards of good egg production practices

Egg production is an important economic activity in Brazil, with about 697 million eggs produced annually. The conventional cage system is commonly used for egg production. However, there has been a growing concern for the welfare of laying hens around the world. In this context, many countries have issued laws, protocols, and other normative technical specifications to ensure the welfare of layers. This study aims at identifying similarities and differences between international standards and Brazilian protocols using the Comparative Law perspective. This article reports an analytical study of selected protocols, performing three analyses using the Comparative Law method. The research concludes that some items of the Brazilian protocols of good egg production practices, such as farm inspection, treatment of diseases, temperature, ventilation, beak trimming, feed and water supply, correspond to international specifications, whereas others, such as housing, freedom movement, use of equipment, and transport, are less strict.

Comparison of national and international standards of good egg production practices

Egg production is an important economic activity in Brazil, with about 697 million eggs produced annually. The conventional cage system is commonly used for egg production. However, there has been a growing concern for the welfare of laying hens around the world. In this context, many countries have issued laws, protocols, and other normative technical specifications to ensure the welfare of layers. This study aims at identifying similarities and differences between international standards and Brazilian protocols using the Comparative Law perspective. This article reports an analytical study of selected protocols, performing three analyses using the Comparative Law method. The research concludes that some items of the Brazilian protocols of good egg production practices, such as farm inspection, treatment of diseases, temperature, ventilation, beak trimming, feed and water supply, correspond to international specifications, whereas others, such as housing, freedom movement, use of equipment, and transport, are less strict.(AU)

Níveis de energia para poedeiras comerciais submetidas a diferentes manejos de debicagem

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o melhor nível de energia para poedeiras comerciais submetidas ou não a segunda debicagem, sobre o desempenho produtivo, qualidade de ovo e viabilidade econômica. Para tanto, foram utilizadas 640 poedeiras, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em esquema fatorial 5x2 (nível de energia x número de debicagem) com oito repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. Os níveis de energia estudados foram os seguintes: 2600; 2700; 2800; 2900; 3000 Kcal EM/ kg de ração. Com relação à debicagem, foi avaliado o efeito da realização da segunda debicagem, realizada aos 70 dias de idade, ou não e suas interações com os níveis nutricionais propostos. O período experimental foi conduzido da 20ª a 48ª semana de idade das poedeiras, totalizando 7 ciclos de 28 dias cada. Os dados de desempenho produtivo (produção de ovos, consumo de ração, massa de ovos, conversão alimentar por dúzia e conversão alimentar por massa de ovos), qualidade de ovos (peso, altura do albúmen, coloração de gema, unidade Haugh, resistência e espessura da casca), foram avaliados ao final de cada ciclo de 28 dias. Observou-se interações entre os níveis de energia e debicagem para as seguintes características: produção de ovos, altura de albúmen, unidade Haugh e espessura da casca. O aumento dos níveis de energia promoveram efeito significativo sobre o consumo de ração, conversão por dúzia e por massa de ovos, coloração de gema, resistência e espessura da casca. A debicagem afetou significativamente o consumo, conversão por dúzia e massa de ovos, peso dos ovos, coloração de gema e espessura de casca. A frequência de canibalismo não foi influenciada pelos níveis de energia e debicagem. Com relação à análise econômica tanto os níveis de energia com a debicagem tiveram efeito significativo sobre o custo total de produção, margem bruta e entre custo total sobre a receita total. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o nível de energia mais baixo pode ser utilizado e constatou-se que há necessidade de realização da segunda debicagem do ponto de vista econômico.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the best energy level for layer hens submitted or not to the second beak trimming, on performance, egg quality and economic viability aspects. Therefore, 640 layers were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 5x2 (energy level x number of beak trimming) with eight replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. Energy levels studied were: 2600; 2700; 2800; 2900; 3000 Kcal EM / kg feed. Regarding the beak trimming, it was evaluated the effect of the second beak trimming performed at 70 days age, or not, and their interactions with the proposed nutrient levels. The trial was conducted from the 20th to 48th week of birds age, totaling 7 cycles of 28 days each. The data of productive performance (egg production, feed intake, egg mass, feed conversion per dozen and feed conversion by egg mass), egg quality (weight, albumen height, yolk color, Haugh unit, strength and shell thickness were evaluated at the end of each 28-day cycle. It was observed interactions between the energy levels and beak trimming to egg production, albumen height, Haugh unit, and shell thickness. Beak trimming significantly affected consumption, conversion per dozen and egg mass, egg weight, yolk color and shell thickness. The frequency of cannibalism was not influenced by energy levels or beak trimming. Regarding the economic analysis both energy levels and beak trimming had a significant effect on the total cost of production, gross margin and between total cost of the total revenue. Results showed that the lowest energy level can be used and it was found that there is need to carry out the second beak trimming by the economic point of view.

Lipid oxidation in eggs from hens with 46 weeks created in an organic and conventional system / Oxidação lipídica em ovos de poedeiras com 46 semanas criadas em sistema orgânico e convencional

The egg is known as one of the most complete foods because it has a rich source of nutrients, with an excellent balance of fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins, and especially proteins, being the second best source of protein available for human consumption, second only into breast milk. However, it is an ideal for growth of pathogenic microorganisms and because it is a product of animal origin, such as meat and its derivatives means, is a highly perishable food and can quickly lose its quality. The eggs are important constituents of the diet, may help to improve the diet of the poor. In shell eggs are considered resistant to lipid oxidation, but studies have shown that commercial egg yolk lipids undergo oxidation during storage. Organic eggs are produced by hens receiving a diet 100% organic, grown in conditions that value their well-being and natural behavior, with some prohibited practices such as beak trimming and confinement in cages. The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of storage time on lipid oxidation of egg yolks organic and conventional eggs from hens Isa Brown, collected at 46 weeks of age. Eggs were collected and stored in plastic trays under ambient temperature conditions (25C) using 100 eggs for analysis of the process of TBARS with ten repetitions for different storage periods, corresponding to 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days (Table 1). The result

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IMPACTOS DOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUÇÃO E DEBICAGEM NA PRODUÇÃO E QUALIDADE DE OVOS DE POEDEIRAS

A produção de ovos, em gaiolas convencionais, tem sido fortemente questionada em relação ao bem-estar animal, sob a alegação de que este sistema causa desconforto físico e inibe a manifestação dos comportamentos naturais. Desse modo surgiram os sistemas alternativos, que visam melhorar o bem-estar de animais no sistema produtivo. Diante disso, torna-se um dos maiores desafios estabelecer qual dos sistemas de produção oferece um nível adequado de bem-estar para os animais, visto que nenhum sistema contempla todos os requisitos de bem-estar, a não ser que o animal esteja em liberdade. O experimento foi conduzido em dois aviários experimentais localizados no Laboratório de Avicultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. O objetivo, neste trabalho, foi comparar o desempenho e qualidade de ovos de poedeiras Isa Brown, alojadas em gaiolas convencionais e em piso com cama de maravalha. O experimento utilizou 528 poedeiras da linhagem Isa Brown, iniciou 21 semanas de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 4 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (2 sistemas de alojamento x 2 números de debicagem), com 6 repetições de 22 aves cada. As aves foram divididas em dois grupos, mantidas em diferentes sistemas de alojamento (gaiola convencional versus piso com cama de maravalha), o desempenho produtivo foi contabilizado diariamente das 21 às 40 semanas. Este período foi dividido em cinco períodos de 28 dias cada; período I (21ª 24ª semanas), II (25ª 28ª semanas), III (29ª 32ª semanas), IV (33ª 36ª semanas) e V (37ª 40ª semanas). As aves mantidas no chão apresentaram melhores taxas de postura nos períodos I, II, III e IV e tiveram ovos mais pesados em todos os períodos, do que os ovos produzidos pelas aves de gaiola (P<0,0001). Em todos os períodos observa-se que as gemas destes ovos tiveram maiores pesos que os demais (P<0,05). Nos períodos I, II, III e IV aves alojadas no chão apresentaram maior peso de albúmen (P<0,0001). As aves mantidas na gaiola tiveram pior condição de empenamento das regiões do pescoço e cauda (P<0,0001). O sistema de alojamento influenciou a presença de parasitas intestinais do gênero Raillietina, onde observou-se que aves alojadas no chão tiveram grande incidência dos mesmos (P<0,0001). Aves mantidas em diferentes sistemas produtivos e debicagens não tiveram lesões de pé (P>0,05). A debicagem não influenciou na qualidade de ovos (P>0,05). As aves livres de gaiolas produziram mais ovos. Aves submetidas aos diferentes sistemas e debicagens produziram ovos com a mesma qualidade. O sistema de alojamento não teve efeito na contaminação por Salmonella spp., enterobactérias e coliformes totais. As aves livres de gaiola apresentaram contaminação parasitária com helmintos do gênero Raillietina.

The production of eggs in conventional cages has been strongly questioned as to the welfare provided to the animals; this system could cause physical discomfort and inhibit the manifestation of natural behaviors. In this way alternative systems have emerged, which aim to improve the welfare of animals in the production system. Faced with this, one of the major challenges is to establish which of the production systems provides an adequate level of animal welfare, since no system meets all welfare requirements unless the animal is in freedom. The experiment was conducted in two experimental aviaries located in the Poultry Laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria. The objective of this study was to compare the performance and egg quality of laying hens, housed in conventional cages and in a floor (wood shaving was used as litter). The experiment used a total of 528 laying hens, Isa Brown line, 21 weeks old, distributed in a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (2 housing systems x 2 types of beak trimming), with 6 replicates of 22 birds each. The birds were divided into two groups, maintained in different housing systems (conventional cage versus floor with wood shaving litter), productive performance was counted daily from 21 to 40 weeks. This period was divided in five periods of 28 days each; period I (21st 24th wks of age), II (25th 28th wks of age), III (29th 32nd wks of age), IV (33rd 36th wks of age) and V (37th 40th wks of age). The birds kept on the ground had better egg laying rates in periods I, II, III and IV and had heavier eggs in all periods than eggs produced by cage birds (P<0.0001). In all periods, it was observed that egg yolks had higher weights than the others (P<0.05). In periods I, II, III and IV, hens housed on the ground presented higher albumen weight (P<0.0001). The birds kept in the cage had worse warping conditions of the neck and tail regions (P<0.0001). The host system influenced the presence of intestinal parasites of the genus Raillietina, where it was observed that birds housed in the ground had a high incidence of them (P<0.0001). Birds kept in different productive systems and beak trimming did not have foot lesions (P>0.05). The debiting did not influence egg quality (P>0.05). Birds free of cages produced more eggs. Birds submitted to different systems and beak trimming produced eggs of the same quality. The housing system had no effect on contamination by Salmonella spp., Enterobacteria and total coliforms. The cage - free birds presented parasitic contamination with helminths of the genus Raillietina.

DEBICAGEM EM CODORNAS JAPONESAS.

O estudo teve por objetivo comparar as idades e os níveis de debicagem por lâmina quente, em codornas japonesas, avaliando os resultados de desempenho durante as fases de crescimento e produção de ovos bem como sua qualidade. Foram utilizadas 770 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) de um dia de idade para a fase de cria e recria (1-35 dias de idade), distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por sete tratamentos com cinco repetições de 22 aves cada, sendo os tratamentos: aves não debicadas (ND), aves debicadas por cauterização de aproximadamente 1/3 aos 14 dias de idade (C.MOD 14), aves debicadas por cauterização de aproximadamente 1/3 aos 28 dias de idade (C.MOD 28), aves debicadas de forma moderada, com corte de aproximadamente 1/3 do bico aos 14 dias de idade (D.MOD 14), aves debicadas de forma moderada, com corte de aproximadamente 1/3 do bico aos 28 dias de idade (D.MOD 28), aves debicadas de forma severa, com corte aproximadamente de 1/3-1/2 do bico aos 14 dias de idade (D.SEV 14) e aves debicadas de forma severa, com corte aproximadamente de 1/3-1/2 do bico aos 28 dias de idade (D.SEV 28). A fase de produção compreendeu o período de 36 dias às 37ª semanas de idade, adotando-se o mesmo delineamento experimental utilizado na fase inicial, entretanto com 18 codornas por unidade experimental, totalizando 630 aves. Nas condições de execução desta pesquisa, os métodos de debicagem efetuados aos 14 e 28 dias de idade, não influenciaram o desempenho de codornas na fase inicial, na fase de produção e a qualidade dos ovos, entretanto, as debicagens efetuadas aos 14 dias e também de modo severo aos 28 dias de idade foram mais eficientes no controle de arranque de penas.

The aim of this study was to compare the ages and levels of hot blade beak trimming in Japanese quails evaluating their performance during the rearing and production phases as well as their egg quality. Seven hundred seventy (770) Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) of one day of age for the rearing phase (1-35 days of age) were used and distributed in a completely randomized design, with seven treatments, five replicates of 22 birds each. The treatments were: not trimmed birds (ND), cauterization of about one-third of the beak at 14 days of age (C.MOD 14), cauterization of about one-third of the beak at 28 days of age (C.MOD 28), moderately beak trimming, removing approximately 1/3 of the beak at 14 days of age (D.MOD 14), moderately beak trimming, removing approximately 1/3 of the beak at 28 days of age (D.MOD 28), severe beak trimming, removing approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of the beak at 14 days of age (D.SEV 14) and severe trimming, removing approximately 1/3 to 1/2 of the beak at 28 days of age (D.SEV 28). The production phase comprised the period of 36 days at 37 weeks of age, adopting the same experimental design used in the breeding and rearing phase, however, with 18 quails were alloted per experimental unit, total of 630 quails. Under the conditions of execution of this research, the methods of beak trimming at 14 and 28 days of age did not influence the performance of quails in the initial, in the production phase and egg quality, however, the beak trimming conducted at 14 days and also severe at 28 days of age were more efficient in the control of feather pecking.