Thromboembolism in a bitch - diagnosis by infrared thermography

Background: Thermography is a noninvasive, non-contact, painless, and non-ionizing imaging technique that records cutaneous thermal patterns generated by infrared emission of the surface. The surface heat is closely related to dermal microcirculation. Thromboembolism is responsible for important changes in the thermal pattern of the body surface due to physical obstruction of blood flow, being the main complication in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The aim of this paper is to report a dog with thrombus in his left forelimb secondary to idiopathic hemolytic anemia, whose diagnostic screening was performed through infrared thermography. Case: A 9-year-old mixed breed bitch was referred to a veterinary hospital with a history of emesis, diarrhea and dark-colored urine for 2 days. The complete blood count showed hypochromic macrocytic anemia (hematocrit [HTC] 28%, reference: 37 to 55%) with the presence of nucleated erythrocyte (14/100 leukocytes, reference: 0 to 5/100 leukocytes), polychromasia and spherocytes. Leukocytosis (28,300 mm³, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³) by neutrophilia with left deviation and toxic granulations was also present, in addition to hemoglobinuria at urine exam. Therefore, treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was instituted. After 2 days, the animal returned with acute functional impairment of the left forelimb. Physical examination revealed that the limb was cold, without pulse, proprioception, reflexes, and deep pain. New blood analyses revealed decreased hematocrit (HTC 17%, reference: 37 to 55%), and increased total leukocyte number (57,000 mm3, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³). Infrared thermography revealed an important temperature difference between the limbs, with the affected limb temperature considerably lower (31.3ºC) when compared to the contralateral limb (35.0ºC). Thermography showed the site of the thrombus in the medial portion of the limb (cephalic vein), where the catheter had been placed for fluid therapy. Due to the severity of the condition, the bitch was submitted to amputation surgery, which occurred without complications. The patient had a good response to treatment, with decreased signs of hemolysis and hypercoagulability. The medications were slowly withdrawn, and the clinical discharge occurred after 4 weeks. Discussion: In humans, thermography has been widely used in the assessment of thrombotic diseases, contributing to diagnosis, localization, and prognosis. In veterinary medicine, however, the use of this tool in the diagnosis of thromboembolism is still rare. The difference of 3.7°C between the affected and contralateral limb was objectively verified using thermography. A minimum difference of 2.4°C between limbs has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thromboembolism and occurs due to the reduction in local blood flow. In the present case this tool was essential for the anatomical location of the thrombus, which was in the middle third of the forearm, and allowed an adequate surgical planning. It is known that the main complication of IMHA is thromboembolism. Its predisposing factors include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, being exacerbated by cage confinement, decubitus and presence of a peripheral venous catheter. The reported case corroborates at least one of these factors since it had a peripheral venous catheter in the left forelimb, which later showed absence of pulse, spinal reflexes, pain and proprioception. The thermography showed to be an objective, rapid and non-invasive tool to diagnose and precisely locate the thrombus, which allowed for adequate treatment and surgical planning for the case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about use of thermography to diagnose thromboembolism secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog.

Bloqueio do plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulação elétrica em jabuti piranga (Chelonoidis carbonarius) submetido à intervenção cirúrgica em membro torácico: Relato de caso / Brachial plexus block guided by electrical neurostimulation in a tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonarius) undergoing surgical intervention in the forelimb: Case report

A anestesia local tem sido recomendada para intervenções cirúrgicas quando se procura evitar a anestesia geral do animal com o intuito de minimizar os riscos, que podem ocorrer durante o aprofundamento do plano anestésico, além de promover uma rápida recuperação. O presente trabalho descreve o caso de um jabuti piranga (C. carbonarius) submetido à contenção química associada a bloqueio anestésico em plexo braquial para realização da excisão cirúrgica de um abcesso em membro tórácico direito, sendo apresentadas considerações sobre a aplicabilidade desta técnica em quelônios com destaque para os cuidados a serem tomados pelo anestesista durante a intervenção.(AU)

Local anesthesia has been recommended for surgical interventions when trying to avoid the need of general anesthesia of the animal and to minimize any risks that may occur during the deepening of the anesthetic plane, in addition to promoting a quick recovery. The present work describes the case of a tortoise (C. carbonarius) submitted to chemical restraint associated whit anesthesic blockage in the brachial plexus during surgical intervention to remove an abscess in the right thoracic limb, presenting considerations about the applicability of this technique in chelonians, with emphasis on the care to be taken by the anesthesiologist during the intervention.(AU)

Craniolateral forearm muscles of the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and a comparative review with other carnivorans / Músculos cráneo-laterales del antebrazo del mapache cangrejero (Procyon cancrivorus) y una revisión comparativa con otros carnívoros

The crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) is a species of the order Carnivora and family Procyonidae with a geographical distribution in Central and South America. Although crab-eating raccoons use scansorial locomotion, they also have aquatic habits, displaying greatly developed skills when handling their food. This species can frequently be found in wildlife care centers due to injuries caused by domestic dogs, humans, and car collisions. Having knowledge of the species' gross anatomy and anatomical bases is imperative to perform the most appropriate medical and surgical procedures. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to analyze the interspecific and intraspecific differences of the craniolateral forearm muscles of Procyon cancrivorus. Gross dissections were performed in four specimens describing the origin, insertion, shape, innervation, and arterial supply of the craniolateral forearm muscles. There is a constant and well development of brachioradialis muscle comparatively to that described in strictly cursorial species; the extensor carpi radialis muscle has two bellies that are fused proximally; the extensor digitorum communis muscle can also extend the tendon to the digit I as an anatomical variant, and the extensor digiti I and II muscle also extends the tendon to digit III. All are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve, and their arterial supply is mainly by the radial collateral, cubital transverse, and cranial interosseous arteries. The anatomical characteristics observed in this study complement the previous descriptions for Procyon cancrivorus, and the anatomical variants found in this species can also be in other carnivorans. Thus, the intraspecific anatomical variations of the digital extensor muscles in P. cancrivorus are phylogenetic traits that can occur as a common pattern or as anatomical variants in other species of the order Carnivora.

El mapache cangrejero Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) es una especie del orden Carnivora y familia Procyonidae con distribución geográfica en América Central y del Sur. Esta especie tiene hábitos arbóreos y acuáticos. Tiene una alta frecuencia en los centros de rehabilitación de fauna silvestre debido a las lesiones causadas por perros, humanos y colisiones de automóviles, por esto, tener conocimiento de la anatomía macroscópica de la especie es imprescindible para realizar los procedimientos médicos y quirúrgicos más adecuados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las diferencias inter e intraespecíficas de los músculos cráneo-laterales del antebrazo de Procyon cancrivorus. Se realizaron disecciones macroscópicas en cuatro especímenes donde se describió el origen, inserción, forma, inervación y la irrigación arterial de la musculatura cráneo-lateral del antebrazo. Entre los principales hallazgos se pueden mencionar: el músculo braquiorradial es constante y bien desarrollado comparativamente a lo descrito en especies estrictamente cursoriales; el músculo extensor radial del carpo presenta dos vientres fusionados proximalmente; el músculo extensor común de los dedos también puede formar un tendón al dedo I como una variante anatómica, y el músculo extensor de los dedos I y II también extiende un tendón al dedo III. Todos están inervados por el ramo profundo del nervio radial y su irrigación arterial es principalmente por las arterias colateral radial, transversa cubital e interósea craneal. Las características anatómicas encontradas en este estudio complementan las descripciones anteriores para Procyon cancrivorus, y las variantes anatómicas encontradas en esta especie también pueden encontrarse en otros carnívoros. Así, las variaciones anatómicas intraespecíficas de los músculos extensores digitales en P. cancrivorus son rasgos filogenéticos que se puede presentar en el patrón común o como variante anatómica en otras especies del orden Carnivora.

Amputation of the front medial digit of a Holstein cow - successful parturition and milk production

Background: Diseases of the bovine digit and hoof remain major problems in dairy farming and the beef cow industry. Severe claudication accompanying swelling and pain at the lesion is often observed in deep digital sepsis, septic arthritis, severe sole ulcers, and chronic interdigital phlegmon. In addition, digital amputation is often performed in cases of white line disease or severe trauma, such as bone fractures. There are few reports of amputation of the medial digit of the bovine front hoof. In this case, amputation of the medial digit of the front leg of a pregnant cow was performed; its hospitalization and return to productivity is reported. Case: The bovine was a 9-year-old Holstein cow in the 6th month of pregnancy, weighing 671 kg. Upon admission, the cow could not bear weight on its right front leg, and swelling and a purulent discharge were observed in the coronary area of the medial digit. X-ray examination results indicated a periosteal reaction centered on the 3rd phalanx of the medial digit of its right front leg hoof and slight periosteal reactions at the adaxial sides of the middle and proximal phalanges, strongly suggestive of septic arthritis caused by infection. According to the X-ray examination results, no abnormalities of the lateral digit of the front right hoof were observed; thus, it was estimated that the post-amputation hoof would be able to bear weight. Therefore, a decision was made to perform immediate amputation of the medial digit of the right front leg hoof to reduce pain for improved delivery of the offspring and improved milk production during the lactation period, rather than allowing the lesion progress until the dry period or the expected date of delivery. According to the X-ray examination results, amputation of the 1st phalanx alone was expected to suffice for removal of the cause of the pain; thus, a decision was made to perform amputation at the edge adjacent to the 2nd phalanx. The right front medial digit was prepared for aseptic surgery, and infiltration anesthesia was performed. An incision was made with a surgical knife at the interdigit of the right front limb. A wire saw was inserted into the site to cut the 2nd phalanx in the anti-axial direction down to the skin to resect the lesion. White viscous pus was discharged at the resection site; therefore, the wound was lavaged with tap water and packed with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze. The wound was also covered with a diaper and dressed with non-elastic and elastic bandages. The dressing was changed daily to aid wound healing. No problems were observed in the standing-up motion or other relevant movements immediately after the surgery. Granulation tissue formed rapidly, approximately 2 weeks after the surgery, and the lesion dried gradually. Approximately one month after the surgery, the subject exhibited little difficulty in both standing up and walking. The subject successfully delivered its 7th offspring at the farm on postoperative day 93. Discussion: The animal of this study was a 9-year-old, pregnant cow, and although amputation of the front medial digit is a relatively rare procedure, the cow was able to deliver and return to production, owing to sufficient postoperative treatment and care. The case also demonstrated the advantage of X-ray examination in bovine hoof diseases for accurate diagnosis, precise operation, and prognostic assessment.

Effect of the trimming of the toe region of healthy horses forelimb hooves on morphology, distal angles and locomotion by cinematography / [Efeito do casqueamento da região da pinça dos cascos torácicos de equinos sadios sobre a morfologia dos cascos, ângulos articulares distais e locomoção por cinematografia]

Seven forelimb hooves from healthy horses were submitted to regular trimming and fourteen days later, submitted to toe trimming. Toe angle and length, lateral and medial heels, frog and sole length and width, distal, proximal, and metacarpal phalangeal interphalangeal angles were measured, as well as locomotion evaluation through cinematographic analysis. The measurements were performed ten, 14, 15, 30 and 45 days after the regular trimming, and at 14 days two measurements, one before and one after the toe trimming, were carried out. For cinematography, the sequence of supports and time spent in each support were taken. The comparison of the means obtained from the individuals regarding the variables, between limbs, limbs for each individual, time - points, moments for each individual and between limbs for each moment, as well as the time spent in each in the supports, was performed using ANOVA. Results lower than those of statistical significance (p<0.05) were submitted to Tukey's test. The toe trimming promotes changes in toe length, angle, lateral heel angle, medial and lateral heel length, frog length, width, and sole length, and changes the pattern of the trot of horses.

Sete cascos de membros posteriores de cavalos saudáveis foram submetidos ao corte regular e, quatorze dias depois, submetidos ao corte dos pés. Foram medidos ângulo e comprimento dos dedos, saltos laterais e mediais, comprimento e largura do sapo e da sola, ângulos interfalangianos distais, proximais e metacarpianos da falange, bem como avaliação da locomoção através de análise cinematográfica. As medições foram realizadas dez, 14, 15, 30 e 45 dias após o corte regular, e aos 14 dias foram realizadas duas medições, uma antes e uma depois do corte do dedo do pé. Para a cinematografia, foi feita a seqüência de suportes e o tempo gasto em cada suporte. A comparação dos meios obtidos dos indivíduos em relação às variáveis, entre membros, membros para cada indivíduo, tempo - pontos, momentos para cada indivíduo e entre membros para cada momento, assim como o tempo gasto em cada um dos suportes, foi realizada utilizando ANOVA. Resultados inferiores aos de significância estatística (p<0,05) foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey. O corte do pé promove mudanças no comprimento do pé, ângulo, ângulo do calcanhar lateral, comprimento do calcanhar medial e lateral, comprimento do sapo, largura e comprimento da sola, e muda o padrão do trote dos cavalos.

Chronic progressive lymphoedema in a Friesian horse: clinical aspects and diagnostic approach - case report / [Linfedema progressivo crônico em um cavalo Friesian: aspectos clínicos e abordagem diagnóstica - relato de caso]

Chronic Progressive Lymphoedema (CPL) is a disabling disease of draft horses that affects lymphatic system function typically in the distal limbs. Deformities of distal limbs, especially of the pastern, with fibrosis and skin nodular lesions are consequences of disease progression. A 15-year-old Friesian stallion presented for evaluation with history of forelimb enlargement and nodule formations distal to the carpus for four years. Simple radiographs showed soft tissue nodular lesions and venous contrasted radiography showed intense enlargement of II common digital palmar vein of both forelimbs. Tissue culture tests revealed Streptococcus equi and Proteus mirabilis isolation and skin scraping test identified Chorioptes bovis mites. Histological examination revealed perivasculitis and lymph vessels distention. History, clinical and histological findings, and complementary exams suggested CPL diagnosis. We were unable to find previously published cases describing this disease in Brazil, where the increasing number of draft horses requires attention to this problem. The correct and early diagnosis substantially delays disease progression. Therefore, we highlight the need for nationwide propagation of these data to ensure better diagnosis and early treatment of future CPL cases.

O linfedema crônico progressivo (LCP) é uma enfermidade incapacitante de cavalos de tração que afeta o sistema linfático e se manifesta especialmente na região distal dos membros. A progressão da doença resulta em deformações na região distal dos membros, especialmente na quartela, com fibrose e lesões nodulares na pele. Foi atendido um garanhão da raça Friesian, de 15 anos de idade, com histórico de aumento de volume, nodulações e deformações na região distal dos membros torácicos, com início há aproximadamente quatro anos. Ao exame radiográfico simples, foram identificadas nodulações na pele e no subcutâneo e, ao exame venoso contrastado, identificou-se marcante dilatação II veia digital palmar comum em ambos os membros torácicos. Foi isolado Streptococcus equi e Proteus mirabilis ao cultivo tecidual e identificou-se sarna do tipo corióptica ao raspado de pele. No exame histopatológico, foram identificadas perivasculite e dilatação de vasos linfáticos. Os achados clínicos, histórico, de raça do animal e os exames complementares direcionaram o diagnóstico para o LCP. A pesquisa da literatura nacional não revelou descrições clínicas dessa enfermidade, mas, devido ao aumento do número de animais de tração no país nos últimos anos, a descrição dessa enfermidade se torna importante. O diagnóstico correto e precoce é necessário para retardar a progressão da doença. Nesse sentido, ressalta-se a relevância da divulgação nacional desses achados, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce e permitir o retardo da evolução da doença.

Estabilização de ombro em um gato ­ Relato de caso / Shoulder estabilization in a cat ­ Case report

A estabilidade da articulação do ombro é garantida por ligamentos, cápsula articular, tendões e músculos, contudo traumas podem causar falência dos mecanismos estabilizadores, com consequente luxação ou instabilidade articular. Objetivou-se relatar o caso de instabilidade medial e lateral de ombro direito em felino sem raça definida, atendido com queixa de claudicação aguda de membro torácico secundária a trauma por confronto com outro animal. Inicialmente foi realizado tratamento clínico por meio de imobilização articular. Contudo, devido ao insucesso da técnica, procedeu-se para o tratamento cirúrgico de estabilização articular com prótese ligamentar sintética. No pós-operatório imediato, evidenciou-se ausência de crepitações e instabilidade articular. Após oito dias da cirurgia, o paciente apresentou retorno total às funções de apoio do membro e sem sinais de dor ou redução de movimentos. Concluiu-se que, embora de reduzida ocorrência, a instabilidade de origem traumática do ombro configura-se como um diferencial para claudicação aguda de membro torácico e que o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser necessário, mostrando-se eficiente na resolução de tais casos com o acesso e técnica de estabilização propostos.

The stability of the shoulder joint is granted by ligaments, joint capsule, tendons and muscles. However, traumatic injuries can cause failure of the stabilization mechanisms, which leads to articular luxation or instability. The aim of the paper is to report a case of medial and lateral right shoulder joint instability in a mixed-breed cat, presenting acute forelimb lameness after a fight trauma with another cat. Initially, it was recommended a conservative treatment through articular immobilization. However, the technique was unsuccessful, and the surgery treatment was performed, to stabilize the joint with synthetic ligament prosthetic. In the postoperative period, no crepitation or instability were identified. After eight days of surgery, the patient returned totally to the normal function of the forelimb, without movement restriction or pain. It was concluded that, although rare, the traumatic shoulder joint instability is a differential diagnosis for acute forelimb lameness and the surgical treatment can be necessary, showing a good result in the resolution of these injuries with the surgical approach and stabilization method proposed.

Bothrops envenomation in dogs: local and systemic manifestations

Background: Snakebite envenoming is a condition that affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Identification of the snake species involved in the envenomation is infrequent. Bothrops envenomation presents typical clinicopathological features. This report describes epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of 2 cases of Bothrops envenomation in dogs, including the first case of Bothrops moojeni snake striking a domestic animal in Brazil. Cases: Case 1. A dog was witnessed to have a Bothrops moojeni snakebite on a farm. In the first 24 h, acute lameness, pain, diffuse swelling, focal bleeding at the left forelimb, and increased whole-blood clotting time were observed in the envenomed dog. Polyvalent antivenom was administered in addition to fluid therapy, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. On the 5th day, the animal presented spontaneous bleeding at the wound site, thrombocytopenia, and increased whole-blood clotting time. An additional dose of polyvalent antivenom was administered, and local treatment at the snakebite site was initiated. After 13 days, the dog showed no clinical or laboratory changes and recovered entirely. Case 2. A mongrel dog was taken for a necropsy to determine the cause of death. Grossly, major findings included swelling in the nasal plane that extended to the neck and dissecting hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent musculature. Hemorrhages were observed in the heart, parietal pleura, left forelimb, lumbar region, and perirenal tissue. Marked necrosis and disruption of small blood vessels and lymphatics within the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue were the main microscopic findings close to the snakebite site. Additionally, degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers and dissecting hemorrhage were observed in the head and neck tissues surrounding the snakebite site. Kidneys showed marked interstitial hemorrhage and acute tubular nephrosis. Discussion: Bothrops envenoming is characterized by local (hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis) and systemic (coagulative disorders, systemic hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury) changes due to the effect of the main venom components such as phospholipase A2 and metalloproteinases. These changes are hallmarks for the bothropic envenomation, supporting the diagnosis in cases 1 and 2. In case 1, the dog developed a Bothrops moojeni snakebite envenomation, but the immediate treatment with antivenom allowed a favorable outcome. In case 2, gross and microscopic findings supported the presumptive diagnosis of fatal bothropic envenomation. A marked local reaction such as swelling, pain, bleeding, bruising, and tissue necrosis was observed in case 1. In case 2, the most significant local changes were swelling and edema at the head and neck, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue, and adjacent musculature. Systemic effects were observed clinically as spontaneous bleeding, thrombocytopenia, increased whole-blood clotting time (Case 1), systemic hemorrhages, and acute tubular nephrosis (Case 2). A proper treatment probably prevented the development of acute renal failure in Case 1. Herein, we show the first case of accidental snakebite envenomation by B. moojeni in a dog in Brazil. Information is scarce on the identification of venomous snake species striking domestic animals. Fast detection of well-determined clinical and pathological findings of Bothrops envenomation is essential for a correct diagnosis, therapeutics, and a good prognosis, even in cases with an unknown history.

Unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm in a golden retriever

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...

Unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm in a golden retriever

Background: Atrial ectopic rhythm is a type of supraventricular arrhythmia, originating in two distinct points in the atrialregion. In the electrocardiographic (ECG) tracing, it is represented by independent depolarizations of sinus P waves andectopic P waves. The occurrence of this disorder is rare, and the diagnosis criteria are the presence of the described waveswithin the basal rhythm. In humans, there have been reports related to severe heart failure with an unfavorable prognosis.The present report aimed to describe the clinical case of a dog with unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm without any underlying cardiac disorder.Case: A 8-year-old male golden retriever was brought to a veterinary clinic for a preoperative evaluation for lipoma removalin the right forelimb. On clinical examination, the owner stated that the patient was active, with no signs of easy fatigueor cough. The canine displayed normophagy, normodipsia, normoquezia, and normouria. On physical examination, hedemonstrated a lymphatic temperament with tachypnea. The temperature and capillary filling time were within the normalrange, with a normokinetic pulse. Cardiac auscultation revealed a mild grade I/VI murmur in mitral focus and an 80-bpmheart rate. Respiratory auscultation revealed the presence of harshy lung sounds. The cough reflex was positive; the Piparotetest, negative. The blood test showed no noticeable changes in blood count and serum biochemistry. Systemic systolicblood pressure was 120 mmHg. On radiographic examination, no evidence of heart or lung abnormalities were identified.After the clinical evaluation, an ECG examination was performed; a unilateral atrial ectopic rhythm was observed withdifferent frequencies between atrial and ventricular rhythm and with P (164°) and P waves (80°). On echocardiographic...(AU)

Uso de modelo anatômico para o ensino da técnica de bloqueio regional da porção distal dos membros torácicos em equinos / Anatomical model for teaching the regional anesthesia technique via perineural block of the distal forelimb in horses

A proposta deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo de anestesia regional via bloqueio perineural de equinos para complementar o treinamento de habilidades práticas em alunos de graduação em medicina veterinária. Para a base óssea do modelo foi utilizado o membro torácico de um esqueleto equino. Os tendões e ligamentos foram feitos manualmente com porcelana fria e coloridos com tinta guache. A porcelana fria também foi utilizada para fixar as agulhas nos locais anatômicos para a realização dos bloqueios digital palmar, abaxial do sesamoide, quatro pontos baixos e quatro pontos altos. O modelo foi construído em aula prática realizada em laboratório pelos alunos e posteriormente utilizado para comparação com a anatomia de um equino saudável em aula prática realizada em campo. Neste trabalho, o modelo desenvolvido despertou o interesse pelo estudo da anatomia, estimulou o trabalho em grupo e facilitou o entendimento da relação entre as estruturas utilizadas como referência para o correto posicionamento das agulhas. O uso do modelo em aula complementou de forma ilustrativa a explanação teórica realizada pelo docente e foi recebido de forma positiva pelos alunos da disciplina. Desta forma, o modelo experimental se mostrou um bom método complementar para a prática de bloqueios regionais no membro de equinos. As aulas realizadas com o uso do modelo contribuíram para tornar o estudante um profissional mais preparado, confiante e completo, que poderá oferecer um trabalho de qualidade à sociedade.

The aim of the present study was to develop a model of regional anesthesia via perineural block in horses to supplement the teaching of diagnostic analgesia for undergraduate veterinary students. A simulator was built using an equine forelimb skeleton and cold porcelain painted with gouache. Cold porcelain was also used to attach needles in the positions corresponding to the anatomical location of the palmar digital, abaxial and low four-point nerve blocks. The model was developed by the students and used in practical classes based in the laboratory and in the field. The forelimb of a standing healthy horse was placed next to the model for a better understanding of the anatomical sites. In this work, the model encourages the study of anatomy, stimulated group work and enable the understanding of the anatomical reference sites for performing the technique. The use of the model in class complemented in an illustrative way the theoretical explanation made by the teacher and was received positively by the students. The experimental model proved to be a good alternative method for the practice of regional blocks in the equine forelimb. Classes held with the model contributed to professional training and confidence development, which provides a baseline for a better veterinary working.

Uso de modelo anatômico para o ensino da técnica de bloqueio regional da porção distal dos membros torácicos em equinos / Anatomical model for teaching the regional anesthesia technique via perineural block of the distal forelimb in horses

A proposta deste trabalho foi desenvolver um modelo de anestesia regional via bloqueio perineural de equinos para complementar o treinamento de habilidades práticas em alunos de graduação em medicina veterinária. Para a base óssea do modelo foi utilizado o membro torácico de um esqueleto equino. Os tendões e ligamentos foram feitos manualmente com porcelana fria e coloridos com tinta guache. A porcelana fria também foi utilizada para fixar as agulhas nos locais anatômicos para a realização dos bloqueios digital palmar, abaxial do sesamoide, quatro pontos baixos e quatro pontos altos. O modelo foi construído em aula prática realizada em laboratório pelos alunos e posteriormente utilizado para comparação com a anatomia de um equino saudável em aula prática realizada em campo. Neste trabalho, o modelo desenvolvido despertou o interesse pelo estudo da anatomia, estimulou o trabalho em grupo e facilitou o entendimento da relação entre as estruturas utilizadas como referência para o correto posicionamento das agulhas. O uso do modelo em aula complementou de forma ilustrativa a explanação teórica realizada pelo docente e foi recebido de forma positiva pelos alunos da disciplina. Desta forma, o modelo experimental se mostrou um bom método complementar para a prática de bloqueios regionais no membro de equinos. As aulas realizadas com o uso do modelo contribuíram para tornar o estudante um profissional mais preparado, confiante e completo, que poderá oferecer um trabalho de qualidade à sociedade.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to develop a model of regional anesthesia via perineural block in horses to supplement the teaching of diagnostic analgesia for undergraduate veterinary students. A simulator was built using an equine forelimb skeleton and cold porcelain painted with gouache. Cold porcelain was also used to attach needles in the positions corresponding to the anatomical location of the palmar digital, abaxial and low four-point nerve blocks. The model was developed by the students and used in practical classes based in the laboratory and in the field. The forelimb of a standing healthy horse was placed next to the model for a better understanding of the anatomical sites. In this work, the model encourages the study of anatomy, stimulated group work and enable the understanding of the anatomical reference sites for performing the technique. The use of the model in class complemented in an illustrative way the theoretical explanation made by the teacher and was received positively by the students. The experimental model proved to be a good alternative method for the practice of regional blocks in the equine forelimb. Classes held with the model contributed to professional training and confidence development, which provides a baseline for a better veterinary working.(AU)

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.(AU)

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.

Clinical and morphological justification of the treatment of purulonecrotic lesion in deep structures of limb distal segment in pig: case report / [Justificativa clínica e morfológica do tratamento de lesão purulonecrótica em estruturas profundas do segmento distal de membros em porco: relato de caso]

Surgical pathology of the musculoskeletal system, and in particular the diseases of the limb distal segment in pigs are quite common. Their significant spread leads to economic losses due to culling, compulsory slaughter, short-received pig production and pig crop. The purpose of this work was to reveal clinical and morphological features of limb distal segment diseases in pigs and to study the possibility of preserving their health and productivity. The conservative treatment of purulonecrotic lesions in the deep structures of the limb distal segment in pigs is not promising. It is shown that the best way to treat a given pathology is amputation of a sick limb. The technique of carrying out exarticulation of talus shin consists in separation of soft tissues, capsule and ligaments, ligation of vessels, formation of stump. The postoperative recovery period of the animal body is 25 days.(AU)

A patologia cirúrgica do sistema musculoesquelético e, em particular, as doenças do segmento distal dos membros em suínos são bastante comuns. A sua propagação significativa leva a perdas econômicas devido ao abate seletivo, abate obrigatório, produção de suínos pouco recebida e colheita de suínos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revelar características clínicas e morfológicas das doenças do segmento distal de membros em suínos e estudar a possibilidade de preservar sua saúde e produtividade. O tratamento conservador das lesões purulonecróticas nas estruturas profundas do segmento distal do membro em porcos não é promissor. Fica estabelecido que a melhor forma de tratar uma determinada patologia é a amputação de um membro doente. A técnica de realizar a exarticulação da canela do talos consiste na separação dos tecidos moles, cápsula e ligamentos, ligadura dos vasos, formação do coto. O período de recuperação pós-operatória do corpo do animal é de 25 dias.(AU)

Exérese de fibrossarcoma em membro torácico direito e reconstrução com enxerto autólogo de espessura completa em cão / Excision of a fibrosarcoma in the right forelimb and reconstruction with full-thickness autologous graft in a dog

Background: Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms originating from fibroblasts that are normally located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and adjacent to bones. The main treatment for fibrosarcoma is surgery. The removal of large neoplasms from dogs’ limbs usually leads to the formation of large skin defects, often preventing primary occlusion and thus requiring reconstructive surgery to close the wound. This paper reports on the surgical procedure and postoperative complications pursuant to the excision of a fibrosarcoma in the right forelimb and reconstruction with a full-thickness autologous graft in a dog. Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian mastiff presenting a nodule located in the distal segment of the right forelimb, which had grown over a 2-year period, was referred for clinical evaluation. Blood and imaging tests were performed, which showed no changes and excluded the possibility of metastasis. The cytological examination was suggestive of a mesenchymal neoplasm. The patient underwent tumor excision surgery followed by reconstructive surgery with a full-thickness autologous graft to close the defect. The neoplasm was excised by means of a circular geometric figure incision using a 3 cm margin. The defect resulting from removal of the tumor was kept constantly moistened and wrapped in surgical compresses until grafting was performed. The graft was harvested from the region of the right flank based on a surgical field mold taken from the recipient bed. After harvesting the graft, all the subcutaneous tissue was removed until the hair follicles were visible. Fenestrations were then made throughout the entire graft and it was placed in the recipient bed and...

Exérese de fibrossarcoma em membro torácico direito e reconstrução com enxerto autólogo de espessura completa em cão / Excision of a fibrosarcoma in the right forelimb and reconstruction with full-thickness autologous graft in a dog

Background: Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms originating from fibroblasts that are normally located in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and adjacent to bones. The main treatment for fibrosarcoma is surgery. The removal of large neoplasms from dogs limbs usually leads to the formation of large skin defects, often preventing primary occlusion and thus requiring reconstructive surgery to close the wound. This paper reports on the surgical procedure and postoperative complications pursuant to the excision of a fibrosarcoma in the right forelimb and reconstruction with a full-thickness autologous graft in a dog. Case: A 12-year-old Brazilian mastiff presenting a nodule located in the distal segment of the right forelimb, which had grown over a 2-year period, was referred for clinical evaluation. Blood and imaging tests were performed, which showed no changes and excluded the possibility of metastasis. The cytological examination was suggestive of a mesenchymal neoplasm. The patient underwent tumor excision surgery followed by reconstructive surgery with a full-thickness autologous graft to close the defect. The neoplasm was excised by means of a circular geometric figure incision using a 3 cm margin. The defect resulting from removal of the tumor was kept constantly moistened and wrapped in surgical compresses until grafting was performed. The graft was harvested from the region of the right flank based on a surgical field mold taken from the recipient bed. After harvesting the graft, all the subcutaneous tissue was removed until the hair follicles were visible. Fenestrations were then made throughout the entire graft and it was placed in the recipient bed and...(AU)

Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography imaging of equine distal forelimb flexor structures / [Elastografia Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) das estruturas flexoras da porção distal do membro torácico de equinos]

This study set out to determine normal values for acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon and suspensory ligament in horses. Twenty-four horses were submitted to conventional sonographic assessment and elastography imaging (quantitative ARFI method) of distal forelimb tendons and ligaments at nine anatomical regions. Elastograms depicted tendons and ligaments in orange to red tones consistent with greater stiffness. Shear wave velocity was higher in the longitudinal compared to the cross-sectional plane but did not differ significantly between the left and right forelimbs. The suspensory ligament was stiffer compared to remaining structures in the cross-sectional plane. Ligaments were stiffer than tendons and the deep digital flexor tendon was stiffer than the superficial digital flexor tendon in the longitudinal plane. Target structures were stiffer in male compared to female horses and stiffness tended to increase with age. ARFI elastography proved to be a feasible and reproducible imaging modality for assessment of distal forelimb tendons and ligaments in horses. Qualitative features derived from stiffness quantification in these structures can be applied to horses with musculoskeletal disorders, as well as to other animal species.(AU)

Este trabalho objetivou estabelecer valores de referência por meio da elastografia ARFI ("Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse") do tendão flexor digital superficial, tendão flexor digital profundo, ligamento acessório inferior e ligamento suspensor do boleto em equinos hígidos. Vinte e quatro equinos foram submetidos aos exames ultrassonográfico e elastográfico (método ARFI quantitativo) dos tendões e ligamentos da porção distal do membro torácico, em nove regiões anatômicas diferentes. Os elastogramas mostraram tendões e ligamentos de coloração alaranjada a vermelha, que representam maior rigidez. Não houve diferenças em relação ao membro avaliado; as velocidades de cisalhamento foram maiores nos planos longitudinais. No plano transversal, os ligamentos suspensores foram mais rígidos em comparação aos demais. No plano longitudinal, os ligamentos mostraram-se mais rígidos que os tendões, e o tendão flexor digital profundo, mais rígido que o tendão flexor digital superficial. As estruturas mostraram-se mais rígidas nos machos, e houve uma tendência à maior rigidez em animais mais velhos. A elastografia ARFI comprovou ser um método viável e reprodutível para avaliação dos tendões e ligamentos dos membros torácicos de equinos. As características qualitativas obtidas a partir da rigidez dessas estruturas podem ser utilizadas para testes em equinos com distúrbios musculoesqueléticos e também em outras espécies animais.(AU)