Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) em cão na região prepucial: relato de caso / Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) in dog in the preputial region: case report / Carcinoma de células escamosas (cce) en perro de la región prepucial: reporte de un caso

A expectativa de vida dos animais de companhia vem aumentando devido as mudanças comportamentais e de cuidados dos tutores. Em analogia, com as idades cada vez mais avançadas, é comum o desenvolvimento de doenças associadas, sendo o tumor o mais comum entre elas. Todavia, as neoplasias mais comuns na clínica de pequenos animais estão associadas ao sistema tegumentar. O carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE), ou carcinoma espinocelular, é uma neoplasia de epitélio, maligno, de crescimento lento e de baixo potencial metastático. Sua etiologia ainda não é precisamente conhecida e a causa exógena mais comum e descrita pela literatura é a exposição à luz ultravioleta, gerando consequentes lesões nas estruturas genéticas e imunogênicas na pele. Além disso, essas lesões apresentam-se de forma mais comum em animais de pelagem clara, com grande exposição solar e em área anatômicas hipopigmentadas. O prognóstico varia de acordo com a localização e o estágio clínico, sendo favorável o diagnóstico realizado precocemente, e o tratamento consiste na avaliação clínica seguida do protocolo adequado O presente relato de caso tem como objetivo principal reunir e discutir informações associadas sobre o carcinoma de células escamosas em caninos e felinos, abordando aspectos clínicos e patológicos, a fim de facilitar o raciocínio sobre o CCE, desde sua abordagem inicial, até seu diagnóstico final e estadiamento.(AU)

The life expectancy of companion animals has been increasing due to behavioral and care changes of the guardians. In analogy, with the increasingly advanced ages, the development of associated diseases is common, the tumor being the most common among them. However, the most common neoplasms in the small animal clinic are associated with the integumentary system. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), or squamous cell carcinoma, is a malignant, slow-growing, low-potential metastatic epithelial neoplasm. Its etiology is not yet precisely known and the most common exogenous cause described by the literature is exposure to ultraviolet light, generating consequent lesions on the genetic and immunogenic structures in the skin. In addition, these lesions are more common in light-haired animals, with high exposure to the sun, and in hypopigmented anatomical areas. The prognosis varies according to the location and clinical stage, being favorable to the early diagnosis, and the treatment consists in the clinical evaluation followed by the appropriate protocol. The present case report has as its main objective to gather and discuss associated information about squamous cell carcinoma in canines and cats, addressing clinical and pathological aspects, in order to facilitate the reasoning about the CCE, from its initial approach, to its final diagnosis and staging.(AU)

La esperanza de vida de los animales de compañía ha ido en aumento debido a los cambios de comportamiento y cuidado de los guardianes. Por analogía, con las edades cada vez más avanzadas, el desarrollo de enfermedades asociadas es común, siendo el tumor el más común entre ellos. Sin embargo, las neoplasias más comunes en la clínica de animales pequeños se asocian con el sistema tegumentario. El carcinoma epidermoide (CCE), o carcinoma epidermoide, es una neoplasia epitelial metastásica maligna de crecimiento lento y bajo potencial. Su etiología aún no se conoce con precisión y la causa exógena más común descrita por la literatura es la exposición a la luz ultravioleta, generando lesiones consecuentes en las estructuras genéticas e inmunogénicas de la piel. Además, estas lesiones son más comunes en animales de pelo claro, con alta exposición al sol, y en áreas anatómicas hipopigmentadas. El pronóstico varía según la localización y el estadio clínico, siendo favorable al diagnóstico precoz, y el tratamiento consiste en la evaluación clínica seguida del protocolo adecuado. El presente reporte de caso tiene como objetivo principal reunir y discutir información asociada sobre el carcinoma epidermoide en caninos y gatos, abordando aspectos clínicos y patológicos, con el fin de facilitar el razonamiento sobre el CCE, desde su abordaje inicial, hasta su diagnóstico final y estadificación.(AU)

Reconstrução prepucial com uso de enxerto combinado em cães / Preputial reconstruction combined with graft in dogs

Background: Preputial injuries are significant in the clinical routine. Traumas, conditions, and mass excision result in extensive and full-thickness defects that lead to chronic penile exposure and consequential injuries. Severe injuries may require preputial reconstructive surgery to restore function and aesthetics. The objective is to report the use of the preputial reconstruction technique using the caudal superficial epigastric axial standard flap associated with a single-stage, full-thickness oral mucosa graft in 3 dogs where the loss of the prepuce was significant. Cases: Three dogs were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UFMT with preputial lesions of different etiologies. All cases were referred for preventive reconstruction using a flap in the caudal axial epigastric pattern associated with a single-stage oral mucosa graft. In the 3 reported cases, changes that compromised surgical success, such as suture dehiscence, necrosis, or infection, were not observed during hospitalization. Cutaneous stitch dehiscence, however, was observed in all 3 cases. Dog 1. A small point of dehiscence and tissue necrosis was found and treated with chemical debridement and healed by second intention, which proved to be sufficient on the 30th day. Dog 2. A half-moon rotation flap was performed, which closed the defect. Dog 3. A new procedure using the reporting theme technique was necessary in order to cover the cranial portion of the foreskin. The dehiscence present in dogs 2 and 3 was significant. Flap retraction was observed in all 3 cases. In dogs 1 and 3, the retraction was slight, and the exposure of a small portion of the penile glans were observed, showing no changes that required intervention. In dog 2, retraction was important, leading to partial stenosis of the preputial ostium. A larger ostium was obtained by suturing the mucosa to the edge of the wedge. Considering the possibility of adhesion formation, "captons" were made in sterile silicone tubes, and sutures were placed in the dorsal and ventral aspects to prevent adherence of the oral mucosa graft located on the inside of the new foreskin. The captons were removed on the tenth post-operative day, revealing a good opening of the preputial orifice and adequate penile exposure. Discussion: The absence of a foreskin caused by trauma or surgical excision leads to chronic penile exposure, dryness, and ulcerations. The simple covering of the skin with an axial-type flap of the caudal superficial epigastric region tends to fail since only the graft edges are sutured into the abdominal skin. In these circumstances, the subcutaneous region on the penis is exposed and comes in direct contact with urine and the penile mucosa, causing the flap skin to grow to exacerbated retraction. The transplantation of a free-lip mucosa graft allows the subcutaneous region of the transposed skin flap to create adhesions in the fenestrated regions of the lip tissue through the formation of granulation tissue buds, which is performed in a single stage. The permanence of the penis protects the lower urinary system from the occurrence of infections relative to what is normally observed in cases where partial or total penile amputation is practiced in combination with adjunctive scrotal urethrostomy. Given the observations of the 3 cases described here, the technique of pre-facial reconstruction with an axial skin flap of the caudal superficial epigastric region, combined with free-labial mucosa graft, was found to be feasible for the single-stage foreskin technique, but that paraphimosis remanagement may be necessary when cutaneous portions of the penile skin caudal to the glans are removed.

Penile fractures in young bulls raised in feedlots in Southern Brazil

Background: Penile fracture is a pathology of young cattle that perform precocious and disordered breeding. The incompatibility of height between males and females and sodomy between males cause a great pressure on the sigmoid flexure and retractor muscle of the penis, which are the main causes and sites of organ injury. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological and pathological aspects of penile fractures observed in young bulls raised in pre-export feedlots (PEFs) in southern Brazil. Cases: In 2 PEFs located in the municipalities of Pelotas (property 1) and Capão do Leão (property 2), 3 male cattle [1 from property 1 and 2 from property 2] presented subcutaneous edema in the foreskin and perineum, associated with dysuria. The evolution of the clinical picture was approximately 20 days in all cases, with evolution to death. The bovine necropsied on property 1 had an increased volume and inguinal edema, involving the penis and scrotal sac. Necrosis of the subcutaneous tissue and local musculature was also observed. The testicles were surrounded by the necrotic tissue, and the right testis was swollen, with flaccid parenchyma adhering to the tunica albuginea. In the necropsy of 1 bull from property 2, an increase in the inguinal volume was observed, with an extensive area of necrosis and edema extending from the prepuce to the caudal musculature of the scrotal sac. There were also marked varicosis in the sigmoid flexure and necrosis of the adjacent region, without the involvement of the corpus cavernosum. During the necropsy of the 2 young bulls, fragments of organs from the abdominal, thoracic, and brain cavities were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. From the bull of the property 2, an anatomical piece consisting of the penis, prepuce, and testicles was also collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. After 48 h, the tissue samples were cleaved, embedded in paraffin, cut into 3-µm-thick sections, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). A histological evaluation of the penile lesions in both cattle revealed intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum. In addition to areas of dystrophic calcification, neutrophil and macrophage infiltration was also observed. In the bull from the property 1, an intense edema and proliferation of fibrous tissue surrounding the urethra were noted. There were also marked tubular degeneration and intense infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages in the inner portion of the tunica albuginea. Discussion: In the present cases, the diagnosis was based on epidemiological data associated with clinical signs and pathology. The macroscopic lesions observed were probably due to the involvement of blood vessels adjacent to the penis, which suffered trauma during sodomy mating among cattle. These lesions have been described in other reports of this pathology and in diseases, such as acropostitis-phimosis, fibropapilloma of the glans, preputial abscess, and urolithiasis, and the differential diagnosis of these diseases must be carried out, as they have different etiologies. In the bulls of the present study, no lesions were observed in the corpus cavernosum, and this condition was attributed to the presence of varicosis and accumulation of urine in the prepuce, due to the difficulty in exposing the penis. Histologically, there were intense hemorrhage, congestion, and necrosis of the muscles and tissues adjacent to the corpus cavernosum, with the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages, and areas of dystrophic calcification. The presence of necrotic lesions in tissues adjacent to the penis may be related to hypoxia, vascular lesions, or the action of chemical elements present in the urine. In both cases, vascular lesions were present, which were attributed to the main triggering factor for the disease.

Preputial repair as an alternative to penectomy in dogs - report of two cases / Reconstrução prepucial como alternativa à penectomia em cães - relato de dois casos

Extensive foreskin and penile lesions are the main indications of penectomy in the dog. Such a surgical approach results in high morbidity and risk of infection. A viable alternative to penectomy comprises preputial reconstruction after resection of extensive benign lesions. The aim of this study was to report the case of two dogs with extensive preputial lesions submitted to different reconstructive foreskin techniques. In both cases there were no postoperative complications, the animals did not present difficulty for penile exposure or retraction. Therefore, the techniques used in the present study are viable as alternative techniques to replace the penectomy.(AU)

Lesões extensas em prepúcio e pênis constituem as principais indicações de penectomia no cão. Tal abordagem cirúrgica resulta em elevada morbidade e risco de infecção. Uma alternativa viável à penectomia compreende a reconstrução prepucial após a ressecção de lesões extensas benignas. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de dois cães com lesões prepuciais extensas, submetidos a diferentes técnicas reconstrutivas de prepúcio. Nos dois casos não foram verificadas complicações pós-operatórias, os animais não apresentaram dificuldade para exposição ou retração peniana. Diante disso, as técnicas utilizadas no presente estudo são viáveis como técnicas alternativas em substituição à penectomia.(AU)

Preputial repair as an alternative to penectomy in dogs - report of two cases / Reconstrução prepucial como alternativa à penectomia em cães - relato de dois casos

Extensive foreskin and penile lesions are the main indications of penectomy in the dog. Such a surgical approach results in high morbidity and risk of infection. A viable alternative to penectomy comprises preputial reconstruction after resection of extensive benign lesions. The aim of this study was to report the case of two dogs with extensive preputial lesions submitted to different reconstructive foreskin techniques. In both cases there were no postoperative complications, the animals did not present difficulty for penile exposure or retraction. Therefore, the techniques used in the present study are viable as alternative techniques to replace the penectomy.

Lesões extensas em prepúcio e pênis constituem as principais indicações de penectomia no cão. Tal abordagem cirúrgica resulta em elevada morbidade e risco de infecção. Uma alternativa viável à penectomia compreende a reconstrução prepucial após a ressecção de lesões extensas benignas. O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o caso de dois cães com lesões prepuciais extensas, submetidos a diferentes técnicas reconstrutivas de prepúcio. Nos dois casos não foram verificadas complicações pós-operatórias, os animais não apresentaram dificuldade para exposição ou retração peniana. Diante disso, as técnicas utilizadas no presente estudo são viáveis como técnicas alternativas em substituição à penectomia.

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis / Microbiological, molecular and histopathological findings in small ruminants experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.(AU)

Achados microbiológicos, moleculares e histopatológicos em pequenos ruminantes experimentalmente infectados com Actinobacillus seminis / Microbiological, molecular and histopathological findings in small ruminants experimentally infected with Actinobacillus seminis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a patogenicidade, em ovinos, de uma cepa de Actinobacillus seminis isolada de caprino no Brasil. Foram utilizadas amostras de sêmen, punção e fragmentos de epidídimo, ducto deferente, testículos e glândulas seminíferas de dois caprinos (animais 1 e 2) e dois ovinos (animais 3 e 4), e foram realizados exame histopatológico, cultivo microbiológico e diagnóstico molecular. O inóculo foi preparado com solução salina na diluição de 10-2 correspondendo ao padrão 1,0 da escala de McFarland, com colônias previamente cultivadas de A. seminis e administrado no volume de 2 mL pelas vias intra-prepucial (animais 1 e 3) e na cauda do epidídimo (animais 2 e 4). Na avaliação clínica observou-se aumento unilateral de consistência firme após 30 dias no epidídimo e testículo do animal 4 que continuou até o dia da eutanásia, bem como o animal 1 apresentou discreto aumento unilateral dos testículos. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas observadas nos animais 3 e 4 foram compatíveis com aquelas causadas pela infecção por A. seminis. A. seminis foi isolado de material de punção e sêmen de um ovino (animal 4). Conclui-se que o modelo de infecção experimental utilizando caprinos e ovinos comprovou a patogenicidade da amostra de A. seminis, isolada de um caprino no semiárido brasileiro e reproduzida em um ovino, comprovando a predileção do agente pelo epidídimo, com quadro clinico, achados histopatológicos, isolamento bacteriano e diagnóstico molecular positivo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate, in sheep, the pathogenicity of an Actinobacillus seminis strain isolated from a goat in Brazil. Samples of semen, puncture and fragments of epididymis, deferent duct, testicles and seminal vesicles from two goats (animals 1 and 2) and two sheep (animals 3 and 4) were used, and histopathological, microbiological culture and molecular diagnoses were performed. The inoculum was prepared with saline solution at 10-2 dilution corresponding to 1.0 McFarland standard, with A. seminis colonies previously cultured and administered on 2mL volume by intra-preputial (animals 1 and 3) and epididymis tail (animals 2 and 4) routes. At clinical evaluation it were found unilateral swelling of firm consistency after 30 days in epididymis and testicle from animal 4 that continued until the day of euthanasia, as well as animal 1 shown discrete unilateral swelling of testicles. Gross and microscopic lesions in animals 3 and 4 were compatibles with that caused by A. seminis infection. A. seminis was isolated from material of puncture and semen of one sheep (animal 4). It is concluded that the experimental infection model using goats and sheep has proved the pathogenicity of the A. seminis strain isolated from a goat in the Brazilian semiarid and reproduced in a sheep, which confirm the prediletion of the agent for epididymis, with clinical signs, histopathological findings, bacterial isolation and positive molecular diagnosis.(AU)

Novas perspectivas no diagnóstico e tratamento da acropostite-fimose em touros / New perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of acropostitis-phimosis of bulls

A acropostite-fimose é um processo inflamatório da extremidade do prepúcio, diagnosticada com frequência em touros. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o exame ultrassonográfico na definição da viabilidade do folheto prepucial interno (FPI) e na evolução clínica do pós-operatório, após o emprego de fios de categute ou poliglactina na hemostasia e de algodão ou poliglactina na confecção de sutura padrão Donatti empregada para fixar o FPI à pele prepucial no transoperatório da acropostite-fimose em touros. A sutura utilizada foi captonada ou não captonada, e os animais submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico apresentavam no mínimo dois terços do FPI viável. Os touros foram alocados, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos contendo nove animais cada, de acordo com o fio empregado na hemostasia e na confecção da sutura padrão Donatti. O exame ultrassonográfico mostrou-se importante na indicação ou não do tratamento cirúrgico da acropostite-fimose e possibilitou localizar lesões, mensurar a área de reação tecidual e identificar lesões profundas e pontos de estreitamento do FPI. Os animais de GII apresentaram edema mais discreto, observando-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre GII e os grupos GI, GIII e GIV. A ocorrência de hiperemia no sétimo dia de pós-operatório também foi menor nos touros do grupo GII, ocorrendo diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre GII e os grupos GI e GIII. A sutura empregando o dispositivo de látex (cápton) e o emprego do fio de poliglactina apresentaram-se como medidas benéficas, resultando em menor número de complicações pós-operatórias.(AU)

Acropostitis-Phimosis is an inflammatory process of the extremity of the prepuce, frequently diagnosed in bulls. The present study aimed to evaluate ultrassound exams in the definition of viability of the internal layer of prepuce and the postoperative clinical evolution. This evaluation is after the employment of catgut or poliglactin threads in homeostasis, and cloth or polyglactin threads in confection of the standard suture, Donatti, used to fix the internal layer of prepuce to the preputial in the postoperative of acropostitis-phimosis in bulls. The suture was captonated and non-captonated and the animals conducted to the surgical procedure showed at least 2/3 of viability of the internal layer of prepuce. The bulls were randomly allocated in four groups, each one containing nine animals, according to the thread used in homeostasis and confection of the Donatti standard suture. Ultrassound was shown to be important in the indication or not of the surgical treatment of acropostitis-phimosis and allowed the identification of lesions, measurement of areas of tissue reaction and locate deep lesions and narrowing points of internal layer of prepuce. The employment of latex device (capton) in suture and the employment of polyglactin thread 910 were shown as beneficial measures, resulting in a lower number of postoperative complications.(AU)

Novas perspectivas no diagnóstico e tratamento da acropostite-fimose em touros / New perspectives in the diagnosis and treatment of acropostitis-phimosis of bulls

A acropostite-fimose é um processo inflamatório da extremidade do prepúcio, diagnosticada com frequência em touros. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o exame ultrassonográfico na definição da viabilidade do folheto prepucial interno (FPI) e na evolução clínica do pós-operatório, após o emprego de fios de categute ou poliglactina na hemostasia e de algodão ou poliglactina na confecção de sutura padrão Donatti empregada para fixar o FPI à pele prepucial no transoperatório da acropostite-fimose em touros. A sutura utilizada foi captonada ou não captonada, e os animais submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico apresentavam no mínimo dois terços do FPI viável. Os touros foram alocados, aleatoriamente, em quatro grupos contendo nove animais cada, de acordo com o fio empregado na hemostasia e na confecção da sutura padrão Donatti. O exame ultrassonográfico mostrou-se importante na indicação ou não do tratamento cirúrgico da acropostite-fimose e possibilitou localizar lesões, mensurar a área de reação tecidual e identificar lesões profundas e pontos de estreitamento do FPI. Os animais de GII apresentaram edema mais discreto, observando-se diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre GII e os grupos GI, GIII e GIV. A ocorrência de hiperemia no sétimo dia de pós-operatório também foi menor nos touros do grupo GII, ocorrendo diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre GII e os grupos GI e GIII. A sutura empregando o dispositivo de látex (cápton) e o emprego do fio de poliglactina apresentaram-se como medidas benéficas, resultando em menor número de complicações pós-operatórias.(AU)

Acropostitis-Phimosis is an inflammatory process of the extremity of the prepuce, frequently diagnosed in bulls. The present study aimed to evaluate ultrassound exams in the definition of viability of the internal layer of prepuce and the postoperative clinical evolution. This evaluation is after the employment of catgut or poliglactin threads in homeostasis, and cloth or polyglactin threads in confection of the standard suture, Donatti, used to fix the internal layer of prepuce to the preputial in the postoperative of acropostitis-phimosis in bulls. The suture was captonated and non-captonated and the animals conducted to the surgical procedure showed at least 2/3 of viability of the internal layer of prepuce. The bulls were randomly allocated in four groups, each one containing nine animals, according to the thread used in homeostasis and confection of the Donatti standard suture. Ultrassound was shown to be important in the indication or not of the surgical treatment of acropostitis-phimosis and allowed the identification of lesions, measurement of areas of tissue reaction and locate deep lesions and narrowing points of internal layer of prepuce. The employment of latex device (capton) in suture and the employment of polyglactin thread 910 were shown as beneficial measures, resulting in a lower number of postoperative complications.(AU)

Ultrassonografia, morfologia e histopatologia do prepúcio, glande e parte livre do pênis de bovinos saudáveis e com acropostite

Os processos inflamatórios no óstio prepucial do touro podem comprometer a exposição do pênis e interferir nos índices reprodutivos do rebanho. Desta forma, o diagnóstico precoce e a mensuração da extensão das lesões da lâmina interna prepucial (LIP) são essenciais para a decisão terapêutica. Entretanto, a estenose e edema acentuados podem prejudicar a inspeção clínica da cavidade prepucial e da parte livre do pênis (PLP). Por esses motivos, o exame ultrassonográfico foi proposto como alternativa diagnóstica não invasiva para avaliação de bovinos com acropostite. Os objetivos desta tese, em ordem de apresentação dos capítulos, foram: 1) revisar a bibliografia do pênis e prepúcio dos touros, relacionados à anatomia, enfermidades, métodos de diagnóstico e utilização da ultrassonografia na avaliação do pênis e prepúcio de bovinos e demais espécies; 2) padronizar a execução do exame ultrassonográfico do prepúcio de bovinos da raça Nelore com um ano de idade (n=06); 3) descrever e relacionar as imagens ultrassonográficas com as características anatomomorfológicas do prepúcio, glande e PLP, utilizando conjuntos anatômicos de touros adultos (n=12); 4) descrever o exame ultrassonográfico do prepúcio de touros com acropostite (n=22). A posição quadrupedal com infiltração de solução fisiológica na cavidade prepucial foi considerada a mais adequada para bezerros com um ano de idade. A comparação entre ultrassonografia, anatomia e histologia permitiu diferenciar os padrões ecogênicos da lâmina externa, hipoderme, lâmina própria e epitélio da LIP, glande, PLP, fórnix prepucial e posicionamento dos músculos prepuciais. A ultrassonografia de touros com acropostite permitiu estimar a extensão da LIP comprometida e íntegra, contribuindo para o diagnóstico e prognóstico da enfermidade. Estes resultados permitiram concluir que a ultrassonografia do prepúcio de bovinos é uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico de enfermidades prepuciais, além de contribuir com informações relevantes para determinação do momento cirúrgico e prognóstico de touros com enfermidades na genitália externa.

The inflammatory processes in the bull's foreskin ostium can compromise the penis exposure and interfere in the reproductive index of the herd. So, early diagnosis and measurement of lesions extension in the internal lamina of the prepuce (ILP) are essential for the therapeutic decision. However, severe stenosis and edema may impair the clinical inspection of the preputial cavity and free end of the penis (FEP). For these reasons, ultrasound examination has been proposed as a non-invasive diagnostic alternative for the assessment of cattle with acropostitis. The objectives of this dissertation, in order of chapters presentation, were: 1) to make a literature review on bulls penis and foreskin anatomy, diseases and diagnostic methods, and the uses of ultrasonography in the evaluation of the penis and foreskin in cattle and other species; 2) to standardize the ultrasound examination of foreskin in one year old Nellore cattle (n = 06); 3) to describe and relate ultrasound images and anatomomorphological attributes of foreskin, glans and FEP, using anatomical pieces of slaughtered adult bulls (n = 12); 4) to describe the ultrasound examination on bulls foreskin with acropostitis (n = 22). The quadrupedal position with the infiltration of saline solution in the preputial cavity was considered the most suitable for one year old calves. The comparison between ultrasonography, anatomy and histology allowed to differentiate the echogenic patterns of the external lamina, hypodermis, lamina propria and epithelium of ILP, glans, FEP, prepucial fornix and, position of prepucial muscles. Ultrasonography of bulls with acropostitis allowed to estimate the extension of compromised and healthy ILP, contributing to the diagnosis and prognosis of this disease. These results allowed to conclude that ultrasound of bovine foreskin is an important tool for the diagnosis of preputial diseases, contributing with relevant information for therapeutic planning, surgical decision and prognosis of bulls with diseases of external genitalia.

Relato de caso de carcinoma epitelial de saco escrotal em canino / Case report of canine scrotum epithelial carcinoma in canine

The skin lesions are responsible for significant number of clinical veterinarian, with the increase in thenumber of pets, especially in large cities, there is also an increase in concern on the part of owner stoward theirpets. The carcinoma is a tumor of keratinocytes. Observed under an optical microscope, the thickening of thedermis, forming is lands, trabeculae of neoplastic epithelial cells. The treatment is done surgically by removingthe neoplastic mass. Were port the case of adograce Labrador Retriever 3 years old, who had a neoplastic massin the region of preputial ulcers and bleeding. The treatment by surgical removal. Oriented by veterinaryclinical diagnosis aimed at the welfare and the animal future health, beyond cytology, that served as an aid inthe owner's decision to animals for realization of procedure. And after healing oft hesurgical wound was givenhigh for the animal. The objective of this study was to report a case of carcinoma involving the foreskin of a dogand describe the evolution of the patient after the diagnosis and of cirurgical management.(AU)

Relato de caso de carcinoma epitelial de saco escrotal em canino / Case report of canine scrotum epithelial carcinoma in canine

The skin lesions are responsible for significant number of clinical veterinarian, with the increase in thenumber of pets, especially in large cities, there is also an increase in concern on the part of owner stoward theirpets. The carcinoma is a tumor of keratinocytes. Observed under an optical microscope, the thickening of thedermis, forming is lands, trabeculae of neoplastic epithelial cells. The treatment is done surgically by removingthe neoplastic mass. Were port the case of adograce Labrador Retriever 3 years old, who had a neoplastic massin the region of preputial ulcers and bleeding. The treatment by surgical removal. Oriented by veterinaryclinical diagnosis aimed at the welfare and the animal future health, beyond cytology, that served as an aid inthe owner's decision to animals for realization of procedure. And after healing oft hesurgical wound was givenhigh for the animal. The objective of this study was to report a case of carcinoma involving the foreskin of a dogand describe the evolution of the patient after the diagnosis and of cirurgical management.

Penectomy and scrotal urethrostomy in dogs: report of four cases / Penectomia com uretrostomia escrotal em cães: relato de quatro casos

Wide trauma and neoplasms constitute the main indications for penectomy and scrotal urethrostomy in the dog. Reconstruction of the prepuce is technically challenging, which may not be feasible in cases of extensive tissue loss, requiring penile amputation. The aim of the current study was to report four cases of penectomy associated to scrotal urethrostomy in dogs. The patients were subjected to hematological, histopathologic exams, thoracic radiographs and abdominal echographic evaluations for surgical triage. Malignant neoplasms were diagnosed in three patients and fibrosis with extensive penile exposition was found in one dog. The patients were submitted to penile amputation and scrotal urethrostomy postoperative complications included mild hemorrhage in one dog and wound infection and myiasis in another dog. In conclusion, surgical resection followed by penectomy with scrotal urethrostomy was the best option for the treatment of the preputial lesions and resolution was achieved.

Os traumatismos extensos de prepúcio e pênis, além de neoplasias, constituem as principais indicações cirúrgicas de penectomia associado à uretrostomia escrotal no cão. A reconstrução do prepúcio é desafiadora e torna-se inviável em casos de lesões amplas, requerendo a amputação peniana. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar quatro casos de indicação para penectomia associada à uretrostomia escrotal em cães. Os pacientes foram submetidos a exames complementares hematológicos, citologia das lesões, radiografia de tórax, ultrassonografia abdominal foram realizadas para triagem cirúrgica. Em três pacientes diagnosticou-se neoplasias malignas e em um paciente, fibrose com extensa exposição peniana. Os cães foram submetidos a penectomia, associado a uretrostomia escrotal. As complicações pós-operatórias incluíram hemorragia leve em um paciente e infecção e miiase em outro cão. Concluiu-se que a ressecção cirúrgica seguida de penectomia com uretrostomia escrotal foi a melhor opção para as lesões prepuciais, obtendo-se sucesso no tratamento realizado.

Penectomy and scrotal urethrostomy in dogs: report of four cases / Penectomia com uretrostomia escrotal em cães: relato de quatro casos

Wide trauma and neoplasms constitute the main indications for penectomy and scrotal urethrostomy in the dog. Reconstruction of the prepuce is technically challenging, which may not be feasible in cases of extensive tissue loss, requiring penile amputation. The aim of the current study was to report four cases of penectomy associated to scrotal urethrostomy in dogs. The patients were subjected to hematological, histopathologic exams, thoracic radiographs and abdominal echographic evaluations for surgical triage. Malignant neoplasms were diagnosed in three patients and fibrosis with extensive penile exposition was found in one dog. The patients were submitted to penile amputation and scrotal urethrostomy postoperative complications included mild hemorrhage in one dog and wound infection and myiasis in another dog. In conclusion, surgical resection followed by penectomy with scrotal urethrostomy was the best option for the treatment of the preputial lesions and resolution was achieved.(AU)

Os traumatismos extensos de prepúcio e pênis, além de neoplasias, constituem as principais indicações cirúrgicas de penectomia associado à uretrostomia escrotal no cão. A reconstrução do prepúcio é desafiadora e torna-se inviável em casos de lesões amplas, requerendo a amputação peniana. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar quatro casos de indicação para penectomia associada à uretrostomia escrotal em cães. Os pacientes foram submetidos a exames complementares hematológicos, citologia das lesões, radiografia de tórax, ultrassonografia abdominal foram realizadas para triagem cirúrgica. Em três pacientes diagnosticou-se neoplasias malignas e em um paciente, fibrose com extensa exposição peniana. Os cães foram submetidos a penectomia, associado a uretrostomia escrotal. As complicações pós-operatórias incluíram hemorragia leve em um paciente e infecção e miiase em outro cão. Concluiu-se que a ressecção cirúrgica seguida de penectomia com uretrostomia escrotal foi a melhor opção para as lesões prepuciais, obtendo-se sucesso no tratamento realizado.(AU)

Urolitíase obstrutiva em touro Nelore no Recôncavo da Bahia / Obstructive Urolithiasis in Nelore Cattle in the Recôncavo of Bahia

Background: Urolithiasis is a metabolic disease of ruminants castrated and uncastrated. The formation of uroliths causes trauma and obstruction in the tract urinary. The nutrition and management are the main predisposing factors for this disease. Many cases occur sporadically, but outbreaks can occur or become an endemic problem. This paper describes a case of obstructive urolithiasis in Nelore cattle uncastrated in Recôncavo of Bahia, Brazil. Case: An 4-year-old Nelore cattle, uncastrated male was sent to the Centro de Desenvolvimento da Pecuária da Universidade Federal da Bahia (CPD-UFBA), Bahia, Brazil. by presenting a swelling on the ventral abdomen 5 days ago. Clinical examination revealed the exposure with mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage preputial, and continuous dripping of urine. The animal was euthanized in extremis and submitted to necropsy. The animal was necropsied and samples collected from the abdominal cavity, thoracic cavity, and nervous system. The samples were fixed in 10% formalin, cleaved, processed routinely for histology, embedded in paraffin, cut at five microns thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Urinary stones collected during necropsy were sent for analysis of chemical composition. The macroscopic had swelling in the ventral abdominal region. By cutting this region was the formation of cavities and filled with red liquid and odor uremic in the subcutaneous. At the opening of the sigmoid flexure of the penile urethra was found urinary calculi with 2 x 1 cm, rough and porous, light brown and rocklike consistency, occluding the urethral light. There was rupture of the urethral mucosa and necrosis of adjacent tissue, plus hemorrhage, and hydronephrosis. Kidney had multiple white areas on the natural surface. In the cut surface of the kidney was observed dilatation of renal calices, some with uroliths. In microscopy of the urethra was observed coagulation necrosis diffuse mucosa and and submucosa with hemorrhage and neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate. Kidney was observed areas of intense intersticial infiltrate inflammatory, periglomerular fibrosis and peritubular and interstitial collagen deposition. Chemical analysis of uroliths demonstrated the presence of calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate in its composition. Discussion: The diagnosis of obstructive urolithiasis was based from the clinical signs and gross lesions. Works related to obstructive urolithiasis in cattle in Brazil are uncommon. The cases are described more often in small ruminants, usually associated with feed intake unbalanced. In cattle the disease usually occurs in castrated males reared in intensive system. Ventral edema in the perineum, inguinal region, the ventral abdomen and prepuce, are clinical signs that indicate urethral rupture as observed in this case. The pathological changes observed in this case were similar to those described by other authors. In ruminants, the predominant types of uroliths are compounds of struvite, silicates, carbonates and oxalates. The formation of uroliths composed of calcium carbonate associated with the consumption of fodder with a high calcium content and low phosphorus and magnesium. The mechanism of formation of calcium oxalate uroliths is unclear. Unable to determine the factors that have led to the formation of uroliths in this case.

ães / Review on disorders of the penis and prepuce in dogs / Afecciones Del Pene Y Prepucio Del Perro - Revisión De La Literatura

Enfermidades nos órgãos reprodutivos de cães têm variados graus de morbidade, mortalidade e sofrem influências do histórico reprodutivo, de tratamentos farmacológicos prévios e de condições ambientais, podendo dessa forma ocorrer variações regionais na incidência de determinadas anormalidades reprodutivas. As afecções do pênis e prepúcio são frequentes na rotina de trabalho dos Médicos Veterinários. O pênis divide-se em raiz, corpo e glande e no estado de flacidez encontra-se totalmente dentro do prepúcio. O osso peniano é uma estrutura alongada que se encontra quase completamente dentro da glande e possui um sulco ventral que aloja a uretra peniana. O prepúcio é uma bainha tubular em contigüidade a pele abdominal e recobre totalmente o pênis flácido, possui uma mucosa interna lisa e uma cobertura externa de pele coberta por pêlos que confluem no orifício prepucial, sua função é cobrir e proteger o pênis. As doenças do penis e prepúcio podem ser divididas em congênitas como hipospadia, frênulo peniano persistente, fimose e parafimose ou adquiridas como traumatismos, priapismo, balanopostites e tumores.(AU)

Disorders in the reproductive organs of dogs may appear in several different levels of morbidity and mortality according to the animal‟s reproductive history, use of medication, and environmental conditions. Thus some differences regarding reproductive organ abnormalities may be found according to the region in which the animal lives. Disorders of the penis and prepuce are frequently seen by Veterinary Clinicians throughout their routine. The penis can be divided into three parts named root, body and glans, (that when not erect are completely covered by the prepuce). The penis bone is an elongated structure that is found almost in its totality inside the glans and it has a ventral sulcus that houses the penile urethra. The prepuce is a tubular sheath that is a continuation of the abdominal skin and it covers the whole penis when it is not erect. It is composed by an inner smooth mucosa and an external skin sheath which is covered with hair towards the preputial orifice, and its functions are to cover and protect the penis. Disorders of the penis and prepuce may be divided into congenital (hypospadia, persistent penile frenulum, phimosis and paraphimosis) or acquired (traumatic, priapism, balanoposthitis and tumors).(AU)

Enfermedades en los órganos reproductores de los perros tienen distintos grados de morbilidad, mortalidad y siguen las influencias de la historia reproductiva, de los tratamientos farmacológicos anteriores y las condiciones ambientales. Siendo así, pudieran ocurrir variaciones regionales en la incidencia de ciertas anomalías en el tracto reproductivo. Afecciones del pene y prepucio son comunes en la rutina de los médicos veterinarios. El pene se divide en raíz, cuerpo y glande. El hueso peneano es una estructura elongada que está casi totalmente en el interior del glande y tiene un surco ventral que aloja la uretra peneana. El prepucio es una vaina tubular en contiguidad de la piel abdominal y cubre por completo el pene flácido, tiene una mucosa interna lisa y una cobertura exterior de piel llena de pelos que convergen hasta el orificio prepucial, su función es cubrir y proteger el pene. Las enfermedades del pene y prepucio se pueden dividir en congénitas (hipospadias, frénulo persistente, fimosis y parafimosis) o adquiridas como traumas, priapismo, balanopostitis y tumores.Palabras-clave: enfermedades, pene, prepucio, perro (AU)

Piodermite profunda por Staphylococcus intermedius em eqüino

A case of one month of evolution, of an 8-year-old equine of undefined breed, presenting alopecic areas, crusts on the upper eyelid, forelimbs, hindlimbs, preputial region and mainly, on the neck and scapula is reported. Pruritus was discrete. The histological analysis revealed pyogranulomatous dermatitis round blood vessels and adnexa, associated with epidermal hyperplasia, as well as orthokeratosis, parakeratosis and crusts. The follicular epithelium exhibited foci of spongiosis and exocytosis of neutrophils, with predominant chronic inflammation changes. Bacterial culture identified Staphylococcus intermedius, based on morphology, staining and biochemical tests positive for catalase, coagulase, glucose and aerobic acid production from mannitol. The equine was treated with dimethylsulfoxide, gentamicine and dexamethasone topically on a daily basis. Although some lesions presented rapid regression (7 days), it took 13 months for the complete repair of those lesions of the neck and scapula.

Neste trabalho descreve-se um caso de piodermite, com tempo de evolução de um mês, de um eqüino de oito anos de idade, sem raça definida, com áreas alopécicas, crostas na pálpebra superior, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, na região do prepúcio e, principalmente, na região do pescoço e escápula. O prurido era discreto. O exame histopatológico revelou dermatite piogranulomatosa perivascular e perianexial associada à hiperplasia epidérmica, além de orto e paraceratose e crostas. O epitélio folicular exibiu focos de espongiose e exocitose de neutrófilos, predominando aspectos de inflamação crônica. A cultura bacteriana identificou o Staphylococcus intermedius a partir das suas características morfo-tintoriais e bioquímicas, com resultados positivos aos testes de catalase, coagulase, glicose e produção ácida aeróbica a partir do manitol. O eqüino foi tratado diariamente com dimetilsulfóxido, gentamicina e dexametasona por via tópica. Mesmo que algumas das lesões apresentaram rápida regressão (sete dias), as localizadas na região do pescoço e escápula demoraram 13 meses para a completa cicatrização.

Piodermite profunda por Staphylococcus intermedius em eqüino

A case of one month of evolution, of an 8-year-old equine of undefined breed, presenting alopecic areas, crusts on the upper eyelid, forelimbs, hindlimbs, preputial region and mainly, on the neck and scapula is reported. Pruritus was discrete. The histological analysis revealed pyogranulomatous dermatitis round blood vessels and adnexa, associated with epidermal hyperplasia, as well as orthokeratosis, parakeratosis and crusts. The follicular epithelium exhibited foci of spongiosis and exocytosis of neutrophils, with predominant chronic inflammation changes. Bacterial culture identified Staphylococcus intermedius, based on morphology, staining and biochemical tests positive for catalase, coagulase, glucose and aerobic acid production from mannitol. The equine was treated with dimethylsulfoxide, gentamicine and dexamethasone topically on a daily basis. Although some lesions presented rapid regression (7 days), it took 13 months for the complete repair of those lesions of the neck and scapula.

Neste trabalho descreve-se um caso de piodermite, com tempo de evolução de um mês, de um eqüino de oito anos de idade, sem raça definida, com áreas alopécicas, crostas na pálpebra superior, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, na região do prepúcio e, principalmente, na região do pescoço e escápula. O prurido era discreto. O exame histopatológico revelou dermatite piogranulomatosa perivascular e perianexial associada à hiperplasia epidérmica, além de orto e paraceratose e crostas. O epitélio folicular exibiu focos de espongiose e exocitose de neutrófilos, predominando aspectos de inflamação crônica. A cultura bacteriana identificou o Staphylococcus intermedius a partir das suas características morfo-tintoriais e bioquímicas, com resultados positivos aos testes de catalase, coagulase, glicose e produção ácida aeróbica a partir do manitol. O eqüino foi tratado diariamente com dimetilsulfóxido, gentamicina e dexametasona por via tópica. Mesmo que algumas das lesões apresentaram rápida regressão (sete dias), as localizadas na região do pescoço e escápula demoraram 13 meses para a completa cicatrização.

Piodermite profunda por Staphylococcus intermedius em eqüino

A case of one month of evolution, of an 8-year-old equine of undefined breed, presenting alopecic areas, crusts on the upper eyelid, forelimbs, hindlimbs, preputial region and mainly, on the neck and scapula is reported. Pruritus was discrete. The histological analysis revealed pyogranulomatous dermatitis round blood vessels and adnexa, associated with epidermal hyperplasia, as well as orthokeratosis, parakeratosis and crusts. The follicular epithelium exhibited foci of spongiosis and exocytosis of neutrophils, with predominant chronic inflammation changes. Bacterial culture identified Staphylococcus intermedius, based on morphology, staining and biochemical tests positive for catalase, coagulase, glucose and aerobic acid production from mannitol. The equine was treated with dimethylsulfoxide, gentamicine and dexamethasone topically on a daily basis. Although some lesions presented rapid regression (7 days), it took 13 months for the complete repair of those lesions of the neck and scapula.

Neste trabalho descreve-se um caso de piodermite, com tempo de evolução de um mês, de um eqüino de oito anos de idade, sem raça definida, com áreas alopécicas, crostas na pálpebra superior, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, na região do prepúcio e, principalmente, na região do pescoço e escápula. O prurido era discreto. O exame histopatológico revelou dermatite piogranulomatosa perivascular e perianexial associada à hiperplasia epidérmica, além de orto e paraceratose e crostas. O epitélio folicular exibiu focos de espongiose e exocitose de neutrófilos, predominando aspectos de inflamação crônica. A cultura bacteriana identificou o Staphylococcus intermedius a partir das suas características morfo-tintoriais e bioquímicas, com resultados positivos aos testes de catalase, coagulase, glicose e produção ácida aeróbica a partir do manitol. O eqüino foi tratado diariamente com dimetilsulfóxido, gentamicina e dexametasona por via tópica. Mesmo que algumas das lesões apresentaram rápida regressão (sete dias), as localizadas na região do pescoço e escápula demoraram 13 meses para a completa cicatrização.