Sêmen refrigerado ­ estado da arte em diferentes espécies / Chilled semen ­ state of the art in different species

Na atual conjuntura da criação artificial de bovinos e bubalinos, o material genético masculino de qualidade superior de reprodutores é explorado ao máximo possível através da inseminação artificial em tempo fixo de um grande número de fêmeas com apenas um único ejaculado. Para isso, é necessário um sêmen de boa qualidade que desempenhe um papel indispensável na melhoria das taxas de fertilidade, independente de qual tipo seja utilizado (fresco, refrigerado e congelado). Porém, o processo de congelação/descongelação causa uma série de injúrias aos espermatozoides, ocasionando resultados inferiores para percentuais de viabilidade espermática, motilidade, membrana plasmática e integridade acrossomal, potencial de membrana mitocondrial, cinemática do esperma, quando comparado ao sêmen refrigerado. Assim, o objetivo desta revisão é disseminar o conhecimento sobre o uso sêmen refrigerado na preservação de germoplasma de reprodutores bovinos e bubalinos para melhorar as taxas de concepção em propriedades. Para isso, serão abordados comentários sobre o armazenamento do sêmen refrigerado, com ênfase nas diferenças entre curvas de refrigeração, suas vantagens e desvantagens relativas para procedimentos de uso na IATF, identificando o método mais indicado por diversos autores, o estado atual da biotécnica, seus méritos e possibilidades futuras.(AU)

In the current conjuncture of the artificial creation of bovines and buffaloes, the male genetic material of superior quality of sires is exploited to the maximum possible through the fixed-time artificial insemination of a large number of females with only a single ejaculate. For this, a good quality semen is needed that plays an indispensable role in improving fertility rates, regardless of which type is used (fresh, chilled and frozen). However, the freezing/thawing process causes a series of injuries to spermatozoa, causing lower results for percentages of sperm viability, motility, plasma membrane and acrosomal integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, sperm kinematics, when compared to refrigerated semen. Thus, the objective of this review is to disseminate knowledge about the use of chilled semen in the preservation of germplasm of bovine and buffalo breeders to improve conception rates in properties. For this, comments on the storage of refrigerated semen will be addressed, with emphasis on the differences between refrigeration curves, their relative advantages and disadvantages for procedures for use in FTAI, identifying the method most indicated by several authors, the current state of biotechnics, its future merits and possibilities.(AU)

The embryo non-invasive pre-implantation diagnosis era: how far are we?

Advancements in assisted reproduction (AR) methodologies have allowed significant improvements in live birth rates of women who otherwise would not be able to conceive. One of the tools that allowed this improvement is the possibility of embryo selection based on genetic status, performed via preimplantation genetic testing (PGT). Even though the widespread use of PGT from TE biopsy helped to decrease the interval from the beginning of the AR intervention to pregnancy, especially in older patients, in AR, there are still many concerns about the application of this invasive methodology in all cycles. Therefore, recently, researchers started to study the use of cell free DNA (cfDNA) released by the blastocyst in its culture medium to perform PGT, in a method called non-invasive PGT (niPGT). The development of a niPGT would bring the diagnostics power of conventional PGT, but with the advantage of being potentially less harmful to the embryo. Its implementation in clinical practice, however, is under heavy discussion since there are many unknowns about the technique, such as the origin of the cfDNA or if this genetic material is a true representative of the actual ploidy status of the embryo. Available data indicates that there is high correspondence between results observed in TE biopsies and the ones observed from cfDNA, but these results are still contradictory and highly debatable. In the present review, the advantages and disadvantages of niPGT are presented and discussed in relation to tradition TE biopsy-based PGT. Furthermore, there are also presented some other possible non-invasive tools that could be applied in the selection of the best embryo, such as quantification of other molecules as quality biomarkers, or the use artificial intelligence (AI) to identify the best embryos based on morphological and/or morphokitetic parameters.(AU)

Physicochemical techniques for determining the composition of canine and feline uroliths: a literature review / Técnicas físico-químicas para determinação da composição de urólitos em caninos e felinos: uma revisão de literatura

ABSTRACT: Urinary lithiasis has been reported as a problem that affects humankind since ancient times and has been described in several animal species. The condition is a consequence of other diseases that may be present in the urinary system or related to other body disorders. The stone composition needs to be analyzed to identify the possible causes that led to the formation and development of uroliths. For this, several techniques are currently available, some of which are promptly accessible, while others are not. Thus, this literature review aimed to perform a brief introduction on urolithiasis, present the most used techniques in the analysis of the composition of canine and feline uroliths and point out the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

RESUMO: A litíase urinária foi reportada como um problema que atinge a humanidade desde a antiguidade e já foi descrita em diversas espécies de animais. A doença é considerada consequência de outras enfermidades que podem estar presentes no sistema urinário, ou relacionados com outros distúrbios do organismo. Para identificar as possíveis causas que levaram à formação e desenvolvimento de urólitos é importante analisar a composição dos cálculos. Para isso, existem várias técnicas disponíveis atualmente, algumas de mais fácil acesso e outras, nem tanto. Dessa forma, objetiva-se com a presente revisão realizar uma breve introdução sobre a urolitíase e apresentar as técnicas mais utilizadas na análise da composição de urólitos, em caninos e felinos, bem como apontar as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma das técnicas.

Male Layer-Type Chickens - an Alternative Source for High Quality Poultry Meat: a Review on the Carcass Composition, Sensory Characteristics and Nutritional Profile

Male layer-type chickens are usually killed immediately after hatching. Despite the ethical debates and the sharp criticism against this practice, it is still widely applied. One of the possible alternatives for the culling of layer cockerels might be their use for meat production. Except for a small market niche, meat from male layer-type chickens is not currently popular among wider circles of consumers. However, although rather scarce, research on this type of bird shows that in comparison to fast or slow growing broilers, dual purpose, or indigenous breeds, the meat of male layers does not show any disadvantages in regards to sensory characteristics, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile, with its overall acceptability rating equally or even higher.(AU)

Physicochemical techniques for determining the composition of canine and feline uroliths: a literature review / Técnicas físico-químicas para determinação da composição de urólitos em caninos e felinos: uma revisão de literatura

Urinary lithiasis has been reported as a problem that affects humankind since ancient times and has been described in several animal species. The condition is a consequence of other diseases that may be present in the urinary system or related to other body disorders. The stone composition needs to be analyzed to identify the possible causes that led to the formation and development of uroliths. For this, several techniques are currently available, some of which are promptly accessible, while others are not. Thus, this literature review aimed to perform a brief introduction on urolithiasis, present the most used techniques in the analysis of the composition of canine and feline uroliths and point out the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

A litíase urinária foi reportada como um problema que atinge a humanidade desde a antiguidade e já foi descrita em diversas espécies de animais. A doença é considerada consequência de outras enfermidades que podem estar presentes no sistema urinário, ou relacionados com outros distúrbios do organismo. Para identificar as possíveis causas que levaram à formação e desenvolvimento de urólitos é importante analisar a composição dos cálculos. Para isso, existem várias técnicas disponíveis atualmente, algumas de mais fácil acesso e outras, nem tanto. Dessa forma, objetiva-se com a presente revisão realizar uma breve introdução sobre a urolitíase e apresentar as técnicas mais utilizadas na análise da composição de urólitos, em caninos e felinos, bem como apontar as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma das técnicas.

Air layering in Caryocar brasiliense - effect of stem diameter / Alporquia em pequizeiro - efeito do diâmetro do caule

Seed propagation of pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) has many disadvantages, including low germination rates and high genetic variability of the resulting plants. Therefore, vegetative propagation techniques, such as the air layering process, are potentially important for this species. This study evaluated the effects of stem diameter and parental plant on the air layering efficacy of pequizeiro. The air layering process was carried out in mid-December 2019, in the following stem diameters: less than 15 mm; 15-19 mm; 20-24 mm; 25-29 mm and above 29 mm. The treatments comprised four replicates of 10 air layers. After 3 months, the percentages of survival, callus formation and rooting were evaluated, in addition to the rooting vigor. The percentages of survival and callus formation observed in the air layering, regardless the parental plant, were higher than 85%, showing the high potential of this technique in the propagation of pequizeiro. The callus differentiation rate in roots varied between the parental plants. Considering the evaluated parameters, stem diameters ranging from 20 to 24 mm are the most suitable ones for the air layering process in pequizeiro. These results indicated the high potential of the air layering technique for the commercial propagation of pequizeiro.

A propagação seminal de pequizeiro acarreta grande variabilidade na taxa de germinação e no genótipo das mudas produzidas, mostrando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de técnicas para a propagação vegetativa dessa espécie, como a alporquia. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a eficácia da alporquia, bem como o efeito do diâmetro do caule e da planta-mãe na sobrevivência, no calejamento e no enraizamento de alporques de pequizeiro. O processo de alporquia foi realizado em meados de dezembro de 2019, nos seguintes diâmetros de caule: inferior a 15 mm; 15-19 mm; 20-24 mm; 25-29 mm e superior a 29 mm. Os tratamentos foram testados em quatro repetições de 10 alporques. Após três meses, avaliaram-se as porcentagens de sobrevivência, de calejamento e de enraizamento, além do vigor de enraizamento. As porcentagens de sobrevivência e de calejamento nos alporques, independentemente da planta matriz, foram superiores a 85%, mostrando o grande potencial dessa técnica na reprodução de pequizeiro. A taxa de diferenciação de calos em raízes variou entre as matrizes. Considerando os parâmetros avaliados, diâmetros de caule de 20 a 24 mm são os mais adequados para a alporquia em pequizeiro. Esses resultados indicam o potencial da técnica de alporquia para a produção comercial de mudas de pequizeiro.

Physicochemical techniques for determining the composition of canine and feline uroliths: a literature review / Técnicas físico-químicas para determinação da composição de urólitos em caninos e felinos: uma revisão de literatura

Urinary lithiasis has been reported as a problem that affects humankind since ancient times and has been described in several animal species. The condition is a consequence of other diseases that may be present in the urinary system or related to other body disorders. The stone composition needs to be analyzed to identify the possible causes that led to the formation and development of uroliths. For this, several techniques are currently available, some of which are promptly accessible, while others are not. Thus, this literature review aimed to perform a brief introduction on urolithiasis, present the most used techniques in the analysis of the composition of canine and feline uroliths and point out the advantages and disadvantages of each technique.(AU)

A litíase urinária foi reportada como um problema que atinge a humanidade desde a antiguidade e já foi descrita em diversas espécies de animais. A doença é considerada consequência de outras enfermidades que podem estar presentes no sistema urinário, ou relacionados com outros distúrbios do organismo. Para identificar as possíveis causas que levaram à formação e desenvolvimento de urólitos é importante analisar a composição dos cálculos. Para isso, existem várias técnicas disponíveis atualmente, algumas de mais fácil acesso e outras, nem tanto. Dessa forma, objetiva-se com a presente revisão realizar uma breve introdução sobre a urolitíase e apresentar as técnicas mais utilizadas na análise da composição de urólitos, em caninos e felinos, bem como apontar as vantagens e desvantagens de cada uma das técnicas.(AU)

Effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches after unilateral mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Klein’s cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart...

Effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches after unilateral mastectomy

Background: Mammary tumors, for which mastectomy is the main treatment, are the most common neoplasms in bitches. Mastectomy is painful and, in order to reduce the pain stimulus in the transoperative period, tumescent local anesthesia is associated with general inhalation anesthesia. However, despite the numerous benefits of tumescence, intraoperative hypothermia is the most common complication. In Medicine, especially in plastic and dermatological surgery, it is common to use a heated tumescence solution to prevent intraoperative hypothermia; however, in Veterinary medicine, no previous study has examined the advantages and disadvantages of using heated tumescence solution. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the transanesthetic cardiorespiratory effects of heated tumescence solution in bitches submitted to radical unilateral mastectomy. Materials, Methods & Results: Eight animals were treated with 0.1% lidocaine solution, warmed to 37-42°C, using a Kleins cannula for administration. Chlorpromazine (0.3 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication intramuscularly, and induction was performed with intravenous propofol and maintenance with isoflurane. The data collection times were as follows: 15 min after starting isoflurane administration (M1), 5 min after tumescence (M2), after beginning of surgical incision (M3), during breast pullout (M4), after clamping of the superficial caudal epigastric vein, and artery (M5), after the beginning of the approximation of the subcutaneous tissue (M6), after the beginning of the intradermal suture (M7), and at the end of the surgical procedure (Mfinal). The heart...(AU)

Western Blot no imunodiagnóstico de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes / Western Blot in immunodiagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus

Background: Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses causecaprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology hasgreat importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the westernblot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV.Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulinsagainst SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this techniquecan detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA.SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28)occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of thepersistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological testhas a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It shouldbe noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escapemechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence...

Western Blot no imunodiagnóstico de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes / Western Blot in immunodiagnosis of small ruminant lentivirus

Background: Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belong to genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae. These viruses causecaprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) and maedi visna (MV), infectious diseases that cause economic, production, and reproductive losses. There are no effective treatments or vaccines for these diseases. Thus, early detection via serology hasgreat importance for control of SRLV. Therefore, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the potential of the westernblot (WB) test as an immunodiagnostic test for SRLV.Review: In general, immunodiagnosis of SRLV is performed via agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and indirect enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), which can detect antibodies in several different biological samples but is used preferably with serum and blood plasma. However, WB has demonstrated efficacy in the early diagnosis of immunoglobulinsagainst SRLV, presenting higher sensitivity and specificity than the serological tests usually used, because this techniquecan detect antibodies at a dilution as much as 256 times greater than that of AGID and 32 times greater than that of ELISA.SRLV infection and consequent immunological activation result in the induction of cellular and humoral responses. Additionally, around the third week, production of antibodies directed mainly toward viral capsid proteins (p25 and p28)occurs. After the fifth week, production of immunoglobulins directed toward other viral proteins occurs. Because of thepersistence of SRLV infection, serology is considered to be the most practical means to diagnosis. Each serological testhas a percentage specificity and distinct sensitivity, as well as advantages and disadvantages in its applicability. It shouldbe noted that there is no gold standard test for diagnosis of SRLV infection. Moreover, SRLV are characterized by escapemechanisms such as genetic diversity, mutagenic potential, viral intermittence...(AU)

Evaluating Journal Impact Factor: a systematic survey of the pros and cons, and overview of alternative measures

Journal Impact Factor (JIF) has several intrinsic flaws, which highlight its inability to adequately measure citation distributions or indicate journal quality. Despite these flaws, JIF is still widely used within the academic community, resulting in the propagation of potentially misleading information. A critical review of the usefulness of JIF is needed including an overview of the literature to identify viable alternative metrics. The objectives of this study are: (1) to assess the usefulness of JIF by compiling and comparing its advantages and disadvantages; (2) to record the differential uses of JIF within research environments; and (3) to summarize and compare viable alternative measures to JIF. Methods: Three separate literature search strategies using MEDLINE and Web of Science were completed to address the three study objectives. Each search was completed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results were compiled in tabular format and analyzed based on reporting frequency. Results: For objective (1), 84 studies were included in qualitative analysis. It was found that the recorded advantages of JIF were outweighed by disadvantages (18 disadvantages vs. 9 advantages). For objective (2), 653 records were included in a qualitative analysis. JIF was found to be most commonly used in journal ranking (n = 653, 100%) and calculation of scientific research productivity (n = 367, 56.2%). For objective (3), 65 works were included in qualitative analysis. These articles revealed 45 alternatives, which includes 18 alternatives that improve on highly reported disadvantages of JIF. Conclusion: JIF has many disadvantages and is applied beyond its original intent, leading to inaccurate information. Several metrics have been identified to improve on certain disadvantages of JIF. Integrated Impact Indicator (I3) shows great promise as an alternative to JIF. However, further scientometric analysis is needed to assess its properties.(AU)

Evaluating Journal Impact Factor: a systematic survey of the pros and cons, and overview of alternative measures

Journal Impact Factor (JIF) has several intrinsic flaws, which highlight its inability to adequately measure citation distributions or indicate journal quality. Despite these flaws, JIF is still widely used within the academic community, resulting in the propagation of potentially misleading information. A critical review of the usefulness of JIF is needed including an overview of the literature to identify viable alternative metrics. The objectives of this study are: (1) to assess the usefulness of JIF by compiling and comparing its advantages and disadvantages; (2) to record the differential uses of JIF within research environments; and (3) to summarize and compare viable alternative measures to JIF. Methods: Three separate literature search strategies using MEDLINE and Web of Science were completed to address the three study objectives. Each search was completed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Results were compiled in tabular format and analyzed based on reporting frequency. Results: For objective (1), 84 studies were included in qualitative analysis. It was found that the recorded advantages of JIF were outweighed by disadvantages (18 disadvantages vs. 9 advantages). For objective (2), 653 records were included in a qualitative analysis. JIF was found to be most commonly used in journal ranking (n = 653, 100%) and calculation of scientific research productivity (n = 367, 56.2%). For objective (3), 65 works were included in qualitative analysis. These articles revealed 45 alternatives, which includes 18 alternatives that improve on highly reported disadvantages of JIF. Conclusion: JIF has many disadvantages and is applied beyond its original intent, leading to inaccurate information. Several metrics have been identified to improve on certain disadvantages of JIF. Integrated Impact Indicator (I3) shows great promise as an alternative to JIF. However, further scientometric analysis is needed to assess its properties.(AU)

Avaliação radiográfica da displasia coxofemoral em cães / Radiographic evaluation of hip dysplasia in dogs

A articulação coxofemoral é composta por duas estruturas osteoarticulares: a cavidade acetabular e o fêmur. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes desta região e acomete, principalmente, cães de grande porte. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes dessa região e acomete, principalmente, animais de grande porte. É caracterizada por frouxidão articular, formação anormal do quadril e doença articular degenerativa. Apresenta alta herdabilidade e os fatores ambientais contribuem para a expressão fenotípica e a gravidade do distúrbio. Claudicação, dor e redução na amplitude do movimento da articulação são os principais sinais clínicos, no entanto, a apresentação clínica pode ser variável. A radiografia pélvica e a avaliação clínica são os principais métodos para se diagnosticar a doença. Inúmeras técnicas radiográficas podem ser utilizadas no diagnóstico. A projeção ventrodorsal do quadril com os membros posteriores estendidos é usada pela Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) e British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). Contudo, os métodos Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index e Dorsal Acetabular Rim utilizam outras projeções e avaliam a frouxidão articular com intuito de diagnóstico precoce desta afecção. Objetivou-se com este artigo descrever as principais metodologias radiográficas utilizadas para avaliação e diagnóstico da displasia coxofemoral em cães, bem como suas vantagens, desvantagens e limitações de cada técnica.

The hip joint is composed of two osteoarticular structures: the acetabular cavity and the femur. Dysplasia is one of the most frequent orthopedic diseases in this region and mainly affects large dogs. It is characterized by joint laxity, abnormal hip formation and degenerative joint disease. It presents high heritability and environmental factors contribute to phenotypic expression and the severity of the disorder. Claudication, pain, and reduced range of motion of the joint are the main clinical signs, however, the clinical presentation can be variable. Pelvic radiography and clinical evaluation are the main methods to diagnose the disease. Countless radiographic techniques can be used in the diagnosis. The ventrodorsal projection of the hip with extended hind limbs is used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). However, the Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index and Dorsal Acetabular Kidney methods use other projections and evaluate joint laxity in order to diagnose this condition early. The aim of this work is to describe the main radiographic methodologies used for the evaluation and diagnosis of hip dysplasia in dogs, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each technique.

Prediction of soil organic matter and clay contents by near-infrared spectroscopy - NIRS / Predição dos teores de matéria orgânica e argila do solo por espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo - NIRS

Among the soil constituents, special attention is given to soil organic matter (SOM) and clay contents, since, among other aspects, they are key factors to nutrient retention and soil aggregates formation, which directly affect the crop production potential. The methods commonly used for the quantification of these constituents have some disadvantages, such as the use of chemical reactants and waste generation. An alternative to these methods is the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. The aim of this research is to evaluate models for SOM and clay quantification in soil samples using spectral data by NIRS. A set (n = 400) of soil samples previously analyzed by traditional methods were used to generate a NIRS calibration curve. The clay content was determined by the hydrometer method while SOM content was determined by sulfochromic solution. For calibration, we used the original spectra (absorbance) and spectral pretreatment (Savitzky-Golay smoothing derivative) in the following models: multiple linear regression (MLR), partial last squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The curve validation was performed with the SVM model (best performance in the calibration based on R² and RMSE) in two ways: with 40 random samples from the calibration set and another set with 200 new unknown samples. The soil clay content affects the predictive ability of the calibration curve to estimate SOM content by NIRS. Validation curves showed poorer performance (lower R² and higher RMSE) when generated from unknown samples, where the model tends to overestimate the lower levels and to underestimate the higher levels of clay and SOM. Despite the potential of NIRS technique to predict these attributes, further calibration studies are still needed to use this technique in soil analysis laboratories.(AU)

Dentre os constituintes do solo, especial atenção é voltada aos teores de argila e de matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), pois, entre outros aspectos, são determinantes para retenção de nutrientes e a formação de agregados no solo, os quais afetam diretamente o potencial produtivo das culturas. Os métodos mais comumente utilizados para quantificação destes constituintes apresentam algumas desvantagens, como o uso de reagentes químicos e a geração de resíduos. Uma alternativa a estes métodos é o uso da espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (near infrared spectroscopy - NIRS). O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar modelos de quantificação dos teores de argila e de MOS em amostras de solo utilizando dados espectrais por meio da técnica NIRS. Foram utilizadas 400 amostras de solos com amplitude nos teores de MOS e argila para geração de uma curva de calibração. A argila foi determinada pelo método do densímetro e a MOS por meio da solução sulfocrômica. Para calibração, utilizou-se os espectros originais (absorbância) e com pré-tratamento espectral (Savitzky-Golay derivative) das 400 amostras nos seguintes modelos: multiple linear regression (MLR), partial last squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM) e Gaussian process regression (GPR). A validação da curva foi realizada com o modelo que apresentou melhor desempenho na calibração (SVM) de duas maneiras: com 40 amostras aleatórias oriundas daquelas utilizadas na calibração e com outras 200 novas amostras desconhecidas. O teor de argila das amostras de solo afeta a capacidade preditiva da curva de calibração da estimativa do teor de MOS pelo NIRS. A validação das curvas apresentou pior desempenho (menor R² e maior RMSE) quando feita a partir de amostras desconhecidas, cujo modelo tende a superestimar os teores mais baixos e subestimar os teores mais elevados de argila e MOS...(AU)

Avaliação radiográfica da displasia coxofemoral em cães / Radiographic evaluation of hip dysplasia in dogs

A articulação coxofemoral é composta por duas estruturas osteoarticulares: a cavidade acetabular e o fêmur. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes desta região e acomete, principalmente, cães de grande porte. A displasia é uma das doenças ortopédicas mais frequentes dessa região e acomete, principalmente, animais de grande porte. É caracterizada por frouxidão articular, formação anormal do quadril e doença articular degenerativa. Apresenta alta herdabilidade e os fatores ambientais contribuem para a expressão fenotípica e a gravidade do distúrbio. Claudicação, dor e redução na amplitude do movimento da articulação são os principais sinais clínicos, no entanto, a apresentação clínica pode ser variável. A radiografia pélvica e a avaliação clínica são os principais métodos para se diagnosticar a doença. Inúmeras técnicas radiográficas podem ser utilizadas no diagnóstico. A projeção ventrodorsal do quadril com os membros posteriores estendidos é usada pela Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) e British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). Contudo, os métodos Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index e Dorsal Acetabular Rim utilizam outras projeções e avaliam a frouxidão articular com intuito de diagnóstico precoce desta afecção. Objetivou-se com este artigo descrever as principais metodologias radiográficas utilizadas para avaliação e diagnóstico da displasia coxofemoral em cães, bem como suas vantagens, desvantagens e limitações de cada técnica.(AU)

The hip joint is composed of two osteoarticular structures: the acetabular cavity and the femur. Dysplasia is one of the most frequent orthopedic diseases in this region and mainly affects large dogs. It is characterized by joint laxity, abnormal hip formation and degenerative joint disease. It presents high heritability and environmental factors contribute to phenotypic expression and the severity of the disorder. Claudication, pain, and reduced range of motion of the joint are the main clinical signs, however, the clinical presentation can be variable. Pelvic radiography and clinical evaluation are the main methods to diagnose the disease. Countless radiographic techniques can be used in the diagnosis. The ventrodorsal projection of the hip with extended hind limbs is used by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA), Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club (BVA/KC). However, the Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP), Dorsolateral Subluxation Score (DLS), Flückiger Subluxation Index and Dorsal Acetabular Kidney methods use other projections and evaluate joint laxity in order to diagnose this condition early. The aim of this work is to describe the main radiographic methodologies used for the evaluation and diagnosis of hip dysplasia in dogs, as well as their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of each technique.(AU)

Considerations on avian fractures / Considerações sobre fraturas em aves / Consideraciones sobre fracturas en aves

La presente revisión tuvo por objetivos describir aspectos relacionados a las fracturas en aves, algunos métodos de inmovilización y las complicaciones de las fracturas. Aunque los principios de reparación de las fracturas en las aves son similares a los de los pequeños animales, existen diferencias que deben considerarse en el momento de la aplicación del método de inmovilización. Las fracturas en aves pueden ser inmovilizadas por medio de la coaptación externa (tallos y vendajes), fijación interna (Clavos, hilos de cerclaje, placas óseas) y fijación externa, entre otros, cada uno con sus ventajas y desventajas. La severidad de la fractura interfiere en la tasa y el curso de la consolidación; sin embargo, la estabilidad clínica puede preceder a la evidencia radiográfica, que es visibilizada entre tercera y sexta semana. Las fracturas en aves tienden a ser expuestas y conminutas, debido a la insuficiente cobertura de tejidos blandos. Cuando están expuestas, las fracturas presentan un alto riesgo de osteomielitis y, consecuentemente, pueden desarrollar unión atrasada o no-unión.

This review aimed to describe aspects of bird fractures, some immobilization techniques and the complications of fractures. Although the principles of fracture repair in birds are similar to those of small animals, there are differences that should be considered during the application of the immobilization method. Fractures in birds can be immobilized by external coaptation (splints and bandages), internal fixation (pins, cerclage wires, bone plates) and external fixation, among others, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. The severity of the fracture interferes in the rate and course of bone healing; however, clinical stability may precede radiographic evidence, which is visible in 3-6 weeks. Avian fractures tend to be open and comminuted, because of the scarce cover of soft tissues. Open fractures have high risk of developing osteomyelitis and, consequently, may develop delayed union or non-union.

A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.

Considerations on avian fractures / Considerações sobre fraturas em aves / Consideraciones sobre fracturas en aves

La presente revisión tuvo por objetivos describir aspectos relacionados a las fracturas en aves, algunos métodos de inmovilización y las complicaciones de las fracturas. Aunque los principios de reparación de las fracturas en las aves son similares a los de los pequeños animales, existen diferencias que deben considerarse en el momento de la aplicación del método de inmovilización. Las fracturas en aves pueden ser inmovilizadas por medio de la coaptación externa (tallos y vendajes), fijación interna (Clavos, hilos de cerclaje, placas óseas) y fijación externa, entre otros, cada uno con sus ventajas y desventajas. La severidad de la fractura interfiere en la tasa y el curso de la consolidación; sin embargo, la estabilidad clínica puede preceder a la evidencia radiográfica, que es visibilizada entre tercera y sexta semana. Las fracturas en aves tienden a ser expuestas y conminutas, debido a la insuficiente cobertura de tejidos blandos. Cuando están expuestas, las fracturas presentan un alto riesgo de osteomielitis y, consecuentemente, pueden desarrollar unión atrasada o no-unión.(AU)

This review aimed to describe aspects of bird fractures, some immobilization techniques and the complications of fractures. Although the principles of fracture repair in birds are similar to those of small animals, there are differences that should be considered during the application of the immobilization method. Fractures in birds can be immobilized by external coaptation (splints and bandages), internal fixation (pins, cerclage wires, bone plates) and external fixation, among others, each one with its own advantages and disadvantages. The severity of the fracture interferes in the rate and course of bone healing; however, clinical stability may precede radiographic evidence, which is visible in 3-6 weeks. Avian fractures tend to be open and comminuted, because of the scarce cover of soft tissues. Open fractures have high risk of developing osteomyelitis and, consequently, may develop delayed union or non-union.(AU)

A presente revisão teve por objetivos descrever aspectos das fraturas em aves, alguns métodos de imobilização e as complicações das fraturas. Embora os princípios de reparo da fratura em aves seja similar aos de pequenos animais, existem diferenças que precisam ser consideradas no momento da aplicação do método de imobilização. As fraturas em aves podem ser imobilizadas por meio da coaptação externa (talas e bandagens), fixação interna (pinos, fios de cerclagem, placas ósseas) e fixação externa, entre outros, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. A severidade da fratura interfere na taxa e curso da consolidação; contudo, a estabilidade clínica pode preceder a evidência radiográfica, que é visibilizada entre 3 e 6 semanas. As fraturas em aves tendem a ser expostas e cominutivas, em virtude da insuficiente cobertura de tecidos moles. Quando expostas, as fraturas apresentam alto risco de osteomielite e, consequentemente, podem desenvolver união atrasada ou não-união.(AU)

Do polyembryonic seeds of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae) have advantages for seedling development? / Sementes poliembriônicas de Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae) tem vantagens para o desenvolvimento das plântulas?

Polyembryony is the differentiation and development of multiple embryos in a single seed. This characteristic can provide advantages, as more than one embryo is produced with the same amount of resources, and the probability of establishment of at least one seedling increases. However, sibling seedlings may also increase competition, affecting development and survival. In the present study, the possible advantages and disadvantages of polyembryony were analyzed in the initial establishment of seedlings of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), a tree species that produces monoembryonic or polyembryonic seeds. In this regard, the development of single seedlings was compared with a pair of seedlings emerging from polyembryonic seeds. We compared the development of seedlings attached to or detached from each other and to the seed resources. We observed two levels of competition: (a) for the seed reserves during germination and initial development, as multiple embryos of C. surinamensis share the same reserves, and (b) for external factors, mostly space for root and shoot development, and also for light. Reducing the competition for external factors by separating the siblings was not enough to reduce the effects of competition for seed reserves in the first six months of development. Nevertheless, viable seedlings were produced in all treatments. Thus, depending on sprout management in the nursery, the number of seedlings per seed can be significantly increased by detaching the seedlings, or more vigorous seedlings can be obtained when only one seedling is maintained.(AU)

Poliembrionia é a diferenciação e o desenvolvimento de múltiplos embriões em uma única semente. Esta característica pode proporcionar diversas vantagens, como aumentar o número de embriões produzidos com a mesma quantidade de recursos, e aumentar a probabilidade de estabelecimento de pelo menos uma plântula de uma única semente. Por outro lado, a competição entre plântulas pode aumentar, afetando seu desenvolvimento e sobrevivência. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as possíveis vantagens e desvantagens da poliembrionia em sementes de andiroba, Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), uma espécie arbórea que produz sementes monoembriônicas ou poliembriônicas. Comparamos o desenvolvimento de plântulas únicas com o de pares de plântulas provenientes de sementes poliembriônicas. As plântulas foram mantidas unidas ou separadas entre si e ligadas à ou destacadas da semente. Os resultados revelaram dois níveis de competição: (a) pelas reservas da semente durante a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial da plântula, quando embriões múltiplos de C. surinamensis compartilham as mesmas reservas, e (b) por fatores externos, principalmente espaço para o desenvolvimento da raiz e da parte aérea, e luz. A redução da competição por fatores externos, através da separação das plântulas, não foi suficiente para reduzir os efeitos da competição pelas reservas das sementes nos primeiros seis meses de desenvolvimento. Apesar disso, plântulas viáveis foram produzidas em todos os tratamentos. Assim, dependendo do manejo dos brotos em viveiro, o número de plântulas produzidas pode ser aumentado significativamente por meio da separação entre plântulas, ou o vigor das plântulas pode ser incrementado através de sua manutenção individualizada.(AU)

Do polyembryonic seeds of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae) have advantages for seedling development?

Polyembryony is the differentiation and development of multiple embryos in a single seed. This characteristic can provide advantages, as more than one embryo is produced with the same amount of resources, and the probability of establishment of at least one seedling increases. However, sibling seedlings may also increase competition, affecting development and survival. In the present study, the possible advantages and disadvantages of polyembryony were analyzed in the initial establishment of seedlings of Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), a tree species that produces monoembryonic or polyembryonic seeds. In this regard, the development of single seedlings was compared with a pair of seedlings emerging from polyembryonic seeds. We compared the development of seedlings attached to or detached from each other and to the seed resources. We observed two levels of competition: (a) for the seed reserves during germination and initial development, as multiple embryos of C. surinamensis share the same reserves, and (b) for external factors, mostly space for root and shoot development, and also for light. Reducing the competition for external factors by separating the siblings was not enough to reduce the effects of competition for seed reserves in the first six months of development. Nevertheless, viable seedlings were produced in all treatments. Thus, depending on sprout management in the nursery, the number of seedlings per seed can be significantly increased by detaching the seedlings, or more vigorous seedlings can be obtained when only one seedling is maintained.(AU)

Poliembrionia é a diferenciação e o desenvolvimento de múltiplos embriões em uma única semente. Esta característica pode proporcionar diversas vantagens, como aumentar o número de embriões produzidos com a mesma quantidade de recursos, e aumentar a probabilidade de estabelecimento de pelo menos uma plântula de uma única semente. Por outro lado, a competição entre plântulas pode aumentar, afetando seu desenvolvimento e sobrevivência. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as possíveis vantagens e desvantagens da poliembrionia em sementes de andiroba, Carapa surinamensis (Meliaceae), uma espécie arbórea que produz sementes monoembriônicas ou poliembriônicas. Comparamos o desenvolvimento de plântulas únicas com o de pares de plântulas provenientes de sementes poliembriônicas. As plântulas foram mantidas unidas ou separadas entre si e ligadas à ou destacadas da semente. Os resultados revelaram dois níveis de competição: (a) pelas reservas da semente durante a germinação e desenvolvimento inicial da plântula, quando embriões múltiplos de C. surinamensis compartilham as mesmas reservas, e (b) por fatores externos, principalmente espaço para o desenvolvimento da raiz e da parte aérea, e luz. A redução da competição por fatores externos, através da separação das plântulas, não foi suficiente para reduzir os efeitos da competição pelas reservas das sementes nos primeiros seis meses de desenvolvimento. Apesar disso, plântulas viáveis foram produzidas em todos os tratamentos. Assim, dependendo do manejo dos brotos em viveiro, o número de plântulas produzidas pode ser aumentado significativamente por meio da separação entre plântulas, ou o vigor das plântulas pode ser incrementado através de sua manutenção individualizada.(AU)