Anestesia e alterações hematológicas e eletrocardiográficas no atendimento emergencial de um macaco-prego (Sapajus cay) / Anesthesia and hematological and electrocardiographic changes in the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (Sapajus cay)

Background: The hooded capuchin that occurs in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul belongs tothe species Sapajus cay. This robust species of capuchin monkey is characterized by its highly varied diet. Although it is welladapted to the natural environment, the survival of this species has come under increasing threat. In fact, several animals havebeen rescued and taken into veterinary medical care, where its correct capture and restraint minimize the occurrence of adverseeffects to the animal and to veterinary anesthesiologists. This paper reports on the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (S.cay) rescued by the Environmental Police of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and sent to veterinary medical care.Case: An adult female hooded capuchin, weighing 1.6 kg, was subjected to veterinary care to treat trauma probably causedby being run over. The animal exhibited intense prostration, 10% dehydration, pale and slightly jaundiced oral and ocularmucous membranes, impaired consciousness, cachexia, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, a probable fracture in the proximalportion of the left tibia and a laceration and possible fracture of the right metatarsus. The patient was stabilized by subjectingher to fluid therapy with Ringer’s lactate solution supplemented with glucose and vitamins. The animal was anesthetizedwith an intramuscular injection of 11 mg/kg ketamine and 0.6 mg/kg midazolam, and blood count, serum biochemistryand electrocardiography were performed. Blood tests revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, liver disease and a slightincrease in urea to 56 mg/dL (reference: 14.4-48.9 mg/dL). The electrocardiogram revealed the following: HR: 260b.p.m; P axis: -115.36º; QRS axis: 50.17º; T duration: 36 ms; R amplitude: 0.68 mV; P amplitude: 0.17 mV; P duration:...

Anestesia e alterações hematológicas e eletrocardiográficas no atendimento emergencial de um macaco-prego (Sapajus cay) / Anesthesia and hematological and electrocardiographic changes in the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (Sapajus cay)

Background: The hooded capuchin that occurs in the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul belongs tothe species Sapajus cay. This robust species of capuchin monkey is characterized by its highly varied diet. Although it is welladapted to the natural environment, the survival of this species has come under increasing threat. In fact, several animals havebeen rescued and taken into veterinary medical care, where its correct capture and restraint minimize the occurrence of adverseeffects to the animal and to veterinary anesthesiologists. This paper reports on the emergency care of a hooded capuchin (S.cay) rescued by the Environmental Police of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, and sent to veterinary medical care.Case: An adult female hooded capuchin, weighing 1.6 kg, was subjected to veterinary care to treat trauma probably causedby being run over. The animal exhibited intense prostration, 10% dehydration, pale and slightly jaundiced oral and ocularmucous membranes, impaired consciousness, cachexia, muscle weakness, sarcopenia, a probable fracture in the proximalportion of the left tibia and a laceration and possible fracture of the right metatarsus. The patient was stabilized by subjectingher to fluid therapy with Ringers lactate solution supplemented with glucose and vitamins. The animal was anesthetizedwith an intramuscular injection of 11 mg/kg ketamine and 0.6 mg/kg midazolam, and blood count, serum biochemistryand electrocardiography were performed. Blood tests revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, liver disease and a slightincrease in urea to 56 mg/dL (reference: 14.4-48.9 mg/dL). The electrocardiogram revealed the following: HR: 260b.p.m; P axis: -115.36º; QRS axis: 50.17º; T duration: 36 ms; R amplitude: 0.68 mV; P amplitude: 0.17 mV; P duration:...(AU)

Evaluation of platelet indices and complete blood count in canine mammary tumors

Malignant mammary tumors in humans and bitches cause hematological disorders such as anemia, erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and leucopenia. Novel studies have been conducted on the predictive and prognostic values of platelet (PLT) indices in human breast cancer (HBC). However, there is little information about the alterations in hematological parameters in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The aims of this study were to evaluate the platelet indices and complete blood count (CBC) parameters in bitches with and without mammary tumor and to assess the above mentioned parameters with regard to histological tumor types and grades. A total of 71 bitches were enrolled in this study. The bitches in the study group were divided into 2 groups which consisted of malignant epithelial mammary tumors (group EMT; n = 43) and malignant mixed mammary tumors (group MMT; n = 12). Control group (group C) consisted of clinically and gynaecologically healthy 16 bitches. Blood samples were obtained to perform the CBC and PLT indices analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out under a light microscope. Histological tumor types and malignancy grades were classified. The bitches with mammary tumor showed significantly increased PLT values and decreased hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values versus the healthy ones, regardless of the tumor type. However, in comparisons with the group C, mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were different only in the group MMT, while plateletcrit (PCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values were different only in the group EMT. Also white blood cell (WBC), PLT and PCT values were higher than the referenced laboratory ranges in grade 3 tumors. In the presented study, MPV was considerably correlated with PLT, platelet distribution width (PDW) and PCT. Also, PCT and PLT had high sensitivity and specificity to distinct EMT and MMT from the healthy bitches. Microcytic and hypochromic anemia occurs due to the decrease in the amount of HGB. Levels of MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the HBC group were reported to be significantly lower than in humans without breast cancer. Although anemia did not occur in EMT and MMT groups, obtained significances in the HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels between the bitches with and without mammary tumor were in line with the previous reports. In this study, WBC levels in grade 3 tumors were significantly higher than grade1 tumors (P < 0.05). Whereas levels of WBC in grade 1 and grade 2 tumors were in referenced laboratory ranges, it was higher in grade 3. Increased level of WBC in grade 3 was supposed to be due to the rise in malignancy as previously reported. Thrombocytosis was detected in 48.83% and 41.66% of the bitches in EMT and MMT groups, respectively. The higher percentage of CMTs with thrombocytosis in this study might be due to the difference in referenced upper limit of PLT in previous studies. The elapsed time between tumor formation and clinical presentation could be another influencing factor. Although PLT and PCT values were not significant according to the histological grading in this study, both parameters were found to be higher in grade 3 than the normal reference values. Further studies conducted with higher populations may lead the differences in these parameters to significance. With the support of further studies, alterations in the above mentioned parameters in bitches may contribute in the diagnosis process, management of treatment and may constitute an easy way to have an idea about the prognosis of mammary tumors.(AU)

Cirrose hepática associada à ingestão de Cycas revoluta em canino / Hepatic cirrhosis associated with ingestion of Cycas revoluta in canine

Background: Cycas revoluta (“sago palm”) is a toxic ornamental plant which, when ingested, can cause hepatotoxic effects, gastrointestinal signs, and neurological alterations. Albeit rarely, C. revoluta ingestion can culminate with chronic severe hepatitis associated with hepatic fibrosis. The objective of this work is to report a case of hepatic cirrhosis consequent to ingestion of C. revoluta in a dog and describe the clinical and pathological aspects that accompany the development of chronic hepatopathy, as a way to provide information that may help diagnosis of this condition. Case: A 9-month-old male mongrel dog was presented for examination with a history of increased abdominal volume and anorexia 20 days after ingesting the seeds of Cycas revoluta. Laboratory exams revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia, decreased albumin, and elevation of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Ultrasound scanning showed presence of hepatomegaly, a heterogeneous hepatic parenchyma, and free fluid in the peritoneum. The animal was treated and was discharged from the hospital. Twenty days later, the patient returned to the hospital exhibiting prostration, vomiting, ascites, and pale mucous membranes. The alterations observed in the previous laboratory exams persisted except for thrombocytopenia, which was absent. A new treatment was administered, and the animal was discharged three days later. However, the patient returned once again exhibiting hyporexia, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and slight prostration that progressed to severe prostration, lateral decubitus and death approximately two months after ingesting the plant. Necropsy revealed a markedly poor body condition, slight icterus, limb edema, ascites and hydrothorax, and an atrophied liver with a yellowish color and an irregular, but firm, capsule surface. Additional alterations included...

Cirrose hepática associada à ingestão de Cycas revoluta em canino / Hepatic cirrhosis associated with ingestion of Cycas revoluta in canine

Background: Cycas revoluta (“sago palm”) is a toxic ornamental plant which, when ingested, can cause hepatotoxic effects, gastrointestinal signs, and neurological alterations. Albeit rarely, C. revoluta ingestion can culminate with chronic severe hepatitis associated with hepatic fibrosis. The objective of this work is to report a case of hepatic cirrhosis consequent to ingestion of C. revoluta in a dog and describe the clinical and pathological aspects that accompany the development of chronic hepatopathy, as a way to provide information that may help diagnosis of this condition. Case: A 9-month-old male mongrel dog was presented for examination with a history of increased abdominal volume and anorexia 20 days after ingesting the seeds of Cycas revoluta. Laboratory exams revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia, decreased albumin, and elevation of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Ultrasound scanning showed presence of hepatomegaly, a heterogeneous hepatic parenchyma, and free fluid in the peritoneum. The animal was treated and was discharged from the hospital. Twenty days later, the patient returned to the hospital exhibiting prostration, vomiting, ascites, and pale mucous membranes. The alterations observed in the previous laboratory exams persisted except for thrombocytopenia, which was absent. A new treatment was administered, and the animal was discharged three days later. However, the patient returned once again exhibiting hyporexia, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and slight prostration that progressed to severe prostration, lateral decubitus and death approximately two months after ingesting the plant. Necropsy revealed a markedly poor body condition, slight icterus, limb edema, ascites and hydrothorax, and an atrophied liver with a yellowish color and an irregular, but firm, capsule surface. Additional alterations included...(AU)

Hipoparatireoidismo secundário ao uso prolongado de omeprazol em um cão: relato de caso / Secondary hypoparathyroidism to omeprazole prolonged use in a dog: case report

O hipoparatireoidismo, quer seja primário ou secundário, é uma doença rara em cães, causada pela diminuição da secreção de paratormônio pelas paratireoides, que leva a sinais clínicos resultantes da hipocalcemia. O omeprazol vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado na medicina veterinária visando à diminuição na produção de líquor, mas existem poucos estudos sobre os efeitos colaterais relacionados ao uso crônico dessa medicação. Relata-se o caso de um cão macho da raça Yorkshire Terrier, com quatro anos de idade, com sinais clínicos de dor, sendo verificada calcificação em pelve e divertículo renal. Segundo o proprietário, o cão fazia uso de omeprazol há mais de dois anos devido ao histórico de hidrocefalia. Os exames laboratoriais evidenciaram anemia microcítica hipocrômica, hipocalemia, hiperfosfatemia, hipocalcemia, hipomagnesemia e hipercalciúria. A dosagem do paratormônio sérico confirmou o hipoparatireoidismo. Após a suspensão do omeprazol, as alterações encontradas nos exames se normalizaram, confirmando que a causa do hipoparatireoidismo era o uso crônico da medicação.(AU)

Primary or secondary hypoparathyroidism is a rare disease in dogs caused by the decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands, leading to clinical signs of hypocalcemia. Omeprazole has been increasingly used in veterinary medicine in order to reduce the production of cerebrospinal fluid, but there are few reports of side effects related to its chronic use. We report a case of a four-year-old male Yorkshire terrier with clinical signs of pain, calcification in the pelvis and renal diverticulum. According to the owner, the dog had been receiving omeprazole for over 2 years because of the history of hydrocephalus. Hematological exams revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, hypokalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia besides hypercalciuria. The determination of serum parathyroid hormone concentrations confirmed hypoparathyroidism. After interrupting omeprazole, the altered features on the exams returned to normal values, confirming that the cause of hypoparathyroidism was the chronic use of the drug.(AU)

Hipoparatireoidismo secundário ao uso prolongado de omeprazol em um cão: relato de caso / Secondary hypoparathyroidism to omeprazole prolonged use in a dog: case report

O hipoparatireoidismo, quer seja primário ou secundário, é uma doença rara em cães, causada pela diminuição da secreção de paratormônio pelas paratireoides, que leva a sinais clínicos resultantes da hipocalcemia. O omeprazol vem sendo cada vez mais utilizado na medicina veterinária visando à diminuição na produção de líquor, mas existem poucos estudos sobre os efeitos colaterais relacionados ao uso crônico dessa medicação. Relata-se o caso de um cão macho da raça Yorkshire Terrier, com quatro anos de idade, com sinais clínicos de dor, sendo verificada calcificação em pelve e divertículo renal. Segundo o proprietário, o cão fazia uso de omeprazol há mais de dois anos devido ao histórico de hidrocefalia. Os exames laboratoriais evidenciaram anemia microcítica hipocrômica, hipocalemia, hiperfosfatemia, hipocalcemia, hipomagnesemia e hipercalciúria. A dosagem do paratormônio sérico confirmou o hipoparatireoidismo. Após a suspensão do omeprazol, as alterações encontradas nos exames se normalizaram, confirmando que a causa do hipoparatireoidismo era o uso crônico da medicação.(AU)

Primary or secondary hypoparathyroidism is a rare disease in dogs caused by the decreased secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands, leading to clinical signs of hypocalcemia. Omeprazole has been increasingly used in veterinary medicine in order to reduce the production of cerebrospinal fluid, but there are few reports of side effects related to its chronic use. We report a case of a four-year-old male Yorkshire terrier with clinical signs of pain, calcification in the pelvis and renal diverticulum. According to the owner, the dog had been receiving omeprazole for over 2 years because of the history of hydrocephalus. Hematological exams revealed hypochromic microcytic anemia, hypokalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia besides hypercalciuria. The determination of serum parathyroid hormone concentrations confirmed hypoparathyroidism. After interrupting omeprazole, the altered features on the exams returned to normal values, confirming that the cause of hypoparathyroidism was the chronic use of the drug.(AU)

Clinical and therapeutic aspects of an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis / Aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos de um surto de tripanossomíase canina

Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi can seriously affect both domestic and wild animals. This article reports on an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis on a farm in the Pantanal region of Brazil. The farm had 38 dogs, 20 of which died before receiving veterinary care. The remaining 18 dogs were underwent anamnesisn, clinical examination, hematological and biochemical evaluations. Blood smears and PCR analysis were performed for the diagnosis. The treatment protocols used according to the clinical recovery or parasitological cure of the dogs, using diminazene diaceturate, isometamidium chloride or quinapyramine sulfate. Post-treatment parasitological evaluation was performed by the microhematocrit technique. 7/18 dogs were PCR positive for T. evansi (confirmed by sequencing). There was clinical findings, which were consistent with both the acute and chronic stages of the disease in dogs. The infected dogs all exhibited at least one clinical sign of the disease. The hematological findings were compatible with trypanosomiasis, highlighting the hypochromic microcytic anemia as the main outcome. No treatment protocol was fully effective and the prolonged use of diminazene diaceturate caused the death of an animal. The trypanosomiasis can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in dogs and difficulty in establishment an effective and safe therapeutic protocol.(AU)

A tripanossomíase causada por Trypanosoma evansi pode acometer gravemente os animais domésticos e selvagens. Este artigo relata um surto de tripanossomíase canina em uma fazenda na região do Pantanal, Brasil. Na fazenda havia 38 cães, 20 dos quais morreram antes de receber cuidados veterinários. Os 18 cães restantes foram submetidos a anamnese, exame clínico, avaliação hematológica e bioquímica. Esfregaços de sangue e análise da PCR foram realizados para o diagnóstico. Os protocolos de tratamento foram utilizados de acordo com a recuperação clínica ou cura parasitológica dos cães, utilizando diaceturato de diminazeno, cloreto de isometamídio ou sulfato de quinapiramina. A avaliação parasitológica pós-tratamento foi realizada pela técnica de microhematócrito. 7/18 cães foram PCR positivos para T. evansi (confirmado por sequenciamento). Os achados clínicos encontrados, foram consistentes com os estágios agudo e crônico da doença em cães. Todos os cães infectados exibiram pelo menos um sinal clínico da doença. Os achados hematológicos foram compatíveis com a tripanossomíase, destacando a anemia microcítica hipocrômica como principal consequência. Nenhum protocolo de tratamento foi totalmente eficaz e o uso prolongado de diaceturato de diminazeno causou a morte de um animal. A tripanossomíase pode causar altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade em cães e dificultar o estabelecimento de um protocolo terapêutico eficaz e seguro.(AU)

Anemia and hyperplastic gastritis in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) due to Physaloptera magnipapilla parasitism

A free living female adult of Myrmecophaga tridactyla was captured in an area of deforestation in Salta Province of northwest Argentina, for subsequent relocation in Iberá Park. Three days after entering the quarantine it died with clinical signs of anorexia and ascites. It presented severe hypochromic microcytic anemia, hypoproteinemia and increase of CPK, AST and LDH on blood analysis. Grossly, there were ascites, hydrothorax, pulmonary congestion and severe catarrhal hyperplasic gastritis. The gastric mucosa was diffusely hyperemic with two clusters of numerous Physaloptera magnipapilla attached in the fundic region. Fundic mucosa was irregular with convoluted surface and covered with abundant brown-yellow catarrhal exudates. Microscopically, the gastric mucosa had well described punctate areas (pit-like structures) at points of P. magnipapilla attachment. Additionally, there were mucous hyperplasia of gastric glands and focal fibrosis with scarce infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells and eosinophils in the underlying lamina propria. This report describes a case of anemia and hyperplastic gastritis due to Physaloptera magnipapilla parasitism in a free-living Myrmecophaga tridactyla.

Anemia and hyperplastic gastritis in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) due to Physaloptera magnipapilla parasitism

A free living female adult of Myrmecophaga tridactyla was captured in an area of deforestation in Salta Province of northwest Argentina, for subsequent relocation in Iberá Park. Three days after entering the quarantine it died with clinical signs of anorexia and ascites. It presented severe hypochromic microcytic anemia, hypoproteinemia and increase of CPK, AST and LDH on blood analysis. Grossly, there were ascites, hydrothorax, pulmonary congestion and severe catarrhal hyperplasic gastritis. The gastric mucosa was diffusely hyperemic with two clusters of numerous Physaloptera magnipapilla attached in the fundic region. Fundic mucosa was irregular with convoluted surface and covered with abundant brown-yellow catarrhal exudates. Microscopically, the gastric mucosa had well described punctate areas (pit-like structures) at points of P. magnipapilla attachment. Additionally, there were mucous hyperplasia of gastric glands and focal fibrosis with scarce infiltration of plasma cells, lymphocytes, multinucleated giant cells and eosinophils in the underlying lamina propria. This report describes a case of anemia and hyperplastic gastritis due to Physaloptera magnipapilla parasitism in a free-living Myrmecophaga tridactyla.(AU)

Resiliência da Raia Viola-de-cara-curta (Zapteryx brevirostris): Ganho compensatório completo, Hematologia e Histopatologia

Devido à crescente degradação do ambiente marinho, alguns peixes carnívoros podem ser submetidos a períodos de restrição alimentar. Este trabalho investiga o ganho compensatório na Viola-de-cara-curta Zapteryx brevirostris. Para isso três tratamentos foram testados: privação alimentar de 7 dias e alimentação por 14 dias (T7x14), privação alimentar por 14 dias e alimentação por 14 dias (T14x14) e alimentação todos os dias (TControle). Após 76 dias, foram tomados dados de crescimento, e realizados exames hematológicos e histopatológicos. Os resultados demonstraram que a espécie exibe ganho compensatório completo quando submetida ao tratamento T7x14 e ganho compensatório parcial quando submetida ao tratamento T14x14. O tratamento T14x14 levou ao consumo de grande parte das reservas lipídicas do fígado e a presença de anemia microcítica hipocrômica, o que reflete o comprometimento da saúde destas raias.

Due to increasing degradation of the marine environment, some carnivorous fishes may be subjected to periods of food restriction. This research investigates the compensatory growth in the Lesser guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris. In this experiment three treatments were tested: one group with a 7 days of fasting followed by 14 days feeding (T7x14), another group with a 14 days of fasting followed by 14 days feeding (T14x14), and a third one without food restriction (TControle). After 76 days, growth data was, and hematological and histopathological exams were performed. The results shows that the species exhibits complete compensatory growth when submitted to T7x14 and partial compensatory growth when submitted to T14x14. The treatment T14x14 led to the consumption of a large part of the lipid reserves of the liver and the presence of hypochromic microcytic anemia, which reflects the health compromise of these rays.

Efeitos tóxicos da senna occidentalis sobre o sistema linfo-hematopoiético: avaliação da exposição de ratos durante a fase de crescimento e pré-natal / Toxic effects of Senna occidentalis on lymphohematopoetic system: evaluation of its exposure in rats during the growth and pre-natal period

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos tóxicos da Senna occidentalis (So) sobre o sistema linfo-hematopoiético em ratos recém-desmamados ou expostos pré-natalmente. Avaliou-se nestes animais: o consumo de água e ração, o ganho de peso; parâmetros hematológicos, padrões histopatológicos, além da resposta imunológica específica e não específica. Inicialmente, o estudo foi realizado em ratos recém-desmamados, os quais foram expostos a diferentes concentrações de sementes de So na ração a saber: 1% (So1), 2% (So2) e 4% (So4) durante 14 dias ou que receberam So4 durante 28 dias. Os animais do grupo peer-feeding (PF) receberam a mesma quantidade de ração consumida pelos animais expostos a So4, porém isentas da planta. Após 14 dias de exposição, os resultados obtidos mostraram uma diminuição significante nos parâmetros de consumo de ração, de ganho de peso e da celularidade da medula óssea e do peso relativo no timo nos grupos So2 e So4 e um aumento no peso relativo do baço nos grupos So2 e So4. Entretanto, os animais dos grupos So4 e PF também apresentaram diminuição da celularidade da medula óssea. Na avaliação da resposta imune não especifica todos grupos expostos às sementes da planta, bem como o grupo PF, apresentaram redução na porcentagem de fagocitose por neutrófilos; porém, apenas o grupo So4 mostrou redução do burst basal por neutrófilos. O estudo morfológico do baço mostrou proliferação hematopoiética extramedular e aumento de megacariócitos multinucleados nos ratos do grupo So4. Apenas nos experimentos com animais do grupo So4 expostos por 28 dias, verificou-se similaridade entre resultados dos parâmetros acima descritos, além da ocorrência de anemia microcítica e hipocrômica. Num segundo momento avaliou-se as proles de ratas que receberam sementes de S. occidentalis a 4% na ração, do 6º ao 20º dia de gestação, assim como as proles das ratas do grupo peer-feeding (PF). Os filhotes provenientes de mães do grupo So4 e PF apresentaram um aumento do burst oxidativo e da fagocitose por neutrófilos. Os animais da prole do grupo PF apresentaram hemograma indicativo de anemia megaloblástica. Já no estudo morfológico do baço verificou-se hematopoiese extramedular nos filhotes das mães do grupo So4. Portanto, a presente pesquisa mostrou que a S. occidentalis pode comprometer alguns parâmetros do sistema imunológico de ratos expostos às sementes da planta durantes diferentes fases do desenvolvimento. Além disso, verificou-se que as sementes desta planta também promovem efeitos tóxicos sobre eritrócitos. A inclusão do grupo PF permitiu verificar que os efeitos observados não são decorrentes de possíveis alterações nutricionais promovidas pela redução do consumo de ração, mas sim relacionados ao efeito tóxico direto da S. occidentalis

The aim of present study was to determinate the Senna occidentalis (So) toxic effects on lymphohematopoetic system in rats during the growth and pre-natal period. The effects were evaluated on the basis of food consumption, weight gain, hematological and immunological parameters, as well as histopathology analysis. Initially, the study was done in growing rats exposed to S. occidentalis seeds in different concentrations: 1% (So1), 2% (So2) and 4% (So4) in feed during 14 or 28 days. Peer feeding-group of rats (PF) was also evaluated; this group received the same amount of feed of those from So4-group, however, free of S. occidentalis seeds. S. occidentalis 14 days exposure decreased food consumption, weight gain, thymus relative organ weight and bone marrow cellularity and increased the spleen relative weight of rats from So2 and So4-group. However, So4- and PF- groups also presented a decreased bone marrow cellularity. All seed exposed-groups and also PF-group had a decrease on neutrophil phagocytosis percentage; however, only rats from So4-group had a decreased neutrophil basal burst. Spleen morphologic analysis indicated the presence of extramedular hematopoietic proliferation and increased multinucleated megakariocytes on So4-group. Similar results were found for all the parameters described after S. occidentalis exposure during 28 days. Furthermore, the rats of So-4 group presented microcytic and hypochromic anemia. On a second moment, rats offspring exposed to S. occidentalis at 4% in feed during the 6th to 20th gestational day and rats offspring of PF group were evaluated. The So4- and PF- rats offspring groups presented an increased neutrophil oxidative burst and phagocytosis, however PF-rats offspring group also had an altered complete blood count compatible with megaloblastic anemia. Moreover spleen morphologic analysis indicated the presence of extramedular hematopoiesis on So4 rats offspring group. Therefore, the present study showed that S. occidentalis can compromise some immunological parameters in rats exposed to seeds during different development periods. This exposure also promotes toxic effects on erythrocytes. The PF group allowed us to verify that the observed effects are related to direct S. occidentalis toxic effects and not due a possible nutritional alteration caused by the reduced feed ingestion

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs and horses: hematological and clinical aspects

Trypanosoma evansi caused severe anemia in horses and pronounced leukopenia in dogs, both naturally infected. The horses presented microcytic normochromic anemia and the dogs showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. The clinical signs observed were fever, anemia, edema of the legs and lower parts, weakness and inappetence. Light microscopic studies demonstrated that Trypanosoma evansi produced several alterations in erythrocytes of dogs and horses. These pathologic changes included vacuolation, acanthocytes, dacrocytes, codocytes, microspherocytes and bizarre shapes. Mature erythrocyte were observed adhered to trypanosomes. Erythrophagocytosis was also demonstred.

Trypanosoma evansi produziu severa anemia em cavalos e pronunciada leucopenia em cães, ambos naturalmente infectados. Os cavalos apresentaram anemia microcítica normocrômica e os cães desenvolveram uma anemia microcítica hipocrômica. Os sinais clínicos foram febre, anemia, edema das pernas e porções inferiores, fraqueza e inapetência. Estudos com microscopia ótica demonstraram que o Trypanosoma evansi produziu várias alterações nos eritrócitos dos cães e cavalos. Estas alterações patológicas incluíram vacuolação, acantócitos, dacrócitos, codócitos, microesferócitos e formas bizarras. Eritrócitos maduros foram observados aderidos a tripanosomas. Eritrofagocitose foi também observada.

Pathogenesis of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs and horses: hematological and clinical aspects

Trypanosoma evansi caused severe anemia in horses and pronounced leukopenia in dogs, both naturally infected. The horses presented microcytic normochromic anemia and the dogs showed microcytic hypochromic anemia. The clinical signs observed were fever, anemia, edema of the legs and lower parts, weakness and inappetence. Light microscopic studies demonstrated that Trypanosoma evansi produced several alterations in erythrocytes of dogs and horses. These pathologic changes included vacuolation, acanthocytes, dacrocytes, codocytes, microspherocytes and bizarre shapes. Mature erythrocyte were observed adhered to trypanosomes. Erythrophagocytosis was also demonstred.

Trypanosoma evansi produziu severa anemia em cavalos e pronunciada leucopenia em cães, ambos naturalmente infectados. Os cavalos apresentaram anemia microcítica normocrômica e os cães desenvolveram uma anemia microcítica hipocrômica. Os sinais clínicos foram febre, anemia, edema das pernas e porções inferiores, fraqueza e inapetência. Estudos com microscopia ótica demonstraram que o Trypanosoma evansi produziu várias alterações nos eritrócitos dos cães e cavalos. Estas alterações patológicas incluíram vacuolação, acantócitos, dacrócitos, codócitos, microesferócitos e formas bizarras. Eritrócitos maduros foram observados aderidos a tripanosomas. Eritrofagocitose foi também observada.

Amitraz poisoning in a cat / Intoxicação por amitraz em um gato

A 4-month-old male Himalayan cat presented with clinical signs of acute lethargy and motor incoordination after being treated with amitraz for parasite control. On clinical examination, the patient was lethargic and ataxic with severe pulicosis, hypothermia, pale mucous membranes, bradycardia, weak femoral pulses, hyperglycemia, and bilateral mydriasis. Blood tests revealed non-regenerative hypochromic microcytic anemia. Serum alanine levels were elevated tenfold. The patient received supportive treatment with atipamezole (an α2-adrenergic antagonist) at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg intramuscularly. After 24 h of hospitalization and constant monitoring, the patient recovered and was discharged. The published literature showed that the active ingredient amitraz is effective in the treatment of some parasitic diseases in cats, such as scabies and demodicosis; therefore, it is still used for this purpose. Given the small therapeutic margin of this insecticide, veterinarians should caution owners about its potential toxicity. This report emphasized the significance of amitraz intoxication in feline species and the success of the treatment, which should be initiated in the first hour after intoxication.

Um gato da raça Himalaia, macho, com quatro meses de idade, apresentou sinais clínicos de letargia aguda e incoordenação motora após ser medicado com amitraz para controle de parasitas. No exame clínico, o paciente se apresentava letárgico e atáxico, com pulicose grave, hipotermia, mucosaspálidas, bradicardia, pulso femoral fraco, hiperglicemia e midríase bilateral. O exame de sangue revelou anemia microcítica hipocrômica não regenerativa. Os níveis séricos de ALT estavam 10x elevados. O paciente recebeu tratamento de suporte e administração de atipamezol (antagonista α2-adrenérgico) na dose de 0,1 mg/kg por via intramuscular. Após 24 horas de internação e acompanhamento constante, o paciente se recuperou e recebeu alta. Dados publicados na literatura demonstram que o princípio ativo amitraz é eficaz no tratamento de algumas doenças parasitárias em gatos como sarna e demodicose e, portanto, ainda é utilizado para esta finalidade. Dada a pequena margem terapêutica deste inseticida, os veterinários devem informar os proprietários sobre o seu potencial de toxicidade. O objetivo deste relato é enfatizar a importância da intoxicação por amitraz na espécie felina e o sucesso do tratamento, que deve ocorrer nas primeiras horas após a intoxicação.

Histopatologia da série eritróide da medula óssea e do tecido renal de cães com insuficiência renal crônica

A insuficiência renal crônica é a principal afecção renal dos cães e a anemia é a principal seqüela desta infecção. Os rins são os principais responsáveis pela produção do hormônio estimulador e regulador da eritropoiese - eritropoetina. O presente estudo teve por objetivos investigar e descrever as alterações histopatológicas dos rins e da linhagem eritróide na medula óssea de cães portadores de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), identificando e quantificando as células precursoras das hemácias na medula óssea. Foram utilizados 15 animais controle e 15 animais portadores de insuficiência renal crônica. As amostras foram analisadas em microscopia ótica, tendo como auxílio à coloração de Giemsa, que foi utilizada para diferenciar os precursores eritróides. Os animais do grupo controle apesar de apresentarem alterações morfológicas nos rins, estas não foram suficientes para promover alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos, bem como na bioquímica sérica. Já nos animais do grupo com IRC as alterações morfológicas se caracterizaram por glomerulonefrite crônica, seguida da glomerulonefrite proliferativa mesangial, glomerulonefrite membranoproliferativa e da glomerulonefrite membranosa com 46,66%, 26,66%, 13,33% e 13,33% dos animais respectivamente. Vale ressaltar ainda que 73,33% dos animais exibiam nefrite intersticial crônica e 20% apresentavam nefrite intersticial focal. Dos quinze animais do grupo com IRC, 80% exibiam quadro de anemia, sendo 46,66% do tipo normocítica normocrômica, 20% macrocítica hipocrômica, 6,66% com anemia microcítica normocrômica e 6,66% do tipo macrocítica hipocrômica. As alterações morfológicas túbulo-intersticiais apresentaram maior correlação com as concentrações de uréia e creatinina e com a contagem dos precursores eritróides

The chronic renal failure, the main renal afection of the dogs and the anemia is the main sequel of this afection. The kidneys are the main responsible for the production of the hormone stimulator and regulator of the erythropoiesis - erythropoietin. The present work had as objectives to investigate and to describe the histopathologics alterations of the kidneys and of the erythroid lineage in the bone marrow of dogs bearers of chronic renal failure (CRF), identifying and quantifying the precursory cells of the erythrocytes in the bone marrow. 15 control animals and 15 animals bearers of chronic renal failure were used. The samples were analyzed in optic microscopy, with the use of the Giemsa coloration, used to differentiate the erythroid precursors. The animals of the control group inspite of the morphologic alterations presented in the kidneys, were not enough to promote alterations in the hematological parameters, as well as in the serum biochemistry. In the animals of the group with CRF the morphologic alterations are characterized by chronic glomerulonephritis, following by proliferative mesangial glomerulonephritis, membranousproliferative glomerulonephritis and the membranous glomerulonephritis with 46,66%, 26,66%, 13,33% and 13,33% of the animals respectively. It is worth to stand out that 73,33% of the animals exhibited chronic interstitial nephritis and 20% presented focal interstitial nephritis. Of the 15 animals of the group with CRF, 80% exhibited anemia, being 46,66% of the type normocytic normochromic, 20% macrocytic hypochromic, 6,66% with anemia microcytic normochromic and 6,66% of the type macrocytic hypochromic. The morphologic tubulo-interstitial alterations presented larger correlation with the urea concentrations and creatinine and with the counting of the erythroid precursors

Avaliação dos efeitos tóxicos da Senna occidentalis em ratos. Parâmetros: bioquímicos, hematológicos, anatomopatológicos e inflamatórios / Evaluation of toxic effects of Senna occidentalis in rats. Biochemical, hematological, anatomopatological and inflammatory parameters

Tanto no Brasil como em vários outros países, a Senna occidentalis é uma planta de interesse agropecuário, pois é encontrada em pastos ou como contaminante de cereais, podendo, causar intoxicação na criação animal. Além disto, vem sendo utilizada, empiricamente, na Medicina Humana, para o tratamento de várias afecções. Em estudo recente, verificou-se que frangos tratados com sementes de S. occidentalis apresentavam, além das lesões musculares, alterações em órgãos linfóides. Assim, o presente trabalho procurou verificar se as sementes de S. occidentalis poderiam produzir efeitos tóxicos nos órgãos linfóides de mamíferos, utilizando, para tal, ratos como modelo experimental. As sementes de S. occidentalis foram administradas, durante 14 dias, a ratos Wistar (150-200g), em diferentes concentrações de sementes desta planta na ração: 1% (So1), 2% (So2) e 4%(So4). Os animais do grupo peer-feeding (PF) receberam a mesma quantidade de ração consumida pelos animais tratados com So4, porém isentas da planta. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: consumo de água e ração e ganho de peso, avaliação hematológica e bioquímica, além da histopatologia, morfometria e de ensaios preconizados para o estudo da resposta imunológica não específica. Todos os ratos pertencentes aos diferentes grupos experimentais apresentaram diminuição no consumo de ração e água e no ganho de peso. A avaliação hematológica revelou anemia microcítica e hipocrômica nos animais que receberam 4% da planta. Além disso, todos os animais dos grupos So2 e So4 apresentaram depleção de células linfóides e redução da polpa branca do baço. Os ratos pertencentes ao grupo So4 apresentaram redução significante no peso relativo do timo e diminuição significante na região cortical e também no diâmetro dos folículos medulares deste órgão. Estes mesmos animais apresentaram diminuição da produção de água oxigenada e óxido nítrico. Em relação à resposta inflamatória, todos os animais dos grupos experimentais, apresentaram redução na evolução do edema inflamatório agudo e crônico. Assim, a presente pesquisa mostrou que, também em mamíferos, a S. occidentalis pode comprometer o sistema imunológico, haja vista as alterações encontradas no timo e baço dos ratos expostos à planta. Além disso, verificou-se que as sementes desta planta também promovem efeitos tóxicos sobre eritrócitos e alterações na resposta inflamatória. A inclusão do grupo PF permitiu verificar que os efeitos aqui encontrados não são devidos a possíveis alterações nutricionais promovidas pela queda do consumo de alimento e sim relacionados ao efeito tóxico direto da S. occidentalis

Senna occidentalis is a weed which grows in pasture along fences and fields cultivated with cereals as corn and soybean and many reports have been showing intoxication with this plant in different animal species. The effects of daily administration of S. occidentalis seeds in different concentrations 1% (So1), 2 % (So2) and 4% (So4) in ration was investigated in rats. It was also evaluated the effects of rats that received the same amount of ration to those of So4-group, however free of S. occidentalis seeds, (PF-rats). The experimental period lasted 14 days and the effects were evaluated on the basis of food consumption, weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters, inflammatory and immunological responses, as well as histopathology, relative organ weight and morphometric analysis. All experimental animals, showed significant decrease in ration and water consumption and body weight gain. The hematological parameters revealed microcytic and hypochromic anemia in those animals treated with the higher concentration S. occidentalis seeds. Morphometric analysis of the spleen from So2 and So4-animals displayed a significant decrease in the cortical thickness. The thymus from So4-rats showed reduction in the organ size, and the morphometry revealed thickness and reduction of the diameter of the follicles at the cortical area. The same animals presented reduction in hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production. In inflammatory response all experimental animals, showed significant decrease in the evolution of acute and chronic edema. These results showed that the alterations found in this present study are related to the poisonous effects of the S. occidentalis and not to the malnutrition