Aspergilose em calopsita (Nymphicus hollandicus) / Aspergillosis in a cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus)

Background: Aspergillosis is a defiance in avian medicine, however between of Aspergillus species, 3 are the most frequently observed (A. flavus, A. fumigatus and A. niger). Psittaciformes present medical conditions related to the 3 species, however A. fumigatus is the most observed. The defiance of the diagnosis is related to fungus characteristics (they are saprophytic in healthy birds), the clinical signs and lesions, which are common to various respiratory diseases, and the difficulty to access specific diagnostic methods. Thus, we report a case of aspergillosis in a cockatiel, whose clinical diagnosis was confirmed by fungal culture of cloacal swab, and treatment with a fungistatic drug. Case: A female cockatiel, 2-month-old, not dewormed, presented diarrhea, sneezing and difficulty to gain weight, although eating well (extruded feed and supplementation with fruits and vegetables). At a clinical examination revealed body score (BCS) of 3 (scale 1 at 5), cloacal temperature (CT) of 40 ºC, dilated nostrils and edema in the left eye region associated to evident hyperemia. Due to it has lived with another animal, was inferred that was hypovitaminosis A, by food dispute and/ or dominance, or endoparasitosis, being prescribed vitamin A supplementation and deworming with ivermectin. The bird returned 15 days later, showing maintenance of weight loss, BCS 2, ruffled feathers and areas suggestive of apteriolysis in both forelimbs, respiratory difficulty and pulmonary and cranial air sacs rales, in addition presented wound in the pygostyle region and ventus, occasioned by attempted attack of a dog, and aggravated by self-mutilation. Due the worsening of the clinical condition, an oral cavity and cloacal swabs were collected to bacteriological and fungal culture. As treatment was prescribed: a natural tranquilizer, seeking to control the self-mutilation; doxycycline oral suspension, to treat a probable bacterial respiratory infection; and oral itraconazole suspension, manipulated and with a dose calculated by allometric scaling, being placed an elizabethan collar in order to prevent biting the pygostyle and ventus. With a positive result of the cloacal swab fungal culture for A. fumigatus, the doxycycline was discontinued. After the first 30 days of treatment with itraconazole, the patient returns to alert, weighing 95 g, BCS 3, with absence of respiratory signs and with signs of recent molting process. New swabs (oral and cloacal) were collected for repetition of bacterial and fungal cultures, being maintained the treatment with itraconazole. The results of both bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. At the end of the treatment with itraconazole, the patient returns demonstrating weight gain, EEC 3, CT of 42ºC, uniform feather coverage and absence of any respiratory sign, being released by the clinician. Discussion: A preponderant factor in the treatment of various respiratory diseases in birds is the diagnosis, since many of diseases present the same clinical signs. Thus, the use of fungal culture was essential to determine the origin of the signs. Still, even with an accurate diagnosis, the clinician often comes up against the difficulty of treatment, especially in cases of mycotic infections. The knowledge about the best drug, considering the pharmacology, as well as the availability of concentrations and dosages marketed, in addition to the long period of treatment, can difficult or make impossible the case resolution. In fact, this is confirmed by the literature, where the most of aspergillosis diagnosis are post mortem, resulting from the delay in seeking veterinary care or in the administration of ineffective drugs. Thus, with this report, we sought to present a diagnostic tool, sometimes neglected, and a compilation with the main drugs and their effectiveness in the treatment of aspergillosis in Psittaciformes.

Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

Paralisia de laringe em cão Dogue Alemão - tratamento com unilateralização da cartilagem aritenoide / Laryngeal paralysis in a Great Dane dog - treatment by unilateralization of the arytenoid cartilage

Background: Laryngeal paralysis is a disorder that affects the movement of the arytenoid cartilages, creating an obstacle to the passage of air during inspiration. The disease is progressive and clinical signs are associated with upper airway obstruction. Diagnosis occurs through observation of laryngeal movements, and it is important to rule out concomitant diseases. In severely affected animals, surgery is recommended to alleviate clinical signs and improve quality of life. The aim of this report is to report a case of idiopathic laryngeal paralysis in a dog submitted to arytenoid unilateralization to clear the upper airways and evaluate the effectiveness of the technique. Case: A 5-year-old male Great Dane dog was referred to the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) with severe respiratory distress and respiratory stridor. The animal was taken directly to the emergency room, where it was promptly submitted to oxygen therapy with the aid of a mask, was medicated with nalbuphine hydrochloride 0.3 mg/kg intramuscularly and venous access was performed. After stabilization, complete blood count, biochemical profile, blood gas analysis and chest X-ray were requested. In the anamnesis, the tutor reported that the dog showed signs of fatigue with exercise intolerance, coughing similar to choking, breathing difficulties and noisy breathing, especially on hotter days and in situations of exertion, stress or euphoria. He mentioned that the signs were progressive, having started 2 months ago and that they were more frequent and lasting. The patient was diagnosed with laryngeal paralysis through transoral laryngoscopy and referred to surgery. The improvement in the breathing pattern and the absence of post-surgical complications resulted in the patient being discharged 6 days after hospitalization. Discussion: When the origin of laryngeal paralysis (LP) is undefined, the acquired form may be a consequence of generalized polyneuropathy, polymyopathy, neoplasia, endocrinopathy, iatrogenic or idiopathic injury. The patient under study did not present clinical signs or history of disease, therefore, the case was classified as idiopathic in origin. Laryngeal paralysis of unknown cause is the most common and affects mainly middle-aged to elderly males, large or giant breeds. The disease is often described in Labrador Retriever dogs, but it can affect other breeds such as Great Dane. This information corroborates the profile of the patient in this study. Although oral laryngoscopy is the recommended method for confirming the diagnosis in dogs with characteristic signs of LP, the diagnosis can also be obtained by transnasal laryngoscopy or echolaryngography, however, previous studies have shown that the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis through echoaryngography is inferior to transnasal laryngoscopy, suggesting that direct visualization of the larynx is better to indirect visualization. Dogs with signs of moderate to severe respiratory distress or whose quality of life is affected as a result of LP are candidates for surgical treatment, as in this case, in which the patient had exercise intolerance and severe respiratory distress. The arytenoid unilateralization procedure proved to be effective in improving the quality of life of the patient under study, achieving excellent postoperative results and approval by the tutor. In this case, transoral laryngoscopy was essential to determine the diagnosis and establish the treatment. Although the goal of improving quality of life has been achieved without major complications, the animal must receive long-term follow-up due to a possible correlation with generalized polyneuropathy and long-term complications.

Conidiobolomycosis in ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

Background: Conidiobolomycosis is a highly lethal, granulomatous disease that primarily affects the respiratory systemof sheep. The etiological agents are fungi of the genus Conidiobolus, including Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus,and C. lamprageus. In Northeast Brazil, this disease is particularly important considering the significant impact sheepand goats have on the regional economy. The present report describes the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis in two sheepfrom the same property in the Itabuna-BA region that were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University ofSanta Cruz, Bahia, Brazil.Case: The primary complaint in both animals was bilateral bloody nasal discharge over a period of approximately 15 daysand frequent coughing. On physical examination, the animals exhibited “goosebumps” and opaque hair, with a body scoreof 1 (scale, 1-5), mild dehydration (7%), apathy, frequent cough with putrid odor, bilateral serosanguinolent nasal discharge,craniofacial asymmetry, expiratory dyspnea, enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, audible pulmonary rales,and pain on percussion of the pulmonary field. A therapeutic support protocol was established to stabilize the animals untilthe results of complete blood count, radiography, and microbiological evaluation of nasal content were available. Definitive diagnosis of disease was made by direct positive mycological examination, that revealed the presence of wide rarelyseptate hyphae, and isolation and cultivation of the fungus Conidiobolus sp., with microculture on slides and staining withlactophenol blue cotton. Due to disease diagnosis and the severity of injuries observed, the prognoses of both animals wereconsidered to be unfavorable and led to euthanasia and necropsy. At necropsy, the most...(AU)

Conidiobolomycosis in ovine in Southeast Bahia - Brazil

Background: Conidiobolomycosis is a highly lethal, granulomatous disease that primarily affects the respiratory systemof sheep. The etiological agents are fungi of the genus Conidiobolus, including Conidiobolus coronatus, C. incongruus,and C. lamprageus. In Northeast Brazil, this disease is particularly important considering the significant impact sheepand goats have on the regional economy. The present report describes the occurrence of conidiobolomycosis in two sheepfrom the same property in the Itabuna-BA region that were referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the State University ofSanta Cruz, Bahia, Brazil.Case: The primary complaint in both animals was bilateral bloody nasal discharge over a period of approximately 15 daysand frequent coughing. On physical examination, the animals exhibited “goosebumps” and opaque hair, with a body scoreof 1 (scale, 1-5), mild dehydration (7%), apathy, frequent cough with putrid odor, bilateral serosanguinolent nasal discharge,craniofacial asymmetry, expiratory dyspnea, enlargement of the retropharyngeal lymph nodes, audible pulmonary rales,and pain on percussion of the pulmonary field. A therapeutic support protocol was established to stabilize the animals untilthe results of complete blood count, radiography, and microbiological evaluation of nasal content were available. Definitive diagnosis of disease was made by direct positive mycological examination, that revealed the presence of wide rarelyseptate hyphae, and isolation and cultivation of the fungus Conidiobolus sp., with microculture on slides and staining withlactophenol blue cotton. Due to disease diagnosis and the severity of injuries observed, the prognoses of both animals wereconsidered to be unfavorable and led to euthanasia and necropsy. At necropsy, the most...

Investigation of Mycoplasma spp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo by isolation and PCR

ABSTRACT: Brazil is one of the countries with the most abundant avifauna in the world. The confinement of birds associated with close contact with other animals and humans favor the spread of agents of respiratory diseases. Among them, mycoplasmas can cause asymptomatic or apparent disease that manifests in birds by coughing, sneezing, rales, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal discharge. Several described mycoplasmas cause disease in birds, especially Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) andMycoplasma synoviae(MS). The diagnosis ofMycoplasmaspp. can be done by clinical observation and laboratory analysis. Molecular diagnosis by PCR was boosted by its speed, sensitivity, and low cost of agent isolation techniques that take up to 21 days to complete. This study aimed to verify the occurrence ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Rio Zoo), by isolation and PCR. Of the total 635 birds from the Rio Zoo, 81 were studied for detection ofMycoplasmaspp., when taken for routine health assessment exams. These birds belonged to the following orders: Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) and Cariamiformes (1), all individuals already identified by microchip or leg-ring. There was no isolation of mycoplasmas in any of the samples tested, whereas, in the PCR, 62.96% (51/81) were positive, with 1.96% (1/51) identified as MG and 19.61% (10/51) as MS, representing 1.23% (1/81) and 12.34% (10/81) of the total population studied. PCR was shown to be a more effective technique than isolation in the detection ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds. It was possible to detect mycoplasmas in birds from Riozoo with no clinical respiratory signs, with higher MS prevalence than MG. The positivities forMycoplasmaspp., MS, and MG were different among the orders studied, being the highest occurrence in birds of prey, followed by Galliformes and Piciformes. The presence of MG and MS in birds of Rio de Janeiro Zoo confirms the circulation of these agents and the need for further studies on the dissemination of mycoplasmas in zoos for the epidemiological analysis of these bacteria in these places.

RESUMO: O Brasil é um dos países com maior avifauna do mundo. O confinamento de aves associado ao contato próximo a outros animais e seres humanos favorece a disseminação de agentes etiológicos causadores de doenças respiratórias. Dentre eles, os micoplasmas podem causar doença assintomática ou aparente que se manifesta em aves por espirros, estertores, conjuntivite, corrimentos oculares e nasais. São diversos os micoplasmas descritos causadores de doença em aves, com destaque para Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) e Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). O diagnóstico de Mycoplasma spp. pode ser feito pela observação clínica e análises laboratoriais. O diagnóstico molecular pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) ganhou impulso por sua rapidez, sensibilidade e baixo custo em relação às técnicas de isolamento do agente que levam até 21 dias para conclusão do gênero Mycoplasma. Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência da infecção por Mycoplasma spp. em aves no Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio Zoo), por isolamento e PCR. Do plantel de 635 aves do Rio Zoo, foram estudadas 81 para detecção de Mycoplasma spp., quando contidas para exames rotineiros de avaliação da condição de saúde. Essas aves eram pertencentes às ordens Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) e Cariamiformes (1), todas já identificadas por microchip ou por anilha. Não houve isolamento de micoplasmas em nenhuma das amostras testadas, enquanto na PCR, 62,96% (51/81) foram positivas, sendo 1,96% (1/51) identificadas como MG e 19,61% (10/51) como MS, representando 1,23% (1/81) e 12,34% (10/81) da população total estudada. A PCR demonstrou ser uma técnica mais efetiva que o isolamento na detecção de Mycoplasma spp. em aves. Foi possível detectar micoplasmas nas aves do Riozoo sem sinal clínico respiratório, tendo MS maior prevalência do que MG. As positividades para Mycoplasma spp., MG e MS foram diferentes entre as ordens de aves estudadas, sendo a maior ocorrência nas aves de rapina, seguida dos Galliformes e dos Piciformes. A presença de MG e MS nas aves do Rio de Janeiro Zoo confirma a circulação destes agentes e a necessidade de mais estudos sobre a disseminação de micoplasmas em zoológicos para análise epidemiológica dessas bactérias nesse local.

Investigation of Mycoplasma spp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo by isolation and PCR / Investigação de Mycoplasma spp. em aves do Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro por isolamento e PCR

Brazil is one of the countries with the most abundant avifauna in the world. The confinement of birds associated with close contact with other animals and humans favor the spread of agents of respiratory diseases. Among them, mycoplasmas can cause asymptomatic or apparent disease that manifests in birds by coughing, sneezing, rales, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal discharge. Several described mycoplasmas cause disease in birds, especially Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) andMycoplasma synoviae(MS). The diagnosis ofMycoplasmaspp. can be done by clinical observation and laboratory analysis. Molecular diagnosis by PCR was boosted by its speed, sensitivity, and low cost of agent isolation techniques that take up to 21 days to complete. This study aimed to verify the occurrence ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Rio Zoo), by isolation and PCR. Of the total 635 birds from the Rio Zoo, 81 were studied for detection ofMycoplasmaspp., when taken for routine health assessment exams. These birds belonged to the following orders: Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) and Cariamiformes (1), all individuals already identified by microchip or leg-ring. There was no isolation of mycoplasmas in any of the samples tested, whereas, in the PCR, 62.96% (51/81) were positive, with 1.96% (1/51) identified as MG and 19.61% (10/51) as MS, representing 1.23% (1/81) and 12.34% (10/81) of the total population studied. PCR was shown to be a more effective technique than isolation in the detection ofMycoplasmaspp. in birds. It was possible to detect mycoplasmas in birds from Riozoo with no clinical respiratory signs, with higher MS prevalence than MG. The positivities forMycoplasmaspp., MS, and MG were different among the orders studied, being the highest occurrence in birds of prey, followed by Galliformes and Piciformes. The presence of MG and MS in birds of Rio de Janeiro Zoo confirms the circulation of these agents and the need for further studies on the dissemination of mycoplasmas in zoos for the epidemiological analysis of these bacteria in these places.(AU)

O Brasil é um dos países com maior avifauna do mundo. O confinamento de aves associado ao contato próximo a outros animais e seres humanos favorece a disseminação de agentes etiológicos causadores de doenças respiratórias. Dentre eles, os micoplasmas podem causar doença assintomática ou aparente que se manifesta em aves por espirros, estertores, conjuntivite, corrimentos oculares e nasais. São diversos os micoplasmas descritos causadores de doença em aves, com destaque para Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) e Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). O diagnóstico de Mycoplasma spp. pode ser feito pela observação clínica e análises laboratoriais. O diagnóstico molecular pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) ganhou impulso por sua rapidez, sensibilidade e baixo custo em relação às técnicas de isolamento do agente que levam até 21 dias para conclusão do gênero Mycoplasma. Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência da infecção por Mycoplasma spp. em aves no Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio Zoo), por isolamento e PCR. Do plantel de 635 aves do Rio Zoo, foram estudadas 81 para detecção de Mycoplasma spp., quando contidas para exames rotineiros de avaliação da condição de saúde. Essas aves eram pertencentes às ordens Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) e Cariamiformes (1), todas já identificadas por microchip ou por anilha. Não houve isolamento de micoplasmas em nenhuma das amostras testadas, enquanto na PCR, 62,96% (51/81) foram positivas, sendo 1,96% (1/51) identificadas como MG e 19,61% (10/51) como MS, representando 1,23% (1/81) e 12,34% (10/81) da população total estudada. A PCR demonstrou ser uma técnica mais efetiva que o isolamento na detecção de Mycoplasma spp. em aves. Foi possível detectar micoplasmas nas aves do Riozoo sem sinal clínico respiratório, tendo MS maior prevalência do que MG. As positividades para Mycoplasma spp., MG e MS foram diferentes entre as ordens de aves estudadas, sendo a maior ocorrência nas aves de rapina, seguida dos Galliformes e dos Piciformes. A presença de MG e MS nas aves do Rio de Janeiro Zoo confirma a circulação destes agentes e a necessidade de mais estudos sobre a disseminação de micoplasmas em zoológicos para análise epidemiológica dessas bactérias nesse local.(AU)

Investigation of Mycoplasma spp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo by isolation and PCR / Investigação de Mycoplasma spp. em aves do Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro por isolamento e PCR

Brazil is one of the countries with the most abundant avifauna in the world. The confinement of birds associated with close contact with other animals and humans favor the spread of agents of respiratory diseases. Among them, mycoplasmas can cause asymptomatic or apparent disease that manifests in birds by coughing, sneezing, rales, conjunctivitis, ocular and nasal discharge. Several described mycoplasmas cause disease in birds, especially Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae(MS). The diagnosis of Mycoplasma spp. can be done by clinical observation and laboratory analysis. Molecular diagnosis by PCR was boosted by its speed, sensitivity, and low cost of agent isolation techniques that take up to 21 days to complete. This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Mycoplasma spp. in birds of the Rio de Janeiro Zoo (Rio Zoo), by isolation and PCR. Of the total 635 birds from the Rio Zoo, 81 were studied for detection of Mycoplasma spp., when taken for routine health assessment exams. These birds belonged to the following orders: Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) and Cariamiformes (1), all individuals already identified by microchip or leg-ring. There was no isolation of mycoplasmas in any of the samples tested, whereas, in the PCR, 62.96% (51/81) were positive, with 1.96% (1/51) identified as MG and 19.61% (10/51) as MS, representing 1.23% (1/81) and 12.34% (10/81) of the total population studied. PCR was shown to be a more effective technique than isolation in the detection of Mycoplasma spp. in birds. It was possible to detect mycoplasmas in birds from Riozoo with no clinical respiratory signs, with higher MS prevalence than MG. The positivities for Mycoplasma spp., MS, and MG were different among the orders studied, being the highest occurrence in birds of prey, followed by Galliformes and Piciformes...(AU)

O Brasil é um dos países com maior avifauna do mundo. O confinamento de aves associado ao contato próximo a outros animais e seres humanos favorece a disseminação de agentes etiológicos causadores de doenças respiratórias. Dentre eles, os micoplasmas podem causar doença assintomática ou aparente que se manifesta em aves por espirros, estertores, conjuntivite, corrimentos oculares e nasais. São diversos os micoplasmas descritos causadores de doença em aves, com destaque para Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) e Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). O diagnóstico de Mycoplasma spp. pode ser feito pela observação clínica e análises laboratoriais. O diagnóstico molecular pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) ganhou impulso por sua rapidez, sensibilidade e baixo custo em relação às técnicas de isolamento do agente que levam até 21 dias para conclusão do gênero Mycoplasma. Objetivou-se verificar a ocorrência da infecção por Mycoplasma spp. em aves no Zoológico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio Zoo), por isolamento e PCR. Do plantel de 635 aves do Rio Zoo, foram estudadas 81 para detecção de Mycoplasma spp., quando contidas para exames rotineiros de avaliação da condição de saúde. Essas aves eram pertencentes às ordens Psittaciformes (45), Accipitriformes (18), Galliformes (7), Piciformes (5), Strigiformes (4), Falconiformes (1) e Cariamiformes (1), todas já identificadas por microchip ou por anilha. Não houve isolamento de micoplasmas em nenhuma das amostras testadas, enquanto na PCR, 62,96% (51/81) foram positivas, sendo 1,96% (1/51) identificadas como MG e 19,61% (10/51) como MS, representando 1,23% (1/81) e 12,34% (10/81) da população total estudada. A PCR demonstrou ser uma técnica mais efetiva que o isolamento na detecção de Mycoplasma spp. em aves. Foi possível detectar micoplasmas nas aves do Riozoo sem sinal clínico respiratório, tendo MS maior prevalência do que MG...(AU)

Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse / Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equino

Background: The rhinosporidiosis is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, an aquatic parasite that occur in flooded regions. The disease can affect several species, including horses. In Brazil, there are few reported cases and the mortality rate is low, thus its epidemiological importance is related to its zoonotic aspects. The transmission of Rhinosporidium seeberi occurs via contaminated water or soil and subsequent infection through mucosal injury where a granulomatous lesion is developed. In horses, nasal mucosa is the most affected area and laryngeal affection is rare. The aim of this work is to describe a case of nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse, focusing on diagnosis and therapeutics. Case: A 07-year-old crossbreed male was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel, RS, with clinical history of cough and nasal discharge. In the clinical examination, the patient showed a proliferative mass near the nasal septum located medially in the left nostril, tracheal rales and respiratory distress. Hematologic findings were in agreement with the reference values for the species. The tumor was removed with the animal standing using local anesthesia and sedation and the fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and sent for histopathological examination. Fifteen days later, the patient was referred for further evaluation in the HCV, showing the...(AU)

Nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse / Rinosporidiose nasal e laringeana em equino

Background: The rhinosporidiosis is caused by Rhinosporidium seeberi, an aquatic parasite that occur in flooded regions. The disease can affect several species, including horses. In Brazil, there are few reported cases and the mortality rate is low, thus its epidemiological importance is related to its zoonotic aspects. The transmission of Rhinosporidium seeberi occurs via contaminated water or soil and subsequent infection through mucosal injury where a granulomatous lesion is developed. In horses, nasal mucosa is the most affected area and laryngeal affection is rare. The aim of this work is to describe a case of nasal and laryngeal rhinosporidiosis in a horse, focusing on diagnosis and therapeutics. Case: A 07-year-old crossbreed male was referred to the Veterinary Clinics Hospital (HCV) of UFPel, RS, with clinical history of cough and nasal discharge. In the clinical examination, the patient showed a proliferative mass near the nasal septum located medially in the left nostril, tracheal rales and respiratory distress. Hematologic findings were in agreement with the reference values for the species. The tumor was removed with the animal standing using local anesthesia and sedation and the fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde solution and sent for histopathological examination. Fifteen days later, the patient was referred for further evaluation in the HCV, showing the...

TIPAGEM MOLECULAR, DETECÇÃO DE GENES DE VIRULÊNCIA E DETERMINAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL PATOGÊNICO DE ISOLADOS DE Escherichia coli DE PATOS (Cairina moschata), PERUS (Meleagris gallopavo), GALINHAS (Gallus gallus)

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é avaliar a semelhante filogenética e detectar genes de virulência de isolados de Escherichia coli de diferentes espécies de aves, bem como investigar seu potencial patogênico em ovos férteis de frangos de corte. No presente estudo foram realizados três experimentos voltados a análise, em diferentes aspectos, de E.coli isolados de variadas espécies de aves. No experimento 1, E.coli isoladas de patos e de perus foram inoculadas em pintos de frango de corte um dia para avaliar a patogenicidade das cepas. Foram testados, mediante PCR convencional, 50 isolados de E.coli originários de patos e 50 isolados de perus para detecção dos genes iss, iucD, papC e tsh, todos comumente encontrados em APEC. Dos 100 isolados de E.coli analisados, em 42% (42/100) detectou-se um ou mais genes pesquisados e dos isolados positivos apenas 14,2% (6/42) tinham os quatro genes estudados. Após a realização de PCR convencional, ocorreu a seleção das cepas positivas para os quatro genes comuns a APEC. Foram selecionados três isolados originários de patos e três de perus, purificados separadamente e elaborado seis inoculos na concentração de 10 UFC/mL e inoculados via saco aéreo em pintos de um dia para avaliação da patogenicidade desses seis isolados positivos para os quatro genes. Os pintos foram avaliados duas vezes ao dia durante dez dias em relação a taxa de mortalidade, sinais clínicos e achados macroscópicos. Os pintos desafiados apresentaram sinais respiratórios (espirros, descarga nasal e estertor) e lesões macroscópicas tais como aerossaculite, persistência do saco da gema, pericardite e exsudato nos seios nasais. Diante dos resultados, conclui-se que E.coli originária tanto de patos e quanto de perus são potencialmente patogênicas para pintos de framgos de corte desafiados com um dia de vida. No experimento 2, embriões de frangos de corte foram desafiados com isolados de E.coli positivos para os genes iss, tsh, papC e iucD oriundos de galinha caipira, frango de corte, pato e peru com objetivo de analisar o quadro clínico patológico e hematológico, além do desempenho de frangos de corte criados até os 42 dias de vida. Embriões com 18 dias de incubação foram desafiados, via câmara de ar, com 0,1 mL de quatro diferentes inóculos, de acordo com o tratamento, (T2 E.coli de galinha caipira, T3 E.coli de frango de corte, T4 E.coli de pato e T5 E.coli de peru) com concentração de 10 UFC/mL e com solução salina estéril (T1 grupo controle). Foram avaliados taxa de mortalidade embrionária e pós eclosão, sinais clínicos, alterações hematológicas, interferência do desempenho zootécnico e achados macroscópicos durante o período de incubação e criação até os 42 dias de vida. Aos 14, 28 e 42 dias, uma ave de cada uma das quatro repetições dos cinco tratamentos. Independente da espécie de origem, os isolados de E.coli não foram capazes de causar mortalidade significativa em embriões desafiados aos 18 dias de incubação. Ao nascer e até os 42 dias de vida, frangos de corte desenvolveram doença de caráter respiratório, piora no desempenho zootécnico e não houve alterações hematológica significativa. No experimento 3, 33 isolados de E.coli originários de patos, perus, galinhas e pombos foram avaliados mediante PFGE e teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos com objetivo de caracterizar seus respectivos perfis filogenéticos e susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos comumente utilizados na avicultura. E.coli originárias de patos, perus, galinhas e pombos agruparam-se em um grupo com 41,1% de similaridade. Entre os 33 isolados de E.coli observou-se resistência a diferentes antimicrobianos testados sulfametazole, sulfonamida, tetraciclina, cotrimoxazol e cloranfericol), principalmente a classe das tetraciclinas, seguida pelas fluoroquinolonas e sulfonamidas. Conclui-se que E.coli originárias de aves possuem perfis e comportamentos distintos.

The general objective of this work is to evaluate the phylogenetics and to detect virulence genes from Escherichia coli isolates from different bird species, as well as to investigate their pathogenic potential in fertile broiler eggs. In the present study three experiments were carried out to analyze, in different aspects, E. coli isolates from different bird species. In experiment 1, E. coli isolated from ducks and turkeys were inoculated into broiler chicks one day to evaluate the pathogenicity of the strains. Fifty isolates of E. coli originating from ducks and 50 isolates from turkeys were tested for the genes iss, iucD, papC and tsh, all commonly found in APEC. Of the 100 isolates of E.coli analyzed, 42% (42/100) detected one or more genes and only 14.2% (6/42) had the four genes studied. After PCR, the positive strains were selected for the four genes common to APEC. Three isolates from ducks and three turkeys were purified separately and six inoculants were inoculated at 107 CFU / mL and inoculated via air sac in one - day - old chicks to evaluate the pathogenicity of these six positive isolates for the four genes. The chicks were evaluated twice a day for ten days in relation to mortality rate, clinical signs and macroscopic findings. The challenged chicks presented respiratory signs (sneezing, nasal discharge and rales) and macroscopic lesions such as aerossaculitis, persistence of the yolk sac, pericarditis and exudate in the nasal sinuses. In view of the results, it is concluded that E.coli originating from both ducks and turkeys are potentially pathogenic for day-old challenged cuttlefish chicks. In the experiment 2, embryos of broiler chickens were challenged with E. coli isolates positive for the iss, tsh, papC and iucD genes from hen, broiler, duck and turkey to analyze the pathological and hematological conditions , besides the performance of broiler chickens kept up to 42 days of age. Embryos with 18 days of incubation were challenged, via air chamber, with 0.1 mL of four different inoculants, according to the treatment, (T2 - E.coli of hen chicken, T3 - E.coli of broiler, T4 - E.coli of duck and T5 - E. coli of turkey) with concentration of 107 CFU / mL and with sterile saline solution (T1 - control group). Embryonic and post - hatch mortality rates, clinical signs, hematological alterations, interference of zootechnical performance and macroscopic findings during the incubation period and rearing up to 42 days of life were evaluated. At 14, 28 and 42 days, one bird from each of the four replicates of the five treatments. Regardless of the species of origin, E.coli isolates were not able to cause significant mortality in embryos challenged at 18 days of incubation. At birth and up to 42 days of age, broiler chickens developed respiratory disease, worsened zootechnical performance and there were no significant haematological changes. In the experiment 3, 33 E. coli isolates from ducks, turkeys, chickens and pigeons were evaluated by PFGE and antimicrobial susceptibility test to characterize their respective phylogenetic profiles and susceptibility to antimicrobials commonly used in poultry farming. E. coli originated from ducks, turkeys, chickens and pigeons grouped into a group with 41.1% similarity. Resistance to different antimicrobials tested (ampicillin, amoxicillin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, neomycin, sulfametazole, sulfonamide, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole and chloranfericol) was observed among the 33 isolates of E. coli, mainly tetracyclines, followed by fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides. It is concluded that E.coli originating from birds have different profiles and behaviors.

Case report of a Fungal Pneumonia possibly related to Pulmonary Neoplasia in a Labrador Retriever / Case report of a Fungal Pneumonia possibly related to Pulmonary Neoplasia in a Labrador Retriever

Background: The fungi of the genus Aspergillus ssp reported to cause the disease are usually associated with opportunistic infections, like, for example, AIDS in humans. The Aspergillus fungal pneumonia causes dyspnea and bloody expectoration; in endoscopy we can observe blood in the cranial lobes; in radiography, emphysema and fungal masses. The aim of this work is to report the case of a dog fungal pneumonia possibly due to an alleged lung cancer.Case: A dog named Bruce, age 8, Labrador retriever, yellow coat, weighing 35kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital EVZ / UFG in the emergency care. The subject was very rough, with a severe respiratory distress, dyspnea, cyanosis tongue, body temperature 38.1 0C, presence of pulmonary rales and muffled. The owner reported cough caused by emesis and mucus the appearance was of reddish color. The pet was receiving itraconazole and had done an antibiotic (amoxicillin- clavulanate), without reports of improvement. CBC results were normal, without any alteration. The renal and hepatic biochemical function were well within the allowable values. The result of the radiographic examination latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal thorax was characterized by increased radiopacity of the lung fi elds, more severe in the right lobe, occupying almost the entire lobe and the diaphragmatic cardiac right side. Suggesting, thus, fungal pneumonia and / o

Background: The fungi of the genus Aspergillus ssp reported to cause the disease are usually associated with opportunistic infections, like, for example, AIDS in humans. The Aspergillus fungal pneumonia causes dyspnea and bloody expectoration; in endoscopy we can observe blood in the cranial lobes; in radiography, emphysema and fungal masses. The aim of this work is to report the case of a dog fungal pneumonia possibly due to an alleged lung cancer.Case: A dog named Bruce, age 8, Labrador retriever, yellow coat, weighing 35kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital EVZ / UFG in the emergency care. The subject was very rough, with a severe respiratory distress, dyspnea, cyanosis tongue, body temperature 38.1 0C, presence of pulmonary rales and muffled. The owner reported cough caused by emesis and mucus the appearance was of reddish color. The pet was receiving itraconazole and had done an antibiotic (amoxicillin- clavulanate), without reports of improvement. CBC results were normal, without any alteration. The renal and hepatic biochemical function were well within the allowable values. The result of the radiographic examination latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal thorax was characterized by increased radiopacity of the lung fi elds, more severe in the right lobe, occupying almost the entire lobe and the diaphragmatic cardiac right side. Suggesting, thus, fungal pneumonia and / o

HEMOGASOMETRIA ARTERIAL E PERCEPÇÃO DE TUTORES QUANTO AOS SINAIS CLÍNICOS PRÉ E PÓS RINOPLASTIA EM CÃES BRAQUICEFÁLICOS PORTADORES DE ESTENOSE DE NARINA

A síndrome respiratória dos cães braquicefálicos caracteriza-se pela ocorrência de múltiplas alterações anatômicas primárias e secundárias das vias aéreas anteriores, tais como estenose de narina, prolongamento e espessamento de palato mole e hipoplasia de traqueia e eversão de sáculos laríngeos. Os sinais clínicos causados pela obstrução das vias aéreas são ronco, estertor, estridor, dispneia, intolerância ao exercício, cianose, dificuldade de recuperação pós exercícios, intermação, perturbações do sono, alterações gastrintestinais e cardíacas. O tratamento de eleição é a correção cirúrgica das alterações visando à desobstrução anatômica e o restabelecimento do fluxo de ar pelas vias aéreas. A hemogasometria arterial é um exame laboratorial importante na avaliação da resposta ao tratamento de portadores da síndrome. O uso de questionários aplicados aos tutores é uma ferramenta eficaz para avaliação da evolução da sintomatologia clínica após o procedimento. Com o objetivo de avaliar os aspectos clínicos e respiratórios desses pacientes em resposta à rinoplastia, foram realizadas análises hemogasométricas arteriais em cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina, imediatamente antes do procedimento e 30 dias após a rinoplastia, e aplicados aos tutores questionários a cerca dos sinais clínicos antes e 30 dias após o procedimento. Foram incluídos no estudo 26 cães braquicefálicos portadores de estenose de narina, 22 machos e quatro fêmeas, 16 da raça Buldogue francês, dois Buldogues ingleses, seis Pugs e dois Shih tzus, com idade média de 2,6 anos e peso médio de 12,7 kg. O ronco ao dormir foi o sinal clínico mais citado (100%), seguido por espirro e intolerância ao exercício (96,2%), ronco acordado e engasgo (81,7%), espirro reverso (69,2%), tosse (65,4%) e disfagia (53,8%). Comparativamente, foi encontrada importante redução na ocorrência dos sinais clínicos, antes e 30 dias após rinoplastia sendo encontrada diferença significativa na remissão da ocorrência e frequência de todos os sinais clínicos. A hemogasometria antes e depois da rinoplastia mostrou redução nos valores médios de pCO2, tCO2, HCO3- e BEecf, assim como aumento de pH, pO2, sO2, indicando melhora na condição ventilatória dos animais após a correção cirúrgica Foi encontrada diferença significativa para pH, pCO2, pO2 e sO2, que são os principais parâmetros de avaliação do componente respiratório. Por fim, conclui-se que a rinoplastia é efetiva no tratamento da síndrome respiratória dos cães braquicefálicos, com redução dos sinais clínicos propiciando melhora na qualidade de vida desses animais.

The syndrome respiratory of brachycephalic dogs is characterized by the occurrence of multiple anatomic alterations of the anterior airways, such as nostril stenosis, soft palate thickening and prolongation, tracheal hypoplasia, and eversion of laryngeal saccules. The clinical signs caused by airway obstruction are snoring, rales, stridor, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, cyanosis, and difficulty in recovery after exercise, intermation, and sleep disorders, gastrointestinal and cardiac changes. The treatment selected is the surgical correction of the alterations aiming at the anatomic unobstruction and the reestablishment of airflow through the airways. The arterial hemogasometry is an important laboratory test in the evaluation of the response to the treatment of patients with the syndrome. The use of questionnaires is an effective tool to evaluate the evolution of clinical symptoms after the procedure. In order to evaluate the clinical and respiratory aspects of these patients in response to rhinoplasty, arterial hemogasometric analyzes were performed on brachycephalic dogs with nostril stenosis immediately before the procedure and 30 days after rhinoplasty. Questionnaires to tutors about of the clinical signs on before and 30 days after the procedure were applied. The research included 26 brachycephalic dogs with nostril stenosis, 22 males and 4 females, 16 French Bulldogs, 2 English Bulldogs, 6 Pugs and 2 Shih tzus, mean age was 2.6 years and mean weight was 12.7 Kg. Snoring at sleep was the most clinical sign cited (100%), followed by exercise intolerance and sneezing (96.2%), snorting and choking (81.7%), reverse sneezing (69.2%), cough (65.4%) and dysphagia (53.8%). Comparatively, a significant reduction in the occurrence of clinical signs was observed before and 30 days after rhinoplasty and a significant difference was found in the remission of all clinical signs. The hemogasometry pre- and post-rhinoplasty showed a reduction in the mean values of pCO2, tCO2, HCO3- and BEecf, as well as an increase in pH, pO2, sO2, indicating an improvement in the ventilatory condition of the animals after surgical correction. Significant difference was found for pH, pCO2, pO2 and sO2, which are the main evaluation parameters of the respiratory component. Finally, it is concluded that rhinoplasty is effective in the treatment of the syndrome respiratory of brachycephalic dogs with reduction of clinical signs causing an improvement in the quality of life of these animals.

Ronco, um alerta subestimado (revisão) / Snoring, an underestimated alert (revision) / Ronquidos, una alerta subestímado (una revisión)

Muitos animais apresentam roncos, dormindo ou acordados, interpretados como normais, que, no entanto, podem ser manifestações de enfermidades obstrutivas graves das vias aéreas superiores, as quais podem comprometer a sua qualidade de vida e levar à morte. Os animais podem apresentar a "síndrome braquicefálica", composta por prolongamento do palato mole, estreitamento das narinas, turbinados nasofaríngeos e hipoplasia traqueal, chegando ao colapso laríngeo. Em Yorkshires o ronco pode ser devido ao colapso traqueal, em gatos, à pólipos nasofaríngeos e em Labradores idosos, à paralisia laríngea. Em todas as situações pode ocorrer inflamação crônica das vias aéreas, agravando a sintomatologia. Podem também apresentar cansaço fácil, angústia respiratória, cianose, hipertermia e morte súbita. Na grande maioria das vezes é necessário cirurgia para a correção dos defeitos, promovendo-se a desobstrução e a melhora clínica.(AU)

Many times dogs and cats snore, awake or sleeping, being understood as normal. However it can result from severe chronic upper airway obstructive diseases which can compromise life quality and lead to death. Brachycephalic breeds are predisposed to the brachycephalic syndrome, composed by stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, tracheal hypoplasia and nasopharyngeal turbinates, leading to laryngeal collapse. Yorkshire and other toy breeds present snores due to tracheal collapse, cats due to nasopharyngeal polyps and old Labradors can snore by laryngeal paralysis. Ali these conditions can lead to chronic airway inflammation worsening the scenario. Signs include stridor, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, cyanosis, hyperthermia and sudden death. Surgical treatment is necessary and it improves the clinical signs.(AU)

A menudo los animales muestran los ronquidos. Lo que se interpretó como normal, sin embargo, pueden ser manifestaciones de enfermedades obstructivas de las vías respiratorias superiores, que pueden poner en riesgo la calidad de vida e conducir a la muerte. Pueden tener el "síndrome de braquicéfalos", que consiste en la extensión del paladar blando, la estenosis de narinas, los turbinados nasofaríngeos y hipoplasia traqueal, que pueden llevar al colapso laríngeo. En los Yorkshires el ronquido puede ser debido al colapso de tráquea, en los gatos debido a pólipos nasofaríngeos e en Labradores a laparálisis laríngea. En todas las situaciones pueden ocurrir la inflamación crónica de las vías respiratorias, lo que exacerba los síntomas. Los animales pueden tener cansancio, dificultad respiratoria, cianosis, hipertermia y muerte súbita. En la mayoría de los casos es necesaria la cirugía para la desobstrucción de las vías aéreas y la mejoría clínica.(AU)

Ronco, um alerta subestimado (revisão) / Snoring, an underestimated alert (revision) / Ronquidos, una alerta subestímado (una revisión)

Muitos animais apresentam roncos, dormindo ou acordados, interpretados como normais, que, no entanto, podem ser manifestações de enfermidades obstrutivas graves das vias aéreas superiores, as quais podem comprometer a sua qualidade de vida e levar à morte. Os animais podem apresentar a "síndrome braquicefálica", composta por prolongamento do palato mole, estreitamento das narinas, turbinados nasofaríngeos e hipoplasia traqueal, chegando ao colapso laríngeo. Em Yorkshires o ronco pode ser devido ao colapso traqueal, em gatos, à pólipos nasofaríngeos e em Labradores idosos, à paralisia laríngea. Em todas as situações pode ocorrer inflamação crônica das vias aéreas, agravando a sintomatologia. Podem também apresentar cansaço fácil, angústia respiratória, cianose, hipertermia e morte súbita. Na grande maioria das vezes é necessário cirurgia para a correção dos defeitos, promovendo-se a desobstrução e a melhora clínica.

Many times dogs and cats snore, awake or sleeping, being understood as normal. However it can result from severe chronic upper airway obstructive diseases which can compromise life quality and lead to death. Brachycephalic breeds are predisposed to the brachycephalic syndrome, composed by stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, tracheal hypoplasia and nasopharyngeal turbinates, leading to laryngeal collapse. Yorkshire and other toy breeds present snores due to tracheal collapse, cats due to nasopharyngeal polyps and old Labradors can snore by laryngeal paralysis. Ali these conditions can lead to chronic airway inflammation worsening the scenario. Signs include stridor, exercise intolerance, respiratory distress, cyanosis, hyperthermia and sudden death. Surgical treatment is necessary and it improves the clinical signs.

A menudo los animales muestran los ronquidos. Lo que se interpretó como normal, sin embargo, pueden ser manifestaciones de enfermedades obstructivas de las vías respiratorias superiores, que pueden poner en riesgo la calidad de vida e conducir a la muerte. Pueden tener el "síndrome de braquicéfalos", que consiste en la extensión del paladar blando, la estenosis de narinas, los turbinados nasofaríngeos y hipoplasia traqueal, que pueden llevar al colapso laríngeo. En los Yorkshires el ronquido puede ser debido al colapso de tráquea, en los gatos debido a pólipos nasofaríngeos e en Labradores a laparálisis laríngea. En todas las situaciones pueden ocurrir la inflamación crónica de las vías respiratorias, lo que exacerba los síntomas. Los animales pueden tener cansancio, dificultad respiratoria, cianosis, hipertermia y muerte súbita. En la mayoría de los casos es necesaria la cirugía para la desobstrucción de las vías aéreas y la mejoría clínica.

Mycoplasma gallipsepticum e M. synoviae em papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) com doença respiratória – relato de caso / Mycoplasma gallipsepticum and M. synoviae in a Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) with respiratory disease – case report / Mycoplasma gallipsepticum e M. synoviae en un loro (Amazona aestiva) con enfermedad respiratoria – relato de un caso

As infecções por Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) e Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) estão erradicadas da avicultura industrial brasileira em conformidade às recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal. Para outras aves, Mg e Ms podem causar impacto negativo à saúde. Há escassez de estudos no Brasil e no mundo sobre micoplasmoses em papagaios. Relata-se a detecção de ambos, Mg e Ms, em um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) criado próximo a galinhas de avicultura familiar, com afonia, rouquidão, estertor respiratório, dispneia e inapetência. As lesões pulmonares e de sacos aéreos foram sugeridas por radiografia celomática. No hemograma foram encontradas monocitose, eosinofilia, microcitose e normocromia eritrocitárias. As reações positivas em PCR para Mg e Ms e negativas para Chlamydophila psittaci sugerem coinfecção respiratória não descrita previamente em A. aestiva. A medicação com oxitetraciclina e a terapia de suporte resultou em cura clínica e alta do paciente. Destaca-se o risco sanitário da proximidade física entre aves.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) are eradicated from the Brazilian poultry industry, in conformity with the guidelines from the World Organization for Animal Health. In other types of birds, Mg and Ms continue to represent important pathogens. Information regarding mycoplasmosis in parrots is however lacking. This article describes the detection of Mg and Ms in a captive Blue-Fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) reared in proximity to free-range Mg-reactive chickens, which presented aphonia, dyspnea and inappetence. Radiography showed opacity in the lungs and air sacs. Hematology findings included monocytosis, eosinophilia, erythrocytic normochromia and microcytosis. Specific PCR protocols were employed for the detection of Mg, Ms or Chlamydophila psittaci (Cp). Positive coinfection by Mg and Ms, but negative to Cp, had not been previously reported in A. aestiva. Medication (oxytetracycline) and support therapy resulted in clinical cure. It is important to point out the risk of maintaining birds of different sanitary background at close proximity.

Las infecciones por Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) y Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) están erradicadas de la avicultura industrial brasileña, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Sanidad Animal. No obstante, en otras aves, el Mg y Ms siguen causando un impacto negativo a la salud. Teniendo en cuenta la poca cantidad de estudios en Brasil y el mundo sobre micoplasmosis en loros, relatamos en este trabajo la detección de ambos, Mg y Ms, en un loro (Amazona aestiva) criado cerca de gallinas de avicultura familiar, que presentaba afonía, ronquidos, estertor respiratorio, disnea e inapetencia. Las lesiones pulmonares y de sacos aéreos fueron observadas mediante radiografías celomáticas. En el hemograma fueron diagnosticadas monocitosis, eosinofilia, microcitosis y normocromia eritrocitaria. Las reacciones positivas en PCR para Mg y Ms, y negativas para Chlamydophila psittaci son sugestivas de una co-infección respiratoria nunca descripta en Amazona aestiva. El tratamiento con oxitetraciclina y la terapia de soporte dieron como resultado la cura clínica y alta del paciente. Se debe resaltar el riesgo sanitario por la proximidad física entre aves.

Mycoplasma gallipsepticum e M. synoviae em papagaio verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) com doença respiratória relato de caso / Mycoplasma gallipsepticum and M. synoviae in a Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) with respiratory disease case report / Mycoplasma gallipsepticum e M. synoviae en un loro (Amazona aestiva) con enfermedad respiratoria relato de un caso

As infecções por Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) e Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) estão erradicadas da avicultura industrial brasileira em conformidade às recomendações da Organização Mundial de Saúde Animal. Para outras aves, Mg e Ms podem causar impacto negativo à saúde. Há escassez de estudos no Brasil e no mundo sobre micoplasmoses em papagaios. Relata-se a detecção de ambos, Mg e Ms, em um papagaio-verdadeiro (Amazona aestiva) criado próximo a galinhas de avicultura familiar, com afonia, rouquidão, estertor respiratório, dispneia e inapetência. As lesões pulmonares e de sacos aéreos foram sugeridas por radiografia celomática. No hemograma foram encontradas monocitose, eosinofilia, microcitose e normocromia eritrocitárias. As reações positivas em PCR para Mg e Ms e negativas para Chlamydophila psittaci sugerem coinfecção respiratória não descrita previamente em A. aestiva. A medicação com oxitetraciclina e a terapia de suporte resultou em cura clínica e alta do paciente. Destaca-se o risco sanitário da proximidade física entre aves.(AU)

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) and Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) are eradicated from the Brazilian poultry industry, in conformity with the guidelines from the World Organization for Animal Health. In other types of birds, Mg and Ms continue to represent important pathogens. Information regarding mycoplasmosis in parrots is however lacking. This article describes the detection of Mg and Ms in a captive Blue-Fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) reared in proximity to free-range Mg-reactive chickens, which presented aphonia, dyspnea and inappetence. Radiography showed opacity in the lungs and air sacs. Hematology findings included monocytosis, eosinophilia, erythrocytic normochromia and microcytosis. Specific PCR protocols were employed for the detection of Mg, Ms or Chlamydophila psittaci (Cp). Positive coinfection by Mg and Ms, but negative to Cp, had not been previously reported in A. aestiva. Medication (oxytetracycline) and support therapy resulted in clinical cure. It is important to point out the risk of maintaining birds of different sanitary background at close proximity.(AU)

Las infecciones por Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg) y Mycoplasma synoviae (Ms) están erradicadas de la avicultura industrial brasileña, de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Sanidad Animal. No obstante, en otras aves, el Mg y Ms siguen causando un impacto negativo a la salud. Teniendo en cuenta la poca cantidad de estudios en Brasil y el mundo sobre micoplasmosis en loros, relatamos en este trabajo la detección de ambos, Mg y Ms, en un loro (Amazona aestiva) criado cerca de gallinas de avicultura familiar, que presentaba afonía, ronquidos, estertor respiratorio, disnea e inapetencia. Las lesiones pulmonares y de sacos aéreos fueron observadas mediante radiografías celomáticas. En el hemograma fueron diagnosticadas monocitosis, eosinofilia, microcitosis y normocromia eritrocitaria. Las reacciones positivas en PCR para Mg y Ms, y negativas para Chlamydophila psittaci son sugestivas de una co-infección respiratoria nunca descripta en Amazona aestiva. El tratamiento con oxitetraciclina y la terapia de soporte dieron como resultado la cura clínica y alta del paciente. Se debe resaltar el riesgo sanitario por la proximidad física entre aves.(AU)

Avian mycoplasmosis update

Avian mycoplasmas occur in a variety of bird species. The most important mycoplasmas for chickens and turkeys are Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), and M. meleagridis. Besides, M. iowe (MI) is an emerging pathogen in turkeys, but of little concern for chickens. Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell wall and belong to the class Mollicutes. Although they have been considered extracellular agents, scientists admit nowadays that some of them are obligatory intracellular microorganisms, whereas all other mycoplasmas are considered facultative intracellular organisms. Their pathogenic mechanism for disease include adherence to host target cells, mediation of apoptosis, innocent bystander damage to host cell due to intimate membrane contact, molecular (antigen) mimicry that may lead to tolerance, and mitotic effect for B and/or T lymphocytes, which could lead to suppressed T-cell function and/or production of cytotoxic T cell, besides mycoplasma by-products, such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. Moreover, mycoplasma ability to stimulate macrophages, monocytes, T-helper cells and NK cells, results in the production of substances, such as tumor necrosing factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL-1, 2, 6) and interferon ( FONT FACE=Symbol>a, b, g /FONT>). The major clinical signs seen in avian mycoplasmosis are coughing, sneezing, snicks, respiratory rales, ocular and nasal discharge, decreased feed intake and egg production, increased mortality, poor hatchability, and, primarily in turkeys, swelling of the infraorbital sinus(es). Nevertheless, chronic and unapparent infections are most common and more threatening. Mycoplasmas are transmitted horizontally, from bird to bird, and vertically, from dam to offspring through the eggs. Losses attributed to mycoplasmosis, mainly MG and MS infections, result from decreased egg production and egg quality, poor hatchability (high rate of embryonic mortality and culling of day-old birds), poor feed efficiency, increase in mortality and carcass condemnations, besides medication costs. Mycoplasmas are diagnosed by serologic tests, culture and PCR and are sensitive to antimicrobials whose action sites are other than the bacterial cell wall, such as tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones and tiamulin. However, mycoplasma control is more efficiently achieved by acquisition of birds free of MG, MS, MM and/or MI, vaccination of layers, and monitoring of breeder flocks, followed by elimination of the infected flocks that are detected.

Avian mycoplasmosis update

Avian mycoplasmas occur in a variety of bird species. The most important mycoplasmas for chickens and turkeys are Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS), and M. meleagridis. Besides, M. iowe (MI) is an emerging pathogen in turkeys, but of little concern for chickens. Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell wall and belong to the class Mollicutes. Although they have been considered extracellular agents, scientists admit nowadays that some of them are obligatory intracellular microorganisms, whereas all other mycoplasmas are considered facultative intracellular organisms. Their pathogenic mechanism for disease include adherence to host target cells, mediation of apoptosis, innocent bystander damage to host cell due to intimate membrane contact, molecular (antigen) mimicry that may lead to tolerance, and mitotic effect for B and/or T lymphocytes, which could lead to suppressed T-cell function and/or production of cytotoxic T cell, besides mycoplasma by-products, such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals. Moreover, mycoplasma ability to stimulate macrophages, monocytes, T-helper cells and NK cells, results in the production of substances, such as tumor necrosing factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL-1, 2, 6) and interferon ( FONT FACE=Symbol>a, b, g /FONT>). The major clinical signs seen in avian mycoplasmosis are coughing, sneezing, snicks, respiratory rales, ocular and nasal discharge, decreased feed intake and egg production, increased mortality, poor hatchability, and, primarily in turkeys, swelling of the infraorbital sinus(es). Nevertheless, chronic and unapparent infections are most common and more threatening. Mycoplasmas are transmitted horizontally, from bird to bird, and vertically, from dam to offspring through the eggs. Losses attributed to mycoplasmosis, mainly MG and MS infections, result from decreased egg production and egg quality, poor hatchability (high rate of embryonic mortality and culling of day-old birds), poor feed efficiency, increase in mortality and carcass condemnations, besides medication costs. Mycoplasmas are diagnosed by serologic tests, culture and PCR and are sensitive to antimicrobials whose action sites are other than the bacterial cell wall, such as tetracyclines, macrolides, quinolones and tiamulin. However, mycoplasma control is more efficiently achieved by acquisition of birds free of MG, MS, MM and/or MI, vaccination of layers, and monitoring of breeder flocks, followed by elimination of the infected flocks that are detected.

Case report of a Fungal Pneumonia possibly related to Pulmonary Neoplasia in a Labrador Retriever / Case report of a Fungal Pneumonia possibly related to Pulmonary Neoplasia in a Labrador Retriever

 Background: The fungi of the genus Aspergillus ssp reported to cause the disease are usually associated with opportunistic infections, like, for example, AIDS in humans. The Aspergillus fungal pneumonia causes dyspnea and bloody expectoration; in endoscopy we can observe blood in the cranial lobes; in radiography, emphysema and fungal masses. The aim of this work is to report the case of a dog fungal pneumonia possibly due to an alleged lung cancer.Case: A dog named Bruce, age 8, Labrador retriever, yellow coat, weighing 35kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital EVZ / UFG in the emergency care. The subject was very rough, with a severe respiratory distress, dyspnea, cyanosis tongue, body temperature 38.1 0C, presence of pulmonary rales and muffled. The owner reported cough caused by emesis and mucus the appearance was of reddish color. The pet was receiving itraconazole and had done an antibiotic (amoxicillin- clavulanate), without reports of improvement. CBC results were normal, without any alteration. The renal and hepatic biochemical function were well within the allowable values. The result of the radiographic examination latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal thorax was characterized by increased radiopacity of the lung fi elds, more severe in the right lobe, occupying almost the entire lobe and the diaphragmatic cardiac right side. Suggesting, thus, fungal pneumonia and / o

 Background: The fungi of the genus Aspergillus ssp reported to cause the disease are usually associated with opportunistic infections, like, for example, AIDS in humans. The Aspergillus fungal pneumonia causes dyspnea and bloody expectoration; in endoscopy we can observe blood in the cranial lobes; in radiography, emphysema and fungal masses. The aim of this work is to report the case of a dog fungal pneumonia possibly due to an alleged lung cancer.Case: A dog named Bruce, age 8, Labrador retriever, yellow coat, weighing 35kg was attended at the Veterinary Hospital EVZ / UFG in the emergency care. The subject was very rough, with a severe respiratory distress, dyspnea, cyanosis tongue, body temperature 38.1 0C, presence of pulmonary rales and muffled. The owner reported cough caused by emesis and mucus the appearance was of reddish color. The pet was receiving itraconazole and had done an antibiotic (amoxicillin- clavulanate), without reports of improvement. CBC results were normal, without any alteration. The renal and hepatic biochemical function were well within the allowable values. The result of the radiographic examination latero-lateral and ventro-dorsal thorax was characterized by increased radiopacity of the lung fi elds, more severe in the right lobe, occupying almost the entire lobe and the diaphragmatic cardiac right side. Suggesting, thus, fungal pneumonia and / o