Prohibition of hormones in animal reproduction: what to expect and what to do?

As our understanding of ovarian function in cattle has improved, our ability to control it has also increased. The development of Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination (FTAI) protocols at the end of the 20th century has increased exponentially the number of animals inseminated over the last 20 years. The main reasons for this growth were the possibility of obtaining acceptable pregnancy rates without heat detection and, above all, the induction of cyclicity in suckled cows in postpartum anestrus and prepubertal heifers at the beginning of the breeding season. Most FTAI treatments in South America have been based on the use of progesterone (P4) releasing devices and estradiol to synchronize both follicular wave emergence and ovulation, with pregnancy rates ranging from 40 to 60%. These protocols are implemented on a regular basis, allowing producers access to high-quality genetics, and increasing the overall pregnancy rates during the breeding season. In addition, it provided the professionals involved in these programs with a new source of income and the diversification of their practices into activities other than their usual clinical work. Many of these practices are now apparently at risk from restrictions on the use of estradiol by the European Union (EU) and other countries. However, the development of alternative protocols based on GnRH, with P4 devices and eCG and other new products that are not in the market yet will allow us to adapt to the new times that are coming. Logically, the challenge has already been raised and we must learn to use alternative protocols to try to continue increasing the use of this technology in beef and dairy herds. The objective of the present review is to describe the main aspects of banning estradiol in livestock production, the negative impacts on reproductive efficiency, and to present some alternative FTAI protocols for dairy and beef cattle.(AU)

Estação do ano ao parto e o desempenho reprodutivo de vacas leiteiras mestiças / Season of the year at calving and reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da estação do ano ao parto sobre a taxa de concepção à primeira inseminação pós-parto e o intervalo parto-concepção de vacas leiteiras mestiças. O estudo foi conduzido em sete fazendas localizadas em Ituiutaba/MG. O manejo reprodutivo foi realizado a cada 30 dias para avaliação ginecológica e diagnóstico de gestação. Na primeira cobertura pós-parto, as vacas detectadas em estro eram submetidas à inseminação artificial (IA) 12 horas após a detecção ou colocadas com touro (monta controlada ­ MC). As vacas não detectadas em estro até os 60 dias pós-parto eram submetidas à inseminação em tempo fixo (IATF). Os serviços subsequentes seguiam os critérios de cada fazenda. Foram avaliados 841 partos de 581 vacas ocorridos de janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2014. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC GLIMMIX do SAS (p<0,05), sendo incluídos no modelo a fazenda, a estação do ano ao parto, o tipo da primeira inseminação pós-parto e possíveis interações. As vacas que receberam MC apresentaram taxa de concepção à primeira IA pós-parto maior do que as vacas submetidas à IA convencional e à IATF (p<0,001). Não foi detectada interação entre o tipo de serviço e a estação do ano ao parto (p=0,2989) na taxa de concepção. A estação do ano ao parto não interferiu na taxa de concepção à primeira IA pós-parto de vacas leiteiras mestiças (p=0,36). No entanto, vacas que pariram na primavera-verão tiveram esse intervalo maior em relação às que pariram no outono-inverno (p=0,0044). Desta forma, concluiu-se que vacas leiteiras mestiças cujos partos ocorrem nas estações mais quentes e úmidas do ano apresentam um comprometimento da eficiência reprodutiva subsequente.

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of the season of the year at calving on the conception rate at the first insemination post-partum and the calving-conception interval of crossbred dairy cows. The study was conducted on seven farms located in Ituiutaba/MG. The reproductive management was performed every 30 days for gynecologic evaluation and pregnancy diagnostic. At the first post-partum service, cows detected in estrus were submitted to artificial insemination (AI) 12 hours after estrus detection or bred by the sire (controlled breeding ­ CB). Cows that were not detected in estrus until 60 days after calving were submitted to timed artificial insemination (TAI). The subsequent services followed the criteria of each farm. A total of 841 parturitions from 581 cows occurred from January 2011 to June 2014 were evaluated. Data were analyzed by PROC GLIMMIX of SAS (p<0.05), including the farm, the season of the year at calving, the type of the first insemination post-partum and, possible interactions in the model. Cows submitted to CB presented a higher conception rate at first insemination post-partum than cows submitted to conventional AI and TAI (p<0.001). There was no interaction between the service type and the season of the year at calving (p=0.2989) on the conception rate. The season of the year at calving did not influence the conception rate at first insemination post-partum of crossbred dairy cows (p=0.36). However, cows that calved during spring-summer had a prolonged interval in relation to cows that calved during autumn-winter (p=0.0044). In conclusion, crossbred dairy cows whose calving occurs in the hottest and wettest seasons of the year show a subsequent impairment of their reproductive performance.

Efeitos da progesterona injetável em vacas de corte com diferentes escores de cio antes do início do protocolo de IATF / Effects of injectable progesterone in beef cows with different etrus scores before the start of the FTAI protocol / Efectos de la progesterona inyectable en vacas de carne con diferentes puntuaciones de estro antes del inicio del protocolo IATF

A IATF é uma biotecnologia da reprodução que permite o melhoramento genético dos rebanhos de corte, pois possibilita a sincronização da ovulação e realização da inseminação artificial sem necessidade de detecção do cio. O objetivo deste estudo, foi avaliar a eficiência da pré-sincronização com a utilização prévia de progesterona (P4) injetável, sua influência e efeitos na taxa de prenhez, por meio da realização de um protocolo de IATF em vacas de corte multíparas, em quatro fazendaslocalizadas no Mato Grosso do Sul-SP. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 396 vacas nelores, os animais de cada fazenda foram alocados em grupos distintos experimental e controle. Foram avaliadas 196 vacas pertencentes ao grupo controle, e 200 vacas tratadas com progesterona no total, sendo as fazendas descritas neste estudo como fazenda A, B, C e D. Dez dias antes do início do protocolo (D-10), foi aplicado progesterona injetável, via intramuscular em animais do mesmo lote, no D0 foi aplicado benzoato de estradiol e colocado o dispositivo intravaginal com liberação de progesterona, além da classificação dos animais que apresentavam ou não o corpo lúteo. No D8 o dispositivo foi retirado e aplicado uma dose de gonadotrofina coriônica equina, e cipionato de estradiol e de prostaglandina. A inseminação artificial em tempo fixo foi realizada no D10, com a utilização de sêmen de touros provados. O diagnóstico de gestação foi feito no D40, comparando os resultados das taxas de prenhez das vacas dos diferentes grupos, que foram tratadas ou não com progesterona de forma prévia ao protocolo. Sobre as taxas de prenhez dos animais tratados com progesterona, foram encontrados os resultados da fazenda A= 6,60%, fazenda B=10,80%, fazenda C= 3,90% e fazenda D= 3,70%, assim ficando evidente que essa biotecnologia da reprodução é lucrativa e contribui positivamente para a cadeia de produção de bovinos de corte. Baseado nos resultados, pode-se concluir que o uso da P4 (injetável) obteve êxito no índice de prenhez.(AU)

The IATF is a reproduction biotechnology that allows the genetic improvement of beef herds,as it allows the synchronization of ovulation and artificial insemination without the need for heat detection. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of pre-synchronization with the previous use of injectable progesterone (P4), its influence and effects on the pregnancy rate, through the performance of an IATF protocol in multiparous beef cows, in four farms located in Mato Grosso do Sul-SP. For the study, 396 Nelore cows were used, the animals from each farm were allocated into different experimental and control groups. A total of 196 cows belonging to the control group were evaluated, and 200 cows treated with progesterone in total, being the farms described in this study as farms A, B, C and D. Ten days before the beginning of the protocol (D-10), injectable progesterone was administered , intramuscularly in animals of the same batch, on D0 estradiol benzoate was applied and the intravaginal device was placed with progesterone release, in addition to the classification of animals that had or did not have the corpus luteum. On D8, the device was removed and a dose of equine chorionic gonadotropin, estradiol and prostaglandin cypionate was applied.Fixed-time artificial insemination was performed on D10, using semen from proven bulls. The pregnancy diagnosis was made on D40, comparing the results of the pregnancy rates of the cows of the different groups, which were treated or not with progesterone prior to the protocol. From the pregnancy rates of animals treated with progesterone, the results were found for farm A= 6.60%, farm B= 10.80%, farm C= 3.90% and farm D= 3.70%, thus becoming evident that this reproductive biotechnology is profitable and contributes positively to the beef cattle production chain. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the use of P4 (injectable) was successful in the pregnancy rate.(AU)

La IATF es una biotecnología de la reproducción que permite la mejora genética de rebaños de carne, ya que permite sincronizar la ovulación y la inseminación artificial sin necesidad de detección de celo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la eficiencia de la presincronización con el uso previo de progesterona inyectable (P4), su influencia y efectos en la tasa de preñez, mediante la realización de un protocoloIATF en vacas de carne multíparas, en cuatro fincas ubicadas en Mato Grosso do Sul-SP. Para el estudio se utilizaron 396 vacas Nelore, los animales de cada finca se distribuyeron en diferentes grupos experimentales y de control. Se evaluaron un total de 196 vacas pertenecientes al grupo control, y 200 vacas tratadas con progesterona en total, siendo las fincas descritas en este estudio como fincas A, B, C y D. Diez días antes del inicio del protocolo (D-10), se administró progesterona inyectable, por vía intramuscular en animales del mismo lote, sobre D0 se aplicó benzoato de estradiol y se colocó el dispositivo intravaginal con liberación de progesterona, además de la clasificación de animales que tenían o no cuerpo lúteo. El D8 se retiró el dispositivo y se aplicó una dosis de gonadotropina coriónica equina, estradiol y cipionato de prostaglandina. Se realizó inseminación artificial a tiempo fijo en D10, utilizando semen de toros probados. El diagnóstico de preñez se realizó el D40, comparando los resultados de las tasas de preñez de las vacas de los diferentes grupos, que fueron tratadas o no con progesterona previo al protocolo. A partir de las tasas de preñez de los animales tratados con progesterona se encontraron los resultados para la finca A= 6.60%, finca B= 10.80%, finca C= 3.90% y finca D= 3.70%, evidenciándose así que esta biotecnología reproductiva es rentable y contribuye positivamente a la cadena productiva del ganado vacuno de carne. Con base en los resultados, se puede concluir que el uso de P4 (inyectable) fue exitoso en la tasa de embarazo.(AU)

Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography

The present review aims to analyze the effect of extremely hot climates on the neurophysiological responses of thermal control and behavior in the river buffalo. Understanding thermal neuromodulation and its effects on the buffalo's behavior is of central importance, for this will allow us to make better decisions in terms of improving the level of welfare of buffaloes living in environments characterized by extreme heat, such as the humid tropics. The thermoregulation process involves a complex mechanism that begins with the integration of peripheral signals that are sent to the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem and then to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus to generate physiological variations such as vasodilatation to dissipate heat under conditions of thermal stress, or vasoconstriction to conserve heat upon the perception of cold stimuli. The thermal biology of the river buffalo is based on several different adaptation mechanisms. The infrared thermography (IRT) technique will be of great help in this area because it permits the detection of vascular microcirculation changes in different thermal windows under adverse climatic conditions. Although buffaloes are classified as rustic animals, it is important to take into account their morpho-physiology and thermoregulation mechanisms to prevent thermal stress and the resulting poor welfare and reduced productivity. However, if appropriate thermoregulation facilities are provided (i.e., ponds, pools, potholes, or swampy areas), buffaloes can properly thermoregulate and tolerate high ambient temperatures. Therefore, they may represent a good option and an appropriate animal-based enterprise under climate change and global warming conditions.(AU)

Thermal biology in river buffalo in the humid tropics: neurophysiological and behavioral responses assessed by infrared thermography

The present review aims to analyze the effect of extremely hot climates on the neurophysiological responses of thermal control and behavior in the river buffalo. Understanding thermal neuromodulation and its effects on the buffalo's behavior is of central importance, for this will allow us to make better decisions in terms of improving the level of welfare of buffaloes living in environments characterized by extreme heat, such as the humid tropics. The thermoregulation process involves a complex mechanism that begins with the integration of peripheral signals that are sent to the lateral parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem and then to the preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus to generate physiological variations such as vasodilatation to dissipate heat under conditions of thermal stress, or vasoconstriction to conserve heat upon the perception of cold stimuli. The thermal biology of the river buffalo is based on several different adaptation mechanisms. The infrared thermography (IRT) technique will be of great help in this area because it permits the detection of vascular microcirculation changes in different thermal windows under adverse climatic conditions. Although buffaloes are classified as rustic animals, it is important to take into account their morpho-physiology and thermoregulation mechanisms to prevent thermal stress and the resulting poor welfare and reduced productivity. However, if appropriate thermoregulation facilities are provided (i.e., ponds, pools, potholes, or swampy areas), buffaloes can properly thermoregulate and tolerate high ambient temperatures. Therefore, they may represent a good option and an appropriate animal-based enterprise under climate change and global warming conditions.

Impacto econômico aos pecuaristas decorrente da detecção de cisticercose bovina em um abatedouro frigorífico do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Economic losses for cattle farmers due the detection of bovine cysticercosis in one slaughterhouse in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

A cisticercose bovina configura uma zoonose parasitária globalmente distribuída e que causa prejuízos econômicos à cadeia produtiva da carne bovina no Brasil. Também, o consumo de carnes contendo cisticercos viáveis veicula a teníase aos seres humanos, trazendo impactos à saúde pública. Assim, este estudo objetivou determinar a ocorrência da cisticercose em um frigorífico localizado no município de Promissão, Estado de São Paulo durante um período de três anos e estimar os impactos econômicos aos pecuaristas decorrentes da detecção de carcaças e vísceras infectadas. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de 668.601 animais abatidos e inspecionados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), sendo que 6.587 (0,98%) foram considerados positivos. A principal destinação das carcaças infectadas foi o tratamento pelo congelamento (69,56%), seguido pela remoção e liberação para consumo humano, condenação, cozimento e salga, respectivamente. Estimou-se um prejuízo de R$ 2.072.696,38 (US$901,172.33) aos produtores devido à detecção desses casos. Devem-se reforçar os cuidados sanitários junto às fazendas produtoras de bovinos, além de melhorar as políticas públicas sobre acesso a saneamento básico e educação sanitária da população, a fim de se controlar essa zoonose que persiste com grande relevância no país.

Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic zoonosis distributed globally and considered as an important reason for economic losses to the beef production chain in Brazil. Also, the consumption of beef containing viable cysticerci vehicles taeniosis to human beings, bringing impacts to public health. Thus, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of cysticercosis in a slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Promissão, State of São Paulo, through a three years period and to estimate the economic losses for cattle farmers resulting from the detection of infected carcasses and viscera. For this, data from 668,601 animals slaughtered and inspected by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) were used, with 6,587 (0.98%) being considered positive. The main destination of the infected carcasses was the freezing treatment (69.56%) followed by liberation to human consumption, rendering, heat treatment and salting, respectively. We calculated losses to farmers on around US$ 901,172.33. The adoption of sanitary practices should be reinforced at the cattle-producing farms, in addition to improving public policies such as access to basic sanitation and health education for the population, in order to control this zoonosis that persists with a great deal in the country.

Impacto econômico aos pecuaristas decorrente da detecção de cisticercose bovina em um abatedouro frigorífico do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Economic losses for cattle farmers due the detection of bovine cysticercosis in one slaughterhouse in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

A cisticercose bovina configura uma zoonose parasitária globalmente distribuída e que causa prejuízos econômicos à cadeia produtiva da carne bovina no Brasil. Também, o consumo de carnes contendo cisticercos viáveis veicula a teníase aos seres humanos, trazendo impactos à saúde pública. Assim, este estudo objetivou determinar a ocorrência da cisticercose em um frigorífico localizado no município de Promissão, Estado de São Paulo durante um período de três anos e estimar os impactos econômicos aos pecuaristas decorrentes da detecção de carcaças e vísceras infectadas. Para isso, foram utilizados dados de 668.601 animais abatidos e inspecionados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF), sendo que 6.587 (0,98%) foram considerados positivos. A principal destinação das carcaças infectadas foi o tratamento pelo congelamento (69,56%), seguido pela remoção e liberação para consumo humano, condenação, cozimento e salga, respectivamente. Estimou-se um prejuízo de R$ 2.072.696,38 (US$901,172.33) aos produtores devido à detecção desses casos. Devem-se reforçar os cuidados sanitários junto às fazendas produtoras de bovinos, além de melhorar as políticas públicas sobre acesso a saneamento básico e educação sanitária da população, a fim de se controlar essa zoonose que persiste com grande relevância no país.(AU)

Bovine cysticercosis is a parasitic zoonosis distributed globally and considered as an important reason for economic losses to the beef production chain in Brazil. Also, the consumption of beef containing viable cysticerci vehicles taeniosis to human beings, bringing impacts to public health. Thus, this study aimed to determine the occurrence of cysticercosis in a slaughterhouse located in the municipality of Promissão, State of São Paulo, through a three years period and to estimate the economic losses for cattle farmers resulting from the detection of infected carcasses and viscera. For this, data from 668,601 animals slaughtered and inspected by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) were used, with 6,587 (0.98%) being considered positive. The main destination of the infected carcasses was the freezing treatment (69.56%) followed by liberation to human consumption, rendering, heat treatment and salting, respectively. We calculated losses to farmers on around US$ 901,172.33. The adoption of sanitary practices should be reinforced at the cattle-producing farms, in addition to improving public policies such as access to basic sanitation and health education for the population, in order to control this zoonosis that persists with a great deal in the country.(AU)

Thermographic quantitative analysis by quadrants of Australian saddles used in basic horseback riding courses / Análise termográfica quantitativa por quadrantes de selas australianas utilizadas em curso de equitação básica

The saddle is a particularly important piece of equipment when it comes to training horses. Any problem with this, or in its adjustment, can cause discomfort, pain and injury to the horses. The aim of this study was to analyze Australian saddles thermographically, in a quantitative way by quadrants, performing a primary detection of how pressure distribution occurs in Australian saddles commonly used in Mangalarga Marchador (MM) gaited horses during a basic riding course, in order to signal whether there is a need for a more complete assessment of saddle befitting this type of activity. For this purpose, ten similar Australian saddles used by ten MM horses were thermographically evaluated during a basic riding course. Thermographic images were obtained from the ventral face of the saddle before and after one hour of exercise. The images were divided into 9 quadrants and compared quantitatively before and after the ride. Quantitative analysis by quadrants including 3 central quadrants for assessing the gullet region was effective, providing the necessary detail for data analysis. Inappropriate contact of the gullet region with the animals back was demonstrated in 100% of the saddles, with the central quadrant of the gullet being the most affected, indicating the inadequacy of this type of saddle for MM in this activity. Therefore, there is a need for a more complete assessment of saddle befitting an Australian saddle type to this equestrian activity, aiming at improvements in animal welfare.

A sela é um equipamento de grande importância quando se trata do treinamento de equinos. Qualquer problema nesta, ou em seu ajuste, pode ocasionar desconforto, dores e lesões aos equinos. Objetivou-se, com o uso da análise termográfica quantitativa por quadrantes, realizar uma detecção primária de como ocorre a distribuição de pressão em selas australianas comumente utilizadas em cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM) durante um curso básico de equitação, de forma a sinalizar se existe a necessidade de uma avaliação mais completa da adaptação de selas (Saddle Fitting)para este tipo de atividade. Para isso, foram avaliadas termograficamente dez selas australianas similares, utilizadas por dez animais da raça MM durante a realização de um curso básico de equitação para cavaleiros iniciantes. As imagens termográficas foram obtidas da face ventral da sela antes e após uma hora de exercício. As imagens foram divididas em nove quadrantes, comparadas quantitativamente, antes e depois da utilização, quanto a: temperatura do mesmo quadrante e equilíbrio entre quadrantes. A análise quantitativa por quadrantes incluindo três quadrantes centrais para avaliação da calha foi efetiva, proporcionando o detalhamento necessário para a análise dos dados. Demonstrou-se contato inapropriado da região da calha com dorso do animal em 100% das selas sendo quadrante central da calha o mais afetado, indicando a inadequação deste tipo de sela para MM nesta atividade. Havendo, portanto, necessidade de uma avaliação mais completa da adaptação de selas (Saddle Fitting) tipo australiana, a esta atividade equestre visando melhorias no bem estar animal.

Thermographic quantitative analysis by quadrants of Australian saddles used in basic horseback riding courses / Análise termográfica quantitativa por quadrantes de selas australianas utilizadas em curso de equitação básica

The saddle is a particularly important piece of equipment when it comes to training horses. Any problem with this, or in its adjustment, can cause discomfort, pain and injury to the horses. The aim of this study was to analyze Australian saddles thermographically, in a quantitative way by quadrants, performing a primary detection of how pressure distribution occurs in Australian saddles commonly used in Mangalarga Marchador (MM) gaited horses during a basic riding course, in order to signal whether there is a need for a more complete assessment of saddle befitting this type of activity. For this purpose, ten similar Australian saddles used by ten MM horses were thermographically evaluated during a basic riding course. Thermographic images were obtained from the ventral face of the saddle before and after one hour of exercise. The images were divided into 9 quadrants and compared quantitatively before and after the ride. Quantitative analysis by quadrants including 3 central quadrants for assessing the gullet region was effective, providing the necessary detail for data analysis. Inappropriate contact of the gullet region with the animals back was demonstrated in 100% of the saddles, with the central quadrant of the gullet being the most affected, indicating the inadequacy of this type of saddle for MM in this activity. Therefore, there is a need for a more complete assessment of saddle befitting an Australian saddle type to this equestrian activity, aiming at improvements in animal welfare.(AU)

A sela é um equipamento de grande importância quando se trata do treinamento de equinos. Qualquer problema nesta, ou em seu ajuste, pode ocasionar desconforto, dores e lesões aos equinos. Objetivou-se, com o uso da análise termográfica quantitativa por quadrantes, realizar uma detecção primária de como ocorre a distribuição de pressão em selas australianas comumente utilizadas em cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM) durante um curso básico de equitação, de forma a sinalizar se existe a necessidade de uma avaliação mais completa da adaptação de selas (Saddle Fitting)para este tipo de atividade. Para isso, foram avaliadas termograficamente dez selas australianas similares, utilizadas por dez animais da raça MM durante a realização de um curso básico de equitação para cavaleiros iniciantes. As imagens termográficas foram obtidas da face ventral da sela antes e após uma hora de exercício. As imagens foram divididas em nove quadrantes, comparadas quantitativamente, antes e depois da utilização, quanto a: temperatura do mesmo quadrante e equilíbrio entre quadrantes. A análise quantitativa por quadrantes incluindo três quadrantes centrais para avaliação da calha foi efetiva, proporcionando o detalhamento necessário para a análise dos dados. Demonstrou-se contato inapropriado da região da calha com dorso do animal em 100% das selas sendo quadrante central da calha o mais afetado, indicando a inadequação deste tipo de sela para MM nesta atividade. Havendo, portanto, necessidade de uma avaliação mais completa da adaptação de selas (Saddle Fitting) tipo australiana, a esta atividade equestre visando melhorias no bem estar animal.(AU)

Thermal stress alters the basal value of serum proteins in laying hens / O estresse térmico altera o valor basal das proteínas séricas em galinhas poedeiras

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal stress on the physiological and metabolic parameters in laying hens and the microbiological quality of eggs. The experiment was performed with 50 Rhode Island Red hens in the initial laying phase, under standard diet, lodged in 20 m² stalls under controlled temperature, for 30 days. The laying hens were randomly divided into two groups: G1 - the control group, which contained 10 hens exposed to the temperature of 17 ºC; G2 - the treatment group, which contained 40 hens exposed to the temperature of 30 ºC. The physiological parameters evaluated were: cloacal temperature, body surface temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and weight. Biochemical tests included total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose. The group subjected to thermal stress showed lower body weight, increased heart rate, a slight increase in the respiratory rate, and increase in body surface temperature when compared with the control group (P < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed regarding cloacal temperature. As for the metabolic parameters, the treated group showed an increase in total proteins and globulins compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while albumin remained at basal levels. Additionally, hypoglycemia was observed in the treated group. Samples from egg shells and yolk were subjected to the analyses for the detection of Salmonella spp. These microorganisms were not detected amongst the egg samples.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico nos parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de poedeiras, bem como na qualidade microbiológica dos ovos. O experimento foi realizado com 50 poedeiras da raça Rhode Island Red, em fase inicial de postura, recebendo dieta padronizada, alojadas em baias com aproximadamente 20 m2, com temperatura controlada, durante um período de 30 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos: G1 - grupo controle contendo 10 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 17 °C; e G2 - grupo tratamento contendo 40 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 30 °C. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: temperatura cloacal, temperatura corporal superficial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e peso. Foram realizados os exames bioquímicos de proteína total, albumina, globulina e glicose. No grupo mantido sob estresse térmico foi observado menor peso corporal, aumento na frequência cardíaca, leve aumento na frequência respiratória e aumento na temperatura corporal superficial quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que para temperatura cloacal não houve diferença entre os grupos. Com relação às avaliações metabólicas, foi observado um aumento nas proteínas totais e globulinas das aves do grupo tratado quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que a albumina se manteve a níveis basais. Adicionalmente, observou-se hipoglicemia no grupo tratado. Amostras da casca e gema dos ovos foram submetidas à análise de Salmonella spp.. O patógeno não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras analisadas.(AU)

Thermal stress alters the basal value of serum proteins in laying hens / O estresse térmico altera o valor basal das proteínas séricas em galinhas poedeiras

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermal stress on the physiological and metabolic parameters in laying hens and the microbiological quality of eggs. The experiment was performed with 50 Rhode Island Red hens in the initial laying phase, under standard diet, lodged in 20 m² stalls under controlled temperature, for 30 days. The laying hens were randomly divided into two groups: G1 - the control group, which contained 10 hens exposed to the temperature of 17 ºC; G2 - the treatment group, which contained 40 hens exposed to the temperature of 30 ºC. The physiological parameters evaluated were: cloacal temperature, body surface temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, and weight. Biochemical tests included total protein, albumin, globulin, and glucose. The group subjected to thermal stress showed lower body weight, increased heart rate, a slight increase in the respiratory rate, and increase in body surface temperature when compared with the control group (P < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed regarding cloacal temperature. As for the metabolic parameters, the treated group showed an increase in total proteins and globulins compared with the control group (P < 0.05), while albumin remained at basal levels. Additionally, hypoglycemia was observed in the treated group. Samples from egg shells and yolk were subjected to the analyses for the detection of Salmonella spp. These microorganisms were not detected amongst the egg samples.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do estresse térmico nos parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de poedeiras, bem como na qualidade microbiológica dos ovos. O experimento foi realizado com 50 poedeiras da raça Rhode Island Red, em fase inicial de postura, recebendo dieta padronizada, alojadas em baias com aproximadamente 20 m2, com temperatura controlada, durante um período de 30 dias. As aves foram aleatoriamente divididas em dois grupos: G1 - grupo controle contendo 10 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 17 °C; e G2 - grupo tratamento contendo 40 poedeiras expostas a uma temperatura de 30 °C. Os parâmetros fisiológicos avaliados foram: temperatura cloacal, temperatura corporal superficial, frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e peso. Foram realizados os exames bioquímicos de proteína total, albumina, globulina e glicose. No grupo mantido sob estresse térmico foi observado menor peso corporal, aumento na frequência cardíaca, leve aumento na frequência respiratória e aumento na temperatura corporal superficial quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que para temperatura cloacal não houve diferença entre os grupos. Com relação às avaliações metabólicas, foi observado um aumento nas proteínas totais e globulinas das aves do grupo tratado quando comparado ao grupo controle (P < 0.05), enquanto que a albumina se manteve a níveis basais. Adicionalmente, observou-se hipoglicemia no grupo tratado. Amostras da casca e gema dos ovos foram submetidas à análise de Salmonella spp.. O patógeno não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras analisadas.

Scientific findings related to changes in vascular microcirculation using infrared thermography in the river buffalo

The objective of this review article is to discuss and analyze the most important scientific findings from studies of vascular microcirculation in the river buffalo using infrared thermography (IRT), as well as the thermal windows utilizedwith this species. The goals are to define the scope and areas of opportunity for IRT use in evaluating physiological processes and identifying potential applications in reproductive events associated with andrological traits inmales and the detection of estrus and udder health in females. IRT has allowed the development of diverse perspectives regarding the comparative physiology of events likethermogenesis, peripheral blood flow, respiratory physiology, and mechanisms that reduce body temperature. The case of the river buffalo is no exception. According to the information analyzed, the temperatures of the orbital area, muzzle, andvulva have proven efficient for evaluating thermal comfort, a particularly important aspect of this species given its limited thermoregulating capacity and constant exposure to extremetemperatures. Evaluating scrotal temperature has been revealed as an appropriate tool for evaluating semen quality, while the surface temperature of the udder is useful in assessing mammary development in female buffaloes, two aspects of great zootechnical importance. In future studies, IRT will play a fundamental role in enhancing our understanding of the river buffalo's mechanisms of vascular microcirculation, with applications in productivity and behavior.(AU)

Scientific findings related to changes in vascular microcirculation using infrared thermography in the river buffalo

The objective of this review article is to discuss and analyze the most important scientific findings from studies of vascular microcirculation in the river buffalo using infrared thermography (IRT), as well as the thermal windows utilizedwith this species. The goals are to define the scope and areas of opportunity for IRT use in evaluating physiological processes and identifying potential applications in reproductive events associated with andrological traits inmales and the detection of estrus and udder health in females. IRT has allowed the development of diverse perspectives regarding the comparative physiology of events likethermogenesis, peripheral blood flow, respiratory physiology, and mechanisms that reduce body temperature. The case of the river buffalo is no exception. According to the information analyzed, the temperatures of the orbital area, muzzle, andvulva have proven efficient for evaluating thermal comfort, a particularly important aspect of this species given its limited thermoregulating capacity and constant exposure to extremetemperatures. Evaluating scrotal temperature has been revealed as an appropriate tool for evaluating semen quality, while the surface temperature of the udder is useful in assessing mammary development in female buffaloes, two aspects of great zootechnical importance. In future studies, IRT will play a fundamental role in enhancing our understanding of the river buffalo's mechanisms of vascular microcirculation, with applications in productivity and behavior.

Teste de eficiência de um novo dispositivo eletrônico de identificação de cio em fêmeas bovinas leiteiras mantidas em regime de compost barn / Efficiency test of a newlly developed heat detection device for dairy cows kept in a compost barn system

A detecção de cio é considerada o maior problema relacionado ao sucesso reprodutivo em animais de produção leiteira. Para isso, testamos a eficiência de um novo sistema de pedômetro desenvolvido pela Gimenez®. Foram avaliadas 25 vacas holandesas criadas em um sistema de compost barn. Vinte e três (n = 23) vacas vazias sem nenhum problema reprodutivo, e duas vacas prenhes servindo como controles negativos foram avaliadas. As vacas foram acompanhadas por 42 dias com o uso do ultrassom com intervalo semanal, para identificação das estruturas ovarianas. A sensibilidade e especificidade do sistema de pedômetro e da observação visual foram calculadas para detecção de cio em bovinos. A presença de um novo corpo lúteo (CL) sete dias após a detecção do cio foi usada para confirmar a ovulação. Dezesseis vacas (70%) de vinte e três, foram identificadas no cio usando o dispositivo, e tiveram um CL sete dias após a detecção. Seis vacas tiveram a presença de um CL, no entanto, não mostraram mudanças de comportamento. Dez vacas (n = 10) mostraram cio utilizando o pedômetro e visualmente. Seis (n = 6) foram identificados apenas no cio com o uso do dispositivo. Apenas uma vaca apresentou sinais visuais de cio e não foi identificada pelo dispositivo e teve um CL sete dias após. Nenhuma das vacas prenhes mostrou atividade de estro. A sensibilidade do sistema pedômetro foi de 70%, e a especificidade foi de 100%, em contraste com a sensibilidade da detecção visual de cio de 47% e 100% da especificidade. Em conclusão, o uso do pedômetro tem um potencial para reduzir o trabalho humano e consequentemente minimizar o erro associado com a detecção de cio.(AU)

The heat detection is considered the main problem associated with reproductive success in dairy animals. For that, we have tested the efficiency of a new pedometer system developed by Gimenez® to minimize those failures. Twenty-five Holstein cows raised in a compost barn system were evaluated, out of those twenty-three (n = 23) non-pregnant cows without any reproductive problems, and two cows pregnant serving as negative controls were used. Cows were followed for a period of 42 days with the ultra-sound to identify the ovarian structures. The presence of a new corpus luteum (CL) seven days after heat detection was used to confirm the ovulation. Sixteen cows (70%) were identified in heat and had a CL seven days after the detection. Six cows had the presence of a CL, however didnt have behavioral changes. Ten cows (n = 10) presented signs of heat using the pedometer system and also through visual observation. Six (n = 6) were identified in heat only with the use of the newly developed device. Only one cow showed visual signs of heat and was not identified by the device. The sensitivity of the pedometer system was 70%, and the specificity was 100%, in contrast to the sensitivity of visual heat detection of 47% and 100% specificity. In conclusion, the use of the pedometer has the potential to reduce human labor and therefore reducing the error associated with heat detection.(AU)

Teste de eficiência de um novo dispositivo eletrônico de identificação de cio em fêmeas bovinas leiteiras mantidas em regime de compost barn / Efficiency test of a newlly developed heat detection device for dairy cows kept in a compost barn system

A detecção de cio é considerada o maior problema relacionado ao sucesso reprodutivo em animais de produção leiteira. Para isso, testamos a eficiência de um novo sistema de pedômetro desenvolvido pela Gimenez®. Foram avaliadas 25 vacas holandesas criadas em um sistema de compost barn. Vinte e três (n = 23) vacas vazias sem nenhum problema reprodutivo, e duas vacas prenhes servindo como controles negativos foram avaliadas. As vacas foram acompanhadas por 42 dias com o uso do ultrassom com intervalo semanal, para identificação das estruturas ovarianas. A sensibilidade e especificidade do sistema de pedômetro e da observação visual foram calculadas para detecção de cio em bovinos. A presença de um novo corpo lúteo (CL) sete dias após a detecção do cio foi usada para confirmar a ovulação. Dezesseis vacas (70%) de vinte e três, foram identificadas no cio usando o dispositivo, e tiveram um CL sete dias após a detecção. Seis vacas tiveram a presença de um CL, no entanto, não mostraram mudanças de comportamento. Dez vacas (n = 10) mostraram cio utilizando o pedômetro e visualmente. Seis (n = 6) foram identificados apenas no cio com o uso do dispositivo. Apenas uma vaca apresentou sinais visuais de cio e não foi identificada pelo dispositivo e teve um CL sete dias após. Nenhuma das vacas prenhes mostrou atividade de estro. A sensibilidade do sistema pedômetro foi de 70%, e a especificidade foi de 100%, em contraste com a sensibilidade da detecção visual de cio de 47% e 100% da especificidade. Em conclusão, o uso do pedômetro tem um potencial para reduzir o trabalho humano e consequentemente minimizar o erro associado com a detecção de cio.

The heat detection is considered the main problem associated with reproductive success in dairy animals. For that, we have tested the efficiency of a new pedometer system developed by Gimenez® to minimize those failures. Twenty-five Holstein cows raised in a compost barn system were evaluated, out of those twenty-three (n = 23) non-pregnant cows without any reproductive problems, and two cows pregnant serving as negative controls were used. Cows were followed for a period of 42 days with the ultra-sound to identify the ovarian structures. The presence of a new corpus luteum (CL) seven days after heat detection was used to confirm the ovulation. Sixteen cows (70%) were identified in heat and had a CL seven days after the detection. Six cows had the presence of a CL, however didn’t have behavioral changes. Ten cows (n = 10) presented signs of heat using the pedometer system and also through visual observation. Six (n = 6) were identified in heat only with the use of the newly developed device. Only one cow showed visual signs of heat and was not identified by the device. The sensitivity of the pedometer system was 70%, and the specificity was 100%, in contrast to the sensitivity of visual heat detection of 47% and 100% specificity. In conclusion, the use of the pedometer has the potential to reduce human labor and therefore reducing the error associated with heat detection.

Differences in lipidomics may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer

Purpose To analyze the plasma lipid spectrum between healthy control and patients with pancreatic cancer and to select differentially expressed tumor markers for early diagnosis. Methods In total, 20 patents were divided into case group and healthy control group according to surgical pathology. Of almost 1206 plasma lipid molecules harvested from 20 patients were measured by HILIC using the normal phase LC/MS. Heat map presented the relative levels of metabolites and lipids in the healthy control group and patients with pancreatic cancer. The PCA model was constructed to find out the difference in lipid metabolites. The principal components were drawn in a score plot and any clustering tendency could be observed. PLS-DA were performed to distinguish the healthy control group and pancreatic cancer according to the identified lipid profiling datasets. The volcano plot was used to visualize all variables with VIP>1 and presented the important variables with P 0.01 and ,FC,>2. Results The upregulated lipid metabolites in patients with pancreatic cancer contained 9 lipids; however, the downregulated lipid metabolites contained 79 lipids. Conclusion There were lipid metabolomic differences in patients with pancreatic cancer, which could serve as potential tumor markers for pancreatic cancer.(AU)

Use of two new formulations as bovine embryo manipulation solution

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of two Embryo Manipulation Solutions (EMS and EMS supplemented) in maintenance of the viability of embryos, initially using structures derived from mice (first phase). Next, the efficiency of these solutions in routines of bovine embryo transfer was evaluated (second stage). Mice embryos were used in the stages of early blastocyst, and compact morula grades I and II. These embryos were initially randomly distributed and maintained for four hours in three solutions: Modified phosphate buffered saline (PBS; Control); EMS (treatment 1), and EMS supplemented (treatment 2). Subsequently, they were cultured in TCM 199 medium and evaluated in terms of total number of cells, morphometric characteristics, ultra structural aspects, detection of cell apoptosis, and quantification of Hsp70.3 gene expression. In the second phase, these same solutions were tested in the transfer of quality I and II bovine embryos (excellent and good). These embryos were transferred fresh to 58 recipients. The results showed that the total number of cells in embryos expanded blastocyst (ExB), the number of apoptotic cells, the cell, nuclear, nucleolar diameter and the nucleus/nucleolus ratio was similar among the treatments. The pregnancy rate shown on second phase was also similar. However, the EMS supplemented expressed more Hsp70.3 than EMS. The expression of Hsp70.3 was also greater for embryos in EMS than that of EMS supplemented. The McII embryos, EMS and EMS supplemented samples also expressed more Hsp70.3 compared to control embryos. In conclusion, the tested solutions can be used in routine embryo transfer techniques, replacing modified PBS solution as an effective media in maintaining embryo viability.(AU)

Cloning and high-level expression of Thermus thermophilus RecA in E. coli: purification and novel use in HBV diagnostics

We studied the role of Thermus thermophilus Recombinase A (RecA) in enhancing the PCR signals of DNA viruses such as Hepatitis B virus (HBV). The RecA gene of a thermophilic eubacterial strain, T. thermophilus, was cloned and hyperexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant RecA protein was purified using a single heat treatment step without the use of any chromatography steps, and the purified protein (>95%) was found to be active. The purified RecA could enhance the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) signals of HBV and improve the detection limit of the HBV diagnosis by real time PCR. The yield of recombinant RecA was ~35 mg/L, the highest yield reported for a recombinant RecA to date. RecA can be successfully employed to enhance detection sensitivity for the diagnosis of DNA viruses such as HBV, and this methodology could be particularly useful for clinical samples with HBV viral loads of less than 10 IU/mL, which is interesting and novel.(AU)

Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas e congeladas / Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chilled and frozen chicken carcasses

Espécies de Campylobacter spp. termotolerantes são agentes de surtos de campilobacteriose em humanos e os produtos de origem avícola são considerados uma importante fonte de infecção. Foram identificados Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas e congeladas coletadas em três abatedouros entre 2014 e 2015. A detecção de Campylobacter spp. foi realizada por microbiologia convencional e a identificação de C. jejuni e C. coli por multiplex-PCR. Dentre as amostras avaliadas verificou-se Campylobacter spp. termotolerante em 63,8%, sendo 72,2% em carcaças resfriadas e 55,5% em carcaças congeladas. Destas, 83,3% foram positivas para C. jejuni e 66,6% para C. coli, enquanto 50% foram positivas para ambas as espécies. A presença de Campylobacter spp. termotolerante em carcaças de frangos de corte prontas para consumo representa uma importante fonte de transmissão destes patógenos para humanos.

Species of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are agents of campylobacteriosis outbreaks in humans, and poultry products are implicated as major sources of infection. The detection of Campylobacter spp. was performed by conventional microbiology in poultry carcasses collected in slaughterhouses and species were identified by multiplex-PCR. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. was verified in 63.8% of the samples, being 72.2% in chilled carcasses and 55.5% in frozen carcasses. Of these, 83.3% were positive for C. jejuni and 66.6% to C. coli, while 50% were positive for both. The presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in ready-to-eat poultry products represents a potential source of human campylobacteriosis.

Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas e congeladas / Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in chilled and frozen chicken carcasses

Espécies de Campylobacter spp. termotolerantes são agentes de surtos de campilobacteriose em humanos e os produtos de origem avícola são considerados uma importante fonte de infecção. Foram identificados Campylobacter jejuni e Campylobacter coli em carcaças de frango resfriadas e congeladas coletadas em três abatedouros entre 2014 e 2015. A detecção de Campylobacter spp. foi realizada por microbiologia convencional e a identificação de C. jejuni e C. coli por multiplex-PCR. Dentre as amostras avaliadas verificou-se Campylobacter spp. termotolerante em 63,8%, sendo 72,2% em carcaças resfriadas e 55,5% em carcaças congeladas. Destas, 83,3% foram positivas para C. jejuni e 66,6% para C. coli, enquanto 50% foram positivas para ambas as espécies. A presença de Campylobacter spp. termotolerante em carcaças de frangos de corte prontas para consumo representa uma importante fonte de transmissão destes patógenos para humanos.(AU)

Species of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. are agents of campylobacteriosis outbreaks in humans, and poultry products are implicated as major sources of infection. The detection of Campylobacter spp. was performed by conventional microbiology in poultry carcasses collected in slaughterhouses and species were identified by multiplex-PCR. Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. was verified in 63.8% of the samples, being 72.2% in chilled carcasses and 55.5% in frozen carcasses. Of these, 83.3% were positive for C. jejuni and 66.6% to C. coli, while 50% were positive for both. The presence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in ready-to-eat poultry products represents a potential source of human campylobacteriosis.(AU)