Manejo e qualidade ambiental / Management and quality environmental

O cultivo de organismos aquáticos com fins ornamentais no país é considerado hoje uma das atividades mais lucrativas da piscicultura, em plena expansão nas últimas décadas em todo o mundo, em resposta ao aumento da demanda. Esse cultivo geralmente é feito em sistemas semi-intensivos e intensivos e em sistema de produção aberto ou fechado, como o sistema de recirculação (SriUam et al., 2016), por exemplo. O que esses sistemas de produção têm em comum, além da água, é que todos eles vão gerar resíduos. Normalmente esses resíduos são divididos em três tipos: animais cultivados, animais micro, como vermes e parasitas, e a água, o efluente. Qualquer organismo aquático que é cultivado em cativeiro nunca deve ser solto na natureza, mesmo que seja um animal nativo daquela região, salvo algum projeto que tenha como objetivo o repovoamento. Isso porque, ao cultivar algum animal em cativeiro, ele vai ter contato com outros animais, podendo pegar algum parasita do sistema, e, ao ser solto na natureza, pode levar esse parasita consigo. Um outro problema é quando esses animais se proliferam naquele ambiente e prejudicam todo o ecossistema naquela região. Em relação aos animais micro, como exemplo há o verme âncora, Learnea. Ele é um crustáceo parasita que foi trazido ao Brasil, mediante a importação de carpas e kinguios, e hoje é um problema sério no país, causando prejuízo financeiro por prejudicar a carne nos peixes de corte e o aspecto visual de peixes criados para ornamentação.(AU)

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates

Abstract Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.

Resumo Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates / Potencial antibacteriano e bacteriostático do fluido celômico e pasta corporal de Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) contra isolados bacterianos clínicos resistentes à ampicilina

Abstract Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.

Resumo Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates / Potencial antibacteriano e bacteriostático do fluido celômico e pasta corporal de Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) contra isolados bacterianos clínicos resistentes à ampicilina

Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.

Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.

Antibacterial and bacteriostatic potential of coelomic fluid and body paste of Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) against ampicillin resistant clinical bacterial isolates / Potencial antibacteriano e bacteriostático do fluido celômico e pasta corporal de Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868) (Clitellata, Megascolecidae) contra isolados bacterianos clínicos resistentes à ampicilina

Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), a native earthworm of Pakistan and Southeast Asia, has wide utilization in vermicomposting and bioremediation process. In this study, P. posthuma coelomic fluid (PCF) and body paste (PBP) was evaluated as antibacterial agent against ampicillin (AMP) resistant five Gram positive and four Gram negative clinical isolates. The antibacterial effect of different doses (i.e. 25-100 µg/ml) of PCF and PBP along with AMP and azithromycin (AZM) (negative and positive controls, respectively) were observed through disc diffusion and micro-dilution methods. All nine clinical isolates were noticed as AMP resistant and AZM sensitive. Antibacterial effects of PCF and PBP were dose dependent and zone of inhibitions (ZI) against all clinical isolates were between 23.4 ± 0.92 to 0 ± 00 mm. The sensitivity profile of PCF and PBP against clinical isolates was noticed as 44.44 and 55.56%, respectively. Both PCF and PBP showed bacteriostatic (BTS) action against S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Moreover, the cumulative BTS potential of PCF and PBP against all isolates was 66.67 and 55.56%, respectively. The MICs of PCF and PBP were ranged from 50-200 µg/ml against selected isolates. The bacterial growth curves indicated that PCF and PBP inhibited the growth of all isolates at their specific MIC concentrations. However, PBP has better antibacterial potential compared to PCF against selected isolates. Therefore, it is concluded that both PCF and PBP of P. posthuma possess antibacterial and BTS potential against ampicillin resistant clinical isolates. This organism might be considered as a second choice of antibacterial agents and can further be utilized in pharmaceutical industries for novel drug manufacturing by prospecting bioactive potential agents.(AU)

Pheretima posthuma (Vaillant, 1868), uma minhoca nativa do Paquistão e sudeste da Ásia, tem ampla utilização em processos de vermicompostagem e biorremediação. Neste estudo, o fluido celômico de P. posthuma (PCF) e a pasta corporal (PBP) foram avaliados como agente antibacteriano contra cinco isolados clínicos Gram-positivos e quatro Gram-negativos resistentes à ampicilina (AMP). O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes doses (ou seja, 25-100 µg / ml) de PCF e PBP juntamente com AMP e azitromicina (AZM) (controles negativo e positivo, respectivamente) foi observado por meio de métodos de difusão em disco e microdiluição. Todos os nove isolados clínicos foram notados como resistentes a AMP e sensíveis a AZM. Os efeitos antibacterianos de PCF e PBP foram dependentes da dose e a zona de inibição (ZI) contra todos os isolados clínicos foi entre 23,4 ± 0,92 a 0 ± 00 mm. O perfil de sensibilidade do PCF e PBP contra isolados clínicos foi observado como 44,44% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Tanto o PCF quanto o PBP mostraram ação bacteriostática (BTS) contra S. aureus, S. pyogenes, K. pneumonia, N. gonorrhoeae. Além disso, o potencial BTS cumulativo de PCF e PBP contra todos os isolados foi de 66,67% e 55,56%, respectivamente. Os MICs de PCF e PBP variaram de 50-200 µg / ml contra isolados selecionados. As curvas de crescimento bacteriano indicaram que o PCF e o PBP inibiram o crescimento de todos os isolados em suas concentrações específicas de MIC. No entanto, PBP tem melhor potencial antibacteriano em comparação com PCF contra isolados selecionados. Portanto, conclui-se que tanto o PCF quanto o PBP de P. posthuma possuem potencial antibacteriano e BTS contra isolados clínicos resistentes à ampicilina. Esse organismo pode ser considerado como uma segunda escolha de agentes antibacterianos e pode ainda ser utilizado nas indústrias farmacêuticas para a fabricação de novos medicamentos por meio da prospecção de agentes com potencial bioativo.(AU)

UV-C radiation on fresh fig quality

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.

UV-C radiation on fresh fig quality

Sanitization using chemical agents to reduce the microbiological load on the surface of agricultural products have the drawback of leaving residues. Conversely, physical treatments, such as ultraviolet radiation C (UV-C), are residue-free, non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Ripe figs are perishable, exhibiting an epidermis with low resistance to mechanical treatment, high water content and the ostiole, which is an open door that expedites undesirable microorganism penetration. In this study, the effect of different energy levels of UV-C radiation on the appearance and physico-chemical properties of the figs when stored at 10 °C and 20 °C was evaluated focusing on the technological parameters of the application of radiation. The energy levels of radiation applied were 0.00, 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 and they showed neither acceleration nor delay effects on fig ripening. Figs exposed to the radiation energy at 0.71, 1.32, 2.64 and 4.01 kJ m−2 showed a lower incidence of rot at the same temperature, but the figs exposed to the highest radiation, 4.01 kJ m−2, showed more wilting and stains, which significantly impaired their appearance. UV-C radiation reduces the development of rotting, providing evidence of its potential in the postharvest processing of ripe figs. However, radiation levels should be limited to avoid undesirable epidermis stains.(AU)

Encefalitozoonose em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Encephalitozoonosis in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Encephalitozoonosis is caused by the protozoan Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in rabbits, and can affect humans. The disease can be fatal and difficult to diagnose. It can be asymptomatic or cause vestibular neurological disease, paralysis, uveitis in addition to chronic kidney disease in rabbits. The transmission of the microorganism's spores occurs by ingestion, inhalation, or by the transplacental route. The aim of this work is to report a case of encephalitozoonosis in a pet rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Case: An Oryctolagus cuniculus with a history of paraparesis of the thoracic and pelvic limbs was referred for necropsy, the evolution of the clinical picture happened in one day. After death, a necropsy was performed. Organ fragments were collected, fixed, and processed routinely for histology. Macroscopically, there was evidence of hepatic lobes, without injury to the other organs. Microscopically it was observed in the white and gray substance of the telencephalon multiple circumscribed granulomas composed of a necrotic center surrounded by macrophages, giant multinucleated cells in addition to lymphocytes and plasmocytes in the periphery, delimited by fibrous connective tissue. Around the vessels, perivascular cuffs with 2 to 4 layers of lymphocytic infiltrate were observed. Besides, special staining of Schiff's Periodic Acid (PAS) and Ziehl-Neelsen was performed, in which numerous cylindrical, eosinophilic structures of approximately 2.5 x 1.0 µm were observed, compatible with E. cuniculi spores. Besides, histiocytic lymphoblasts pericoronitis was noted in the liver. There were no relevant changes in the kidney. Discussion: The diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits was based on clinical and anatomopathological findings. Tetraparesis was the predominant sign in the present case and was justified by telencephalic lesions. This clinical sign is included in the literature but is less common than the syndrome such as head tilt and paralysis. The diagnosis of the disease is usually made by post mortem examination when it is possible to identify the spores in the lesions. Multifocal granulomatous encephalitis was the most significant finding in this case, which is also consistent with other studies. The pathogenesis of granulomatous lesions is still controversial. It is known that spores allow phagocytosis by macrophages, which induce the production of interleukins and other cytokines by TCD4 + lymphocytes, thereby activating the action of TCD8 + (cytotoxic) lymphocytes. Natural killer cells, granulocytes, other macrophages, and B lymphocytes are also recruited. Although there is such an inflammatory response, the antibodies produced are not efficient to eliminate the agent from the host organism, however, they contribute to the process of opsonization and consequent phagocytosis, facilitating the destruction of the microsporidium by macrophages. The neurological form was predominant in this case, with no chronic or ocular renal forms, possibly due to the rapid clinical evolution. Special stains were useful for visualizing intralesional spores. Although PAS staining is considered to be of little use, it was relevant in this case. The visualization of the agent made it possible to distinguish differential diagnoses, among them vestibular syndrome secondary to otitis due to pasteurellosis, toxoplasmosis, neoplasms, traumas, or diseases of the spine. Thus, a diagnosis of encephalitozoonosis was made in a rabbit through clinical and anatomopathological correlation using Ziehl-Neelsen and PAS stains.

Antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from household cats (Felis silvestris catus)

Background: In Brazil, cats in households has recently increased dramatically, likely due to their lower space and carerequirements. We need to know the health of these companion animal species, since they have behavioral patterns thatmake them an important link in the epidemiological chain. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (ESBL)are resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin and monobactam, but they are susceptible to clavulanate. The goal of this study isto detect Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and evaluate the bacterial resistanceprofile in isolated cats (Felis silvestris catus) that live in a city located at west of Parana state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Swabs were aseptically collected from the anal orifice and oral cavity of 49 female domestic cats that were healthy upon clinical and physical examination, a minimum age of one year, weighing up to 3 kg,and had attended a veterinary clinic specializing in cats, in order to, later, perform the isolation and bacterial identification, antimicrobial sensibility phenotypic test and the phenotypic test to detect ESBL producer strains. From the 98 swabscollected it was possible to perform the bacterial isolation in 68 samples; 40.81% isolated from anal orifice and 28.57%isolated from oral cavity. From rectal and oral cavities 77.50% and 71.42% of the isolated were identified as Escherichiacoli respectively, being 2.94% considered ESBL producer strains. In relation to bacterial resistance the antibiotics thatshown more resistance in anal orifice were ampicillin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfazotrim, tetracycline and aztreonam.In oral cavity they were ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftriaxone and nalidixicacid; and the bacterial resistance index shown that 39.70% were considered high level risk...

Antimicrobial resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from household cats (Felis silvestris catus)

Background: In Brazil, cats in households has recently increased dramatically, likely due to their lower space and carerequirements. We need to know the health of these companion animal species, since they have behavioral patterns thatmake them an important link in the epidemiological chain. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase producer strains (ESBL)are resistant to penicillin, cephalosporin and monobactam, but they are susceptible to clavulanate. The goal of this study isto detect Enterobacteriaceae that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and evaluate the bacterial resistanceprofile in isolated cats (Felis silvestris catus) that live in a city located at west of Parana state, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Swabs were aseptically collected from the anal orifice and oral cavity of 49 female domestic cats that were healthy upon clinical and physical examination, a minimum age of one year, weighing up to 3 kg,and had attended a veterinary clinic specializing in cats, in order to, later, perform the isolation and bacterial identification, antimicrobial sensibility phenotypic test and the phenotypic test to detect ESBL producer strains. From the 98 swabscollected it was possible to perform the bacterial isolation in 68 samples; 40.81% isolated from anal orifice and 28.57%isolated from oral cavity. From rectal and oral cavities 77.50% and 71.42% of the isolated were identified as Escherichiacoli respectively, being 2.94% considered ESBL producer strains. In relation to bacterial resistance the antibiotics thatshown more resistance in anal orifice were ampicillin, amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, sulfazotrim, tetracycline and aztreonam.In oral cavity they were ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefoxitin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, aztreonam, ceftriaxone and nalidixicacid; and the bacterial resistance index shown that 39.70% were considered high level risk...(AU)

Feral pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli / Pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli

This study aimed to review the scientific literature for information about free-living pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. Rock doves are currently adapted to the urban environment and distributed all over the world. These birds carry microorganisms that are pathogenic for man and other animals, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Among these microorganisms, Salmonella is a pathogenic genus that cause severe economic losses and it is zoonotic, causing foodborne infections in humans. In addition, Escherichia coli is an worrisome species involved in the poultry industry. However, this micro-organism is also a risk to the public health, considering pathotypes that are known to cause diseases in man have been isolated from feral pigeons. The infections caused by these bacteria depend on virulence factors that provide the necessary tools to develop the disease. These factors are encoded by genes that may be found in pathogenicity islands inside the bacterial genome. In addition, pigeons may harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which may pass this characteristic to other strains, and present a risk to the public health as well. In conclusion, pigeons are reservoirs of strains of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli that may present high levels of resistance to antibiotics.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar na literatura científica informações sobre os pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli. Os pombos, atualmente adaptados ao meio urbano, encontram-se distribuídos por todo o mundo e carreiam micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem e a outros animais, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela disseminação de bactérias, fungos, vírus e parasitas. Entre esses micro-organismos, a Salmonella é um patógeno que gera grande preocupação para a economia e para a saúde pública mundial, uma vez que cria transtornos para a indústria avícola quando ocorrem a contaminação dos plantéis e, consequentemente, o risco para a saúde humana por conta de surtos de toxi-infecções alimentares causados por essa bactéria. Outra bactéria preocupante para a indústria avícola e para a saúde pública é a Escherichia coli, uma vez que alguns patotipos patogênicos para o homem já foram isolados de pombos de vida livre. O desenvolvimento de infecções por essas bactérias depende de fatores que são codificados por genes de virulência que podem ser encontrados nas ilhas de patogenicidade de cepas patogênicas. Os pombos podem também albergar cepas com carga genética resistente a antibióticos, passíveis de serem transmitidas a outras bactérias e, portanto, de trazer riscos para a saúde pública. Dessa forma, com base nessas informações, conclui-se que os pombos são reservatórios de cepas de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, que podem apresentar elevado potencial de virulência, com altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Feral pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli / Pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli

This study aimed to review the scientific literature for information about free-living pigeons (Columba livia) as potential reservoirs of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli. Rock doves are currently adapted to the urban environment and distributed all over the world. These birds carry microorganisms that are pathogenic for man and other animals, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Among these microorganisms, Salmonella is a pathogenic genus that cause severe economic losses and it is zoonotic, causing foodborne infections in humans. In addition, Escherichia coli is an worrisome species involved in the poultry industry. However, this micro-organism is also a risk to the public health, considering pathotypes that are known to cause diseases in man have been isolated from feral pigeons. The infections caused by these bacteria depend on virulence factors that provide the necessary tools to develop the disease. These factors are encoded by genes that may be found in pathogenicity islands inside the bacterial genome. In addition, pigeons may harbor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, which may pass this characteristic to other strains, and present a risk to the public health as well. In conclusion, pigeons are reservoirs of strains of Salmonella sp. and Escherichia coli that may present high levels of resistance to antibiotics.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar na literatura científica informações sobre os pombos de vida livre (Columba livia) e seu potencial como reservatórios de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli. Os pombos, atualmente adaptados ao meio urbano, encontram-se distribuídos por todo o mundo e carreiam micro-organismos patogênicos ao homem e a outros animais, podendo ser um dos responsáveis pela disseminação de bactérias, fungos, vírus e parasitas. Entre esses micro-organismos, a Salmonella é um patógeno que gera grande preocupação para a economia e para a saúde pública mundial, uma vez que cria transtornos para a indústria avícola quando ocorrem a contaminação dos plantéis e, consequentemente, o risco para a saúde humana por conta de surtos de toxi-infecções alimentares causados por essa bactéria. Outra bactéria preocupante para a indústria avícola e para a saúde pública é a Escherichia coli, uma vez que alguns patotipos patogênicos para o homem já foram isolados de pombos de vida livre. O desenvolvimento de infecções por essas bactérias depende de fatores que são codificados por genes de virulência que podem ser encontrados nas ilhas de patogenicidade de cepas patogênicas. Os pombos podem também albergar cepas com carga genética resistente a antibióticos, passíveis de serem transmitidas a outras bactérias e, portanto, de trazer riscos para a saúde pública. Dessa forma, com base nessas informações, conclui-se que os pombos são reservatórios de cepas de Salmonella sp. e Escherichia coli, que podem apresentar elevado potencial de virulência, com altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana.(AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme de nanopartículas de prata sobre isolados de Aeromonas spp. obtidos de organismos aquáticos / Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against Aeromonas spp. isolated from aquatic organisms

O uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos tem proporcionado a algumas bactérias patogênicas a seleção de cepas multirresistentes, situação que pode ser agravada pela formação do biofilme. Desta forma, as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) vêm se destacando como uma alternativa inovadora, de baixo custo e eficiente contra doenças causadas por bactérias. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a atividade antimicrobiana das AgNPs e a interferência na formação do biofilme de Aeromonas spp. obtidas de organismos aquáticos. As AgNPs foram sintetizadas quimicamente utilizando como agente redutor o citrato trissódico e caracterizadas por espectrofotometria ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada contra três isolados pelo método de microdiluição em caldo para determinar a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) e um cultivo com CCCP, um inibidor da bomba de efluxo, foi realizado para complementar o efeito das AgNPs. A interferência no biofilme foi realizada segundo o protocolo de formação e consolidado, além da caracterização desta estrutura de resistência por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. No teste da CBM, as AgNPs não foram capazes de inativar o crescimento dos isolados, ao passo que o nitrato de prata obteve eficiência em diferentes concentrações. Na presença do inibidor de bomba de efluxo, dos isolados analisados, um passou de resistente a sensível na presença das nanopartículas. As AgNPs foram eficazes em diminuir a formação de biofilme, como também atuaram sobre o biofilme consolidado em todos os isolados testados. Estes resultados indicam o potencial das nanopartículas de prata em interferir com o biofilme de Aeromonas spp. de organismos aquáticos e seres humanos.(AU)

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has selected some pathogenic bacteria being multidrug-resistant, a situation that can be exacerbated by biofilms formation. Thus, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been highlighted as an innovative alternative, low-cost and effective against bacterial diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs and the interference in Aeromonas spp. biofilm formation. The strains were obtained from aquatic organisms. The AgNPs were chemically synthesized using as reducing agent trisodium citrate and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The antimicrobial activity was carried out against three isolates by the microdilution broth method for determining minimum bactericidal concentration (CBM) and cultivation of CCCP, an inhibitor of the efflux pump, was carried out to complement the effect of AgNPs. Interference in the biofilm formation was performed according to the protocol and consolidated, within the resistance structure characterization by scanning electron microscopy. In the test of the CBM, the AgNPs were unable to inactivate the growth of the isolates, while the silver nitrate obtained efficiency in different concentrations. In the efflux pump inhibitor presence the isolates were analyzed, one went from resistant to nanoparticles to sensitive. The AgNPs were effective in reducing of biofilm formation and acted on the consolidated biofilm in all tested isolates. These results indicate the silver nanoparticles to interfere with Aeromonas spp. biofilm from aquatic organisms and human bodies.(AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme de nanopartículas de prata sobre isolados de Aeromonas spp. obtidos de organismos aquáticos / Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against Aeromonas spp. isolated from aquatic organisms

O uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos tem proporcionado a algumas bactérias patogênicas a seleção de cepas multirresistentes, situação que pode ser agravada pela formação do biofilme. Desta forma, as nanopartículas de prata (AgNPs) vêm se destacando como uma alternativa inovadora, de baixo custo e eficiente contra doenças causadas por bactérias. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a atividade antimicrobiana das AgNPs e a interferência na formação do biofilme de Aeromonas spp. obtidas de organismos aquáticos. As AgNPs foram sintetizadas quimicamente utilizando como agente redutor o citrato trissódico e caracterizadas por espectrofotometria ultravioleta-visível (UV-Vis). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada contra três isolados pelo método de microdiluição em caldo para determinar a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) e um cultivo com CCCP, um inibidor da bomba de efluxo, foi realizado para complementar o efeito das AgNPs. A interferência no biofilme foi realizada segundo o protocolo de formação e consolidado, além da caracterização desta estrutura de resistência por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. No teste da CBM, as AgNPs não foram capazes de inativar o crescimento dos isolados, ao passo que o nitrato de prata obteve eficiência em diferentes concentrações. Na presença do inibidor de bomba de efluxo, dos isolados analisados, um passou de resistente a sensível na presença das nanopartículas. As AgNPs foram eficazes em diminuir a formação de biofilme, como também atuaram sobre o biofilme consolidado em todos os isolados testados. Estes resultados indicam o potencial das nanopartículas de prata em interferir com o biofilme de Aeromonas spp. de organismos aquáticos e seres humanos.(AU)

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics has selected some pathogenic bacteria being multidrug-resistant, a situation that can be exacerbated by biofilms formation. Thus, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been highlighted as an innovative alternative, low-cost and effective against bacterial diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs and the interference in Aeromonas spp. biofilm formation. The strains were obtained from aquatic organisms. The AgNPs were chemically synthesized using as reducing agent trisodium citrate and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis). The antimicrobial activity was carried out against three isolates by the microdilution broth method for determining minimum bactericidal concentration (CBM) and cultivation of CCCP, an inhibitor of the efflux pump, was carried out to complement the effect of AgNPs. Interference in the biofilm formation was performed according to the protocol and consolidated, within the resistance structure characterization by scanning electron microscopy. In the test of the CBM, the AgNPs were unable to inactivate the growth of the isolates, while the silver nitrate obtained efficiency in different concentrations. In the efflux pump inhibitor presence the isolates were analyzed, one went from resistant to nanoparticles to sensitive. The AgNPs were effective in reducing of biofilm formation and acted on the consolidated biofilm in all tested isolates. These results indicate the silver nanoparticles to interfere with Aeromonas spp. biofilm from aquatic organisms and human bodies.(AU)

Biosurfactant production by fungi as a sustainable alternative / Produção de biossurfactantes por fungos como uma alternativa sustentável

A wide variety of bacteria is far more exploited than fungi as biosurfactants (BS) or bioemulsifiers (BE), using renewable sources. BS are considered to be environmentally safe and offer advantages over synthetic surfactants. However, the BS yield depends largely on the metabolic pathways of the microorganisms and the nutritional medium. The production of BS or BE uses several cultural conditions, in which a small change in carbon and nitrogen sources affects the quantity of BS or BE produced. The type and quantity of microbial BS or BE produced depend mainly on the producer organism, and factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, trace elements, temperature and aeration. The diversity of BS or BE makes it interesting to apply them in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, agriculture, public health, food processes, detergents, when treating oily residues, environmental pollution control and bioremediation. Thus, this paper reviews and addresses the biotechnological potential of yeasts and filamentous fungi for producing, characterizing and applying BS or BE.(AU)

Uma grande variedade de espécies bacterianas é bem mais explorada que os fungos como agentes biossurfactantes (BS) ou bioemulsificantes (BE), usando fontes renováveis. Os BS são considerados ecologicamente seguros e oferecem vantagens sobre os surfactantes sintéticos. Entretanto o rendimento de BS depende grandemente das vias metabólicas dos micro-organismos e do meio nutricional. A produção de BS ou BE utiliza várias condições culturais, em que uma pequena alteração nas fontes de carbono e nitrogênio afeta a produção de BS. O tipo e a quantidade de BS ou BE microbianos produzidos dependem principalmente do organismo produtor e de fatores como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, oligoelementos, temperatura e aeração. A diversidade de BS ou BE torna-os interessantes para aplicação nos campos farmacêutico, cosmético, da agricultura, da saúde pública, em processos alimentares, detergentes, no tratamento de resíduos oleosos, no controle de poluição ambiental e na biorremediação. Assim, a presente revisão aborda o potencial biotecnológico de leveduras e fungos filamentosos para produção, caracterização e aplicações de BS ou BE.(AU)

Biosurfactant production by fungi as a sustainable alternative / Produção de biossurfactantes por fungos como uma alternativa sustentável

A wide variety of bacteria is far more exploited than fungi as biosurfactants (BS) or bioemulsifiers (BE), using renewable sources. BS are considered to be environmentally safe and offer advantages over synthetic surfactants. However, the BS yield depends largely on the metabolic pathways of the microorganisms and the nutritional medium. The production of BS or BE uses several cultural conditions, in which a small change in carbon and nitrogen sources affects the quantity of BS or BE produced. The type and quantity of microbial BS or BE produced depend mainly on the producer organism, and factors such as carbon and nitrogen sources, trace elements, temperature and aeration. The diversity of BS or BE makes it interesting to apply them in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries, agriculture, public health, food processes, detergents, when treating oily residues, environmental pollution control and bioremediation. Thus, this paper reviews and addresses the biotechnological potential of yeasts and filamentous fungi for producing, characterizing and applying BS or BE.(AU)

Uma grande variedade de espécies bacterianas é bem mais explorada que os fungos como agentes biossurfactantes (BS) ou bioemulsificantes (BE), usando fontes renováveis. Os BS são considerados ecologicamente seguros e oferecem vantagens sobre os surfactantes sintéticos. Entretanto o rendimento de BS depende grandemente das vias metabólicas dos micro-organismos e do meio nutricional. A produção de BS ou BE utiliza várias condições culturais, em que uma pequena alteração nas fontes de carbono e nitrogênio afeta a produção de BS. O tipo e a quantidade de BS ou BE microbianos produzidos dependem principalmente do organismo produtor e de fatores como fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, oligoelementos, temperatura e aeração. A diversidade de BS ou BE torna-os interessantes para aplicação nos campos farmacêutico, cosmético, da agricultura, da saúde pública, em processos alimentares, detergentes, no tratamento de resíduos oleosos, no controle de poluição ambiental e na biorremediação. Assim, a presente revisão aborda o potencial biotecnológico de leveduras e fungos filamentosos para produção, caracterização e aplicações de BS ou BE.(AU)

Antimicrobial Resistance Phenotypic Profile of Isolates from Clinical Infections in Dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.6

Antimicrobial resistance phenotypic profile of isolates from clinical infections in dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.67% (26/39) of the samples were positive for the presumptive test for ESBL. For the MRS-positive isolates detected in this study, chloramphenicol was the antimicrobial that showed superior sensitivity in 74.29% of the cases (27/36); therefore it is considered the most appropriate for treatment of this type of micro-organism. In case of aminoglycosides, when their resistance was checked in MRS isolates, all resistance percentages increased, implying a limited use of this class for such a type of multi-resistant micro-organism.[...]

Antimicrobial resistance phenotypic profile of isolates from clinical infections in dogs

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is described as a condition in which a micro-organism is able to survive when exposed to an antimicrobial agent. The resistance rates to antimicrobials in companion animals have risen considerably. Studies of local antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are needed as well as education and warning about the use of tests for the identification and susceptibility of pathogenic bacterial strains. The aim of this study was to identify the main antimicrobial resistance in clinical samples of dogs, and to detect multidrug-resistant strains of importance to public health.Materials, Methods & Results: Bacterial pathogens of 77 dog infections were isolated and their sensitivity profile to antimicrobials was determined. One hundred bacterial isolates were identified. Of these, 61 were Gram-positive (55 Staphylococcus spp., 4 Enterococcus spp. and 2 Streptococcus spp.) and 39 Gram-negative (36 fermenters and 3 non-fermenters). Seventy-nine isolates were considered multiresistant following individual assessment of drugs, and 85 following the evaluation of classes. Only 3 were sensitive to all drugs. Four isolates were resistant to all classes and only sensitive to some antibiotics. Of the 55 samples of Staphylococcus spp., 36 (65.45%) were identified as phenotypically MRS. Two isolates of Enterococcus spp. were resistant to vancomycin (VRE). Also 66.67% (26/39) of the samples were positive for the presumptive test for ESBL. For the MRS-positive isolates detected in this study, chloramphenicol was the antimicrobial that showed superior sensitivity in 74.29% of the cases (27/36); therefore it is considered the most appropriate for treatment of this type of micro-organism. In case of aminoglycosides, when their resistance was checked in MRS isolates, all resistance percentages increased, implying a limited use of this class for such a type of multi-resistant micro-organism.[...](AU)

Transgenesis and gene edition in small ruminants / Transgênese e edição gênica em pequenos ruminantes

This review summarizes the main achievements with the use of transgenesis and genome editingtechnologies in sheep and goats. Transgenesis, also referred to as recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, madepossible by the first time 30 years ago the addition of novel traits from a given species into a different one. Onthe other hand, more recently genome editing appears a much more precise method of making changes to thegenome of a plant, animal, or other living organism, allowing for the addition, substitution, or deletion ofspecific nucleotides in an organism’s genome. With transgenesis, the introduction of new DNA into anorganism’s genome was generally without control of the site of the genome in which the insertion of that rDNAconstruct would occur. With genome editing in contrast, researchers and developers of products can makespecific changes in precise locations of the genome. This concept was absolutely improved with the novelCRISPR/Cas system, making genome edition cheaper, more efficient, easier and affordable for every Laboratoryaround the world. This revolution that originally emerged from molecular biology and passed to biomedicine,has recently been applied to livestock and agriculture. In addition, the application of this technology in sheep,goats, pigs and cattle, also has been possible by the advance of assisted reproductive technologies for embryoproduction, micromanipulation, cryopreservation and transfer. In general, multidisciplinary approaches includingbasic research and technical improvements, participation of private actors and adequate regulation should bemerged to take advantage of this potent biotechnology in different countries.