Beta-glucanases e xilanases na nutrição de não ruminantes / Beta-glucanases and xylanases in non-ruminant nutrition / Beta glucanasas y xilanasas en la nutrición de no rumiantes

A busca por custo x benefício na avicultura envolve compreender como melhorar o desempenho animal através da alimentação ao mesmo tempo em que haja diminuição dos custos. Tendo em vista o crescente aumento monetário da matéria prima da ração, várias pesquisas se voltam para novas fontes energéticas derivados de plantas, que contem quantidades significativas de fibras e agem como fatores antinutricionais, interferindo no desempenho zootécnico das aves. Os principais componentes das fibras, as beta glucanas e xilanas, podem ser quebradas e melhor aproveitadas quando no uso de enzimas exógenas chamadas de carboidrases, sendo a beta glucanase e xilase as respectivas enzimas que fazem a lise desses componentes. É necessário, portanto, melhor compreensão da forma de ação de cada enzima, assim como a fonte nutritiva das bases alimentares alternativas. Essa obra tem por objetivo abordar e revisar as duas principais fontes de fibras, beta glucanas e xilanas, e suas respectivas enzimas, beta glucanase e xilase.(AU)

The pursuit for cost-benefit in poultry farming involves understanding how to improve animal performance through feeding while reducing costs. In view of the growing monetary increase in feed raw material, several researches are focused on new energy sources derived from plants, which contain significant amounts of fiber and act as anti-nutritional factors, interfering with the zootechnical performance of birds. The main components of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, can be broken down and better utilized when using exogenous enzymes called carbohydrases, with beta glucanase and xylase being the respective enzymes that lyse these components. It is therefore necessary to better understand the mode of action of each enzyme, as well as the nutritive source of alternative food bases. This work aims to address and review the two main sources of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, and their respective enzymes, beta glucanase and xylase.(AU)

La búsqueda de la relación costo-beneficio en la avicultura implica comprender cómo mejorar el rendimiento animal a través de la alimentación y reducir los costos. Ante el creciente aumento monetario de la materia prima de los alimentos, varias investigaciones se enfocan en nuevas fuentes de energía derivadas de las plantas, que contienen cantidades significativas de fibra y actúan como factores antinutricionales, interfiriendo en el desempeño zootécnico de las aves. Los principales componentes de la fibra, los betaglucanos y los xilanos, se pueden descomponer y utilizar mejor cuando se usan enzimas exógenas llamadas carbohidrasas, siendo la betaglucanasa y la xilasa las enzimas respectivas que lisan estos componentes. Por lo tanto, es necesario comprender mejor el modo de acción de cada enzima, así como la fuente nutritiva de las bases alimenticias alternativas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar y revisar las dos principales fuentes de fibra, beta glucanos y xilanos, y sus respectivas enzimas, beta glucanasa y xilasa.(AU)

Effects of ß-glucan from S. cerevisiae on the expression of Casp9, Ccna2 and Sod1 genes in MCF-7 cells

ß-Glucans (ßG) are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature with chemopreventive properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ßG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on cell viability and mRNA levels of genes involved in cell cycle, apoptosis and antioxidant response. ßG was not cytotoxic. The mRNA levels of CCNA2of cells exposed to ß-glucan was upregulated and the exposure to Dox decreased the expression, while the combination led to an upregulation. Modulation of mRNA levels of CASP9suggest that ßG could inhibit promotion and progression steps of carcinogenesis, eliminatingneoplastic cells. The upregulation of CCNA2gene in combined treatment could be occurred due to ability of ßG in restoring the cell cycle distribution pattern after treatment with Dox. The upregulation of SOD1suggests that ßG can enhance the intracellular antioxidant defense, reducing the levels of superoxide dismutase induced by Dox. This response could reduce oxidative damage and attenuate tissue damage during chemotherapeutic treatment. Our data suggest that the drug combination may be less effective in killing tumor cells than the treatment with Dox alone. Thus, future studies should carefully consider this effect on indication of ßG during chemotherapy.Keywords:caspase-9; cyclin A2; superoxide dismutase 1; cell cycle; antioxidant.Received on July 2, 2020.Accepted on February 7, 2022.IntroductionGlucans are polysaccharides widely distributed in nature and oftenstudied due to chemopreventive properties. They are constituent of the cell wall of plants (oats and barley), algae, bacteria and fungi. ß-glucans (ßG)have a common structure comprising a main chain of ß-(1,3) and/or ß-(1,4) D-glucopyranosyl unit and they differ in length and branching structures. ßG of Saccharomyces cerevisiaehave 1→6 side branches while those of bacteria have 1→4 side branches (Chan, Chan, & Sze, 2009). ßGcan prevent DNA damage induced by chemical and physical agents (Ghavami,Goliaei, Taghizadeh, & Nikoofar, 2014). Some authors showed its significant efficacy in preventing mutagenic effects caused by doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and cisplatin (Tohamy, El-Ghor, El-Nahas, & Noshy, 2003), methyl methanesulfonate (Oliveira et al., 2007)and hydrogen peroxide (Slamenová, 2003). Moreover, some studies have related the antioxidant ability of ßGagainst reactive free radicals formed by endogenous metabolic processes or exogenous chemicals (Tsiapali et al., 2001; Slamenová,2003; Sener, Eksioglu-Demiralp, Cetiner, Ercan, & Yegen, 2006; Guerra Dore et al., 2007; Kofuji et al., 2012; Lei et al., 2015). Yeast-derived ßGhave modulating action of humoral and cellular immune responses (Vetvicka et al., 2007).This activity provides protection to the organism against infections and cancer development (Samuelsen, Schrezenmeir, & Knutsen, 2014; Roudbary, Daneshmand, Hajimorad, Roudbarmohammadip, & Hassan, 2015). Despite postulated modes of action by which ß-glucan works are lacking information about the molecular mechanisms involved in the chemopreventive activity of this polysaccharide. In addition, compounds with chemopreventive properties can contribute to reduce side effects and toxicity during the chemotherapeutic treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ßG and the combined treatment with doxorubicin (Dox) on the expression of genes related with apoptosis (CASP9), cell cycle control (CCNA2)and antioxidant defense (SOD1)in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Doxorubicin (Dox) was chosen because it is one of the most used chemotherapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The limitation on the use of Dox in cancer treatment is the lack of selectivity against cancer cells and, consequently, its toxicity to patients.(AU)

Yeast culture in the diet of feedlot steers: performance, carcass traits and feeding behavior / Cultura de leveduras na dieta de novilhos confinados: desempenho, características da carcaça e comportamento ingestivo

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility of diet, ingestive behavior which occurred in two moments, carcass traits, being evaluated constituent and non-carcass components, and also the effect the yeast culture could promote in the peripheral temperature of rumen, hull and body temperature. The diets consisted of a constant ratio of 50% forage (maize silage) and 50% concentrate. Thirty-six steers, ½ Angus Nelore, with average age of 11 months and average initial body weight of 339.5±10kg were used in the experiment. The inclusion of yeast culture promoted a higher daily dry matter intake (8.83 vs 9.35kg day-1) and, consequently, a better daily weight gain (1,143 vs. 1,325kg day-1) in the initial feedlot phase, with no difference in other periods. The apparent digestibility of the diet containing yeast culture was higher than the control diet (69.69 versus 68.32%, respectively), and its use did not interfere with the feeding behavior of the animals. Based on our findings, supplementation with yeast culture may bring positive results in the initial feedlot phase.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho; a digestibilidade aparente da dieta; o comportamento oral ingestivo, o qual ocorreu em dois momentos, as características de carcaça, sendo avaliados componentes integrantes e não integrantes da carcaça; bem como o efeito que a cultura de leveduras pudesse promover perante a temperatura periférica de rúmen, casco e temperatura corpórea, sendo aferida por meio da temperatura retal. As dietas foram constituídas em uma constante relação de 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado. Utilizaram-se no experimento 36 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 11 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 339,5 ± 10kg. O uso de cultura de leveduras promoveu maior consumo diário de matéria seca (8,83 contra 9,35 kg dia-1) e consequentemente melhor ganho de peso diário (1,143 contra 1,325kg dia-1) na fase inicial do confinamento, não havendo diferença nos demais períodos. A digestibilidade aparente da dieta que continha cultura de leveduras foi superior à da dieta controle (69,69 contra 68,32%, respectivamente), e seu uso não interferiu no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, a suplementação com cultura de leveduras pode trazer resultados positivos na fase inicial de confinamento.(AU)

Yeast culture in the diet of feedlot steers: performance, carcass traits and feeding behavior / Cultura de leveduras na dieta de novilhos confinados: desempenho, características da carcaça e comportamento ingestivo

This study aimed to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibility of diet, ingestive behavior which occurred in two moments, carcass traits, being evaluated constituent and non-carcass components, and also the effect the yeast culture could promote in the peripheral temperature of rumen, hull and body temperature. The diets consisted of a constant ratio of 50% forage (maize silage) and 50% concentrate. Thirty-six steers, ½ Angus Nelore, with average age of 11 months and average initial body weight of 339.5±10kg were used in the experiment. The inclusion of yeast culture promoted a higher daily dry matter intake (8.83 vs 9.35kg day-1) and, consequently, a better daily weight gain (1,143 vs. 1,325kg day-1) in the initial feedlot phase, with no difference in other periods. The apparent digestibility of the diet containing yeast culture was higher than the control diet (69.69 versus 68.32%, respectively), and its use did not interfere with the feeding behavior of the animals. Based on our findings, supplementation with yeast culture may bring positive results in the initial feedlot phase.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho; a digestibilidade aparente da dieta; o comportamento oral ingestivo, o qual ocorreu em dois momentos, as características de carcaça, sendo avaliados componentes integrantes e não integrantes da carcaça; bem como o efeito que a cultura de leveduras pudesse promover perante a temperatura periférica de rúmen, casco e temperatura corpórea, sendo aferida por meio da temperatura retal. As dietas foram constituídas em uma constante relação de 50% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e 50% de concentrado. Utilizaram-se no experimento 36 novilhos, ½ sangue Angus Nelore, com idade média de 11 meses e peso vivo médio inicial de 339,5 ± 10kg. O uso de cultura de leveduras promoveu maior consumo diário de matéria seca (8,83 contra 9,35 kg dia-1) e consequentemente melhor ganho de peso diário (1,143 contra 1,325kg dia-1) na fase inicial do confinamento, não havendo diferença nos demais períodos. A digestibilidade aparente da dieta que continha cultura de leveduras foi superior à da dieta controle (69,69 contra 68,32%, respectivamente), e seu uso não interferiu no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. Com base nos resultados do presente estudo, a suplementação com cultura de leveduras pode trazer resultados positivos na fase inicial de confinamento.(AU)

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)

Eficácia da suplementação oral com 1, 3-1, 6 betaglucano proveniente de Saccharomyces cerevisiae no controle da mastite bovina / [Efficiency of oral supplementation of 1. 3-1. 6 beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the control of bovine mastitis]

A mastite bovina, uma das principais doenças do rebanho leiteiro, caracteriza-se por um processo inflamatório no úbere. A inviabilidade econômica, o impacto ambiental negativo e os resíduos antimicrobianos têm estimulado a pesquisa de outros tratamentos alternativos para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças na bovinocultura leiteira. O betaglucano é um agente imunomodulador com potencial ação preventiva para doenças infecciosas, inclusive a mastite. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficácia do uso do betaglucano, por meio de administração oral, em animais em lactação. Foram utilizadas 20 vacas lactantes, distribuídas em dois grupos, um controle e um tratamento, com 10 animais em cada grupo. O grupo tratamento recebeu 5g/dia, durante 60 dias, de 1,3-1,6 betaglucano isolado da parede celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluído em ração após a ordenha, enquanto o grupo controle recebia somente a ração. Foram realizados os testes de California Mastitis Test (CMT), contagem de células somáticas (CCS), produção de leite e percentual de gordura e proteína no leite. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos quanto à CCS, ao CMT, à composição do leite ou produção. Não se observou, portanto, eficácia do uso do betaglucano purificado, administrado por via oral, no controle e na prevenção da mastite em vacas leiteiras, quando comparadas com o grupo controle. Atribuem-se esses resultados, principalmente, à degradação ruminal do produto testado. Sugerem-se, portanto, mais pesquisas utilizando o 1,3-1,6 betaglucano purificado de parede de S. cerevisiae por outras vias de administração, tais como intramamária e subcutânea.(AU)

Bovine mastitis, one of the main diseases of dairy herds, is characterized by an inflammatory process in the udder. The economic and environmental impacts, as well as the residues of antimicrobial drugs have stimulated the research of novel alternative treatments for the prevention and treatment of diseases in dairy production cows. The beta-glucan is an immunomodulator agent, with potential preventive action for infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of orally administered beta-glucan in lactating cows. 20 lactating cows were used, distributed into two groups, one control and one treatment, with 10 cows in each group. The treatment group received 5g of 1.3-1.6 betaglucan daily for 60 days, isolated from the cell-wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae diluted into a grain meal, whereas the animals in the control group received only the ration. The California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cells Counting (SCC), daily production and assessments of fat and protein content in milk were done. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups concerning subclinical mastitis detected by CMT, SCC, milk production and composition regarding protein and fat content. It was not observed, therefore, the effectiveness of the use of purified beta-glucan orally administered on the control or prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The results are attributed to the ruminal degradation of the product tested. It is, therefore, suggested that more research should be conducted using the 1.3-1.6 beta-glucan purified from the cell wall of S. cerevisiae by other administration means and ruminal protection technologies for the isolated beta-glucan.(AU)

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary Beta-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) / Efeito imunomodulador da Beta- glucana usada como aditivo alimentar em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

The immunomodulatory effects of dietary Beta-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. Beta-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding Beta-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received Beta-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with Beta-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that Beta-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.(AU)

O uso da Beta-glucana como suplemento alimentar foi avaliado em jundiás. A Beta-glucana foi adicionada à ração na proporção de 0.01%, e 0.1% e fornecida aos peixes por 21, para avaliar dados hematológicos e parâmetros do sistema imune natural, ou 42 dias, para avaliar ganho de peso e resistência ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. A adição da Beta-glucana na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso e não induziu alterações hematológicas nem alterações nos níveis de aglutininas e mieloperoxidase sanguínea. No entanto, a atividade hemolítica natural do sistema do complemento foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com Beta-glucana. Além disso, nos peixes alimentados com Beta-glucana e desafiados com A. hydrophila, o número de bactérias isoladas do sangue foi significativamente menor, e a sobrevivência ao desafio foi significativamente maior do que nos peixes que não receberam Beta-glucana. Consequentemente, concluímos que a Beta-glucana tem potencial imunomodulador quando adicionada à dieta, nas condições experimentais aqui indicadas, e contribui para aumentar imunidade natural e a resistência dos jundiás ao desafio com patógenos específicos.(AU)

Immunomodulatory effects of dietary ß-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) / Efeito imunomodulador da ß-glucana usada como aditivo alimentar em jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

The immunomodulatory effects of dietary ß-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. ß-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding ß-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received ß-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with ß-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that ß-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.(AU)

O uso da ß-glucana como suplemento alimentar foi avaliado em jundiás. A ß-glucana foi adicionada à ração na proporção de 0.01%, e 0.1% e fornecida aos peixes por 21, para avaliar dados hematológicos e parâmetros do sistema imune natural, ou 42 dias, para avaliar ganho de peso e resistência ao desafio com Aeromonas hydrophila. A adição da ß-glucana na dieta não afetou o ganho de peso e não induziu alterações hematológicas nem alterações nos níveis de aglutininas e mieloperoxidase sanguínea. No entanto, a atividade hemolítica natural do sistema do complemento foi significativamente maior nos peixes alimentados com ß-glucana. Além disso, nos peixes alimentados com ß-glucana e desafiados com A. hydrophila, o número de bactérias isoladas do sangue foi significativamente menor, e a sobrevivência ao desafio foi significativamente maior do que nos peixes que não receberam ß-glucana. Consequentemente, concluímos que a ß-glucana tem potencial imunomodulador quando adicionada à dieta, nas condições experimentais aqui indicadas, e contribui para aumentar imunidade natural e a resistência dos jundiás ao desafio com patógenos específicos.(AU)

Protective effect of ß-glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) / Efeito protetor do ß-glucano e glutamina em lesões intestinais e imunológicas induzidas por ciratabina (Ara-C) em camundongos

Recently, glutamine and ß-glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6-ß-glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the ß-glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. ß-glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1ß and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-γ. Based on these results, combined ß-glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.(AU)

Recentemente, glutamina e ß-glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6-ß-glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com ß-glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado ß-glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1ß e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-γ. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de ß-glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.(AU)

Protective effect of ß-glucan and glutamine on intestinal and immunological damage in mice induced by cytarabine (Ara-C) / Efeito protetor do ß-glucano e glutamina em lesões intestinais e imunológicas induzidas por ciratabina (Ara-C) em camundongos

Recently, glutamine and ß-glucan have been demonstrated to play an important role in modulation of the immune system and in promoting intestinal health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this intervention on inflammatory responses and intestinal health in mice orally pretreated with soluble Saccharomyces cerevisiae derived 1,3/1,6-ß-glucan (80mg/kg) with or without glutamine (150mg/kg) and then challenged with cytarabine (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Improvements in villi and crypts were not observed in the ß-glucan group. The intestinal morphometry in the glutamine group showed the best results. ß-glucan in combination with glutamine presented the highest values of IL-1ß and IL-10 and lowest values for leukocytes and INF-γ. Based on these results, combined ß-glucan and glutamine pretreatment reduced intestinal inflammation and improved the immune response after Ara-C challenge.(AU)

Recentemente, glutamina e ß-glucano têm demonstrado desempenhar um papel importante na modulação do sistema imune e na promoção de benefícios para a saúde intestinal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito dessa intervenção sobre as respostas inflamatórias e saúde intestinal de camundongos pré- tratados por via oral com 1,3/1,6-ß-glucano (80mg/kg) derivado de Saccharomyces cerevisiae com ou sem glutamina (150mg/kg) e posteriormente desafiados com citarabina (Ara-C) (15mg/kg). Melhoras em vilosidades e criptas não foram observadas no grupo de tratamento com ß-glucano. A morfometria intestinal no grupo de tratamento com glutamina apresentou os melhores resultados. O grupo em que foi utilizado ß-glucano em combinação com glutamina apresentou os maiores valores de IL-1ß e IL -10 e valores mais baixos para os leucócitos e INF-γ. Com base nestes resultados, o pré-tratamento de ß-glucano combinado com glutamina reduziu a inflamação intestinal e melhorou a resposta imune após o desafio com Ara-C.(AU)

The effect of mycotoxins adsorbents beta glucans or montmorillonite on bovine ruminal fermentation in vitro / Impacto dos adsorventes de micotoxinas Beta-glucana ou montmorilonita sobre a fermentação ruminal de bovinos in vitro

Background: The addition of adsorbents in foods has been the strategy used by nutritionists to reduce the toxic effects of mycotoxins in animals. Mycotoxins are found in a range of foods and commonly they present variations in the chemical structure therefore, it has been appropriate to include adsorbents from different sources in the diet of ruminants. However, few researches were conducted in order to better understand the interaction of adsorbents on ruminal fermentation. Our objective in this study was to investigate the possible effects of two adsorbent products on bovine ruminal fermentation. One consists of 65% of -glucan (-glu), originating cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used at a concentration of 1% and natural sodium montmorillonite (MMT) at a concentration of 5%. Materials, Methods & Results: The effects of -glu adsorbents (1%) and MMC (5%) in culture medium that simulated ruminal fermentation were evaluated. Bottles, with a capacity of 120 mL, were used to be filled with substrate such as maize and ryegrass hay ground, nutrient solution (medium of Menke), liquid extracted rumen fistulated bovine and the two adsorbents evaluated, totaling 50 mL. The experiment was conducted with three treatments, named after: control (Cont), -glu and MMT. In the control treatment adsorbents were not added. Six replicates were used for each treatment and two trials were conducted. One of the tests aimed to determine the fermentation kinetics by means of the gas production after 72 h incubation and quantifying the production of methane (CH4) at 48h. While another test aimed to quantify the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) - acetic, propionic and butyric acid - and the production of ammonia (NH3) in 24 h incubation. [...](AU)

The effect of mycotoxins adsorbents beta glucans or montmorillonite on bovine ruminal fermentation in vitro / Impacto dos adsorventes de micotoxinas Beta-glucana ou montmorilonita sobre a fermentação ruminal de bovinos in vitro

Background: The addition of adsorbents in foods has been the strategy used by nutritionists to reduce the toxic effects of mycotoxins in animals. Mycotoxins are found in a range of foods and commonly they present variations in the chemical structure therefore, it has been appropriate to include adsorbents from different sources in the diet of ruminants. However, few researches were conducted in order to better understand the interaction of adsorbents on ruminal fermentation. Our objective in this study was to investigate the possible effects of two adsorbent products on bovine ruminal fermentation. One consists of 65% of -glucan (-glu), originating cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and used at a concentration of 1% and natural sodium montmorillonite (MMT) at a concentration of 5%. Materials, Methods & Results: The effects of -glu adsorbents (1%) and MMC (5%) in culture medium that simulated ruminal fermentation were evaluated. Bottles, with a capacity of 120 mL, were used to be filled with substrate such as maize and ryegrass hay ground, nutrient solution (medium of Menke), liquid extracted rumen fistulated bovine and the two adsorbents evaluated, totaling 50 mL. The experiment was conducted with three treatments, named after: control (Cont), -glu and MMT. In the control treatment adsorbents were not added. Six replicates were used for each treatment and two trials were conducted. One of the tests aimed to determine the fermentation kinetics by means of the gas production after 72 h incubation and quantifying the production of methane (CH4) at 48h. While another test aimed to quantify the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) - acetic, propionic and butyric acid - and the production of ammonia (NH3) in 24 h incubation. [...]

Beneficial effects of -glucan against cisplatin side effects on the nervous system in rats

PURPOSE:To investigate the protective effect of Bg on cisplatin (CP)-induced neurotoxicity in rats.METHODS:Twenty eight rats were randomly distributed into four groups. The first group was kept as a control. In the second group, CP was given at the single dose of 7 mg/kg intraperitoneally. In the third group, βg was orally administered at the dose of 50 mg/kg/day for 14 days. In the fourth group, CP and βg were given together at the same doses.RESULTS:CP treatment caused significant oxidative damage via induction of lipid peroxidation and reductions antioxidant defense system potency in the brain tissue. In addition, histopathological damage increased with CP treatment. On the other hand, βg treatment largely prevented oxidative and histopathological negative effects of CP.CONCLUSIONS:Cisplatin has severe neurotoxic effects in rats and βg supplementation has significant beneficial effects against CP toxicity depending on its antioxidant properties. Thus, it appears that βg might be useful against CP toxicity in patients with cancer in terms of nervous system.(AU)

Mananoligossacarídeo e ß-glucano em dietas de leitões desmamados / Mannan Oligosaccharides and ß-glucan in diets for weaned piglets

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, ß-glucano e antibiótico em dietas de leitões machos castrados, durante a fase de creche (21 aos 54 dias de idade), sobre o desempenho, características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal e ocorrência de diarreia. Foram utilizados 368 leitões de mesma linhagem, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (1: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (oriundos do núcleo), 2: 1.830g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (330g oriundos do núcleo + 1.550g da suplementação), 3: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 500g de ß-glucano t/ração e 4: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 250g de Colistina t/ração) e quatro repetições com 23 animais por unidade experimental. O desempenho foi avaliado pelo ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. As características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal estudadas foram altura de vilosidade, profundidade das criptas intestinais, perímetro de vilosidade e a relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. A ocorrência de diarreia foi observada diariamente pela avaliação de escore fecal. A suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, ß-glucano e antibiótico na dieta de leitões machos castrados, na fase de creche, não influenciaram o desempenho e a ocorrência de diarreia. Maior altura de vilosidade e maior profundidade de criptas no duodeno e íleo foram verificadas nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano. No jejuno foi observado maior perímetro de vilosidade nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano e nos animais que não receberam suplemento adicional na dieta.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in diets for castrated male piglets during the nursery phase (21 to 54 days of age) on performance, morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa and occurrence of diarrhea. A total of 368 piglets of the same strain, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (1- 330 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (derived of nucleus); 2 - 1,830 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (330g derived of nucleus + 1550g of supplementation); 3 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 500g ß-glucan/t of diet; and 4 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 250g colistin/t of diet) and four replications with 23 animals per experimental unit. Performance was assessed through weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa studied were villus height, intestinal crypt depth, villus circumference and villus height:crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum ratio. The occurrence of diarrhea was observed daily by the evaluation of fecal score. Supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in the diet of castrated male piglets in the nursery phase did not affect performance and occurrence of diarrhea. Greater villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum were verified in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan. In the jejunum, greater villus circumference was observed in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan and in the animals that did not receive additional supplemented diet.(AU)

Effect of supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides to diets containing zinc propionate on some serum enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in broilers

Background: Zinc is needed as essential for many physiological functions in humans and animals. Chitosan is a natural substance produced in the body from glucose and some biological effects such as antimicrobial and immune modification mechanisms. β-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers and have important roles in antitumor and antimicrobial activity in animals. Inulin is used for its effects on immune function, bioavailability of minerals, lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract health. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), β-glucan, and inulin on some serum enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in broilers.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 96 male and 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks were used in the study. The ambient temperature was maintained at 33ºC for the first 3 days, which was gradually reduced by 3ºC a week until reaching 24ºC. Chicks had free access to food and tab water. Basal diets containing the soybean meal and corn were prepared for starter (day 1 to 21) and grower (day 22 to 42) periods. Chicks were equally assigned to eight dietary treatment groups: Control (basal diet); Zn (zinc propionate, 1%); Chitosan (Chitosan, 0.025%); β-glucan (β-glucan, 0.05%); Inulin (inulin, 1%); Zn+Chitosan (zinc propionate, 1% + Chitosan, 0.025%); Zn+ β-glucan (zinc propionate, 1% + β-glucan, 0.05%) and Zn+Inulin (zinc propionate, 1% + inulin, 1%). Blood samples were collected from V. brachialis before feeding in the morning on days 21 and 42. Serum K levels were found lower in Zn+COS group than in COS and control groups on day 21 (P < 0.05). They were insignificantly different among all groups on day 42 in the study. Serum sodium levels were significantly higher in inulin group on day 21 and in control group on day 42 than other groups.[...](AU)

Effect of supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides to diets containing zinc propionate on some serum enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in broilers

Background: Zinc is needed as essential for many physiological functions in humans and animals. Chitosan is a natural substance produced in the body from glucose and some biological effects such as antimicrobial and immune modification mechanisms. β-glucans are polysaccharides of D-glucose monomers and have important roles in antitumor and antimicrobial activity in animals. Inulin is used for its effects on immune function, bioavailability of minerals, lipid metabolism and gastrointestinal tract health. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS), β-glucan, and inulin on some serum enzymes, metabolites and electrolytes in broilers.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 96 male and 1-day-old Ross broiler chicks were used in the study. The ambient temperature was maintained at 33ºC for the first 3 days, which was gradually reduced by 3ºC a week until reaching 24ºC. Chicks had free access to food and tab water. Basal diets containing the soybean meal and corn were prepared for starter (day 1 to 21) and grower (day 22 to 42) periods. Chicks were equally assigned to eight dietary treatment groups: Control (basal diet); Zn (zinc propionate, 1%); Chitosan (Chitosan, 0.025%); β-glucan (β-glucan, 0.05%); Inulin (inulin, 1%); Zn+Chitosan (zinc propionate, 1% + Chitosan, 0.025%); Zn+ β-glucan (zinc propionate, 1% + β-glucan, 0.05%) and Zn+Inulin (zinc propionate, 1% + inulin, 1%). Blood samples were collected from V. brachialis before feeding in the morning on days 21 and 42. Serum K levels were found lower in Zn+COS group than in COS and control groups on day 21 (P < 0.05). They were insignificantly different among all groups on day 42 in the study. Serum sodium levels were significantly higher in inulin group on day 21 and in control group on day 42 than other groups.[...]

Toxicidade reprodutiva da associação de itraconazol e beta-glucana em ratas e sua progênie / Reproductive toxicity of itraconazole in combination with beta-glucan in female rats and their offspring

Background: Reports of yeast isolates resistant to traditional antifungal drugs have become common. Similarly, refractory clinical cases treated with these traditional antifungal drugs have also been reported. These cases ‘may or may not be related to pregnancy. Newly developed therapeutic approaches, such as the immunostimulant β-glucan combined with the traditional antifungal agents show promising results. Therefore, knowledge of the effects of these new associations is essential. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the combination of itraconazole and β (1-3) glucan on fertility in female rats and its interference in the development of their offspring, including teratogenic potential.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 180 female Wistar rats (90 days old) separated into six groups were used (n = 30 per group): Negative Control - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; IT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.25 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; Beta - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT5x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT10x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 100 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly. The rats were treated before (14 days) and during the mating period (up to 21 days), pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days).[...](AU)

Toxicidade reprodutiva da associação de itraconazol e beta-glucana em ratas e sua progênie / Reproductive toxicity of itraconazole in combination with beta-glucan in female rats and their offspring

Background: Reports of yeast isolates resistant to traditional antifungal drugs have become common. Similarly, refractory clinical cases treated with these traditional antifungal drugs have also been reported. These cases ‘may or may not be related to pregnancy. Newly developed therapeutic approaches, such as the immunostimulant β-glucan combined with the traditional antifungal agents show promising results. Therefore, knowledge of the effects of these new associations is essential. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of the combination of itraconazole and β (1-3) glucan on fertility in female rats and its interference in the development of their offspring, including teratogenic potential.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 180 female Wistar rats (90 days old) separated into six groups were used (n = 30 per group): Negative Control - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.25 mL of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; IT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.25 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl solution subcutaneously weekly; Beta - treated daily with the volume corresponding to 10 mL.kg-1 of sterile distilled water orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 10 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT5x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly; DT10x - treated daily with itraconazole at a dose of 100 mg.kg-1 orally, and 0.5 mg of β (1-3) glucan subcutaneously weekly. The rats were treated before (14 days) and during the mating period (up to 21 days), pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days).[...]

Mananoligossacarídeo e ß-glucano em dietas de leitões desmamados / Mannan Oligosaccharides and ß-glucan in diets for weaned piglets

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, ß-glucano e antibiótico em dietas de leitões machos castrados, durante a fase de creche (21 aos 54 dias de idade), sobre o desempenho, características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal e ocorrência de diarreia. Foram utilizados 368 leitões de mesma linhagem, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (1: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (oriundos do núcleo), 2: 1.830g de mananoligossacarídeo t/ração (330g oriundos do núcleo + 1.550g da suplementação), 3: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 500g de ß-glucano t/ração e 4: 330g de mananoligossacarídeo (oriundos do núcleo) + 250g de Colistina t/ração) e quatro repetições com 23 animais por unidade experimental. O desempenho foi avaliado pelo ganho de peso, consumo de ração e conversão alimentar. As características morfo-histológicas da mucosa intestinal estudadas foram altura de vilosidade, profundidade das criptas intestinais, perímetro de vilosidade e a relação altura de vilosidade:profundidade de cripta do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. A ocorrência de diarreia foi observada diariamente pela avaliação de escore fecal. A suplementação de mananoligossacarídeo, β-glucano e antibiótico na dieta de leitões machos castrados, na fase de creche, não influenciaram o desempenho e a ocorrência de diarreia. Maior altura de vilosidade e maior profundidade de criptas no duodeno e íleo foram verificadas nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano. No jejuno foi observado maior perímetro de vilosidade nos animais suplementados com ß-glucano e nos animais que não receberam suplemento adicional na dieta.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation with mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in diets for castrated male piglets during the nursery phase (21 to 54 days of age) on performance, morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa and occurrence of diarrhea. A total of 368 piglets of the same strain, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (1- 330 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (derived of nucleus); 2 - 1,830 g mannan oligosaccharides/t of diet (330g derived of nucleus + 1550g of supplementation); 3 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 500g ß-glucan/t of diet; and 4 - 330g mannan oligosaccharides (derived of nucleus) + 250g colistin/t of diet) and four replications with 23 animals per experimental unit. Performance was assessed through weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion. The morpho-histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa studied were villus height, intestinal crypt depth, villus circumference and villus height:crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum ratio. The occurrence of diarrhea was observed daily by the evaluation of fecal score. Supplementation of mannan oligosaccharides, ß-glucan and antibiotic in the diet of castrated male piglets in the nursery phase did not affect performance and occurrence of diarrhea. Greater villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum were verified in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan. In the jejunum, greater villus circumference was observed in the animals supplemented with ß-glucan and in the animals that did not receive additional supplemented diet.(AU)

Resposta hepática à suplementação alimentar em rãs-touro sob condição de estresse / Liver response to dietary supplementation in bullfrog under stress condition

Evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of dietary supplementation with the probiotic (Bacillus subtilis) and with beta-glucan on bullfrog in stress of high stocking density. Animals were assigned in treatments: T1: 100 animals m-2 (control); T2: 236 animals m-2; T3: 236 animals m-2 supplemented with probiotic; T4: 236 animals m-2 supplemented with beta-glucan. Evaluated survival, weight gain (WG) and the condition of liver biochemistry and histopathology. There was no statistical difference in survival between treatments (P>0.05), but were observed significant differences for WG at 30 days, between not supplemented treatments and supplemented treatments (P 0.001). Biochemical analysis showed conditions very near among animals of control treatment and animals supplemented with beta-glucan. Histopathological analysis revealed lesions and cytoplasmic rarefaction in 100% of the samples, suggesting protein deficiency. The beta-glucan reduced the effects of stress in bullfrog and has shown hepatoprotective effect, but the probiotic Bacillus subtilis was not demonstrating the same effect.(AU)

Avaliou-se o efeito hepatoprotetor da suplementação alimentar com probiótico (Bacillus subtillis) e com betaglucana em rãs-touro submetidas à condição de estresse por adensamento. Os animais foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: T1: 100 animais m-2 (controle); T2: 236 animais m-2; T3: 236 animais m-2, suplementados com probiótico; e, T4: 236 animais m-2, suplementados com betaglucana. Avaliou-se sobrevivência, ganho em peso (GP) e a condição bioquímica e histopatológica dos fígados. Não foi observada diferença estatística para a sobrevivência (P>0,05), porém foram observadas diferenças significativas para o GP aos 30 dias, entre os tratamentos não suplementados e os suplementados (P 0,001). As avaliações bioquímicas mostraram condições muito próximas entre os animais do tratamento controle e aqueles suplementados com betaglucana. A análise histopatológica mostrou lesões e rarefação citoplasmática em 100% das amostras, sugerindo deficiência proteica. A betaglucana mostrou efeito hepatoprotetor, reduzindo os efeitos do estresse sobre o fígado de rã-touro, porém o probiótico Bacillus subtillis não apresentou o mesmo potencial.(AU)