Relato de caso: tratamento de ferida perfurante no dígito de equino / Case report: treatment of a perforating wound in the equine digit / Caso clínico: tratamiento de una herida perforante en el dedo equino

Apesar dos avanços na medicina equina, certas condições de claudicação ainda representam um desafio significativo para os clínicos veterinários, especialmente quando se trata de afecções distais, como feridas perfurantes no casco do equino. Essas lesões podem afetar estruturas vitais, incluindo a articulação interfalângica distal, o osso navicular, a bolsa do osso navicular, o tendão flexor digital profundo, a bainha sinovial e a terceira falange. O presente estudo tem como objetivo esclarecer que um diagnóstico mais rápido e preciso das estruturas afetadas e do grau de lesões resultantes leva a um tratamento mais eficaz. Além disso, foi demonstrado que o tratamento convencional com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios não esteroides sistêmicos -AINEs,em combinação com terapias alternativas, como campo magnético pulsado, laser classe III e Ozonioterapia, apresentou um efeito sinérgico com resultados excelentes.(AU)

Despite advances in equine medicine, certain claudication conditions still pose a significant challenge to veterinary clinicians, especially when it comes to distal affections such as puncture wounds on the equine hoof. These injuries can affect vital structures, including the distal interphalangeal joint, navicular bone, navicular bone pouch, deep digital flexor tendon, synovial sheath, and third phalanx. The present study aims to clarify that a more rapid and accurate diagnosis of the affected structures and the resulting degree of injury leads to more effective treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that conventional treatment with antibiotics and systemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -NSAIDs, in combination with alternative therapies, such as pulsed magnetic field, class III laser and ozone therapy, presented a synergistic effect with excellent results.(AU)

A pesar de los avances en medicina equina, ciertas afecciones claudicantes siguen planteando un reto importante a los clínicos veterinarios, especialmente cuando se trata de afecciones distales como las heridas perforantes en el casco equino. Estas lesiones pueden afectar a estructuras vitales, como la articulación interfalángica distal, el hueso navicular, la bolsa del hueso navicular, el tendón flexor digital profundo, la vaina sinovial y la tercera falange. El presente estudio pretende aclarar que un diagnóstico más rápido y preciso de las estructuras afectadas y del grado de lesión resultante conduce a un tratamiento más eficaz. Además, se demostró que el tratamiento convencional con antibióticos y antiinflamatorios no esteroideos sistémicos -AINE, en combinación con terapias alternativas, como el campo magnético pulsado, el láser de clase III y la ozonoterapia, presentaban un efecto sinérgico con excelentes resultados.(AU)

Effect of the trimming of the toe region of healthy horses forelimb hooves on morphology, distal angles and locomotion by cinematography / [Efeito do casqueamento da região da pinça dos cascos torácicos de equinos sadios sobre a morfologia dos cascos, ângulos articulares distais e locomoção por cinematografia]

Seven forelimb hooves from healthy horses were submitted to regular trimming and fourteen days later, submitted to toe trimming. Toe angle and length, lateral and medial heels, frog and sole length and width, distal, proximal, and metacarpal phalangeal interphalangeal angles were measured, as well as locomotion evaluation through cinematographic analysis. The measurements were performed ten, 14, 15, 30 and 45 days after the regular trimming, and at 14 days two measurements, one before and one after the toe trimming, were carried out. For cinematography, the sequence of supports and time spent in each support were taken. The comparison of the means obtained from the individuals regarding the variables, between limbs, limbs for each individual, time - points, moments for each individual and between limbs for each moment, as well as the time spent in each in the supports, was performed using ANOVA. Results lower than those of statistical significance (p<0.05) were submitted to Tukey's test. The toe trimming promotes changes in toe length, angle, lateral heel angle, medial and lateral heel length, frog length, width, and sole length, and changes the pattern of the trot of horses.

Sete cascos de membros posteriores de cavalos saudáveis foram submetidos ao corte regular e, quatorze dias depois, submetidos ao corte dos pés. Foram medidos ângulo e comprimento dos dedos, saltos laterais e mediais, comprimento e largura do sapo e da sola, ângulos interfalangianos distais, proximais e metacarpianos da falange, bem como avaliação da locomoção através de análise cinematográfica. As medições foram realizadas dez, 14, 15, 30 e 45 dias após o corte regular, e aos 14 dias foram realizadas duas medições, uma antes e uma depois do corte do dedo do pé. Para a cinematografia, foi feita a seqüência de suportes e o tempo gasto em cada suporte. A comparação dos meios obtidos dos indivíduos em relação às variáveis, entre membros, membros para cada indivíduo, tempo - pontos, momentos para cada indivíduo e entre membros para cada momento, assim como o tempo gasto em cada um dos suportes, foi realizada utilizando ANOVA. Resultados inferiores aos de significância estatística (p<0,05) foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey. O corte do pé promove mudanças no comprimento do pé, ângulo, ângulo do calcanhar lateral, comprimento do calcanhar medial e lateral, comprimento do sapo, largura e comprimento da sola, e muda o padrão do trote dos cavalos.

Plasma rico em plaquetas e células tronco no tratamento de desmopatia dos ligamentos colaterais distais em equino / Platelet-rich plasma and stem cells in the treatment of desmopathy of the distal collateral ligaments in equine

Os equinos são animais muito utilizados em eventos esportivos, sendo, desta forma, propensos a sofrer acidentes que podem levar a lesões articulares e ósseas. Na rotina clínica, artifícios como o uso de raio X e ultrassonografia são de grande importância para que o correto diagnóstico seja feito e a conduta clínica possa ser melhor planejada. Além disso, alguns biomateriais, como o plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) e células-tronco mesenquimais (CTMs), têm se inserido nos protocolos terapêuticos, demonstrando grande efetividade no tratamento desse tipo de lesão, devido à grande quantidade de fatores de crescimento presentes em ambos os biomateriais. O PRP é um derivado sanguíneo, caracterizado pela alta concentração plaquetária. Foi produzido a partir de duas centrifugações, a primeira para separar o plasma das hemácias e a segunda para concentrar as plaquetas. As CTMs foram isoladas de tecido adiposo, cultivadas, transportadas e aplicadas de forma autóloga, assim como o PRP. No presente relato, um equino, fêmea, Brasileiro de Hipismo com 8 anos, foi diagnosticado com desmopatia nos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalângica distal e foi tratado com PRP e CTMs, de forma associada e sequencial. Foi encontrada uma melhora do quadro clínico, significativa, em comparação aos dados encontrados na literatura, demonstrando grande potencialidade do uso associado de PRP e CTMs no tratamento de lesões ligamentares.

Horses are animals widely used in sporting events and are therefore prone to accidents that can lead to joint and bone injuries. In the clinical routine, devices such as the use of X-ray and ultrasound are of great importance for the correct diagnosis to be made and the clinical conduct can be better planned. In addition, some biomaterials such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been included in the therapeutic protocols, demonstrating great effectiveness in the treatment of this type of injury due to the large amount of growth factors present in both biomaterials. PRP is a blood derivative, characterized by high platelet concentration. It is produced from two centrifugations, the first to separate plasma from red blood cells and the second to concentrate platelets. MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue, cultured, transported and applied autologously, as well as PRP. In the present report, an 8-year-old female Brazilian equestrian horse was diagnosed with desmopathy in the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and was treated with PRP and MSCs in an associated and sequential manner. A significant improvement in the clinical picture was found in comparison to the data found in the literature, demonstrating great potential of the associated use of PRP and MSCs in the treatment of ligament injuries.

Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in horses: concepts, indications, and techniques / Artrodese interfalangeana proximal em equinos: conceitos, indicações e técnicas

Surgical arthrodesis is effective for treating proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) injuries in horses. Despite several techniques described so far, the use of a 3-hole, 4.5mm-locking compression plate, associated with two 5.5-mm transarticular cortex screws, is currently considered the "gold standard." This review describes the anatomy of the pastern, as well as causes, indications, and possibilities for arthrodesis in the equine PIJ. A description of the current surgical technique for joint fixation is also presented.(AU)

A artrodese cirúrgica é efetiva para o tratamento de condições da articulação interfalangeana proximal (AIP) em equinos. Diversas técnicas são descritas, e o uso de uma placa de compressão bloqueada de três orifícios e 4,5 mm associada com dois parafusos corticais transarticulares de 5,5 mm é atualmente o padrão ouro. Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever a anatomia da região da quartela, bem como as causas, indicações e possibilidades para a artrodese da AIP nos equinos. É apresentada também a descrição da técnica cirúrgica atualmente utilizada para realização da fixação da articulação.(AU)

Proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in horses: concepts, indications, and techniques / Artrodese interfalangeana proximal em equinos: conceitos, indicações e técnicas

Surgical arthrodesis is effective for treating proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) injuries in horses. Despite several techniques described so far, the use of a 3-hole, 4.5mm-locking compression plate, associated with two 5.5-mm transarticular cortex screws, is currently considered the "gold standard." This review describes the anatomy of the pastern, as well as causes, indications, and possibilities for arthrodesis in the equine PIJ. A description of the current surgical technique for joint fixation is also presented.(AU)

A artrodese cirúrgica é efetiva para o tratamento de condições da articulação interfalangeana proximal (AIP) em equinos. Diversas técnicas são descritas, e o uso de uma placa de compressão bloqueada de três orifícios e 4,5 mm associada com dois parafusos corticais transarticulares de 5,5 mm é atualmente o padrão ouro. Esta revisão tem por objetivo descrever a anatomia da região da quartela, bem como as causas, indicações e possibilidades para a artrodese da AIP nos equinos. É apresentada também a descrição da técnica cirúrgica atualmente utilizada para realização da fixação da articulação.(AU)

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a sheep / Osteoartropatia hipertrófica em um ovino

This research described the radiological, clinical and pathological aspects of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a seven-year-old Santa Inês ram. The main clinical features were lameness of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, rigid, cracking and enlarged of the humeroradial, humeroulnar and tibiofemoral joints, cervical spine stiffness, and severe lordosis of the thoracolumbar vertebrae. Dyspnea, nasal discharge and abdominal breathing were also observed. On radiographic examination of the thoracic and pelvic limbs, osteoarthrosis with the formation of osteophyte bridging, intra-articular calcification and periosteum reaction were observed. At necropsy were reported bilateral osteophytosis in the humeroradial, humeroulnar, tibiofemoral and interphalangeal joints, and fusion of the bodies of thoracic vertebrae T5-13 T6 and T12-T13. Microscopically, extensive areas of fibrosis were observed in the lungs and the affected joints were thickened by well demarcated and perpendicular orientated woven and trabecular bone proliferation in the epiphysis. The periosteum was also expanded by fibrous connective tissue that extended into and between the new proliferated bone. Based on these findings, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, which is an unusual condition in sheep, was diagnosed.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve os aspectos radiográficos e clínico-patológicos de um caso de osteoartropatia hipertrófica em um ovino, macho, de sete anos de idade, da raça Santa Inês. Os principais sinais clínicos consistiram em claudicação dos membros torácicos e pélvicos, rigidez, crepitação e aumento das articulações úmero-radio-ulnar e femoro-tibio-patelar, rigidez na coluna cervical e severa lordose das vértebras toracolombares. Dispneia, secreção nasal e respiração abdominal também foram observadas. No exame radiográfico dos membros torácicos e pélvicos, foram observadas osteoartrose com formação de osteófitos em ponte, calcificação intra-articular e reação do periósteo. À necropsia notou-se osteofitose bilateral nas articulações umerorradioulnar, femorotibiopatelar e interfalangiana e fusão dos corpos das vértebras torácicas T5-T6 e T12-T13. Microscopicamente, havia áreas extensivas de fibrose pulmonar e as articulações afetadas encontravam-se expandidas pela proliferação de tecido ósseo recém-formado e trabecular, bem demarcado na epífise. O periósteo também estava expandido por tecido conjuntivo fibroso que se estendia dentro e entre o novo osso proliferado. Com base nestes achados, osteoartropatia hipertrófica, que é uma condição inusual em ovinos, foi diagnosticada.(AU)

Interfalangeal flexural deformity in a pelvic limb of an american quarter horse: a case report / Deformidade flexural interfalangeana em membro pélvico de equinoquarto de milha: relato de caso

Flexural deformity in growing animals is a condition in which a joint is kept in a flexed or abnormally extended position. In foals, it is characterised mainly by deviation of the limbs. As such, the aim is to report a case of flexural deformity in a pelvic limb of Quarter Horse. The animal was treated at the Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia Veterinary Hospital (HOVET-UFERSA): a female, with dappled coat, approximately two years of age, presenting with interphalangeal flexural deformity of the left pelvic limb. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the animal had shown the deformity from six months of age, and on physical examination, presented grade IV lameness of the left pelvic limb, excessive wear of the toe, with the limb offering no support. Upon palpation, contracture of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons was identified. Surgical treatment was therefore chosen, including tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon together with desmotomy of the lower check ligament. Medicinal therapy based on antibiotics and an anti-inflammatory was carried out, in addition to corrective trimming of the hoof and a horseshoe with toe extension; cleaning and changing the dressing was performed every 48 hours, and active physical therapy was given through a daily 15-minute walk. After 15 days hospitalisation, the animal was discharged, showing considerable improvement in it

A deformidade flexuralé uma condição de animais em crescimento, na qual uma articulação é mantida em posição flexionada ou estendida anormalmente. Em potros, caracteriza-se principalmente pelo desvio dos membros. Desta forma, objetiva-se relatar um caso de deformidade flexuralem membro pélvico de equino Quarto de Milha. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia (HOVET-UFERSA), umafêmea, da raça Quarto de Milha, pelagem tordilha, com aproximadamente dois anos de idade, apresentando deformidade flexuralinterfalangeana em membro pélvico esquerdo. Na anamnese, o proprietário relatou que o animal apresentava encastelamento do membro desde os 6 meses de idade. Ao exame físico, apresentou claudicação grau IV no membro pélvico esquerdo, desgaste excessivo de pinça, e sem apoio do membro. À palpação foi identificada contratura dos tendões flexores digitais superficial e profundo. Desta forma, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico de tenotomia do tendão flexor digital

Interfalangeal flexural deformity in a pelvic limb of an american quarter horse: a case report / Deformidade flexural interfalangeana em membro pélvico de equinoquarto de milha: relato de caso

Flexural deformity in growing animals is a condition in which a joint is kept in a flexed or abnormally extended position. In foals, it is characterised mainly by deviation of the limbs. As such, the aim is to report a case of flexural deformity in a pelvic limb of Quarter Horse. The animal was treated at the Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia Veterinary Hospital (HOVET-UFERSA): a female, with dappled coat, approximately two years of age, presenting with interphalangeal flexural deformity of the left pelvic limb. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the animal had shown the deformity from six months of age, and on physical examination, presented grade IV lameness of the left pelvic limb, excessive wear of the toe, with the limb offering no support. Upon palpation, contracture of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons was identified. Surgical treatment was therefore chosen, including tenotomy of the deep digital flexor tendon together with desmotomy of the lower check ligament. Medicinal therapy based on antibiotics and an anti-inflammatory was carried out, in addition to corrective trimming of the hoof and a horseshoe with toe extension; cleaning and changing the dressing was performed every 48 hours, and active physical therapy was given through a daily 15-minute walk. After 15 days hospitalisation, the animal was discharged, showing considerable improvement in it

A deformidade flexuralé uma condição de animais em crescimento, na qual uma articulação é mantida em posição flexionada ou estendida anormalmente. Em potros, caracteriza-se principalmente pelo desvio dos membros. Desta forma, objetiva-se relatar um caso de deformidade flexuralem membro pélvico de equino Quarto de Milha. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia (HOVET-UFERSA), umafêmea, da raça Quarto de Milha, pelagem tordilha, com aproximadamente dois anos de idade, apresentando deformidade flexuralinterfalangeana em membro pélvico esquerdo. Na anamnese, o proprietário relatou que o animal apresentava encastelamento do membro desde os 6 meses de idade. Ao exame físico, apresentou claudicação grau IV no membro pélvico esquerdo, desgaste excessivo de pinça, e sem apoio do membro. À palpação foi identificada contratura dos tendões flexores digitais superficial e profundo. Desta forma, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico de tenotomia do tendão flexor digital(AU)

Deformidade flexural em potro / Flexural deformity in foal

As deformidades flexurais são caracterizadas pelo desvio da orientação normal do membro, detectadas pela permanente hiperflexão de uma ou mais regiões articulares. O termo deformidade flexural ou tendões contraídos tem sido utilizado tradicionalmente para representar várias deformidades flexoras nos membros. Todavia, o potencial para contração deste tecido é limitado. O defeito primário não está necessariamente no tendão. As deformidades flexurais congênitas devem ser tratadas imediatamente após o seu diagnóstico, com a severidade da deformidade ditando o quão agressivo será o tratamento. Quanto mais novo for o potro, melhor a resposta ao tratamento, devido ao fato de que os tecidos se tornam menos responsivos ao tratamento com o passar do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de deformidade flexural em um potro submetido a tratamento conservativo. Foi atendido pelo HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, em Aquiraz, um potro, macho, não castrado, com cinco dias de idade, pesando aproximadamente 50kg, o proprietário relatou que após o nascimento o potro estava com os cascos projetados dorsalmente e com dificuldade de locomoção. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se que o potro apresentava hiperflexão bilateral dos membros torácicos, ocasionando deformidade flexural metacarpofalangeana e interfalangeana. Após o diagnóstico foi instituído tratamento à base de oxitetraciclina e tiocochilcosideo e o uso de talas de PVC. O tratamento conservativo com uso da oxitetraciclina e do tiocolchicosídeo no caso de deformidade flexural no potro do presente relato foi eficiente, revertendo o quadro sem trazer sequelas ao potro.

Flexural deformities are characterized by deviation from the normal orientation of the limb, detected by the permanent hyperflexion of one or more joint regions. The term flexural deformity or contracted tendons has traditionally been used to represent various flexor deformities in the limbs. However, the potential for contraction of this tissue is limited. The primary defect is not necessarily in the tendon. Congenital flexural deformities should be treated immediately after diagnosis, with the severity of the deformity dictating how aggressive the treatment will be. The younger the foal, the better the response to treatment, due to the fact that the tissues become less responsive to treatment over time. The present study aimed to report a case of flexural deformity in a foal submitted to conservative treatment. Was attended by HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, in Aquiraz, a foal, male, uncastrated, with five days of age, weighing approximately 50kg, the owner reported that after birth the foal had its hooves projected dorsally and with difficulty in locomotion. On clinical examination, it was found that the foal had bilateral hyperflexion of the thoracic limbs, causing metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal flexural deformity. After the diagnosis, treatment based on oxytetracycline and thiocochylcoside was instituted and the use of PVC splints. Conservative treatment with the use of oxytetracycline and thiocolchicoside in the case of flexural deformity in the foal of the present report was efficient, reversing the condition without causing sequels to the foal.

Deformidade flexural em potro / Flexural deformity in foal

As deformidades flexurais são caracterizadas pelo desvio da orientação normal do membro, detectadas pela permanente hiperflexão de uma ou mais regiões articulares. O termo deformidade flexural ou tendões contraídos tem sido utilizado tradicionalmente para representar várias deformidades flexoras nos membros. Todavia, o potencial para contração deste tecido é limitado. O defeito primário não está necessariamente no tendão. As deformidades flexurais congênitas devem ser tratadas imediatamente após o seu diagnóstico, com a severidade da deformidade ditando o quão agressivo será o tratamento. Quanto mais novo for o potro, melhor a resposta ao tratamento, devido ao fato de que os tecidos se tornam menos responsivos ao tratamento com o passar do tempo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo relatar um caso de deformidade flexural em um potro submetido a tratamento conservativo. Foi atendido pelo HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, em Aquiraz, um potro, macho, não castrado, com cinco dias de idade, pesando aproximadamente 50kg, o proprietário relatou que após o nascimento o potro estava com os cascos projetados dorsalmente e com dificuldade de locomoção. Ao exame clínico, constatou-se que o potro apresentava hiperflexão bilateral dos membros torácicos, ocasionando deformidade flexural metacarpofalangeana e interfalangeana. Após o diagnóstico foi instituído tratamento à base de oxitetraciclina e tiocochilcosideo e o uso de talas de PVC. O tratamento conservativo com uso da oxitetraciclina e do tiocolchicosídeo no caso de deformidade flexural no potro do presente relato foi eficiente, revertendo o quadro sem trazer sequelas ao potro.(AU)

Flexural deformities are characterized by deviation from the normal orientation of the limb, detected by the permanent hyperflexion of one or more joint regions. The term flexural deformity or contracted tendons has traditionally been used to represent various flexor deformities in the limbs. However, the potential for contraction of this tissue is limited. The primary defect is not necessarily in the tendon. Congenital flexural deformities should be treated immediately after diagnosis, with the severity of the deformity dictating how aggressive the treatment will be. The younger the foal, the better the response to treatment, due to the fact that the tissues become less responsive to treatment over time. The present study aimed to report a case of flexural deformity in a foal submitted to conservative treatment. Was attended by HGV-Hospital Geral Veterinário, in Aquiraz, a foal, male, uncastrated, with five days of age, weighing approximately 50kg, the owner reported that after birth the foal had its hooves projected dorsally and with difficulty in locomotion. On clinical examination, it was found that the foal had bilateral hyperflexion of the thoracic limbs, causing metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal flexural deformity. After the diagnosis, treatment based on oxytetracycline and thiocochylcoside was instituted and the use of PVC splints. Conservative treatment with the use of oxytetracycline and thiocolchicoside in the case of flexural deformity in the foal of the present report was efficient, reversing the condition without causing sequels to the foal.(AU)

Use of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of desmitis of distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligament in a horse

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been increasingly used to hasten healing of tendonitis and desmitis, allowinghorse athletes to go back to practicing sports in a shorter period of time. However, its use has rarely been reported in thetreatment of desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIP), which is based on the useof horseshoes and rest for at least six months. This paper describes the use of PRP as an aid in the treatment of CL-DIPin a horse athlete.Case: A male Criollo horse, 450 kg, about 15-year-old, used for paleteada. The animal had a month-long history of lameness, and a visual inspection revealed an increase in volume in the lateral dorsal region of the limb proximal to the coronaryband of the hoof. A specific examination of the locomotive system showed Grade III, Category 5 claudication, which became evident the beginning of the exercise and ceased after a short period. A radiographic evaluation of the distal phalanxrevealed no clinically relevant changes. Therefore, and in view of the location of the increased volume, an ultrasound scanwas performed, which showed an image compatible with an extensive hematoma in the region underlying the periopliccorium, while the CL-DIP presented swelling with large areas of hypoechogenicity. Considering the findings of the image,the physical examination and the history of the horse, desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointwas diagnosed. The treatment plan consisted of rest, application of a therapeutic horseshoe, and infiltration of the lesionwith platelet-rich plasma (PRP). First, however, warm compresses were applied to reduce the swelling. The PRP wasobtained by collecting whole blood from the external jugular vein, subjecting it to double centrifugation, and separatingthe supernatant blood plasma. The end product was applied to the lesion by ultrasound-guided infiltration. The horseshoewas a model...

Use of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of desmitis of distal interphalangeal joint collateral ligament in a horse

Background: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been increasingly used to hasten healing of tendonitis and desmitis, allowinghorse athletes to go back to practicing sports in a shorter period of time. However, its use has rarely been reported in thetreatment of desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIP), which is based on the useof horseshoes and rest for at least six months. This paper describes the use of PRP as an aid in the treatment of CL-DIPin a horse athlete.Case: A male Criollo horse, 450 kg, about 15-year-old, used for paleteada. The animal had a month-long history of lameness, and a visual inspection revealed an increase in volume in the lateral dorsal region of the limb proximal to the coronaryband of the hoof. A specific examination of the locomotive system showed Grade III, Category 5 claudication, which became evident the beginning of the exercise and ceased after a short period. A radiographic evaluation of the distal phalanxrevealed no clinically relevant changes. Therefore, and in view of the location of the increased volume, an ultrasound scanwas performed, which showed an image compatible with an extensive hematoma in the region underlying the periopliccorium, while the CL-DIP presented swelling with large areas of hypoechogenicity. Considering the findings of the image,the physical examination and the history of the horse, desmitis of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointwas diagnosed. The treatment plan consisted of rest, application of a therapeutic horseshoe, and infiltration of the lesionwith platelet-rich plasma (PRP). First, however, warm compresses were applied to reduce the swelling. The PRP wasobtained by collecting whole blood from the external jugular vein, subjecting it to double centrifugation, and separatingthe supernatant blood plasma. The end product was applied to the lesion by ultrasound-guided infiltration. The horseshoewas a model...(AU)

Effects of tenectomy of the medial head of the deep digital flexor on the hindlimbs of healthy horses / Efeitos da tenectomia da cabeça medial do tendão flexor digital profundo nos membros posterior de cavalos saudáveis

The tenectomy of the medial head of the deep digital flexor (TMHDDF) is a minimally studied surgery used in cases of dorsal subluxation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the hindlimb in horses. The TMHDDF was evaluated in six healthy horses by the degree of lameness, perimeter of the surgical site, the angle of the distal articular joints, and the linear and angular measures of the hoof. Thus, TMHDDF of the right hindlimb was performed and the contralateral limb was used as a control. Both, right and left limbs were evaluated before surgery, as well as at 15, 30, and 60 days after surgery aiming to evaluate the effects of the surgical procedure in healthy limbs. Data were compared by analysis of variance regarding days and limbs. Values below the significant level (P< 0.05) were analyzed using the Tukey's test. TMHDDF caused a mild increase of the toe length and the height of lateral heel (0.2cm in both), as well as a decrease of the angle of the proximal interphalangeal joint (2°) when comparing the left hindlimb to the right hindlimb, 30 and 60 days after surgery. Overall, TMHDDF did not cause significant changes in the evaluated variables up to the 60 days of surgery.(AU)

A tenectomia da cabeça medial do flexor digital profundo (TCMFDP) é uma técnica cirúrgica pouco estudada, indicada para equinos com subluxação dorsal da articulação interfalângica proximal do membro pélvico. A TCMFDP foi avaliada em seis equinos hígidos no grau de claudicação; na perimetria da área operada; nos ângulos articulares distais; e nas medidas lineares e angulares de parâmetros dos cascos. Nesse sentido, foi realizada a TCMFDP do membro pélvico direito, permanecendo o esquerdo como controle. Ambos os membros foram avaliados nos momentos pré-operatório (0) e 15, 30 e 60 dias após a cirurgia, sendo objetivo avaliar os efeitos do procedimento cirúrgico em membros hígidos. Para comparação dos dados entre momentos e membros, foi realizada análise de variância. Os valores inferiores ao de significância (P<0,050) foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey. A TCMFDP provocou discreto aumento (0,2cm, em ambos) do comprimento de pinça e da altura do talão lateral e redução no ângulo da articulação interfalângica proximal (2°) na comparação com o membro pélvico esquerdo aos 30 e 60 dias após a cirurgia no contralateral. Em geral, a TCMFDP não causou alterações influentes nos aspectos avaliados até 60 dias do experimento.(AU)

Effects of tenectomy of the medial head of the deep digital flexor on the hindlimbs of healthy horses / Efeitos da tenectomia da cabeça medial do tendão flexor digital profundo nos membros posterior de cavalos saudáveis

The tenectomy of the medial head of the deep digital flexor (TMHDDF) is a minimally studied surgery used in cases of dorsal subluxation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the hindlimb in horses. The TMHDDF was evaluated in six healthy horses by the degree of lameness, perimeter of the surgical site, the angle of the distal articular joints, and the linear and angular measures of the hoof. Thus, TMHDDF of the right hindlimb was performed and the contralateral limb was used as a control. Both, right and left limbs were evaluated before surgery, as well as at 15, 30, and 60 days after surgery aiming to evaluate the effects of the surgical procedure in healthy limbs. Data were compared by analysis of variance regarding days and limbs. Values below the significant level (P< 0.05) were analyzed using the Tukey's test. TMHDDF caused a mild increase of the toe length and the height of lateral heel (0.2cm in both), as well as a decrease of the angle of the proximal interphalangeal joint (2°) when comparing the left hindlimb to the right hindlimb, 30 and 60 days after surgery. Overall, TMHDDF did not cause significant changes in the evaluated variables up to the 60 days of surgery.(AU)

A tenectomia da cabeça medial do flexor digital profundo (TCMFDP) é uma técnica cirúrgica pouco estudada, indicada para equinos com subluxação dorsal da articulação interfalângica proximal do membro pélvico. A TCMFDP foi avaliada em seis equinos hígidos no grau de claudicação; na perimetria da área operada; nos ângulos articulares distais; e nas medidas lineares e angulares de parâmetros dos cascos. Nesse sentido, foi realizada a TCMFDP do membro pélvico direito, permanecendo o esquerdo como controle. Ambos os membros foram avaliados nos momentos pré-operatório (0) e 15, 30 e 60 dias após a cirurgia, sendo objetivo avaliar os efeitos do procedimento cirúrgico em membros hígidos. Para comparação dos dados entre momentos e membros, foi realizada análise de variância. Os valores inferiores ao de significância (P<0,050) foram submetidos ao teste de Tukey. A TCMFDP provocou discreto aumento (0,2cm, em ambos) do comprimento de pinça e da altura do talão lateral e redução no ângulo da articulação interfalângica proximal (2°) na comparação com o membro pélvico esquerdo aos 30 e 60 dias após a cirurgia no contralateral. Em geral, a TCMFDP não causou alterações influentes nos aspectos avaliados até 60 dias do experimento.(AU)

Forelimb amputation and long-term follow-Up in a female donkey

Background: Limb amputation may be a life-saving procedure for animals and minimally impact their comfort and qualityof life, as previously reported in pets. This procedure is an appropriate alternative to euthanasia when catastrophic injury toa limb prevents its successful restoration. In horses, limb amputation has been performed for the past 40 years. Althoughin the reviewed literature there are no scientific reports of limb amputation in donkeys. This paper aimed to report a successful forelimb amputation and long-term follow-up in a female donkey.Case: A 10-month-old and 95 kg female Nordestino donkey was evaluated for a wound with bone exposition on the leftforelimb. Physical examination revealed that the donkey was alert with moderate body condition score, tachycardia, tachypnea, and a medial wound revealing the necrotic aspect of the left radius. Radiographic examination presented Salter-Harristype 1 exposed radius fracture. Hematology revealed normocytic and normochromic anemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia.Due to the catastrophic injury and no forecast for building a prosthesis, the donkey underwent general anesthesia for leftforelimb amputation through the midhumerus diaphysis. A fish-mouth skin incision was performed on the midhumerus,the underlying musculature was dissected and the vessels ligated until the bone could be accessed. Then, a sterile sawwire was used to transect it, and bone edges were rounded. Muscle and fascia were harvested with the skin to provideadditional padding at the end of the stump. Postoperatively, the donkey was submitted to broad spectrum antibiotic, antiinflammatory and analgesic therapy, and tetanus prophylaxis. Preventative treatment for overload laminitis included frogsupport pads and resting leagues on all three legs. No short-term complications were observed and the donkey made a fullrecovery. Long-term complications included fistula formation on the stump, and distal interphalangeal joint...

Forelimb amputation and long-term follow-Up in a female donkey

Background: Limb amputation may be a life-saving procedure for animals and minimally impact their comfort and qualityof life, as previously reported in pets. This procedure is an appropriate alternative to euthanasia when catastrophic injury toa limb prevents its successful restoration. In horses, limb amputation has been performed for the past 40 years. Althoughin the reviewed literature there are no scientific reports of limb amputation in donkeys. This paper aimed to report a successful forelimb amputation and long-term follow-up in a female donkey.Case: A 10-month-old and 95 kg female Nordestino donkey was evaluated for a wound with bone exposition on the leftforelimb. Physical examination revealed that the donkey was alert with moderate body condition score, tachycardia, tachypnea, and a medial wound revealing the necrotic aspect of the left radius. Radiographic examination presented Salter-Harristype 1 exposed radius fracture. Hematology revealed normocytic and normochromic anemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia.Due to the catastrophic injury and no forecast for building a prosthesis, the donkey underwent general anesthesia for leftforelimb amputation through the midhumerus diaphysis. A fish-mouth skin incision was performed on the midhumerus,the underlying musculature was dissected and the vessels ligated until the bone could be accessed. Then, a sterile sawwire was used to transect it, and bone edges were rounded. Muscle and fascia were harvested with the skin to provideadditional padding at the end of the stump. Postoperatively, the donkey was submitted to broad spectrum antibiotic, antiinflammatory and analgesic therapy, and tetanus prophylaxis. Preventative treatment for overload laminitis included frogsupport pads and resting leagues on all three legs. No short-term complications were observed and the donkey made a fullrecovery. Long-term complications included fistula formation on the stump, and distal interphalangeal joint...(AU)

Pedometria aplicada a estudo comparativo entre morfina e tramadol em bovinos / Pedometry applied to a comparative study using morphine and tramadol in bovine

A analgesia com opioides é limitada ou indefinida em ruminantes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a realização de um estudo comparativo entre dois analgésicos opioides: a morfina e o tramadol, com base nas avaliações clínica e pedométrica de animais submetidos a artrite e sinovite experimental transitórias, desenvolvidas na articulação interfalângica distal, após administração intra-articular de anfotericina B. Utilizou-se seis animais, em dois tratamentos distintos, com morfina, na dose de 0,5 mg/kg e 20 dias depois com tramadol, na dose de 1,8 mg/kg, ambos via intramuscular. Os animais foram avaliados em intervalos de três horas, num total de 27 horas, observando-se parâmetros fisiológicos, deambulação e atividade pedométrica. Claudicação e alterações pedométricas foram observadas para ambos os fármacos. Por meio das variáveis da atividade pedométrica, observou-se um padrão de inquietação compatível com nocicepção podal, não havendo a interferência dos fármacos sobre a claudicação. Concluiu-se que a morfina e o tramadol, nas doses testadas, foram incapazes de interferir na atenuação do grau de claudicação no momento de máxima estimulação dolorosa, frente ao modelo experimental de dor ortopédica.

The use of opioids for analgesia is limited or undefined in ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesics opioids, morphine and tramadol, based on the clinical and pedometric evaluations of animals submitted to a temporary experimental arthritis and synovitis, developed at the distal interphalangeal joint after an intra-articular administration of amphotericin B. Six animals were used in two different treatments, using morphine, dose of 0,5 mg/kg, and twenty days later, tramadol, dose of 1,8 mg/kg, both intramuscularly. The animals were evaluated at 3-hour intervals for a total of 27 hours, observing the physiological parameters, ambulation and pedometer activity. Lameness and pedometer variations were observed in both treatments. Based on the variables of pedometric activity, a pattern of restlessness compatible with podal nociception was observed, and there was no interference of any of the drugs on lameness. It was concluded that morphine and tramadol, at the tested doses, were incapable of interfering in the lameness attenuation during the maximum painful stimulation moment in this experimental protocol of orthopedic pain.

Pedometria aplicada a estudo comparativo entre morfina e tramadol em bovinos / Pedometry applied to a comparative study using morphine and tramadol in bovine

A analgesia com opioides é limitada ou indefinida em ruminantes. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se a realização de um estudo comparativo entre dois analgésicos opioides: a morfina e o tramadol, com base nas avaliações clínica e pedométrica de animais submetidos a artrite e sinovite experimental transitórias, desenvolvidas na articulação interfalângica distal, após administração intra-articular de anfotericina B. Utilizou-se seis animais, em dois tratamentos distintos, com morfina, na dose de 0,5 mg/kg e 20 dias depois com tramadol, na dose de 1,8 mg/kg, ambos via intramuscular. Os animais foram avaliados em intervalos de três horas, num total de 27 horas, observando-se parâmetros fisiológicos, deambulação e atividade pedométrica. Claudicação e alterações pedométricas foram observadas para ambos os fármacos. Por meio das variáveis da atividade pedométrica, observou-se um padrão de inquietação compatível com nocicepção podal, não havendo a interferência dos fármacos sobre a claudicação. Concluiu-se que a morfina e o tramadol, nas doses testadas, foram incapazes de interferir na atenuação do grau de claudicação no momento de máxima estimulação dolorosa, frente ao modelo experimental de dor ortopédica.(AU)

The use of opioids for analgesia is limited or undefined in ruminants. The aim of this study was to compare two analgesics opioids, morphine and tramadol, based on the clinical and pedometric evaluations of animals submitted to a temporary experimental arthritis and synovitis, developed at the distal interphalangeal joint after an intra-articular administration of amphotericin B. Six animals were used in two different treatments, using morphine, dose of 0,5 mg/kg, and twenty days later, tramadol, dose of 1,8 mg/kg, both intramuscularly. The animals were evaluated at 3-hour intervals for a total of 27 hours, observing the physiological parameters, ambulation and pedometer activity. Lameness and pedometer variations were observed in both treatments. Based on the variables of pedometric activity, a pattern of restlessness compatible with podal nociception was observed, and there was no interference of any of the drugs on lameness. It was concluded that morphine and tramadol, at the tested doses, were incapable of interfering in the lameness attenuation during the maximum painful stimulation moment in this experimental protocol of orthopedic pain.(AU)

Ultrasonographic measurement of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses / Mensuração ultrassonográfica dos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal de equinos da raça Crioula

Criollo horses were used in the past only for field services, especially countryside work. However, currently, they have been used as sports animals in several modalities involving turns in legs and exercises on irregular terrain, predisposing them to injuries in the distal extremity. Among the alterations recognized as cause of lameness in this region are the conditions related to collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint (CL-DIPJ), which in horses are structures that help to maintain joint stability and suffer a high pressure due to the high body weight, especially when it is not equally distributed at the stance phase. Considering the importance of the ultrasound anatomical knowledge of this structure for the early diagnosis of locomotive affections in the digit of Criollo horses, this study aimed to standardize CL-DIPJ measurements in healthy horses of this breed. We used 25 adult Criollo horses not submitted to sports practice. For ultrasonographic evaluation, after a trichotomy of the region, an ultrasound Chison 8300VET and a 6.0 MHz linear probe were used with a standoff pad. This technique uses a cross-sectional view, in which CL-DIPJ is visualized in the distal concavity portion of the middle phalanx, being a standard for the measurements. For ligament measurements, the variables dorsopalmar diameter (DPD), latero-medial diameter (LMD), and cross-sectional area (CSA) of ligaments were used. Three measurements were performed for each variable and average values were obtained, which were compared to each other and did not present significant differences (p > 0.05). The average measurements of diameter and area of collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint in Criollo horses were 9.04 mm for DPD, 7.55 mm for LMD, and 0.52 mm2 for CSA. This was the first study that standardized the size of this structure in this breed.(AU)

Os cavalos da raça Crioula eram utilizados apenas para serviços de campo, especialmente no trabalho com o gado. No entanto, atualmente, são utilizados também como animais de esporte em diversas modalidades que envolvem paleteadas, movimentos de giros apoiados sobre os membros pélvicos e exercícios em terrenos irregulares, predispondo-os às lesões na região distal dos dígitos. Dentre as alterações reconhecidas como causa de claudicação nesta região, encontram-se as afecções vinculadas aos ligamentos colaterais da articulação interfalangeana distal (LC-AID), que são estruturas que auxiliam a manter a estabilidade articular e sofrem alta tensão, devido ao elevado peso corporal, especialmente quando não estão igualmente distribuídos no momento de apoio do casco no solo. Tendo em vista a importância do conhecimento anatômico ultrassonográfico dessa estrutura para o diagnóstico precoce de afecções locomotoras no dígito de cavalos Crioulos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar as medidas dos LC-AID em equinos hígidos desta raça. Foram utilizados 25 equinos Crioulos adultos não submetidos à prática esportiva. Para a avaliação ultrassonográfica, após tricotomia da região, foi utilizado o aparelho Chison 8300VET e probe linear de 6,0MHz com auxílio de standoff pad e, a técnica empregada utilizou um corte transversal, no qual o LC-AID é visualizado na concavidade da porção distal da falange média, como padrão para a obtenção das medidas. Para mensuração dos ligamentos, utilizaram-se três variáveis denominadas diâmetro dorso palmar (DDP), diâmetro latero medial (DLM) e área transversal do ligamento (ATL). Realizaram-se três medições para cada uma das variáveis e, a partir destas medidas, obtiveram-se os valores de média, os quais foram comparados entre si e não apresentaram diferenças significativas (p > 0,05).(AU)

Use of gamithromycin for the treatment of osteomyelitis secondary to foot rot in a sheep

Background: Lameness is one of the main causes of economic losses in sheep breeding, especially in the distal region of the limbs. Poor sanitation management, especially in terms of hygiene conditions and the introduction of animals without previous preventive care, is an important predisposing factor in sheep flocks. Interdigital phlegmon (foot rot) is a bacterial disease that causes pain, heat, edema, hyperemia in the region, and can lead to secondary processes such as osteomyelitis. This case report describes the use of gamithromycin for the treatment of osteomyelitis secondary to foot rot in a sheep.Case: An Ile-de-France ewe exhibiting signs of lameness, pain, heat, hyperemia and edema in the four digits was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of UNIPAMPA. The lesions were characterized by interdigital phlegmon, commonly known as foot rot, and the right thoracic limb was more affected, exuding a foul odor and purulent secretion. The affected limbs were treated topically with an antiseptic solution. The lesions healed completely except for the right thoracic limb, whose clinical condition worsened. Osteitis was suspected, and was confirmed by radiographic evaluation of the region. Treatment with ceftiofur was introduced, but proved to be ineffective. Nevertheless, the lesion was found to have worsened, and a new X-ray evaluation was made, which revealed dislocation of the distal phalanx as well as involvement of the middle and proximal phalanges. Thus, we decided to perform chemical arthrodesis of the distal interphalangeal joint. Before beginning this procedure, contrast X-rays were taken that revealed the development of a fistulous pathway connecting the distal interphalangeal joint to the proximal interphalangeal joint, which precluded this procedure. In view of the worsening of the condition, amputation of the distal and middle phalanges was performed, as well as scraping of the distal edge of the proximal phalanx.[...](AU)