Salmonella Serovars Isolated from Poultry Breeding Flocks under the Brazilian Official Control Programme Between 2016 and 2018

The control of Salmonella in the poultry production chain combined with biosecurity measures is an important tool to maintain and guarantee the sanitary status of Brazilian flocks. The aim of this work was to compare official laboratory data on molecular typification of Salmonella isolates from poultry breeding flocks in different Brazilian states between 2016 and 2018 and identify the production category with the most positive flocks, in light of current legislation. Surveillance data of positive samples from the official Brazilian Salmonella Control Programme sent to Federal Agricultural Defence Laboratory of São Paulo (LFDA-SP) after molecular characterization were analysed. These data were subject to an exploratory study, undergoing a descriptive statistical analysis followed by the use of frequency and non-parametric hypothesis tests. Overall, 49 serovars were detected in poultry broiler-breeder and layer-breeder flocks. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg, Salmonella ser. Anatum, Salmonella ser. Newport, Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund and Salmonella ser. Mbandaka were the five most common isolated serovars. The data shows that there is an opportunity to improve biosecurity measures in parent breeder flocks. A total of 16 serovars were identified in turkey-breeders. Salmonella ser. Anatum, Salmonella ser. Newport, Salmonella ser. Brandenburg, Salmonella ser. Litchfield, and Salmonella ser. Livingstone were the most common ones. The four official controlled serovars represented a small part of the isolated strains. These data demonstrate the importance of an official program in Brazil for Salmonella surveillance in breeder flocks combined with biosecurity measures.(AU)

Life history traits of parental care in Crenicichla lepidota (Cichliformes, Geophagini) in the upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil

Abstract During focal observations carried out in the Olho dÁgua River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.

Life history traits of parental care in Crenicichla lepidota (Cichliformes, Geophagini) in the upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil

During focal observations carried out in the Olho d’Água River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.

Life history traits of parental care in Crenicichla lepidota (Cichliformes, Geophagini) in the upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil

During focal observations carried out in the Olho dÁgua River, upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil, we registered the defensive behaviour of one pair of Crenicichla lepidota attempting to protect their offspring from conspecific and non-specific predators. Adults exhibited substrate-guarding behaviour and displayed primary and secondary anti-predation mechanisms. The primary mechanisms (e.g., fin flicking and flaring, gill extending) were ineffective against conspecific predators or against other species. Secondary mechanisms included charging would-be predators of the offspring, and this tactic was successful against non-specifics. This record confirms, in the wild, agonistic behaviour as an effective secondary defence mechanism used in parental care in Crenicichla lepidota.(AU)

Remote ischemic conditioning improves rat brain antioxidant defense in a time-dependent mechanism

ABSTRACT Purpose To clarify the best protocol for performing remote ischemic conditioning and to minimize the consequences of ischemia and reperfusion syndrome in brain, the present study aimed to evaluate different time protocols and the relation of the organs and the antioxidant effects of this technique. Methods The rat's left femoral artery was clamped with a microvascular clamp in times that ranged from 1 to 5 minutes, according to the corresponding group. After the cycles of remote ischemic conditioning and a reperfusion of 20 minutes, the brain and the left gastrocnemius were collected. The samples were used to measure glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and catalase levels. Results In the gastrocnemius, the 4-minute protocol increased the catalase concentration compared to the 1-minute protocol, but the latter increased both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase compared to the former. On the other hand, the brain demonstrated higher catalase and glutathione peroxidase in 5-minute group, and the 3-minute group reached higher values of glutathione reductase. Conclusions Remote ischemic conditioning increases brain antioxidant capacity in a time-dependent way, while muscle presents higher protection on 1-minute cycles and tends to decrease its defence with longer cycles of intermittent occlusions of the femoral artery.

Potential and restrictions of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz as native forage in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) is a endemic plant of the Caatinga, selected by animals grazing on native pasture. With the aim of evaluating characteristics indicative of its nutritional quality, 10 plants were selected and identified, sampled at five different ages, were used to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), mineral matter (MM), DM degradability (Deg DM), NDF degradability (Deg NDF) and in situ and in vitro leaf-tissue degradability. Phytochemical prospection was performed, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance applied to detect the presence of secondary compounds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukeys test at 5%, and correlation analysis was carried out on the variables for leaf maturity in days. The levels of CP, NDF and Deg NDF showed a negative correlation with the increases in leaf age. Leaf-tissue degradation was restricted due to a physical barrier developed in the leaf fragments, which can be attributed to plant defence mechanisms. The in situ degradability of the cell wall components decreased with the increase in leaf age. The high levels of tannins and lignin, and the strong presence of flavonoids, should be considered for their anti-nutritional and pharmacological potential.(AU)

Potential and restrictions of Poincianella pyramidalis (Tul.) L. P. Queiroz as native forage in the Brazilian semi-arid region

Poincianella pyramidalis (catingueira) is a endemic plant of the Caatinga, selected by animals grazing on native pasture. With the aim of evaluating characteristics indicative of its nutritional quality, 10 plants were selected and identified, sampled at five different ages, were used to determine dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), mineral matter (MM), DM degradability (Deg DM), NDF degradability (Deg NDF) and in situ and in vitro leaf-tissue degradability. Phytochemical prospection was performed, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance applied to detect the presence of secondary compounds. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey’s test at 5%, and correlation analysis was carried out on the variables for leaf maturity in days. The levels of CP, NDF and Deg NDF showed a negative correlation with the increases in leaf age. Leaf-tissue degradation was restricted due to a physical barrier developed in the leaf fragments, which can be attributed to plant defence mechanisms. The in situ degradability of the cell wall components decreased with the increase in leaf age. The high levels of tannins and lignin, and the strong presence of flavonoids, should be considered for their anti-nutritional and pharmacological potential.

Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for treating acute colitis in horses undergoing colic surgery / Eficácia do transplante de microbiota fecal no tratamento da colite aguda em equinos submetidos a cirurgia de cólica

The report describes the outcome of four horses treated with homologous faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for acute colitis. The horses developed diarrhoea and fever a few days after a laparotomy to treat gastrointestinal disease. Medical records were reviewed to identify the horses as well as to describe the primary intestinal disease, clinical findings, surgical intervention, FMT protocol, outcome and follow-up of each case. The principle of the efficacy of FMT is that restoration of a balanced nonpathogenic bacterial population may be the primary defence mechanism against colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. The FMT did not produce adverse reactions and was demonstrated to rapidly control diarrhoea and fever in all cases. A complete resolution of clinical sings was observed within 24 hours when horses were given a single FMT. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine the optimal preparation and to reinforce the efficacy of FMT for treating acute colitis following colic surgery. The technique has the potential to be an inexpensive, safe and highly efficient tool for the prevention and treatment of infectious gastrointestinal diseases in horses, preventing antimicrobial resistance.(AU)

O presente relato descreve a recuperação de 4 equinos tratados com transplante homólogo de microbiota fecal (TMF) para colite aguda. Os animais desenvolveram diarreia e febre alguns dias após serem submetidos a laparotomia para tratar obstruções intestinais. Os registros médicos foram revisados para identificar os equinos, bem como para descrever a doença intestinal primária, achados clínicos, detalhes da intervenção cirúrgica, protocolo do TMF, resultados e evolução de cada caso. O princípio da eficácia do TMF é que a restauração do equilíbrio de bactérias não patogênicas pode ser o principal mecanismo de defesa contra a colonização por bactérias patogênicas no trato gastrointestinal equino. O TMF não ocasionou reações adversas e demonstrou controlar rapidamente a diarreia e a febre em todos os casos. A resolução completa dos sinais clínicos foi observada dentro de 24 horas, sendo que os cavalos receberam um único TMF. Estudos clínicos adicionais são necessários para determinar a melhor técnica de preparação e para reforçar a eficácia do TMF no tratamento da colite aguda após cirurgia de cólica. A técnica tem potencial para ser uma ferramenta de baixo custo, segura e altamente eficiente para a prevenção e tratamento de doenças infecciosas gastrointestinais em equinos, evitando a resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation for treating acute colitis in horses undergoing colic surgery / Eficácia do transplante de microbiota fecal no tratamento da colite aguda em equinos submetidos a cirurgia de cólica

The report describes the outcome of four horses treated with homologous faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for acute colitis. The horses developed diarrhoea and fever a few days after a laparotomy to treat gastrointestinal disease. Medical records were reviewed to identify the horses as well as to describe the primary intestinal disease, clinical findings, surgical intervention, FMT protocol, outcome and follow-up of each case. The principle of the efficacy of FMT is that restoration of a balanced nonpathogenic bacterial population may be the primary defence mechanism against colonization of pathogenic bacteria in the equine gastrointestinal tract. The FMT did not produce adverse reactions and was demonstrated to rapidly control diarrhoea and fever in all cases. A complete resolution of clinical sings was observed within 24 hours when horses were given a single FMT. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine the optimal preparation and to reinforce the efficacy of FMT for treating acute colitis following colic surgery. The technique has the potential to be an inexpensive, safe and highly efficient tool for the prevention and treatment of infectious gastrointestinal diseases in horses, preventing antimicrobial resistance.(AU)

O presente relato descreve a recuperação de 4 equinos tratados com transplante homólogo de microbiota fecal (TMF) para colite aguda. Os animais desenvolveram diarreia e febre alguns dias após serem submetidos a laparotomia para tratar obstruções intestinais. Os registros médicos foram revisados para identificar os equinos, bem como para descrever a doença intestinal primária, achados clínicos, detalhes da intervenção cirúrgica, protocolo do TMF, resultados e evolução de cada caso. O princípio da eficácia do TMF é que a restauração do equilíbrio de bactérias não patogênicas pode ser o principal mecanismo de defesa contra a colonização por bactérias patogênicas no trato gastrointestinal equino. O TMF não ocasionou reações adversas e demonstrou controlar rapidamente a diarreia e a febre em todos os casos. A resolução completa dos sinais clínicos foi observada dentro de 24 horas, sendo que os cavalos receberam um único TMF. Estudos clínicos adicionais são necessários para determinar a melhor técnica de preparação e para reforçar a eficácia do TMF no tratamento da colite aguda após cirurgia de cólica. A técnica tem potencial para ser uma ferramenta de baixo custo, segura e altamente eficiente para a prevenção e tratamento de doenças infecciosas gastrointestinais em equinos, evitando a resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

The effects of separate and combined use of PGF2α and GnRH hormones and the addition of beta-carotene on fertility parameters in dairy cows with ovarian cysts

Background: Ovarian cysts are commonly observed pathologies, which interfere with normal cyclic activity and adversely affect fertility in cows. Beta-carotene is effective in the reduction of reproductive problems by inducing the natural defence mechanisms of the body. There are several methods that can be used for the treatment of ovarian cysts. The separate and combined use of GnRH and PGF2α commonly uses in the treatment of ovarian cysts. Therefore, in the presented study the effects of Beta-carotene (βC) addition for the treatment of ovarian cysts either with GnRH solely or GnRH and PGF2α in combination on the fertility parameters of dairy cows were investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Seventy-six Holstein Friesian cows having ovarian cysts diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG) were divided into three groups. Cows in Group I (GI, n = 27), were injected with GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im), PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5 mL, im) and βC (20 mL/cow, into 4 regions by im route). In Group II (GII, n = 25) GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) and PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5mL, im) were administrated while GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) solely in Group III (GIII, n = 24). Cysts were monitored via USG, and blood samples were collected on the on day of treatment (day 0) and on the 7th and 14th days following the administrations. Cows shoving oestrous were inseminated and pregnancy diagnoses were performed on the 40th day following insemination. Treatment results showed that there were statistically no significant differences between GI and GII (P > 0.05). Only numerical difference obtained in time from therapy to pregnancy and overall pregnancy index (P > 0.05). Overall pregnancy rate (85 %), first service pregnancy rates (40 %) and overall pregnancy index (2.11) in GI were found significantly higher than GIII (53.3 %; 20 %; 4.12) [P 0.05).[...]

The effects of separate and combined use of PGF2α and GnRH hormones and the addition of beta-carotene on fertility parameters in dairy cows with ovarian cysts

Background: Ovarian cysts are commonly observed pathologies, which interfere with normal cyclic activity and adversely affect fertility in cows. Beta-carotene is effective in the reduction of reproductive problems by inducing the natural defence mechanisms of the body. There are several methods that can be used for the treatment of ovarian cysts. The separate and combined use of GnRH and PGF2α commonly uses in the treatment of ovarian cysts. Therefore, in the presented study the effects of Beta-carotene (βC) addition for the treatment of ovarian cysts either with GnRH solely or GnRH and PGF2α in combination on the fertility parameters of dairy cows were investigated.Materials, Methods & Results: Seventy-six Holstein Friesian cows having ovarian cysts diagnosed by ultrasonography (USG) were divided into three groups. Cows in Group I (GI, n = 27), were injected with GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im), PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5 mL, im) and βC (20 mL/cow, into 4 regions by im route). In Group II (GII, n = 25) GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) and PGF2α (Tiaprost-trometamol, 5mL, im) were administrated while GnRH (Buserelin acetate, 5 mL, im) solely in Group III (GIII, n = 24). Cysts were monitored via USG, and blood samples were collected on the on day of treatment (day 0) and on the 7th and 14th days following the administrations. Cows shoving oestrous were inseminated and pregnancy diagnoses were performed on the 40th day following insemination. Treatment results showed that there were statistically no significant differences between GI and GII (P > 0.05). Only numerical difference obtained in time from therapy to pregnancy and overall pregnancy index (P > 0.05). Overall pregnancy rate (85 %), first service pregnancy rates (40 %) and overall pregnancy index (2.11) in GI were found significantly higher than GIII (53.3 %; 20 %; 4.12) [P < 0.05]. No significant difference was observed in progesterone (P4) levels between the groups (P > 0.05).[...](AU)

Dynamics of haemocytes from Pseudosuccinea columella circulating infected by Fasciola hepatica / Dinâmica de hemócitos circulantes de Pseudosuccinea columella infectados por Fasciola hepatica

The lymnaeids are important in the epidemiology of Fasciola hepatica, a neglected and endemic zoonosis. The interaction between the internal defense system of Pseudosuccinea columella and F. hepatica has been little studied. In the present study the effect of infection by F. hepatica on P. columella circulating haemocytes was investigated. Changes in the average number of total circulating haemocytes have been observed at 30 minutes post-infection and 1, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 and 50 days post-infection (dpi). Miracidia were observed head-foot and mantle at 30 minutes post-infection. Miracidia/Sporocysts in the mantle skirt 1 dpi, and fully formed sporocysts were observed in the head-foot at 7 dpi. Rediae became evident at 10 dpi and were located between the haemocoel and the muscles from 14 dpi; 50 dpi, the rediae in the digestive gland contained cercariae. The statistical analysis of the total haemocytes of P. columella infected by F. hepatica showed significant differences on the 30 minutes post-infection and 1, 14, 21, and 28 dpi in comparison to uninfected molluscs (0 dpi). Therefore, the interference observed on the internal defence system of P. columella may have direct association with the development of F. hepatica.(AU)

Os limnaeideos são importantes na epidemiologia de Fasciola hepatica, uma zoonose negligenciada e endêmica. A interação entre o sistema interno de defesa de Pseudosuccinea columella e F. hepatica tem sido pouco estudada. No presente estudo, investigou-se o efeito da infecção por F. hepatica nos hemócitos circulantes de P. columella. Alterações no número médio de hemócitos circulantes foram observadas aos 30 minutos e 1, 7, 10, 14, 21, 28 e 50 dias após a infecção (dpi). Miracídios foram observados na região cefalopodal e manto aos 30 minutos após a infecção. Miracídio/esporocistos foram observados no colar do manto ao 1 dpi, e esporocistos totalmente formados na região cefalopodal aos 7 dpi. Rédias tornam-se evidentes aos 10 dpi entre a hemocele e músculos a partir de 14 dpi; e rédias com cercárias próximas a glândula digestiva aos 50 dpi. A análise estatística dos hemócitos totais de P. columella infectados por F. hepatica demonstrou diferenças significativas nos 30 minutos pós-infecção e 1, 14, 21 e 28 dpi em comparação aos moluscos não infectados (0 dpi). Portanto, a interferência observada no sistema de defesa interna de P. columella pode ter associação direta com o desenvolvimento de F. hepatica.(AU)

The Effects of Different Amount of Protein and Vitamin e Supplementation in Rations on Lipid and Antioxidant Metabolism of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress

Heat stress, causes economic losses and has negative effects on both broiler husbandry and animal welfare. Nutritional strategies are applied for minimizing the negative effects of heat stress. In the present study, at the finishing period (24-39 days of age) of heat stress, the effects of diet involving 21% and 19% proteins and vitamin E on lipid metabolism and antioxidant mechanism of action, aimed to be identified. This study was carried out in six groups as: HPC (24oC heat + 21% crude protein (CP)), HPS (34oC heat + 21% CP), LPC (24oC heat + 19% CP), LPS (34oC heat + 19% CP), HPSVE (34oC heat + 21% CP + Vitamin E) and LPSVE (34oC heat + 19% CP + vitamin E) groups. Superficial pectoral muscles (breast) and liver tissues were used for oxidative stress and antioxidant defence determinations. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels have also been determined in blood serums. During the research, it is found that heat stress increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, where Vitamin E has recovered triglyceride levels limitedly and cholesterol levels significantly. It is also observed that the adverse effect of high temperature was directly related to oxidative stress. Protein levels and vitamin supplementation relatively ameliorated these adverse effects, suggesting the tissue specificity. Consequently, the importance of feeding strategies such as the presence of Vitamin E and protein ratios on broiler nutrition in heat stress was established.(AU)

Seroepidemiological survey of equine infectious anemia in Rondônia state, Brazil / Levantamento soroepidemiológico de anemia infecciosa equina no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

Based on the importance of equine infectious anemia (EIA), this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and report the occurrence rates of EIA through a seroepidemiological survey and evaluate the actions taken by the Agrosilvopastoral Defence Agency of the State of Rondônia (IDARON) from January 2014 to December 2015. There was a direct relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the number of horses in the different areas of the Rondonia. 7,729 properties were analyzed, in which 19,805 horses were examined, with a mean seropositivity for EIA of 1.15% in 2014 and 1.01% in 2015. Despite the low incidence of seropositive horses for the EIA virus, sanitary control procedures imposed by IDARON with the sacrifice of 95.97% of sick animals in 2014 and 90% in 2015 resulted in a decrease of 28.22% of positive animals between the years 2014 and 2015. Therefore, to achieve an effective reduction in the prevalence of this disease, all positive animals should be isolated and subsequently sacrificed, as they are disseminators of the disease. Many farmers, however, do not understand the real importance of the proliferation of EIA by the presence of carrier animals in the herds.

Com base na importância da Anemia infecciosa Equina (AIE), a presente investigação teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e relatar os índices de ocorrência de AIE por meio de levantamento soroepidemiológico e ações realizadas pela Agência de Defesa Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia (IDARON) no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Observou-se uma relação direta entre o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o número de equinos nas diferentes regiões do estado de Rondônia. Foram analisadas 7.729 propriedades, nas quais 19.805 equinos foram examinados, obtendo-se uma soropositividade média de 1,15% em 2014 e 1,01% em 2015 para AIE. Apesar da baixa ocorrência de equinos sorologicamente positivos para o vírus da AIE, os procedimentos de controle sanitário impostos pela IDARON com o sacrifício dos animais enfermos 95,97% em 2014 e 90% em 2015 resultaram em diminuição de 28,22% de animais positivos entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Portanto, para se conseguir boa redução na prevalência dessa enfermidade, todo o animal positivo deve ser sacrificado, por ser disseminador da doença. Embora inúmeros criadores, não entendam a real importância para a disseminação da AIE nos plantéis pela presença de animais portadores.

Parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de novilhas com hipocalcemia subclínica pré-parto suplementadas com dieta aniônica / Anionic diet on clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters of heifers with subclinical hypocalcemia prepartum

A hipótese do presente estudo consiste em que uma dieta aniônica prolongada acarretaria uma mobilização mais rápida do cálcio sanguíneo. O objetivo proposto foi avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de novilhas, com hipocalcemia subclínica, submetidas a diferentes períodos de fornecimento de dieta aniônica no pré-parto. Foram utilizadas nove novilhas da raça Holandês induzidas à hipocalcemia subclínica no pré-parto, divididas em três grupos: G0 = sem dieta aniônica antes da indução; G11 = 11 dias de dieta aniônica pré-indução; e G15 = 15 dias de dieta aniônica pré-indução. Foi realizado exame clínico antes e depois da indução, e avaliaram-se cálcio total e ionizado, magnésio e albumina nos dias -2, 0, 1, 2 e 3 (dia 0 = momento da indução) e parâmetros hematológicos nos dias 0, 1, 2 e 3. O G11 apresentou maiores concentrações de cálcio total e ionizado que o G0 e maiores níveis de cálcio total que o G15 (P<0,01). O magnésio teve maiores valores no G15 quando comparado aos outros grupos (P<0,01). O G0 apresentou os maiores valores de monócitos e neutrófilos bastonetes (P<0,01). A dieta aniônica por 11 dias é suficiente para manter a homeostase do cálcio e a resposta leucocitária em novilhas desafiadas a uma diminuição do cálcio sanguíneo.(AU)

This study's hypothesis is that cows receiving anionic diet for a longer period respond more quickly to decreased blood calcium. The aim was to evaluate the heifers' clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters, with subclinical hypocalcemia, subjected to different periods of anionic diet supply during antepartum. Nine heifers were induced to subclinical hypocalcemia during antepartum, sorted in 3 groups: G0 = no anionic diet before induction; G11= eleven days of anionic diet before induction; and G15 = fifteen days of anionic diet before induction. Examinations were held before and after induction and total and ionized calcium, magnesium and albumin were evaluated from days -2, 0, 1, 2 and 3, day 0 being the moment of induction; hematologic parameters were evaluated at days 0, 1, 2 and 3. G11 presented a higher total and ionized calcium concentration than G0 and higher total calcium concentration than G15 (P < 0.01). Magnesium had its highest values at G15 when compared to the other two groups (P < 0.01). G0 presented its highest values of monocytes and neutrophils rods (P<0.01). The eleven days of anionic diet supply were enough to maintain calcium homeostasis and leukocyte response in heifers challenged to reduction in blood calcium.(AU)

Parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de novilhas com hipocalcemia subclínica pré-parto suplementadas com dieta aniônica / Anionic diet on clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters of heifers with subclinical hypocalcemia prepartum

A hipótese do presente estudo consiste em que uma dieta aniônica prolongada acarretaria uma mobilização mais rápida do cálcio sanguíneo. O objetivo proposto foi avaliar parâmetros clínicos, hematológicos e bioquímicos de novilhas, com hipocalcemia subclínica, submetidas a diferentes períodos de fornecimento de dieta aniônica no pré-parto. Foram utilizadas nove novilhas da raça Holandês induzidas à hipocalcemia subclínica no pré-parto, divididas em três grupos: G0 = sem dieta aniônica antes da indução; G11 = 11 dias de dieta aniônica pré-indução; e G15 = 15 dias de dieta aniônica pré-indução. Foi realizado exame clínico antes e depois da indução, e avaliaram-se cálcio total e ionizado, magnésio e albumina nos dias -2, 0, 1, 2 e 3 (dia 0 = momento da indução) e parâmetros hematológicos nos dias 0, 1, 2 e 3. O G11 apresentou maiores concentrações de cálcio total e ionizado que o G0 e maiores níveis de cálcio total que o G15 (P<0,01). O magnésio teve maiores valores no G15 quando comparado aos outros grupos (P<0,01). O G0 apresentou os maiores valores de monócitos e neutrófilos bastonetes (P<0,01). A dieta aniônica por 11 dias é suficiente para manter a homeostase do cálcio e a resposta leucocitária em novilhas desafiadas a uma diminuição do cálcio sanguíneo.(AU)

This study's hypothesis is that cows receiving anionic diet for a longer period respond more quickly to decreased blood calcium. The aim was to evaluate the heifers' clinical, hematological, and biochemical parameters, with subclinical hypocalcemia, subjected to different periods of anionic diet supply during antepartum. Nine heifers were induced to subclinical hypocalcemia during antepartum, sorted in 3 groups: G0 = no anionic diet before induction; G11= eleven days of anionic diet before induction; and G15 = fifteen days of anionic diet before induction. Examinations were held before and after induction and total and ionized calcium, magnesium and albumin were evaluated from days -2, 0, 1, 2 and 3, day 0 being the moment of induction; hematologic parameters were evaluated at days 0, 1, 2 and 3. G11 presented a higher total and ionized calcium concentration than G0 and higher total calcium concentration than G15 (P < 0.01). Magnesium had its highest values at G15 when compared to the other two groups (P < 0.01). G0 presented its highest values of monocytes and neutrophils rods (P<0.01). The eleven days of anionic diet supply were enough to maintain calcium homeostasis and leukocyte response in heifers challenged to reduction in blood calcium.(AU)

Seroepidemiological survey of equine infectious anemia in Rondônia state, Brazil / Levantamento soroepidemiológico de anemia infecciosa equina no Estado de Rondônia, Brasil

Based on the importance of equine infectious anemia (EIA), this study aimed to analyze the spatial distribution and report the occurrence rates of EIA through a seroepidemiological survey and evaluate the actions taken by the Agrosilvopastoral Defence Agency of the State of Rondônia (IDARON) from January 2014 to December 2015. There was a direct relationship between the human development index (HDI) and the number of horses in the different areas of the Rondonia. 7,729 properties were analyzed, in which 19,805 horses were examined, with a mean seropositivity for EIA of 1.15% in 2014 and 1.01% in 2015. Despite the low incidence of seropositive horses for the EIA virus, sanitary control procedures imposed by IDARON with the sacrifice of 95.97% of sick animals in 2014 and 90% in 2015 resulted in a decrease of 28.22% of positive animals between the years 2014 and 2015. Therefore, to achieve an effective reduction in the prevalence of this disease, all positive animals should be isolated and subsequently sacrificed, as they are disseminators of the disease. Many farmers, however, do not understand the real importance of the proliferation of EIA by the presence of carrier animals in the herds.(AU)

Com base na importância da Anemia infecciosa Equina (AIE), a presente investigação teve como objetivo analisar a distribuição espacial e relatar os índices de ocorrência de AIE por meio de levantamento soroepidemiológico e ações realizadas pela Agência de Defesa Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia (IDARON) no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Observou-se uma relação direta entre o índice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) e o número de equinos nas diferentes regiões do estado de Rondônia. Foram analisadas 7.729 propriedades, nas quais 19.805 equinos foram examinados, obtendo-se uma soropositividade média de 1,15% em 2014 e 1,01% em 2015 para AIE. Apesar da baixa ocorrência de equinos sorologicamente positivos para o vírus da AIE, os procedimentos de controle sanitário impostos pela IDARON com o sacrifício dos animais enfermos 95,97% em 2014 e 90% em 2015 resultaram em diminuição de 28,22% de animais positivos entre os anos de 2014 e 2015. Portanto, para se conseguir boa redução na prevalência dessa enfermidade, todo o animal positivo deve ser sacrificado, por ser disseminador da doença. Embora inúmeros criadores, não entendam a real importância para a disseminação da AIE nos plantéis pela presença de animais portadores.(AU)

The Effects of Different Amount of Protein and Vitamin e Supplementation in Rations on Lipid and Antioxidant Metabolism of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress

Heat stress, causes economic losses and has negative effects on both broiler husbandry and animal welfare. Nutritional strategies are applied for minimizing the negative effects of heat stress. In the present study, at the finishing period (24-39 days of age) of heat stress, the effects of diet involving 21% and 19% proteins and vitamin E on lipid metabolism and antioxidant mechanism of action, aimed to be identified. This study was carried out in six groups as: HPC (24oC heat + 21% crude protein (CP)), HPS (34oC heat + 21% CP), LPC (24oC heat + 19% CP), LPS (34oC heat + 19% CP), HPSVE (34oC heat + 21% CP + Vitamin E) and LPSVE (34oC heat + 19% CP + vitamin E) groups. Superficial pectoral muscles (breast) and liver tissues were used for oxidative stress and antioxidant defence determinations. Triglyceride and cholesterol levels have also been determined in blood serums. During the research, it is found that heat stress increased serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels, where Vitamin E has recovered triglyceride levels limitedly and cholesterol levels significantly. It is also observed that the adverse effect of high temperature was directly related to oxidative stress. Protein levels and vitamin supplementation relatively ameliorated these adverse effects, suggesting the tissue specificity. Consequently, the importance of feeding strategies such as the presence of Vitamin E and protein ratios on broiler nutrition in heat stress was established.

Diel vertical migration and spatial overlap between fish larvae and zooplankton in two tropical lakes, Brazil / Migração vertical diária e sobreposição espacial entre larvas de peixes e zooplâncton em dois lagos tropicais, Brasil

The effect of fish larvae on the diel vertical migration of the zooplankton community was investigated in two tropical lakes, Finado Raimundo and Pintado lakes, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Nocturnal and diurnal samplings were conducted in the limnetic region of each lake for 10 consecutive months from April 2008 to January 2009. The zooplankton community presented a wide range of responses to the predation pressure exerted by fish larvae in both environments, while fish larvae showed a typical pattern of normal diel vertical migration. Our results also demonstrated that the diel vertical migration is an important behaviour to avoid predation, since it reduces the spatial overlap between prey and potential predator, thus supporting the hypothesis that vertical migration is a defence mechanism against predation.(AU)

O efeito de larvas de peixes sobre a distribuição vertical dia-noite da comunidade zooplanctônica foi investigada em duas lagoas tropicais, lagoa Finado Raimundo e Pintado, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Foram realizadas amostragens noturnas e diurnas na região limnética de cada lagoa durante um período de 10 meses consecutivos, entre abril de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. A comunidade zooplanctônica apresentou uma variada gama de respostas à pressão de predação exercida pelas larvas de peixes nos dois ambientes, enquanto que as larvas de peixes exibiram um padrão típico de migração vertical diária normal. Os resultados mostraram ainda, que a migração vertical diária é um comportamento importante para evitar a predação, uma vez que diminuiu a sobreposição espacial entre presa e seu predador em potencial, dando suporte a hipótese de que a migração vertical é um mecanismo de defesa contra a predação.(AU)

Soroprevalência da brucelose bovina e bubalina no estado do Pará / Serum prevalence of brucellosis bovine and buffalo in the state of Pará / Seroprevalencia para brucelosis bovina y búfalina en el estado de Pará

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência de anticorpos para Brucella abortus em bovinos e bubalinos no Estado do Pará no período compreendido entre 2008 a 2012. Os dados contidos neste estudo foram obtidos a partir dos registros do Departamento de Defesa Animal da Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Estado do Pará, segundo as notificações realizadas no Programa Nacional de Controle e Erradicação de Brucelose e Tuberculose. Os animais foram testados quanto à sorologia para brucelose (Brucella abortus) no teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado. A maior soroprevalência foi observada na mesorregião do Marajó (8,75%). Houve decréscimo de soropositividade nos anos estudados, reduzindo de 4,58 em 2008 para 1,30% no ano de 2012.

The aim of the study was to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to Brucella abortus in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Pará in the period 2008 to 2012. The data in this study were obtained from records Department Defence Animal of the Agriculture Defense Agency of State of Pará, according to reports carried in the National Program for the Control and Eradication of Brucellosis and Tuberculosis. The animals were tested as to serology for brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in the buffered acidified antigen test. The highest seroprevalence was observed in the mesoregion of Marajó (8.75%). There was a decrease in seropositivity in the years studied, from 4.58 in 2008 to 1.30% in 2012.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de anticuerpos contra Brucella abortus en el ganado bovino y búfalos en el estado de Pará, en el período 2008-2012. Los datos de este estudio se obtuvieron de los registros del Departamento de Sanidad Animal de la Agencia Defensa Agrícola Estatal de Pará. De acuerdo a las notificaciones emitidas por el Programa Nacional de Control y Erradicación de la Brucelosis y la Tuberculosis. Los animales se pusieron a prueba frente la serología para brucelosis (Brucella abortus) en pruebas de antígeno acidificado tamponado. La seroprevalencia más alta se observó en la mesoregión de Marajó (8,75%). Hubo una disminución de la seropositividad en los años estudiados, lo que reduce de 4,58 en 2008 a 1,30% en 2012.