Optimization of oxalic acid production by fungi for biotechnological solubilization of rock phosphate

This study describes a biotechnological strategy for producing and applying oxalic acid to solubilize phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate (RP). We evaluated six fungal species (Aspergillus niger FS1, Penicillium islandicum FS41, Pleurotus ostreatus PO1, Rhizoctonia solani Rhiz555, Sclerotium rolfsii Sr25, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Scl134) and three culture media (potato dextrose broth, Tsao and Strasser media) to maximize oxalic acid production. Among the fungal isolates tested and culture media, S. rolfsii Sr25 and Tsao medium showed efficient oxalic acid production. Tsao medium was optimized following a response surface methodology after initial screening of factors affecting RP solubilization. The optimized concentrations were 1 g L-1 NaNO3, 100 g L-1 glucose, 2 g L-1 KH2PO4, 4.5 g L-1 yeast extract, and 25 mg L-1 MgSO4·7H2O used for 20 days of incubation. Under these conditions, 71 mmol L-1 oxalic acid was obtained, representing a three-fold increase over production under non-optimized conditions (20 mmol L-1). Under optimized conditions, oxalic acid produced by S. rolfsii Sr25 reacted with low-solubility RP and solubilized 100 % of the P contained in ore. Thus, using S. rolfsii Sr25 to produce oxalic acid seems a promising biotechnological alternative for P solubilization from RP.(AU)

Nutritional and mineral composition of Opuntia stricta Haw: Balance of macrominerals, renal function and blood metabolites in sheep / Composição nutricional e mineral da Opuntia Sttricta Haw: balanço de macrominerais, função renal e metabólitos sanguíneos em ovinos

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of spineless cactus (Opuntia stricta Haw) in the diet of sheep on the balance of macrominerals, renal function, and blood metabolites. Five sheep cannulated in the rumen (61.5±9.5kg body weight) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square composed of five diets and five experimental periods. The experimental period lasted 105 days, with five periods of 21 days each. Four diets containing levels of spineless cactus (121, 245, 371, and 500g/kg of dry matter (DM)), and a control diet were evaluated. Samples of the ingredients, orts, feces, urine, and blood were collected. Spineless cactus inclusion in sheep diets increased the DM intake, ash, oxalate, and all macrominerals intake (P < 0.05), but did not affect the urinary and fecal excretion of P, as well as the concentration of P in the blood (P > 0.05). It is possible to verify that the inclusion of spineless cactus, up to the level of 500g/kg of DM in the sheep diets, does not appear to cause damage to the animal's health. Its inclusion does not compromise kidney function or blood metabolites evaluated herein.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de palma forrageira (Opuntia stricta Haw) na dieta de ovinos sobre o balanço dos macrominerais, a função renal e os metabólitos sanguíneos. Cinco ovinos canulados no rúmen (61,5±9,5kg de peso corporal) foram distribuídos em um quadrado de 5 × 5 latinos, composto de cinco dietas e cinco períodos experimentais. O período experimental teve duração de 105 dias, sendo cinco períodos de 21 dias cada. Foram avaliadas quatro dietas contendo níveis de palma forrageira (121, 245, 371 e 500g/kg de matéria seca (MS)), e uma dieta controle. Foram coletadas amostras dos ingredientes, sobras, fezes, urina e sangue. A inclusão de palma forrageira na dieta dos ovinos aumentou o consumo de MS, cinzas, oxalato e todos os macrominerais (P<0,05), mas não afetou a excreção urinária e a fecal de P, bem como a concentração de P no sangue (P>0,05). É possível verificar que a inclusão de palma forrageira, até o nível de 500g/kg de MS na dieta de ovinos, não parece causar danos à saúde do animal. Sua inclusão não compromete a função renal ou os metabólitos sanguíneos avaliados.

Extensive emphysematous pyelonephritis in a nondiabetic female cat - treatment with unilateral nephroureterectomy

Background: Emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN) is an acute, severe necrotizing infection of the renal parenchyma and surrounding tissues that results in gas formation in the kidney, collecting system, or surroundings. EPN is a rare condition in veterinary medicine and occurs most frequently in dogs with diabetes mellitus. Although the prognosis of medical management in animals is poor, the standardized treatment protocol according to EPN severity is unclear. This report describes the first case of a nondiabetic female cat with extensive EPN and good prognosis following direct nephroureterectomy (NU). Case: A 10-year-old spayed female cat presented with the chief complaint of an acute loss of weight within 1 week, vomiting, and disorientation including stumbling, discoordination, circling, wobbling, head tilting, and difficulties in standing. At presentation, the patient had a body condition score of 1/9 and weighed 2.6 kg. Blood examination revealed leukocytosis, anemia, and hypoproteinemia. Abdominal radiography revealed severely decreased serosal details. A massive gas silhouette observed in the peritoneal and retroperitoneal cavities, was diagnosed as abdominal free gas. Abdominal ultrasound showed an accumulation of moderately anechoic fluid mixed with gas and cyst-like capsules around the left kidney. Left partial ureteral obstruction and dilation were also observed. Computed tomography (CT) was performed without sedatives or anesthetic drugs. The findings showed severe inflammatory changes in the peritoneum and a loss of the normal inner structure in the left kidney. A pyelogram of the left kidney was not observed after injection of the contrast material. Diffuse fat stranding and free gas observed in the mesentery of the entire abdominal cavity and around the left kidney were considered septic peritonitis. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria and hematuria. Numerous neutrophils with rod-type bacteria were observed in the ascites. Following diagnostic examinations, the patient was diagnosed with extensive left EPN, including inflammatory ascites and abdominal free gas. Therefore, emergency NU of the nonfunctional left kidney and ruptured ureter and thorough abdominal lavage were conducted. Diffuse inflammation and a nephrolith were observed in the section of the harvested kidney. The nephrolith was composed of 100% calcium oxalate monohydrate. The realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test for feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) was negative. Escherichia coli was detected in the ascites, and antibiotic therapy was administered following the antibiotic sensitivity test. The histological findings from the left kidney and ureter included marked chronic inflammation and fibrosis. The patient was discharged 4 days after surgery. During the 8-month follow-up period, the patient's condition improved. Discussion: This was a unique case of EPN in a nondiabetic cat and the first reported case of EPN with a ruptured ureter, including abdominal free gas, inflammatory ascites, and peritonitis. This patient had a bacterial urinary tract infection with E. coli, which is the most frequently isolated pathogen in humans. This gas-forming bacteria produced a massive amount of gas and inflammation that were considered to have ruptured the urinary tract, so that the gas was released into the abdomen. This case corresponded to class 3B, with two risk factors according to the human EPN classification system. Direct NU and abdominal lavage were performed as emergency surgeries. The patient stabilized gradually and showed a good prognosis. Immediate surgical intervention is recommended in animal patients showing the extensive EPN stage.

Root exudation of oxalic acid in Lotus corniculatus in response to aluminum toxicity

The objective of this research was to identify the existence of root exudation of organic acid in Lotus corniculatus germplasms subjected to toxic aluminum (Al) levels and investigate the effect of this mechanism on the Al content in the root tissue and in morphological parameters of plant development. Two experiments were performed in nutrient solution to evaluate the Al accumulation and exudation of organic acids, using cultivars INIA Draco and São Gabriel and genotypes UFRGS and UF-T2. The plants were cultivated in Al-free solution, which was applied on the 45th day in half of the pots of each genotype. Root exudation was highly correlated with the reduced accumulation of Al in the root tissue (r2 = 0.75 at 72 h). Genotype UF-T2, selected for Al tolerance, extruded 80% more oxalic acid in the presence of Al compared with the other germplasms, indicating that this mechanism is involved with Al tolerance in L. corniculatus. This experiment showed strong evidence that L. corniculatus exhibits Type I tolerance, in which anionic channels are rapidly activated by Al exposure. Exudation of oxalic acid is likely a crucial mechanism that allows the maintenance of L. corniculatus growth when exposed to toxic Al conditions, and this characteristic should be used to identify tolerant genotypes in the future.(AU)

Potassium extraction from the silicate rock Verdete using organic acids

ABSTRACT: Although Brazil is one of the world's leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L1. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

Potassium extraction from the silicate rock Verdete using organic acids

Although Brazil is one of the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L–¹. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

Potassium extraction from the silicate rock Verdete using organic acids

Although Brazil is one of the world's leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L-1. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

Mineral composition and clinical aspects of urolithiasis in cats in Brazil / Composição mineral e aspectos clínicos da urolitíase em gatos no Brasil

Between October 2016 and October 2017, 63 feline uroliths were analyzed at Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) by using both chemical analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The most frequent mineral type found was struvite (53.9%), followed by urate (39.7%), calcium oxalate (30.1%) and calcium phosphate (25.3%). Calculus containing xanthine, cystine and silica were not observed. Uroliths classified as simple, comprised a total of 34/63. Amongst the 42 animals present in the study, 26 were male and 16 were female. Pure breed animals comprised 14.4% of the total, and the breeds observed within the study were the Persian, Himalayan, Siamese, and Angora. Cats between 25-72 months old were more frequently diagnosed with uroliths. The clinical signs varied between systemic and urinary signs and the most found were anorexia, vomiting, hematuria and dysuria. All patients were either spayed or neutered and 34 patients had no outdoor access. Familial information was unknown in almost 100% of the cases. The results observed in the present study serve as a basis for future comparisons related to the epidemiology of urinary lithiasis in Brazil, especially for the feline species.

Entre outubro de 2016 e outubro de 2017, 63 urólitos felinos foram analisados na Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), usando-se tanto análise química quanto espectroscopia por energia dispersiva (EDS). O tipo de mineral mais encontrado foi o estruvita (53,9%), seguido pelo urato (39,7%), oxalato de cálcio (30,1%) e fosfato de cálcio (25,3%). Cálculos contendo xantina, cistina e sílica não foram observados. Urólitos classificados como simples comprometeram um total de 34/63. Entre os 42 animais presentes no estudo, 26 eram machos e 16 eram fêmeas. Dos animais comprometidos, 14,4% eram de raças puras, sendo observadas as raças Persa, Himalaio, Siamês e Angorá. Gatos com idade entre 25-72 meses foram mais frequentemente diagnosticados com urólitos. Os sinais clínicos variaram entre sinais sistêmicos e urinários, sendo anorexia, vômito, hematúria e disúria os mais encontrados. Todos os pacientes eram castrados, e 34 deles não tinham acesso à rua. Histórico familiar era desconhecido em quase 100% dos casos. Os resultados observados no presente estudo servem como base para comparações futuras relacionadas à epidemiologia da litíase urinária no Brasil, especialmente em espécies felinas.

Nutraceticals for dissolving nephrolites in cats

Background: Nephrolithiasis is a condition frequently observed in felines, with or without concomitant chronic kidneydisease, constituting the major cause of ureteral obstruction and causing progressive damage to the renal parenchyma. About90% of nephrolites are composed of calcium oxalate, which cannot dissolve, and its incidence has increased substantiallyin recent years, along with its recurrence. There are functional foods known as nutraceuticals provides health benefits suchas renoprotection. Due to these benefits and the high prevalence of nephrolithiasis in feline species, the present study aimedto evaluate the efficacy of the association of some nutraceuticals in the dissolution of nephrolites.Materials, Methods & Results: The included cats had an ultrasound diagnosis of nephrolithiasis that, on clinical examination, showed: (i) the absence of previous or concomitant treatment for urinary infections and/or vesical and renal lithiasis;(ii) absence of genitourinary clinical manifestations; (iii) absence of obstructive processes; and (iv) absence of concomitantureterolithiasis. We separated 51 cats with nephrolithiasis into 2 groups: control (n = 12) and study (n = 39). The controlgroup received a placebo and the study group, nutraceuticals (magnesium chelate, resveratrol, vitamin K2, docosahexaenoicacid, and eicosapentaenoic acid). Laboratory tests (blood and urine) and abdominal imaging (ultrasound) were performedat day 0 and 30 days after enrollment. Monitoring the therapeutic efficacy in both groups was performed on day 30 for theCG and on days 30, 60, and 90 for the EG. The CG cats, after this step, were referred to surgery or to the EG, with priorauthorization from their tutors. The diameter of nephrolites was significantly different before and after treatment, indicating a reduction in nephroliths over time. During the use of the nutraceutical formulation by the EG and use of placebo...

Crystallurical profile in sheep after ammonium chloride supplementation / [Perfil cristalúrico em ovinos suplementados com cloreto de amônio]

Although urinary crystals are habitual components, urolithiasis formation is always preceded by these concretions. We aimed to identify the change in the crystalline profile in sheep supplemented with ammonium chloride. Twenty-five male sheep aged three months, feedlot and randomly distributed into three groups were used: Control Group (CG) n = 5 did not receive Ammonium Chloride; G200 Group (n=10) (200mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days; G500 Group (n=10) (500mg/kg) of Ammonium Chloride for 56 consecutive days, administered daily orally. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed at seven days, with M0 (immediately before Ammonium Chloride), M1 (seven days after) until M8, totaling 70 days of feedlot. Urine samples were performed to identify the presence, type, and quantity of crystals. There was an increase in crystalluria in all groups in relation to time due to dietary influence, mainly in the CG, which presented more crystals of amorphous calcium phosphate and calcium oxalate. In addition, the G500 Group presented a higher presence of urate/uric acid crystals after urinary acidification, which are closely related to urinary pH.

Apesar de cristais urinários serem componentes habituais, a formação de urolitíase é sempre precedida dessas concreções. O presente estudo objetivou identificar a mudança do perfil cristalúrico em ovinos suplementados com cloreto de amônio. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos, machos, com idade de três meses, confinados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo controle (GC) (n=5) não recebeu cloreto de amônio; grupo G200 (n=10) (200mg/kg) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos; grupo G500 (n=10) (500mg/kg) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos, administrados diariamente por via oral. Os momentos (M) de colheita de amostras e avaliação clínica foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M0 (imediatamente antes da administração do cloreto de amônio), M1 (sete dias após) até M8, totalizando 70 dias de confinamento. As amostras de urina foram analisadas para se identificar a presença, o tipo e a quantidade de cristais. Houve aumento da cristalúria em todos os grupos em relação ao tempo por influência dietética, principalmente no GC, que apresentou mais cristais de fosfato de cálcio amorfo e oxalato de cálcio. Além disso, o grupo G500 apresentou maior presença de cristais de urato/ácido úrico após acidificação urinária, estando esses intimamente relacionados ao pH urinário.

Comparison between different sources of minerals in horses with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism / [Comparação entre diferentes fontes de minerais em cavalos com hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional]

Minerals perform several functions in the body, such as coagulation actions, muscle contraction, enzymatic and hormonal production, among others. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a 150 days chelated and not chelated mineral supplementation with and without potassium oxalate on serological parameters and bone mineral density of horses. Twenty-four crossbred yearlings (12 females and 12 males) with an average age of 21±3 months and body weight of 330.8±37.9kg were divided into four groups containing six equines in each (three females and three males) in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were: 1 - chelated minerals compound; 2 - chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate; 3 - not chelated minerals compound; and 4 - not chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate. Clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) were observed only in treatment 4. Results showed no treatment effect in bone biopsy for calcium, phosphorus and bone density. There were significant reductions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) means concentrations in treatments 2 and 4 during supplementation. Animals supplemented with chelated minerals compounds avoided mineral imbalances and NSH even when in dietary potassium oxalate challenged.(AU)

Os minerais desempenham diversas funções no organismo, como ações de coagulação, contração muscular, produção enzimática e hormonal, entre outras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais quelatados e não quelatados, por 150 dias, com e sem oxalato de potássio, sobre parâmetros sorológicos e densidade mineral óssea em equinos. Vinte e quatro filhotes mestiços (12 fêmeas e 12 machos), com idade média de 21±3 meses e peso corporal de 330,8±37,9kg, foram divididos em quatro grupos contendo seis equinos cada (três fêmeas e três machos), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com repetição medida em arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os tratamentos foram: 1 - composto mineral quelatado; 2 - composto mineral quelatado e oxalato de potássio; 3 - composto mineral não quelatado; e 4 - composto mineral não quelatado e oxalato de potássio. Os sinais clínicos do hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (NSH) foram observados apenas no tratamento 4. Os resultados não mostraram efeito de tratamento na biópsia óssea para cálcio, fósforo e densidade óssea. Houve redução significativa do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) em concentrações médias nos tratamentos 2 e 4 durante a suplementação. Os animais suplementados com compostos minerais quelatados evitaram desequilíbrios minerais e NSH, mesmo quando desafiados no oxalato de potássio na dieta.(AU)

Mineralogical, chemical and electrochemical attributes of soils

A set of attributes endows the soils with distinctive characteristics and astute understanding is required in order to formulate suitable strategies for soil management. The aim of this study was to physically, chemically and mineralogically characterize samples of the main soil classes in Minas Gerais, Brazil, determine the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) and the point of zero charge (PZC), and ascertain the correlation between these factors and soil attributes. The soils evaluated presented different textural classes ranging from loamy sand (Entisol) to very clayey (some Oxisols and Ultisols). The soils differed substantially in terms of fertility, presenting a range from dystrophic (low fertility, base saturation < 50 %) to eutrophic character (fertility, base saturation >= 50 %), even within the same soil class, such as the Oxisols, which suggests the concurrence of the parent material. Highly weathered soils are predominant in Minas Gerais and these soils are composed predominantly of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite. Traces of hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite and illite were also found in the Oxisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols. A correlation between the PZSE and the PZC in the A horizon was observed. A high degree of correlation was observed between the PZC and the exchangeable aluminum and the ratio of iron obtained by ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate (Feo/Fed) in both the A and B horizons of soil classes. The results obtained reinforce the importance of knowledge of soil attributes to the adoption of practices such as the management of phosphate fertilization in clayey soils and liming in soils rich in aluminum.(AU)

Mineralogical, chemical and electrochemical attributes of soils

A set of attributes endows the soils with distinctive characteristics and astute understanding is required in order to formulate suitable strategies for soil management. The aim of this study was to physically, chemically and mineralogically characterize samples of the main soil classes in Minas Gerais, Brazil, determine the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) and the point of zero charge (PZC), and ascertain the correlation between these factors and soil attributes. The soils evaluated presented different textural classes ranging from loamy sand (Entisol) to very clayey (some Oxisols and Ultisols). The soils differed substantially in terms of fertility, presenting a range from dystrophic (low fertility, base saturation = 50 %), even within the same soil class, such as the Oxisols, which suggests the concurrence of the parent material. Highly weathered soils are predominant in Minas Gerais and these soils are composed predominantly of kaolinite, gibbsite, goethite and hematite. Traces of hydroxy-Al interlayered vermiculite and illite were also found in the Oxisols, Ultisols and Inceptisols. A correlation between the PZSE and the PZC in the A horizon was observed. A high degree of correlation was observed between the PZC and the exchangeable aluminum and the ratio of iron obtained by ammonium oxalate and dithionite-citrate (Feo/Fed) in both the A and B horizons of soil classes. The results obtained reinforce the importance of knowledge of soil attributes to the adoption of practices such as the management of phosphate fertilization in clayey soils and liming in soils rich in aluminum.

Obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule

Background: Obstructive urolithiasis is a rare but potentially serious condition in equids. In the reviewed literature, there are several case reports of urolithiasis in horses and donkeys, but the only mention of this condition in mules occurred as incidental findings at a slaughterhouse. Therefore, this work aims to describe the first report and successful treatment of obstructive urethrolithiasis in a mule (Equus asinus x Equus caballus). Case: A 10-year-old castrated male mule weighing 380 kg was referred for hospital care. Tachycardia (64 beats per min), mild dehydration (7%), increased capillary filling time (3 s), slightly congested mucous membranes, and dysuria were observed. During its attempts to urinate, the mule was able to expose the penis, resulting in only dribbling of urine with reddish coloration. Urethral catheterization failed to reach the urinary bladder and revealed an obstruction at the ischial arch (7 x 4 cm), as confirmed by palpation and ultrasonography. Additionally, rectal ultrasound examination showed urine sedimentation and a single 2.36 mm vesical calculus. After sedation, local anesthesia, and surgical preparation, urethrotomy in the standing position was performed over the urethral obstruction at the ischial arch, reaching the urethrolith that fragmented during removal. Urethral catheterization from the urethrotomy site to flush the urinary bladder and urethra were performed, but the remaining vesical calculus was not retrieved. Considering the presence of a vesical calculus, severe urethral damage caused by the spiculated calculus and catheterization attempts, permanent perineal urethrostomy was performed. Laboratory tests revealed unremarkable hematological parameters, while serum biochemistry showed increased creatinine level. Urinalysis revealed cloudiness, amber appearance, countless red blood cells and bacteria, and calcium carbonate crystals. The urethrolith composition included ammonia, carbonate, and oxalate. Twelve months after surgery, the mule was healthy, the urethrostomy was viable, and no complications were recorded during this period. Discussion: Although uncommon, there are reports describing calculi of different sizes and weighing up to 803 g, causing mild to severe clinical signs according to the degree of obstruction in horses and donkeys. In the mule described here, the urethrolith did not completely obstruct the urethra, but the spiculated calculus caused dysuria and hematuria. In fact, most animals are usually referred for acute abdominal signs or hematuria and pollakiuria, but other unusual signs, such as rectal prolapse, may also be present. In the present report, the diagnosis of obstructive urethrolithiasis was established based on clinical signs and transcutaneous ultrasound of the subischial area, allowing visualization of the urethrolith. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of obstructive urethrolithiasis affecting a mule in Brazil. We reiterate that this condition must be included in the differential diagnosis of mules and hinnies with hematuria and dysuria, especially when associated with abdominal pain. Additionally, urethrostomy associated with urethrotomy performed on this mule in the standing position was a low-cost procedure with good results. Due to the lack of specificity regarding the food management of the mule on the previous farm, an assessment cannot be made regarding the effects of its food on urolith composition.(AU)

Cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic effects of cis-tetraammine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionate on human peripheral blood lymphocytes

There is a concern about stablishing the clinical risk of drugs used for cancer treatment. In this study, the cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic properties of cis-tetraammine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionite - cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6), were evaluated in vitro in human lymphocytes. The mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and DNA damage by comet assay were also analyzed. The MTT test revealed that the ruthenium compound showed a slight cytotoxic effect at the highest concentration tested. The IC50 value for the compound after 24 hours of exposure was 185.4 µM. The MI values of human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with 0.015, 0.15, 1.5 and 150 µM of cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) were 6.1, 3.9, 3.2 and 0.2%, respectively. The lowest concentration, 0.015 µM, did not show any cytotoxic activity. The CA values for the 0.015, 0.15 and 1.5 µM concentrations presented low frequency (1.5, 1.6 and 2.3%, respectively), and did not express clastogenic activity when compared to the negative control, although it was observed clastogenic activity in the highest concentration tested (150 µM). The results obtained by the comet assay suggest that this compound does not present genotoxic activity at lower concentrations. The results show that cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) has no cytotoxic, clastogenic or genotoxic in vitro effects at concentrations less than or equal to 0.015 µM. This information proves as promising in the treatment of cancer and is crucial for future trials.

Cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic effects of cis-tetraammine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionate on human peripheral blood lymphocytes

There is a concern about stablishing the clinical risk of drugs used for cancer treatment. In this study, the cytotoxic, clastogenic and genotoxic properties of cis-tetraammine(oxalato)ruthenium(III) dithionite - cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6), were evaluated in vitro in human lymphocytes. The mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations (CA) and DNA damage by comet assay were also analyzed. The MTT test revealed that the ruthenium compound showed a slight cytotoxic effect at the highest concentration tested. The IC50 value for the compound after 24 hours of exposure was 185.4 µM. The MI values of human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with 0.015, 0.15, 1.5 and 150 µM of cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) were 6.1, 3.9, 3.2 and 0.2%, respectively. The lowest concentration, 0.015 µM, did not show any cytotoxic activity. The CA values for the 0.015, 0.15 and 1.5 µM concentrations presented low frequency (1.5, 1.6 and 2.3%, respectively), and did not express clastogenic activity when compared to the negative control, although it was observed clastogenic activity in the highest concentration tested (150 µM). The results obtained by the comet assay suggest that this compound does not present genotoxic activity at lower concentrations. The results show that cis-[Ru(C2O4)(NH3)4]2(S2O6) has no cytotoxic, clastogenic or genotoxic in vitro effects at concentrations less than or equal to 0.015 µM. This information proves as promising in the treatment of cancer and is crucial for future trials.(AU)

Influence of supplementing Guinea grass with differently processed African yam bean on gas production and in vitro digestibility

This study evaluated the potential utilisation of African yam bean (AYB) seed as a supplement to Guinea grass on in vitro gas and methane (CH4) production, as well as the effect of processing on AYB nutritive value. In experiment 1, unprocessed AYB meal at 10, 15, 20, and 25% inclusion levels was added to Guinea grass substrate and evaluated for in vitro gas production, CH4, and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). In experiment 2, the effect of soaked, boiled, toasted, and fermented AYB meal at 20% inclusion on in vitro fermentation was evaluated. In vitro gas production as well as in vitro organic matter digestibility of Guinea grass increased with AYB supplementation. The associative effect of Guinea grass with AYB showed an increase in gas and CH4 production. At 20% inclusion level, AYB processing methods did not affect the gas production, CH4, and IVOMD of the substrate. Fermentation improved the crude protein, iron, and zinc contents, reduced acid detergent fibre concentration but did not reduce the concentrations of alkaloid, total phenol, saponin, and trypsin inhibitors of AYB. Seed soaking for 48 h reduced the total phenol, tannin, oxalate, and phytate content, while seed boiling reduced the concentrations of alkaloid, total phenol, tannin, and trypsin inhibitors. Compared with the raw AYB, boiling is the most effective processing method to reduce the investigated phytochemicals, followed by soaking, toasting, and fermentation, in that order.(AU)

Complicações de urolitíase por oxalato de cálcio em cão uretrostomisado – Relato de Caso / Complications of calcium oxalate urolithiasis in a urethrosed dog - Case report

The present study aims to report a male canine patient with calcium oxalate urolithiasis,who suffered complications of perineal urethrostomy. Cases of urolithiasis frequentlypresent in dogs, however, their complications are rarely mentioned in the literature,especially when the therapeutic protocol fails.

A retirada dos urólitos de oxalato de cálcio e desobstrução da uretra através da realização da técnica cirúrgica uretrostomia em cães: relato de caso / Removal of calcium oxalate uroliths and urethral clearing through urethrostomy in dogs: case report / La retirada de urólitos de oxalato de calcio y desobstrucción de la uretra a través de realización de la técnica quirúrgica urestrostomía en perros: relato de caso

A uretra do macho é uma continuação do sistema de ductos, originada de um óstio interno no colo da bexiga urinária e estendida até o orifício peniano uretral externo na extremidade livre do pênis. Relata-se um caso de um canino, macho, SRD, de três anos, pesando 12 kg. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Universitário "Jeremias Pereira da Silva" - HVU/UFPI, na área de Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica de cães e gatos. O mesmo apresentava manifestações clínicas como: dificuldade de locomoção, disúria, inapetência, hematúria, anúria, agressividade, dor abdominal, apatia e emagrecimento progressivo. A conduta clínica adotada diante do caso, após o resultado dos exames complementares que confirmaram o diagnostico inicial, indicativo de obstrução uretral total por urólitos de oxalato de cálcio, devido ao insucesso das tentativas clínicas de desobstrução foi optar pela técnica cirúrgica uretrostomia. Decorrido dez dias da cirurgia, o animal retornou para retirada dos pontos, apresentando-se em bom estado, alimentando-se bem, fluxo urinário constante (sem sangue), e andando normalmente. A urolitíase deve ser diagnosticada e tratada o mais previamente possível, uma vez que a doença se complica no avançar dos sinais clínicos, podendo ocasionar casos mais complexos, como obstruções urinárias severas e até morte do animal.(AU)

The male urethra is a continuation of the duct system originated from an internal ostium inside the bladder and extends to the external urethral penile hole at the free end of the penis. This is a case study of a 3-year old male mongrel dog weighing 12 kg. The dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital "Jeremias Pereira da Silva" ­ HVU/UFPI in the Clinical and Surgical Practice of dogs and cats. It presented clinical manifestations such as difficulty in walking, dysuria, loss of appetite, hematuria, anuria, aggressiveness, abdominal pain, lethargy and progressive weight loss. An urethrostomy was the clinical approach adopted for the case, after the laboratory tests confirmed the initial diagnosis of total urethral obstruction by calcium oxalate uroliths due to the failure of clinical unblocking attempts. Ten days after the surgery, the animal returned to the clinic to remove the stitches, and presented a good condition, feeding well, with a constant urine flow (no blood), and walking normally. Urolithiasis must be diagnosed and treated as early as possible, since the disease complicates itself with the worsening of the clinical signs, which may result in more complex cases, such as severe urinary obstruction and even the death of the animal.(AU)

La uretra del macho es una continuación del sistema de ductos, originada de un ostium interno en el cuello de la vejiga urinaria y se extiende hasta el orificio uretral externo en la extremidad libre del pene. Presentamos un caso de un canino, macho, SRD, de tres años, con un peso de 12 kg. Fue atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad "Jeremías Pereira da Silva" - HVU/UFPI, en el campo de Clínica Médica y Quirúrgica de perros y gatos. Lo mismo presentaba manifestaciones clínicas como: dificultad para caminar, disuria, pérdida de apetito, hematuria, anuria, agresividad, dolor abdominal, letargo y pérdida progresiva de peso. La conducta clínica adoptada delante el caso, tras el resultado de los exámenes complementarios que confirmaron el diagnóstico inicial, indicativo de obstrucción uretral total de cálculos de oxalato de calcio, debido al fracaso de las tentativas clínicas de desbloqueo cupo optar por uretrostomía, técnica quirúrgica. Después de diez días de la cirugía el animal volvió para retirada de los puntos de sutura, presentándose en buen estado, alimentándose bien, flujo de orina constante (sin sangre), y caminando normalmente. La urolitiasis debe ser diagnosticada y tratada cuanto antes posible, ya que la enfermedad se complica con el avance de los signos clínicos, pudiendo causar casos más complejos, como obstrucciones urinarias severas e incluso la muerte del animal.(AU)

A retirada dos urólitos de oxalato de cálcio e desobstrução da uretra através da realização da técnica cirúrgica uretrostomia em cães: relato de caso / Removal of calcium oxalate uroliths and urethral clearing through urethrostomy in dogs: case report / La retirada de urólitos de oxalato de calcio y desobstrucción de la uretra a través de realización de la técnica quirúrgica urestrostomía en perros: relato de caso

A uretra do macho é uma continuação do sistema de ductos, originada de um óstio interno no colo da bexiga urinária e estendida até o orifício peniano uretral externo na extremidade livre do pênis. Relata-se um caso de um canino, macho, SRD, de três anos, pesando 12 kg. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Universitário "Jeremias Pereira da Silva" - HVU/UFPI, na área de Clínica Médica e Cirúrgica de cães e gatos. O mesmo apresentava manifestações clínicas como: dificuldade de locomoção, disúria, inapetência, hematúria, anúria, agressividade, dor abdominal, apatia e emagrecimento progressivo. A conduta clínica adotada diante do caso, após o resultado dos exames complementares que confirmaram o diagnostico inicial, indicativo de obstrução uretral total por urólitos de oxalato de cálcio, devido ao insucesso das tentativas clínicas de desobstrução foi optar pela técnica cirúrgica uretrostomia. Decorrido dez dias da cirurgia, o animal retornou para retirada dos pontos, apresentando-se em bom estado, alimentando-se bem, fluxo urinário constante (sem sangue), e andando normalmente. A urolitíase deve ser diagnosticada e tratada o mais previamente possível, uma vez que a doença se complica no avançar dos sinais clínicos, podendo ocasionar casos mais complexos, como obstruções urinárias severas e até morte do animal.(AU)

The male urethra is a continuation of the duct system originated from an internal ostium inside the bladder and extends to the external urethral penile hole at the free end of the penis. This is a case study of a 3-year old male mongrel dog weighing 12 kg. The dog was attended at the University Veterinary Hospital "Jeremias Pereira da Silva" ­ HVU/UFPI in the Clinical and Surgical Practice of dogs and cats. It presented clinical manifestations such as difficulty in walking, dysuria, loss of appetite, hematuria, anuria, aggressiveness, abdominal pain, lethargy and progressive weight loss. An urethrostomy was the clinical approach adopted for the case, after the laboratory tests confirmed the initial diagnosis of total urethral obstruction by calcium oxalate uroliths due to the failure of clinical unblocking attempts. Ten days after the surgery, the animal returned to the clinic to remove the stitches, and presented a good condition, feeding well, with a constant urine flow (no blood), and walking normally. Urolithiasis must be diagnosed and treated as early as possible, since the disease complicates itself with the worsening of the clinical signs, which may result in more complex cases, such as severe urinary obstruction and even the death of the animal.(AU)

La uretra del macho es una continuación del sistema de ductos, originada de un ostium interno en el cuello de la vejiga urinaria y se extiende hasta el orificio uretral externo en la extremidad libre del pene. Presentamos un caso de un canino, macho, SRD, de tres años, con un peso de 12 kg. Fue atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidad "Jeremías Pereira da Silva" - HVU/UFPI, en el campo de Clínica Médica y Quirúrgica de perros y gatos. Lo mismo presentaba manifestaciones clínicas como: dificultad para caminar, disuria, pérdida de apetito, hematuria, anuria, agresividad, dolor abdominal, letargo y pérdida progresiva de peso. La conducta clínica adoptada delante el caso, tras el resultado de los exámenes complementarios que confirmaron el diagnóstico inicial, indicativo de obstrucción uretral total de cálculos de oxalato de calcio, debido al fracaso de las tentativas clínicas de desbloqueo cupo optar por uretrostomía, técnica quirúrgica. Después de diez días de la cirugía el animal volvió para retirada de los puntos de sutura, presentándose en buen estado, alimentándose bien, flujo de orina constante (sin sangre), y caminando normalmente. La urolitiasis debe ser diagnosticada y tratada cuanto antes posible, ya que la enfermedad se complica con el avance de los signos clínicos, pudiendo causar casos más complejos, como obstrucciones urinarias severas e incluso la muerte del animal.(AU)