Characterization of new late-spring-frost-tolerant apricot hybrids: physical and biochemical fruit quality attributes, volatile aroma compounds / Caracterização de novos híbridos de damasco tolerantes a geadas tardias: atributos físicos e bioquímicos de qualidade do fruto, compostos aromáticos voláteis

Late spring frosts is one of the most important restricting abiotic stress factors of apricot growing worldwide. In this study; some physical, biochemical fruit quality characteristics and volatile aroma compounds were determined in fresh fruit samples of thirteen late spring frost tolerant apricot hybrids recently obtained from Turkish apricot breeding programme. A wide variation was reported among apricot genotypes in all of the evaluated physical and biochemical fruit characteristics and also volatile aroma compounds.Fruit size varied between 27.2 and 60.5 g, total soluble solids between 13.6 and 17.4 %, total carotene 26.6 and 42.8 (mg.100 g-1), and total phenolics content 354.2 and 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). A total of 42 flavor components belonging to various flavor compound groups were identified. The main volatile aroma compound groups detected in the assessed apricot genotypes were; aldehydes, ketones, esters, alcohols, terpenes, acids, and other compounds. Among the detected compounds; Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol, Limonene were the most abundant compounds in terms of concentration. Hexanal varied between 55.8 and 528.5 µg.kg-1, and 2-Hexen-1-ol changed between 25.7 and 297.9 µg.kg-1 fresh weight. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations among some aroma compounds and biochemical fruit quality characteristics. Significant correlations were reported for esters with titratable acidity (r=0.79) and total carotene (r=-0.61) and aldehydes were found as highly correlated with total soluble solids (r=-0.69). The results of the study will be beneficial in terms of food analysis, cultivation, and breeding studies of apricot.

As geadas do final da primavera são um dos fatores de estresse abiótico restritivos mais importantes do cultivo de damasco em todo o mundo. Neste estudo, algumas características físicas e bioquímicas de qualidade da fruta e compostos aromáticos voláteis foram determinados em amostras de frutas frescas de 13 híbridos de damasco tolerantes à geada da primavera, recentemente obtidos do programa de melhoramento de damasco turco. Uma grande variação foi encontrada entre os genótipos de damasco em todas as características físicas e bioquímicas dos frutos avaliados e também nos compostos aromáticos voláteis. O tamanho dos frutos variou entre 27.2 e 60.5 g, sólidos solúveis entre 13.6 e 17.4 %, caroteno total 26.6 e 42.8 (mg.100 g-1) e teor de fenólicos totais 354.2 e 673.1 (GAE.100 g-1). Um total de 42 componentes aromatizantes pertencentes a vários grupos de compostos aromatizantes foram identificados. Os principais grupos de compostos aromáticos voláteis detectados nos genótipos de damasco avaliados foram: aldeídos, cetonas, ésteres, álcoois, terpenos, ácidos e outros compostos. Os compostos: Hexanal, 2-Hexenal, 1-Hexanol, 2-Hexen-1-ol e Limoneno foram os mais abundantes em termos de concentração. O hexanal variou entre 55.8 e 528.5 µg.kg-1, e o 2-Hexen-1-ol variou entre 25.7 e 297.9 µg.kg-1 demassa fresca . A análise de correlação revelou correlações significativas entre alguns compostos aromáticos e características bioquímicas de qualidade do fruto. Correlações significativas foram encontradas para ésteres com acidez titulável (r=0.79) e caroteno total (r=-0.61) e aldeídos foram encontrados como altamente correlacionados com sólidos solúveis totais (r=-0.69). Os resultados do estudo serão benéficos em termos de análise de alimentos, cultivo e estudos de melhoramento de damasco.

Wood-associated fungi produce volatile organic compounds toxic to root-knot nematode

Since volatiles do not leave residues in food and cause low toxicity to humans, they can act as a skeleton for new nematicidal molecules, once they have demonstrated activity against phytonematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by wood-associated fungi on controling second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. All 28 wood-associated fungi isolates produced VOCs which caused in excess of 76 % immobility in exposed J2 of M. incognita. The fungus isolate VOCs also caused significant mortality compared to control when J2 were exposed to them. After 6 h of exposure, the fungus species Epicoccum nigrum and Schizophyllum commune produced VOCs that immobilized exposed J2 compounds, in relation to the control. When J2 were inoculated into tomato under greenhouse conditions, the M. incognita infectivity and reproduction were reduced by exposure to the VOCs. Volatiles produced by most of the fungi isolates and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (CG-MS), included alcohols, esters, terpenes, and ketones. Certain compounds appeared only in S. commune or in E. nigrum suggesting their involvement in the high level of damage caused to nematode reproduction on tomato. Volatiles emitted by wood fungi demonstrated another mode of action of these microorganisms in nature.

Wood-associated fungi produce volatile organic compounds toxic to root-knot nematode

Since volatiles do not leave residues in food and cause low toxicity to humans, they can act as a skeleton for new nematicidal molecules, once they have demonstrated activity against phytonematodes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by wood-associated fungi on controling second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita. All 28 wood-associated fungi isolates produced VOCs which caused in excess of 76 % immobility in exposed J2 of M. incognita. The fungus isolate VOCs also caused significant mortality compared to control when J2 were exposed to them. After 6 h of exposure, the fungus species Epicoccum nigrum and Schizophyllum commune produced VOCs that immobilized exposed J2 compounds, in relation to the control. When J2 were inoculated into tomato under greenhouse conditions, the M. incognita infectivity and reproduction were reduced by exposure to the VOCs. Volatiles produced by most of the fungi isolates and analyzed by gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (CG-MS), included alcohols, esters, terpenes, and ketones. Certain compounds appeared only in S. commune or in E. nigrum suggesting their involvement in the high level of damage caused to nematode reproduction on tomato. Volatiles emitted by wood fungi demonstrated another mode of action of these microorganisms in nature.(AU)

Natural sparkling guava wine: volatile and physicochemical characterization / Espumante natural de goiaba: caracterização volátil e físico-química

Although different tropical fruit species have been used in the development of fermented beverages, there are only few references in the literature to the production of natural sparkling wines from fruits other than grapes. In this sense, the objective of the present research was the development and physicochemical and volatile characterization of a natural sparkling guava wine produced by the champenoise method. Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique on samples. Eighty-nine volatile compounds were detected, of which 51 were identified. Esters were the predominant class of volatile compounds (a total of 26), followed by alcohols (10), terpenes (9), ketones (3), and acids (3). Volatile compounds with possible odoriferous activity were reported in the beverage, including ethyl octanoate, ethyl 5-hexenoate, phenethyl acetate, (E)--damascenone, (E)-ethyl cinnamate, 2-methyl butyl acetate, 3-methylbutanol, ethyl 3-(E)-hexenoate, and methyl 5-hexenoate. Natural sparkling guava wine produced showed a complex composition of fruity and floral aromas. Furthermore, the use of the champenoise method, traditionally applied to grapes, enabled the manufacture of a natural sparkling guava wine with physicochemical characteristics equivalent to those of sparkling wines made from grapes.

Diferentes frutos tropicais vêm sendo utilizados para o desenvolvimento de bebidas fermentadas, porém na bibliografia consultada há poucas referências sobre a produção de espumantes naturais de outras frutas diferentes da uva. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a caracterização físico-química e volátil de um espumante natural de goiaba produzido pelo método champenoise. A determinação dos compostos voláteis foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas utilizando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida no headspace (HS-SPME) das amostras. Foram detectados 89 compostos voláteis, dos quais 51 foram identificados. Os ésteres foram os compostos voláteis predominantes em número, totalizando 26 compostos, seguido pelos álcoois (10), terpenos (9), cetonas (3) e ácidos (3). Compostos voláteis com possível atividade odorífera foram encontrados na bebida, dentre eles os ésteres octanoato de etila, 5-hexenoato de etila, acetato de fenetila, (E)--damascenona, (E)-cinamato de etila, acetato de 2-metil butila, 3-metil butanol, 3-(E)-hexenoato de etila e o 5-hexenoato de metila. O espumante natural produzido apresentou uma composição complexa de aroma frutado e floral. Além disso, a utilização do método tradicionalmente aplicado a uvas, o champenoise, proporcionou a fabricação de um espumante natural de goiaba com características físico-químicas equivalentes aos espumantes elaborados a partir de vinho.

Natural sparkling guava wine: volatile and physicochemical characterization / Espumante natural de goiaba: caracterização volátil e físico-química

Although different tropical fruit species have been used in the development of fermented beverages, there are only few references in the literature to the production of natural sparkling wines from fruits other than grapes. In this sense, the objective of the present research was the development and physicochemical and volatile characterization of a natural sparkling guava wine produced by the champenoise method. Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique on samples. Eighty-nine volatile compounds were detected, of which 51 were identified. Esters were the predominant class of volatile compounds (a total of 26), followed by alcohols (10), terpenes (9), ketones (3), and acids (3). Volatile compounds with possible odoriferous activity were reported in the beverage, including ethyl octanoate, ethyl 5-hexenoate, phenethyl acetate, (E)--damascenone, (E)-ethyl cinnamate, 2-methyl butyl acetate, 3-methylbutanol, ethyl 3-(E)-hexenoate, and methyl 5-hexenoate. Natural sparkling guava wine produced showed a complex composition of fruity and floral aromas. Furthermore, the use of the champenoise method, traditionally applied to grapes, enabled the manufacture of a natural sparkling guava wine with physicochemical characteristics equivalent to those of sparkling wines made from grapes.(AU)

Diferentes frutos tropicais vêm sendo utilizados para o desenvolvimento de bebidas fermentadas, porém na bibliografia consultada há poucas referências sobre a produção de espumantes naturais de outras frutas diferentes da uva. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a caracterização físico-química e volátil de um espumante natural de goiaba produzido pelo método champenoise. A determinação dos compostos voláteis foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas utilizando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida no headspace (HS-SPME) das amostras. Foram detectados 89 compostos voláteis, dos quais 51 foram identificados. Os ésteres foram os compostos voláteis predominantes em número, totalizando 26 compostos, seguido pelos álcoois (10), terpenos (9), cetonas (3) e ácidos (3). Compostos voláteis com possível atividade odorífera foram encontrados na bebida, dentre eles os ésteres octanoato de etila, 5-hexenoato de etila, acetato de fenetila, (E)--damascenona, (E)-cinamato de etila, acetato de 2-metil butila, 3-metil butanol, 3-(E)-hexenoato de etila e o 5-hexenoato de metila. O espumante natural produzido apresentou uma composição complexa de aroma frutado e floral. Além disso, a utilização do método tradicionalmente aplicado a uvas, o champenoise, proporcionou a fabricação de um espumante natural de goiaba com características físico-químicas equivalentes aos espumantes elaborados a partir de vinho.(AU)

Colina protegida de la degradación ruminal y su efecto en la prevención de la toxemia de la gestación en ovejas lecheras / Rumen protected choline and its effect on the prevention of pregnancy toxemia in dairy ewes / Colina protegida da degradação ruminal e seu efeito na prevenção da toxemia da gestação em ovelhas leiteiras

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos del aporte alimentar de colina protegida de la degradación ruminal en ovejas lecheras y su papel en la prevención de la cetosis. Fueron empleadas 20 ovejas de la raza Lacaune con edad entre 3 a 5 años y divididas en dos grupos experimentales: control (GC, n=10) el cual recibió apenas la dieta pré parto y el grupo tratado (GCP, n=10) el cual además de dicha dieta los animales recibieron 25 g de colina protegida a partir del 110 día de gestación hasta la última semana anterior al parto. Las muestras de sangre para mensurar cetonas sanguíneas fueron realizadas en los días 110 (día cero), 117 (día 7), 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de la preñez. Los niveles de colesterol sérico fueron avaluados entretanto en los días 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de dicho período. La ocurrencia de la enfermedad clínica de Cetosis (toxemia de la gestación) también fue acompañada durante el período experimental en los dos grupos. Los valores para cetonas sanguíneas fueron inferiores en el grupo GCP a partir del día 14 del experimento, mientras que los valores de colesterol fueron superiores en este mismo grupo en el día 28. En relación a la ocurrencia de cetosis ningún animal manifestó señales de esta alteración en el grupo GCP, entretanto, en el grupo GC un animal manifestó el cuadro clínico y dos el sub clínico de [...](AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of choline protected from ruminal degradation in dairy sheep and its role in the prevention of pregnancy toxemia. Twenty Lacaune ewes were used and divided into two groups, control group (GC, n =10) received only the diet pre-partum and treated group (GCP, n=10), which in addition to the pre-partum diet received 25g of rumen protected choline from the 110th day of pregnancy until the last week prior to the expected date of delivery. Blood samples for measurement the blood ketones performed in 110th of gestation (day zero), 117th days of gestation (day seven), 124th day of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138th day gestation (day 28) and serum cholesterol level was assessed at 124th days of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138 days of gestation (day 28). The occurrence of disease clinical ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia) was also monitored during the experiment in both groups. The amounts of ketones in the blood were lower GCP from day14 of the experiment, while cholesterol values were higher in the same group on day 28. For the occurrence of pregnancy toxemia, no animal showed signs of this disease in the GCP, but in the control group, one animal showed clinical and two animals presents sub clinical ketosis. Concludes that the 25g/day choline supplementation protected from [...](AU)

Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar a suplementação de colina protegida da degradação ruminal em ovelhas leiteiras e seu papel na prevenção de toxemia da gestação. Foram utilizadas 20 ovelhas da raça Lacaune, divididas em dois grupos experimentais, controle (GC, n = 10), que recebeu somente a dieta pré-parto e grupo tratado (GCP, n = 10), que, além da dieta pré-parto, recebeu 25g de colina protegida da degradação ruminal a partir do 110º dia de gestação até a última semana de antecedência da data prevista do parto. As coletas de sangue para mensuração de cetonas sanguíneas foram realizadas no 110º dia de gestação (dia zero), 117º dia de gestação (dia sete), 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28), e o nível de colesterol sérico foi avaliado no 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28). A ocorrência de doença clínica de cetose (Toxemia da Gestação) também foi acompanhada durante o período do experimento nos dois grupos. Os valores de cetonas sanguíneas foram inferiores no GCP a partir do dia 14 do experimento, enquanto que os valores de colesterol foram superiores nesse mesmo grupo no dia 28. Em relação à ocorrência da toxemia da gestação, nenhum animal manifestou sinais dessa doença no GCP, enquanto que no GC, um animal apresentou quadro clínico e dois, a forma [...](AU)

Colina protegida de la degradación ruminal y su efecto en la prevención de la toxemia de la gestación en ovejas lecheras / Rumen protected choline and its effect on the prevention of pregnancy toxemia in dairy ewes / Colina protegida da degradação ruminal e seu efeito na prevenção da toxemia da gestação em ovelhas leiteiras

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos del aporte alimentar de colina protegida de la degradación ruminal en ovejas lecheras y su papel en la prevención de la cetosis. Fueron empleadas 20 ovejas de la raza Lacaune con edad entre 3 a 5 años y divididas en dos grupos experimentales: control (GC, n=10) el cual recibió apenas la dieta pré parto y el grupo tratado (GCP, n=10) el cual además de dicha dieta los animales recibieron 25 g de colina protegida a partir del 110 día de gestación hasta la última semana anterior al parto. Las muestras de sangre para mensurar cetonas sanguíneas fueron realizadas en los días 110 (día cero), 117 (día 7), 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de la preñez. Los niveles de colesterol sérico fueron avaluados entretanto en los días 124 (día 14), 131 (día 21) y 138 (día 28) de dicho período. La ocurrencia de la enfermedad clínica de Cetosis (toxemia de la gestación) también fue acompañada durante el período experimental en los dos grupos. Los valores para cetonas sanguíneas fueron inferiores en el grupo GCP a partir del día 14 del experimento, mientras que los valores de colesterol fueron superiores en este mismo grupo en el día 28. En relación a la ocurrencia de cetosis ningún animal manifestó señales de esta alteración en el grupo GCP, entretanto, en el grupo GC un animal manifestó el cuadro clínico y dos el sub clínico de [...]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of choline protected from ruminal degradation in dairy sheep and its role in the prevention of pregnancy toxemia. Twenty Lacaune ewes were used and divided into two groups, control group (GC, n =10) received only the diet pre-partum and treated group (GCP, n=10), which in addition to the pre-partum diet received 25g of rumen protected choline from the 110th day of pregnancy until the last week prior to the expected date of delivery. Blood samples for measurement the blood ketones performed in 110th of gestation (day zero), 117th days of gestation (day seven), 124th day of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138th day gestation (day 28) and serum cholesterol level was assessed at 124th days of gestation (day 14), 131th days of gestation (day 21) and 138 days of gestation (day 28). The occurrence of disease clinical ketosis (Pregnancy Toxemia) was also monitored during the experiment in both groups. The amounts of ketones in the blood were lower GCP from day14 of the experiment, while cholesterol values were higher in the same group on day 28. For the occurrence of pregnancy toxemia, no animal showed signs of this disease in the GCP, but in the control group, one animal showed clinical and two animals presents sub clinical ketosis. Concludes that the 25g/day choline supplementation protected from [...]

Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar a suplementação de colina protegida da degradação ruminal em ovelhas leiteiras e seu papel na prevenção de toxemia da gestação. Foram utilizadas 20 ovelhas da raça Lacaune, divididas em dois grupos experimentais, controle (GC, n = 10), que recebeu somente a dieta pré-parto e grupo tratado (GCP, n = 10), que, além da dieta pré-parto, recebeu 25g de colina protegida da degradação ruminal a partir do 110º dia de gestação até a última semana de antecedência da data prevista do parto. As coletas de sangue para mensuração de cetonas sanguíneas foram realizadas no 110º dia de gestação (dia zero), 117º dia de gestação (dia sete), 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28), e o nível de colesterol sérico foi avaliado no 124º dia de gestação (dia 14), 131º dia de gestação (dia 21) e 138º dia de gestação (dia 28). A ocorrência de doença clínica de cetose (Toxemia da Gestação) também foi acompanhada durante o período do experimento nos dois grupos. Os valores de cetonas sanguíneas foram inferiores no GCP a partir do dia 14 do experimento, enquanto que os valores de colesterol foram superiores nesse mesmo grupo no dia 28. Em relação à ocorrência da toxemia da gestação, nenhum animal manifestou sinais dessa doença no GCP, enquanto que no GC, um animal apresentou quadro clínico e dois, a forma [...]

Blood metabolites as predictors to evaluate the body condition of Neopelma pallescens (Passeriformes: Pipridae) in northeastern Brazil

Body condition is an important ecological attribute that can provide a measure of the energy stored by an animal or population. Body condition is traditionally ascertained with morphometric body condition indices (BCIs), but some researchers have used various physiological and biochemical parameters as predictors of body condition. This study aimed to test reliable biochemical predictors of body condition in individuals of Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853), found in an Atlantic forest patch. For this purpose we examined the relationship between body condition and the concentrations of blood glucose and ketones. We also verified correlations between blood metabolite concentrations and ecological variables, including time of day, seasons, breeding periods, and ectoparasite infestation. Birds were captured with mist nets at Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Blood samples were analyzed with a portable glucometer. The correlation between glucose and ketones was negative. Both metabolites showed significant variations according to time of day. Glucose levels were higher in the afternoon and ketones levels were higher in the morning, suggesting a correlation with daily food intake. The BCI of non-breeding birds was negatively correlated with glucose concentrations. However, the correlation between glucose and the BCI of incubating birds was a positive. Ketone bodies did not correlate with body condition. In relation to ectoparasite infestation, only ketones showed significant results, presenting a higher concentration in infested individuals. Glucose is a good predictor of the BCI of incubating birds since it correlates positively with it. However, the lack of seasonal variations in metabolites indicates that the nutritional status of tropical birds does not change when food is abundant. Thus, we conclude that glucose and ketone bodies can predict the nutritional status of birds but in a context-dependent fashion.

Blood metabolites as predictors to evaluate the body condition of Neopelma pallescens (Passeriformes: Pipridae) in northeastern Brazil

Body condition is an important ecological attribute that can provide a measure of the energy stored by an animal or population. Body condition is traditionally ascertained with morphometric body condition indices (BCIs), but some researchers have used various physiological and biochemical parameters as predictors of body condition. This study aimed to test reliable biochemical predictors of body condition in individuals of Neopelma pallescens (Lafresnaye, 1853), found in an Atlantic forest patch. For this purpose we examined the relationship between body condition and the concentrations of blood glucose and ketones. We also verified correlations between blood metabolite concentrations and ecological variables, including time of day, seasons, breeding periods, and ectoparasite infestation. Birds were captured with mist nets at Reserva Biológica de Guaribas, state of Paraíba, Brazil. Blood samples were analyzed with a portable glucometer. The correlation between glucose and ketones was negative. Both metabolites showed significant variations according to time of day. Glucose levels were higher in the afternoon and ketones levels were higher in the morning, suggesting a correlation with daily food intake. The BCI of non-breeding birds was negatively correlated with glucose concentrations. However, the correlation between glucose and the BCI of incubating birds was a positive. Ketone bodies did not correlate with body condition. In relation to ectoparasite infestation, only ketones showed significant results, presenting a higher concentration in infested individuals. Glucose is a good predictor of the BCI of incubating birds since it correlates positively with it. However, the lack of seasonal variations in metabolites indicates that the nutritional status of tropical birds does not change when food is abundant. Thus, we conclude that glucose and ketone bodies can predict the nutritional status of birds but in a context-dependent fashion.(AU)

MATURIDADE SEXUAL NA QUALIDADE DE CARNE DE FRANGOS CRIADOS EM SISTEMA ALTERNATIVO

O objetivo deste estudo, foi avaliar o desenvolvimento sexual das aves e correlacionar com os aspectos de qualidade de carne de frangos criados em sistema alternativo em diferentes gêneros. Para o estudo foram utilizadas 90 aves da linhagem Label Rouge (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 45 fêmeas e 45 machos. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x2), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e duas categorias de maturidade sexual (não maduro e maduro). Os animais foram abatidos em cinco idades de abate, 70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias de idade. Primeiramente, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura abordando os principais aspectos de qualidade de carne de frango criados em sistema alternativo. Em seguida foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos, composição centesimal e vida de prateleira. Em ambos os cortes, a maturidade sexual promoveu um aumento na força de cisalhamento, além de afetar a coloração da carne levando ao aumento do índice de vermelho. A umidade foi menor na coxa das aves após a maturidade sexual. Em ambos os cortes o teor de gordura foi maior em fêmeas maduras sexualmente. Foi avaliado o perfil de ácidos graxos nos cortes de peito e coxa. O peito das aves fêmeas após a maturidade sexual apresentaram menor teor de C18:0 e, dos machos maduros sexualmente exibiram menor porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados. A coxa das aves fêmeas maduras exibiu menor teor de C20:2 e dos machos maduros apresentaram estimativa de atividade de elongaseC16-C18 . No peito de aves maduras sexualmente, foi observado aumento na quantidade de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (mg de AG/g de gordura). Na coxa, foi observado redução na quantidade de monoinsaturados nas aves após a maturidade sexual. A maturidade sexual afetou a composição de ácidos graxos de ambos os cortes, acarretando um aumento de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados no peito e redução de monoinsaturados na coxa. Por fim, foi avaliado o perfil de compostos voláteis nos cortes de peito e coxa. Foram identificados 96 compostos voláteis entre os grupos químicos aldeídos, álcoois, terpenos, cetonas, hidrocarbonetos, pirazinas, compostos sulfurados, furanos, ésteres e ácidos carboxílicos. Ao avaliar o perfil de compostos voláteis por meio da Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) de maneira geral, em ambos os cortes, as aves após a maturidade sexual mostraram maior correlação com os compostos voláteis formados através da oxidação lipídica. Sendo observado ainda, que para os demais grupamentos, terpenos, pirazinas, compostos sulfurados, furanos e ésteres, o efeito da maturidade sexual apresentou comportamento diferente entre as aves avaliadas. Assim, podemos concluir que a maturidade sexual afetou a composição de compostos voláteis, em ambos os cortes, e assim, podemos afirmar que a maturidade sexual altera o sabor da carne.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual development of birds and correlate it with meat quality aspects of chickens raised in an alternative system in different genera. For the study, 90 birds of the Label Rouge lineage (Pescoço Pelado) were used, being 45 females and 45 males. The design used was completely randomized (DIC) arranged in a factorial scheme (2x2), with two sexes (male and female) and two categories of sexual maturity (non-mature and mature). The animals were slaughtered at five slaughter ages, 70, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days of age. First, a literature review was carried out, addressing the main aspects of chicken meat quality raised in an alternative system. Then, the physicochemical parameters, proximate composition and shelf life were evaluated. In both cuts, sexual maturity promoted an increase in the shear force, in addition to affecting the color of the meat, leading to an increase in the red content. Moisture was lower in the thigh of the birds after sexual maturity. In both cuts the fat content was higher in sexually mature females. The fatty acid profile in breast and thigh cuts was evaluated. The breast of female birds after sexual maturity had a lower content of C18:0, and sexually mature males exhibited a lower percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids. The thigh of mature female birds exhibited lower content of C20:2 and mature males showed estimated activity of elongaseC16-C18. In the breast of sexually mature birds, an increase in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mg of FA/g of fat) was observed. In the thigh, it was observed a reduction in the amount of monounsaturated in birds after sexual maturity. Sexual maturity affected the fatty acid composition of both cuts, causing an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in the breast and a reduction in monounsaturated fatty acids in the thigh. Finally, the profile of volatile compounds in breast and thigh sections was evaluated. 96 volatile compounds were identified among the chemical groups aldehydes, alcohols, terpenes, ketones, hydrocarbons, pyrazines, sulfur compounds, furans, esters and carboxylic acids. When evaluating the profile of volatile compounds through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) in general, in both cuts, birds after sexual maturity showed greater correlation with volatile compounds formed through lipid oxidation. It is also observed that for the other groups, terpenes, pyrazines, sulfur compounds, furans and esters, the effect of sexual maturity presented a different behavior among the evaluated birds. Thus, we can conclude that sexual maturity affected the composition of volatile compounds, in both cuts, and thus, we can state that sexual maturity alters the flavor of the meat.

Inclusão de cloreto de amônio na dieta pré-parto de ovelhas leiteiras e sua influência nos metabolismos do cálcio e energético / Inclusion of ammonium chloride in the pre-partum diet in dairy sheep and its influence on calcium and energetic metabolism

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de cloreto de amônio na dieta pré-parto de ovelhas leiteiras sobre o pH urinário, cálcio sérico e metabolismo energético dos animais. Foram utilizadas vinte fêmeas ovinas da raça Lacaune, separadas em dois grupos: o Grupo Controle (GC, n=10) que recebeu a dieta pré-parto sem adição de cloreto de amônio e o Grupo Tratado (GT, n=10) que recebeu a dieta pré-parto com a inclusão de 0,4% de cloreto de amônio do total de matéria seca (MS) consumida por animal/dia. As coletas de urina e sangue ocorreram aos 120 (M0), 127 (M1) e 135 (M2) dias de gestação. Foram avaliados o pH urinário e os níveis séricos de cálcio, cetonas, glicose e colesterol. Houve redução no pH urinário no GT nos dias 127 e 135 de gestação. Os valores de cetonas séricas foram inferiores no GT no dia 135 de gestação enquanto que os níveis de cálcio e colesterol foram superiores neste grupo no mesmo momento tempo avaliado. Não houve diferença nos valores de glicose entre os grupos. Desta forma, conclui-se que a inclusão de 0,4% de cloreto de amônio do total de matéria seca consumida por animal/dia na dieta pré-parto de ovelhas leiteiras foi eficiente na manutenção da calcemia neste período e que esta pode estar associada a não redução do status energético em ovelhas gestantes.

This research was done to evaluate the effect of inclusion of ammonium chloride in the pre-partum diet in dairy sheep over the urinary pH and in calcium and energetic metabolism of these animals. Twenty ewe of Lacaune breed were separated into two groups, the Control Group (CG, n = 10) that received pre-partum diet without ammonium chloride and Treated Group (TG, n = 10) that received the diet pre-partum with 0.4% of ammonium chloride in total dry matter (DM) consumed per animal/day. The samples of urine and blood were collected in 120 (M0), 127 (M1) and 135 (M2) days of gestation. The parameters assessed were the urine pH and serum levels of calcium, ketones, glucose and cholesterol. In the urinary pH assay occurred a reduction in the GT on 127 and 135 days of gestation. The values were lower in the serum ketones in GT on 135 of gestation on the day whereas calcium levels and cholesterol levels were higher in this group at the same experimental time. There was no difference in glucose values between groups. Thus, it is concluded that inclusion of 0.4% of ammonium chloride to the total dry matter intake per animal/day in the pre-partum diet of milk sheep was effective in maintaining calcium levels over this period. And yet, this maintenance of calcium levels may be associated with no reduction in energy status in pregnant ewes.(AU)

Volatile profile of yellow passion fruit juice by static headspace and solid phase microextraction techniques / Perfil volátil do suco do maracujá-amarelo por técnicas de extração em headspace estático e microextração em fase sólida

The profile of volatile compounds of yellow passion fruit juice was analyzed by solid phase microextraction headspace (HS-SPME) and optimized static headspace (S-HS) extraction techniques. Time, temperature, NaCl concentration and sample volume headspace equilibrium parameters was adjusted to the S-HS technique. The gaseous phase in the headspace of samples was collected and injected into a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. In the HS-SPME technique was identified 44 volatile compounds from the yellow passion fruit juice, but with S-HS only 30 compounds were identified. Volatile esters were majority in both techniques, being identified ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, (3z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, hexyl butanoate and hexyl hexanoate. Aldehydes and ketones were not identified in S-HS, but were in HS-SPME. β-Pinene, p-cymene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinolene and (E) -4,8-dimethyl-1, 3,7 - nonatriene terpenes were identified in both techniques. This study showed that the S-HS optimized extraction technique was effective to recovery high concentrations of the major volatile characteristics compounds in the passion fruit, such as ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate, which can be advantageous due to the simplicity of the method.(AU)

O perfil de compostos voláteis do suco de maracujá-amarelo foi analisado pelas técnicas de extração microextração em fase sólida (SPME-HS) e headspace estático (S-HS). Os parâmetros de equilíbrio do headspace tempo, temperatura, concentração de NaCl e volume da amostra foram ajustados para a técnica S-HS. Em ambas as técnicas de extração, a fase gasosa no headspace das amostras foi recolhida e injetada em cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a espectrômetro de massas. Na técnica SPME-HS, foram identificados 44 compostosvoláteis no suco do maracujá-amarelo e, em S-HS, foram identificados 30 compostos. Ésteres voláteis foram majoritários em ambas as técnicas, sendo identificados butanoato de etila, hexanoato de etila, (3z)-3-hexenil acetato, hexil acetato, hexil butanoatoe hexil hexanoato. Aldeídos e cetonas não foram identificados com a técnica S-HS. Os terpenos β-pineno, p-cimeno, limoneno, (Z)-β-ocimeno, (E)-β-ocimeno, γ-terpineno, α-terpinoleno e (E)-4,8-dimetil-1,3,7-nonatrieno foram identificados em ambas as tιcnicas.. Este estudo mostrou que a técnica de extração otimizada S-HS foi eficaz para a recuperação de altas concentrações dos principais compostos voláteis característicos do maracujá, como o butanoato de etila e o hexanoate deetila, o que é vantajoso, devido à simplicidade do método.(AU)

1-methylcyclopropene effects on volatile profile and quality of Royal Gala apples produced in Southern Brazil and stored in controlled atmosphere / Efeito do 1-metilciclopropeno no perfil volátil e qualidade de maçãs Royal Gala produzidas no Sul do Brasil e armazenadas em atmosfera controlada

Apple volatile aroma depends of complex interaction among organic compounds. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) application on volatile profile and quality on 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil and stored under controlled atmosphere condition (CA; 1.0kPa O2+1.2kPa CO2; 0.5±0.1°C; 94±1% relative humidity). Volatile profile was determined after eight month of CA storage plus 7 days of shelf life via solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. In the volatile profile were identified 8 esters, 11 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 6 acids, 2 ketones, 1 ether and 1 terpene. 1-MCP application reduced significantly the main volatile compounds production by 'Royal Gala' apples produced in Southern Brazil. Its application decreases significantly the esters production, especially 2-methyl-butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, compared to 'Royal Gala' apples storage under CA. 1-methylcyclopropene application decrease ethylene production and respiration rate. Apples treated with 1-MCP exhibit higher hexanal and 2(E)-hexenal production.(AU)

O aroma de maçãs depende de uma complexa interação entre compostos orgânicos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre o perfil volátil e a qualidade de maçãs 'Royal Gala' produzidas no Sul do Brasil e armazenadas em atmosfera controlada (AC; 1,0kPa O2+1,2kPa CO2; 0,5±0,1°C; 94±1% umidade relativa). O perfil volátil foi determinado após oito meses de armazenamento mais seis dias de vida de prateleira através de micro extração em fase sólida (HS-SPME) e analisado por cromatografia gasosa acoplado a espectrofotômetro de massa. No perfil volátil, foram identificados 8 ésteres, 11 alcoois, 6 aldeídos, 6 ácidos, 2 cetonas, 1 éter e 1 terpeno. Aplicação de 1-MCP reduziu significativamente os principais compostos voláteis produzidos pela maçã 'Royal Gala'. Sua aplicação reduziu significativamente a produção de ésteres, especialmente 2-metil-butil acetato e hexil acetato, quando comparado à maçã 'Royal Gala' produzidas no Sul do Brasil e armazenada em AC. Aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno reduziu a produção de etileno e respiração dos frutos. Maçãs tratadas com 1-MCP apresentam maior produção de hexanal e 2(E)-hexenal.(AU)

Análise qualitativa de compostos voláteis do headspace de carne cozida de ovinos e caprinos

The aim of this research was to characterize qualitatively the potential markers volatile compounds of the headspace of cooked lambs and goats meat from region of Alto Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. The volatile compounds of cooked meat of L. dorsi and V. lateralis muscles of five male lambs (6 months of age) and five castrated male goats (8 - 9 months of age) were analyzed by solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technic and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Seventy-three volatile compounds were found in samples headspace, including aldehydes, ketones and sulfur compounds characteristic from processed meat. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate goats meat mainly by identification of terpenes (-pinene, -gurjunene, -muurolene), which were absent in lambs. Some compounds discriminated V. lateralis and L. dorsi lamb muscles, such as isopropyl alcohol, -pinene, m-xylene, but there was no discrimination between the muscles of goats.

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar qualitativamente os compostos voláteis (CV) do headspace de diferentes músculos de carne cozida de ovinos e caprinos da região do Alto Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil. Os CV do headspace dos músculos cozidos, L. dorsi e V. lateralis de cinco ovinos machos (idade de 6 meses) e cinco cabritos machos castrados (idade de 8-9 meses) foram analisados pela técnica de microextração em fase sólida (HS-SPME) e cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (GC/MS). Foram encontrados 73 compostos voláteis, dentre eles aldeídos, cetonas e compostos sulfurados, característicos de carne processada termicamente. A partir da fração volátil, foi possível encontrar marcadores que discriminassem as espécies animais estudadas, caracterizando os caprinos por apresentarem, entre outros compostos, terpenos (-pineno, -gurjuneno, -muuroleno), ausentes em ovinos. Alguns compostos discriminaram V. lateralis e L. dorsi de ovinos, como álcool isopropílico, -pineno, o-xileno, porém não foi possível obter uma diferenciação entre os músculos de caprinos.

Análise qualitativa de compostos voláteis do headspace de carne cozida de ovinos e caprinos

The aim of this research was to characterize qualitatively the potential markers volatile compounds of the headspace of cooked lambs and goats meat from region of Alto Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul - Brazil. The volatile compounds of cooked meat of L. dorsi and V. lateralis muscles of five male lambs (6 months of age) and five castrated male goats (8 - 9 months of age) were analyzed by solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technic and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Seventy-three volatile compounds were found in samples headspace, including aldehydes, ketones and sulfur compounds characteristic from processed meat. Furthermore, it was possible to discriminate goats meat mainly by identification of terpenes (-pinene, -gurjunene, -muurolene), which were absent in lambs. Some compounds discriminated V. lateralis and L. dorsi lamb muscles, such as isopropyl alcohol, -pinene, m-xylene, but there was no discrimination between the muscles of goats.

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar qualitativamente os compostos voláteis (CV) do headspace de diferentes músculos de carne cozida de ovinos e caprinos da região do Alto Camaquã, Rio Grande do Sul - Brasil. Os CV do headspace dos músculos cozidos, L. dorsi e V. lateralis de cinco ovinos machos (idade de 6 meses) e cinco cabritos machos castrados (idade de 8-9 meses) foram analisados pela técnica de microextração em fase sólida (HS-SPME) e cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas (GC/MS). Foram encontrados 73 compostos voláteis, dentre eles aldeídos, cetonas e compostos sulfurados, característicos de carne processada termicamente. A partir da fração volátil, foi possível encontrar marcadores que discriminassem as espécies animais estudadas, caracterizando os caprinos por apresentarem, entre outros compostos, terpenos (-pineno, -gurjuneno, -muuroleno), ausentes em ovinos. Alguns compostos discriminaram V. lateralis e L. dorsi de ovinos, como álcool isopropílico, -pineno, o-xileno, porém não foi possível obter uma diferenciação entre os músculos de caprinos.

Achados bioquímicos, eletrolíticos e hormonais de cabras acometidas com toxemia da prenhez / Biochemical, electrolytic and hormonal findings in goats affected with pregnancy toxemia

A abrangência dos estudos sobre a toxemia da prenhez (TP) tem sido constante e inovadora em alguns conceitos, porém o estudo dos casos clínicos naturais em cabras é inexistente no Brasil. Diante disso, realizou-se análise das alterações clínicas, do perfil bioquímico, eletrolítico e hormonal com o objetivo de compreender a fisiopatogenia da enfermidade. Foram avaliadas 22 cabras atendidas na Clínica de Bovinos, Campus Garanhuns/UFRPE, diagnosticadas com TP, no período de 2007 a 2012. Realizou-se exame clínico e coleta de sangue e urina, para análise do perfil bioquímico e hormonal. Acentuadas alterações clínicas foram observadas, como decúbito, apatia, dispneia, aumento da temperatura corpórea, mucosas congestas, vasos episclerais injetados, desidratação, anorexia, hipomotilidade ou atonia ruminal, edema nos membros. Os resultados laboratoriais revelaram valores elevados para ureia, creatinina, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), β-hidroxibutirato, amilase e cortisol, enquanto as variáveis: proteína total, albumina, cálcio total, cálcio ionizado, fósforo, a relação cálcio e fósforo, sódio e insulina encontraram-se diminuídos. Outros parâmetros bioquímicos e eletrolíticos, como frutosamina, globulina, cloro, potássio e magnésio mantiveram-se dentro da faixa de normalidade. Quanto a glicemia, foram constatados três condições nas cabras com TP, normoglicêmicas (50%), hiperglicêmicas (27,28%) e hipoglicêmicas (22,72%). Dos 17 (77,27%) animais que obtiveram alta 10 (58,82%) eram normoglicêmicos. Vieram a óbito 22,8 % (5/22), no qual 60% (3/5) delas estavam hiperglicêmicas. A média de nascimento por cabra foi superior a duas crias. Verificou-se existir associação fortemente positiva dos AGNE's com a albumina (r=0,60), fraca com o β-hidroxibutirato (r=0,10) e glicose (r=0,03). Porém, existiu relação fortemente negativa dos AGNE's com a insulina (r= -0,70), moderada com o cortisol (r= -0,52) e amilase (r= -0,30). Marcadas alterações clínicas e metabólicas são observadas em cabras com TP, em que o aumento de certos metabólitos do perfil energético e hormonal se torna importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico e constitui um bom instrumento para avaliar a magnitude da condição clínica dos animais enfermos. Os dados encontrados servem de referência para estudos sobre nutrição e metabolismo em cabras com TP. (AU)

Studies on pregnancy toxemia (PT) have been constant and innovative with regard to some concepts. However, no studies have been carried out on natural clinical cases in Brazil. Thus, the aim of the present study was to perform an analysis of clinical, biochemical, electrolytic and hormonal findings in goats with PT to gain an understanding of the physiopathology of this metabolic disease. Twenty-two goats with a diagnosis of PT were analyzed at the Bovine Clinic of the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (Garanhuns Campus, Brazil) between 2007 and 2012. Clinical exams were performed and both blood and urine were collected for the biochemical and hormonal analyses. Accentuated clinical changes were found, such as decubitus, apathy, dyspnea, increased body temperature, congested mucous membranes, dilated episcleral vessels, dehydration, anorexia, ruminal stasis and edema in the limbs. The laboratory findings revealed high concentrations of urea, creatinine, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, amylase and cortisol as well as reductions in total proteins, albumin, total calcium, ionized calcium, phosphorus the calcium to phosphorus ratio, sodium and insulin. Fructosamine, globulin, chlorine, potassium and magnesium were within the range of normality. Regarding blood sugar, 50% of the goats were within the normal range, 27.28% were hyperglycemic and 22.72% were hypoglycemic; among the 17 animals (77.27%) discharged with life, ten (58.82%) had normal blood sugar levels. Five goats (22.8%) died, 60% (3/5) of which were hyperglycemic. The mean birth rate per goat was more than two offspring. Non-esterified fatty acids were strongly associated with albumin (r = 0.60) and weakly associated with both β-hydroxybutyrate (r=0.10) and glucose (r=0.03). Moreover, non-esterified fatty acids were negatively associated with insulin (r= -0.70; strong association), cortisol (r= -0.52; moderate association) and amylase (r= -0.30; moderate association). Striking clinical and metabolic alterations are found in goats with PT. The increase in certain metabolites of the energy and hormonal profile constitutes an important tool for the diagnosis and determination of the magnitude of the clinical condition in affected animals. The present data can serve as reference for future studies on nutrition and metabolism in goats with pregnancy toxemia. (AU)

Chemical characterization of bioactive compounds from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe helianthi isolated from Luehea divaricata

Endophytic microorganisms, defined as fungi or bacteria that colonize the interior of plants without causing any immediate negative effects or damages, have reciprocal relationships with host plants. In some cases their presence is beneficial to the host due to the synthesis of bioactive compounds, among which several alcohols, esters, ketones and others that may react with other compounds and may be lethal to pathogenic microorganisms. Diaporthe helianthi (Phomopsis helianthi in its anamorphic phase) is available worldwide, especially in Europe, Asia and America. Isolated in Europe as an agent of the sunflower stem cancer, it has also been endophytically isolated from tropical and temperate plants. A D. helianthi strain isolated from Luehea divaricata has been employed in current research. An investigation of the secondary metabolite from D. helianthi by CC and NMR of ¹H and 13C yielded the separation of 10 fractions and the identification of the phenolic compound 2(-4 hydroxyphenyl)-ethanol (Tyrosol). Its antimicrobial reaction was tested and the ensuing antagonistic effects on the human pathogenic bacteria Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, phytopathogenic Xanthomonas asc. phaseoli and phytopathogenic fungi were demonstrated. Results show that bioactive compounds and Tyrosol produced by D. helianthi have a biotechnological potential.

Efeito do extrato pirolenhoso como aditivos na ração de codornas europeias criadas em dois tipos de cama

A coturnicultura de corte vem se tornando uma atividade altamente promissora no país, se fazendo necessária a busca por alternativas para redução nos custos, otimizando a produção de carne aliado a sustentabilidade. Alguns produtos podem ser utilizados como melhoradores do desempenho, porém, podem causar problemas na comercialização se distribuídos em países mais exigentes. Uma alternativa seria o uso do extrato pirolenhoso (EP), que é um produto que atua como melhorador de desempenho natural por conter em sua composição compostos fenólicos, aldeídos e cetonas que tem propriedades bactericidas, antifúngicas e antioxidantes. Desse modo, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de codornas europeias alojadas em dois tipos de cama suplementadas com extrato pirolenhoso. O experimento foi conduzido utilizando 400 codornas de corte de 1 a 42 dias, distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x2, com cinco níveis de extrato pirolenhoso (0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5%) e dois tipos de cama (nova e usada), totalizando 10 tratamentos e 4 repetições sendo 10 aves por unidade experimental, alojadas em boxes. As aves foram pesadas no inicio e no final do período experimental para avaliação dos parâmetros de desempenho (ganho de peso (GP), consumo de ração (CR) e conversão alimentar (CA)). Ao final do período experimental, foram abatidas 8 aves de cada tratamento para avaliação da carcaça (rendimento de carcaça (RQ) e peso dos órgãos). Foram avaliados ainda a analise econômica da utilização do extrato na ração, através dos cálculos de custo da ração, coeficiente operacional efetivo, receita bruta, margem bruta do coeficiente operacional efetivo, lucro operacional efetivo e índice de lucratividade. Os níveis de suplementação de extrato pirolenhoso utilizado nas rações, não influenciaram (P>0,05) o GP e CA das aves alojadas em cama nova. Para as codornas alojadas em cama usada, foi observado efeito linear para CR, GP e CA. Observou-se melhor RQ para as aves alojadas em cama nova quando comparadas as alojadas em cama usada. Já para o peso dos órgãos e a analise econômica, a inclusão de EP na ração não foi observada efeito. Portanto, a inclusão de até 2,5% de extrato pirolenhoso na ração de codornas europeias alojadas em cama usada diminuiu o consumo sem alterar o ganho de peso melhorando a conversão alimentar. Porém quando alojadas em cama nova apresentaram melhor rendimento de carcaça. Em relação ao peso dos órgãos e viabilidade econômica, não foram encontradas diferenças tanto de aves alojadas em cama nova quanto em aves alojadas em cama usada.

Cutting coturniculture has become a highly promising activity in the country, making it necessary to search for alternatives to reduce costs, optimizing meat production together with sustainability. Some products can be used as performance enhancers, however, they can cause marketing problems if distributed in more demanding countries. An alternative would be the use of pyrolignose extract (EP), which is a product that acts as a natural performance enhancer because it contains phenolic compounds, aldehydes and ketones that have bactericidal, antifungal and antioxidant properties. In this way, the objective was to evaluate the performance and carcass yield of European quails housed in two types of bed supplemented with pyrolignous extract. The experiment was conducted using 400 shear quails from 1 to 42 days, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 5x2 factorial scheme, with five levels of pyrolignous extract (0,0, 1,0, 1,5, 2,0 and 2 , 5%) and two types of bed (new and used), totaling 10 treatments and 4 replicates, 10 birds per experimental unit, housed in pits. The birds were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period to evaluate the performance parameters (weight gain (GP), feed intake (CR) and feed conversion (CA)). At the end of the experimental period, 8 birds were slaughtered from each treatment to evaluate the carcass (carcass yield (RQ) and body weight). The economic analysis of the utilization of the extract in the ration was also evaluated through ration cost calculations, effective operating coefficient, gross revenue, gross margin of the effective operating coefficient, effective operating profit and profitability index. The supplementation levels of pyroligneous extract used in the diets did not influence (P> 0.05) the GP and CA of the birds housed in a new bed. For quails housed in bed used, a linear effect was observed for CR, GP and CA. RQ was better observed for birds housed in a new bed when compared to those housed in a used bed. As for organ weight and economic analysis, the inclusion of PE in the diet had no effect. Therefore, the inclusion of up to 2.5% of pyroligneous extract in the European quail ration housed in used litter decreased consumption without altering the weight gain, improving feed conversion. However, when housed in a new bed, they presented better carcass yield. Regarding organ weight and economic viability, no differences were found between birds housed in new beds and birds housed in used beds.

Bioecology and chemical diversity of abdominal glands in the iranian samsum ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae)

The genus Pachycondyla is a large group of ants in the Ponerini tribe, known mostly from tropical and subtropical regions. Pachycondyla sennaarensis, the so-called Samsum ant in the Middle East, is distributed throughout the African tropics, Arabian Peninsula and Iran, where it is responsible for many cases of insect-induced dermal lesions and systemic reactions in humans. Populations of P. sennaarensis were studied in two regions of Iran and some aspects of their biology, ecology and medical importance are herein presented. Colonies of P. sennaarensis contain less than 850 workers that live in complicated underground galleries approximately one meter deep. Because of the harsh weather conditions of southern Iran, they can survive only in human disturbed habitats with higher humidity. Neither a real queen (without reproductive division of labor) nor a caste system is found in a P. sennaarensis colony. Observations indicated that P. sennaarensis is omnivorous, feeding on seeds of various plants, dead ants of other species, the larvae of dipterans and a few other invertebrates. The effect of the P. sennaarensis sting is usually mild, resulting in papule formation, erythema and dermal itching. The abdominal gland secretion of P. sennaarensis is a complex mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and small amounts of terpenoids, ketones, pyrazines and phenolic compounds that are accompanied by straight-chain hydrocarbons. So far, no case of anaphylaxis has been reported in Iran, a fact probably due to the lack of proteins in P. sennaarensis venom. It appears that P. sennaarensis populations vary considerably in their toxin composition according to their geographic range, which may ultimately explain symptoms of different severity among local residents.

Bioecology and chemical diversity of abdominal glands in the iranian samsum ant Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Formicidae: Ponerinae)

The genus Pachycondyla is a large group of ants in the Ponerini tribe, known mostly from tropical and subtropical regions. Pachycondyla sennaarensis, the so-called Samsum ant in the Middle East, is distributed throughout the African tropics, Arabian Peninsula and Iran, where it is responsible for many cases of insect-induced dermal lesions and systemic reactions in humans. Populations of P. sennaarensis were studied in two regions of Iran and some aspects of their biology, ecology and medical importance are herein presented. Colonies of P. sennaarensis contain less than 850 workers that live in complicated underground galleries approximately one meter deep. Because of the harsh weather conditions of southern Iran, they can survive only in human disturbed habitats with higher humidity. Neither a real queen (without reproductive division of labor) nor a caste system is found in a P. sennaarensis colony. Observations indicated that P. sennaarensis is omnivorous, feeding on seeds of various plants, dead ants of other species, the larvae of dipterans and a few other invertebrates. The effect of the P. sennaarensis sting is usually mild, resulting in papule formation, erythema and dermal itching. The abdominal gland secretion of P. sennaarensis is a complex mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and small amounts of terpenoids, ketones, pyrazines and phenolic compounds that are accompanied by straight-chain hydrocarbons. So far, no case of anaphylaxis has been reported in Iran, a fact probably due to the lack of proteins in P. sennaarensis venom. It appears that P. sennaarensis populations vary considerably in their toxin composition according to their geographic range, which may ultimately explain symptoms of different severity among local residents.