Fatty acid profile of slow-growing broilers supplemented with biocomplexed minerals / Perfil de ácidos graxos de frangos de corte de crescimento lento suplementados com minerais biocomplexados

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with biocomplexed selenium and chromium on the fatty acid profile of the breast and thigh of males and females broilers of the Label Rouge lineage. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to three diets (control; 0.40 ppm of chromium; 0.50 ppm of selenium) and two sexes. Each treatment consisted of three plots of five broilers. The fatty acid profile was evaluated in the breast and thigh samples. The addition of biocomplexed selenium in the broilers diets increased the content of long chain fatty acid of the omega 3 and 6 series (docosahexaenoic - DHA and arachidonic acids, respectively), the total of omega 6 and the stearic acid content on the breast (pectoralis major muscle). In addition, selenium supplementation caused a reduction in oleic acid content and in total of monounsaturated in the same muscle. Males had higher contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, and total of polyunsaturated; and lower content of oleic acid, total of monounsaturated and saturated in the thigh. The broilers supplemented with biocomplexed selenium and males presented better lipid quality in the muscle by breast and thigh, respectively.

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética com selênio e cromo biocomplexados sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos do peito e da coxa de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas da linhagem Label Rouge. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 correspondendo a três dietas (controle; 0,40 ppm de cromo; 0,50 ppm de selênio) e dois sexos. Cada tratamento foi composto por três parcelas de cinco frangos de corte. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi avaliado nas amostras de peito e coxa. A adição de selênio biocomplexado na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou o teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa das séries ômega 3 e 6 (ácido docosahexaenóico - DHA e araquidônico, respectivamente), o total de ômega 6 e o conteúdo de ácido esteárico no peito (músculo pectoralis major). Além disso, a suplementação com selênio causou redução no teor de ácido oleico e no total de monoinsaturados no mesmo músculo. Os machos apresentaram maiores teores dos ácidos linoléico e linolênico e total de poliinsaturados; e menor conteúdo de ácido oleico, total de monoinsaturados e saturados na coxa. Os frangos suplementados com selênio biocomplexado e os machos apresentaram melhor qualidade lipídica no músculo do peito e coxa, respectivamente.

Viabilidade econômica na produção de frango de corte de crescimento lento em Rio Branco/Acre / Economic viability in the production of slow-growing broiler chicken in Rio Branco/Acre

O Brasil é destaque mundial na produção de frango de corte baseada no modelo de integração. Alguns produtores têm migrado para a produção independente no sistema semiconfinado de criação de frangos caipiras a fim de atender a um nicho de mercado e obter maior lucratividade. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer os custos de produção e o resultado de um ciclo de produção de frangos de corte de crescimento lento criados em sistema semi-intensivo em Rio Branco/Acre. O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir da simulação da criação de frangos de crescimento lento da linhagem Vermelho Pesadão no sistema semiconfinado. O custo de produção foi calculado por meio de duas metodologias, o custo operacional e o custo total. A margem bruta (MB), a margem líquida (ML) e o resultado também foram calculados. Realizou-se a análise de cenários MOP (mais provável, otimista e pessimista). O item alimentação foi o custo mais elevado. Em todos os cenários, o faturamento foi suficiente para cobrir o COT. Porém, no cenário pessimista, a lucratividade foi baixa e o resultado negativo. O elevado valor dos insumos da ração torna a atividade inviável economicamente.

Brazil stands out worldwide in the production of broiler chickens based on the integration model. Some farmers have migrated to independent models in the semi-confined system of free-range chickens to meet a niche market and obtain greater profitability. Thus, this study aimed to know the production costs and the result of a production cycle of slow-growing broiler chickens raised in a semi-intensive system in Rio Branco, Acre. The study was developed from the simulation of the creation of slow-growing chickens from the "heavy red" lineage in a semi-confined system. The production cost was calculated using two methodologies, the operating cost and the total cost. The gross margin (GM), the net margin (NM), and the result were also calculated. The MOP scenario analysis (most likely, optimistic, and pessimistic) was performed. The food item was the highest cost. In all scenarios, the revenues was sufficient to cover costs. However, in the pessimistic scenario, profitability was low and the result was negative. The high value of feed inputs makes the activity economically unviable.

Study on the Major Genes Related with Fat Deposition in Liver and Abdominal Fat of Different Breeds of Chicken

Fat deposition is higher in fast growing chickens than in slow growing chickens. The liver is the major organ for lipogenesis and fat deposition in chickens, although genetic background, age, and gender also influence fat deposition. In the present study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in liver and abdominal fat. We determined the expression abundances of the key genes regulating fat metabolism in fast-growing (FG) broilers (Cobb) and slow-growing (SG) broilers (HS1) and found that ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c and PLIN1genes were expressed in the abdominal fat and liver tissues of FG and SG. ANOVA analysis showed that the breed, age, and tissue factors influenced the expressions of ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and PLIN1 genes in the liver and abdominal fat of FG and SG. Also, the expressions of PPARγ and PLIN1 in the liver of SG were higher than that of FG. The results suggest that the differences in adipocyte development and adipose deposition between breeds are due to genetic factors.(AU)

Stress and fear responses of slow-growing broiler chickens to light stimulation initiated at different phases of embryonic development

Photo-incubation can influence the fear and stress responses of poultry. However, it is unclear how photostimulation initiated at different phases of development influences the welfare status of slow-growing broiler birds. 500 Sasso eggs were assigned to 4 treatments; some were incubated in the dark throughout incubation (TA), while TB, TC and TD were photo-stimulated (12L:12D) from days 1, 7, and 14 of incubation, respectively, until hatch using a 6,500k LED at 788 clux intensity. Birds were raised in 5 replicates per treatment with 16 birds per replicate using a 6,500k LED (at 28 clux) and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Fear (emergence, tonic immobility, isolation and inversion tests) and stress response (physical asymmetry) of 10 birds per treatment were examined. At the end of the three-week brooding, all parameters measured were not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by the onset of photo-incubation. At slaughter age (12 weeks), physical asymmetry was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TA compared to the other treatments. The frequency of isolation vocalisation was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in TB compared to TA, and latency to rightness during tonic immobility was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TA compared to the other treatments. Latency to emerge was significantly longer (P < 0.05) in TA compared to TC and TD. The frequency of wing flaps during inversion was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TA and TD. Conclusively, photo-incubating eggs reduce stress and fear, and initiating photo-incubation during the first phase of incubation is more beneficial.

Use of essential oils in the diet of slow-growing broilers and their effects on performance / Uso de óleos essenciais em dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento e seus efeitos sobre o desempenho

This study proposes to examine the effect of supplementing the diet of slow-growing broilers with essential oils. A total of 270 one-day-old female chicks of the Pesadão Vermelho line, reared in an intensive system, were allocated to one of three treatments (1: Control, without addition of essential oils; 2: Feed supplemented with cinnamon essential oil; and 3: Feed supplemented with lemongrass essential oil) in a completely randomized design with nine replicates of 10 birds each. Growth performance variables were evaluated at 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70 days, whereas carcass yield, primal cuts, and internal organs were analyzed at 71 days of age. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences between means were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. Supplementation with lemongrass essential oil improved the live weight of birds at 14, 28, and 42 days, as well as feed conversion and feed efficiency at 42 and 56 days of rearing (P<0.05). The treatments with cinnamon and lemongrass essential oils provided the highest thigh yields (P<0.05). The other evaluated variables did not show statistically significant differences (P>0.05) between treatments.(AU)

O experimento teve como objetivo, avaliar o efeito da suplementação de óleos essenciais nas dietas de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Foram utilizados 270 pintos de um dia, fêmeas da linhagem Pesadão Vermelho, criados em sistema intensivo. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com três tratamentos (Tratamento 1: Controle, sem adição de óleo essencial; Tratamento 2: Ração suplementada com óleo essencial de canela e Tratamento 3: ração suplementada com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira) e nove repetições de 10 aves cada. Aos 14, 28, 42, 56 e 70 dias foram avaliadas as variáveis de desempenho zootécnico e aos 71 dias o rendimento de carcaça, cortes nobres e órgãos internos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as diferenças entre as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. A suplementação com óleo essencial de capim-cidreira melhorou o peso vivo das aves aos 14, 28 e 42 dias e a conversão e eficiência alimentar aos 42 e 56 dias de criação (P<0,05). Os tratamentos com óleo essencial de canela e de capim-cidreira proporcionaram maior rendimento de sobrecoxa (P<0,05). Em relação as demais variáveis avaliadas, não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas significativas (P>0,05) para os tratamentos testados.(AU)

Cassava residues in the diet of slow-growing broilers / Resíduos de mandioca na dieta de frangos de crescimento lento

Cassava by-products are abundant and largely unused in familiy agro-industries in the Amazon region, where slow-growing broilers are commonly raised. Thus the incorporation of cassava by-products in broiler feed may provide starch enrichment for better zootechnical performance. We evaluated the use of cassava residues instead of corn in the diet of slow-growing broilers. We determined the chemical composition of cassava scrapings (CS) and cassava starch residue (CSR), and tested the digestibility of the residues in 192 broilers and three treatments: inclusion of 30 g kg-1 CS or CSR and a control without residue, with eight replicates of eight broilers each. Digestibility was assessed through collection of total excreta from 19 to 22 days of age. Apparent and corrected metabolizable energy, and apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and crude energy were significantly higher for CSR than CS. Therefore, only CSR was used in a performance experiment using 324 broilers 30 to 90 days old, distributed in four treatments (0; 6.8; 13.4 and 20 g kg-1 CSR in feed) with nine replicates of nine broilers each. There was no significant difference among treatments in weight gain, feed intake, yield of carcass, breast and viscera, meat color, luminosity, pH, shear force, cooking-weight loss and drip loss. As there was a significant reduction in feed conversion and thigh and drumstick yield for 20 g kg-1, we suggest the incorporation of CSR up to 13.4 g kg-1.(AU)

Subprodutos da mandioca são abundantes e pouco utilizados nas agroindústrias familiares na Amazônia, onde é comum a criação de frangos de corte de crescimento lento. Portanto, a incorporação de subprodutos de mandioca na alimentação destes frangos pode proporcionar enriquecimento de amido para melhor desempenho zootécnico. Avaliamos a utilização de resíduos da mandioca na alimentação de frangos de crescimento lento em substituição ao milho. Determinamos a composição química da raspa de mandioca (RM) e do resíduo de amido de mandioca (RAM), e testamos a digestibilidade dos resíduos utilizando 192 frangos e três tratamentos: inclusão de 30 g kg-1 RM ou RAM e um controle sem mandioca, com oito repetições de oito frangos cada. Digestibilidade foi determinada por coleta de excretas totais dos 19 aos 22 dias de idade. Energia metabolizável aparente e corrigida e os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta foram significativamente maiores para RAM que RM. Assim, apenas RAM foi usado em um experimento de desempenho com 324 frangos de 30 a 90 dias de idade e quatro tratamentos (0; 6,8; 13,4 e 20 g kg-1 RAM na ração), com nove repetições de nove frangos cada. Os tratamentos não diferiram significativamente em ganho de peso, consumo de ração, rendimento de carcaça, peito e vísceras, cor da carne, luminosidade, pH, força de cisalhamento, e perda de peso por cozimento e gotejamento. Como houve redução significativa na conversão alimentar e no rendimento de coxa e sobrecoxa com 20 g kg-1, sugerimos o uso de RAM até 13,4 g kg -1.(AU)

The Efficiency of Bacteriophages Against Salmonella Typhimurium Infection in Native Noi Broilers

Though recently considered a therapeutic treatment for commercial broilers, little is known about the effects of bacteriophages on native, slow-growing birds. This study evaluated their efficacy against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium infected Noi chicken, a native Vietnamese broiler breed. In total, 420 birds were used in a completely randomized design consisting of seven treatments and four replicates of 15 birds. The treatments were NC (negative control), PC (positive control, S. Typhimurium challenged); NC+B1 and NC+B2 (negative control plus B1 or B2 bacteriophage, respectively); PC+B1, PC+B2 (positive control plus B1 or B2 bacteriophage, respectively) and PC+B1B2 (positive control plus both B1 and B2 bacteriophages). After four weeks of infection, the mortality rate in the PC group was 51.1% compared with 11.1% in the PC+B1B2 treatment. Bacteriophage administration had resulted in increased weight gain and decreased feed conversion ratio, particularly when both phages were included in the treatment (p<0.001). Moreover, the relative percentage of carcass weight was lowest in the PC treatment (66.9%) (p<0.001), whereas the other treatments registered similar carcass weight values. Regarding the internal organs, liver weight percentage was higher in the non-treated Salmonella group, and enlarged spleens were also noted in infected chickens even when treated with bacteriophages. The correlation between phage administration and blood parameters was unclear. Although the use of two bacteriophages for therapy was determined to be preferable for the majority of the criteria examined, further genetic characterization of the phages will be required before they can be widely used in chicken farms.(AU)

Male Layer-Type Chickens - an Alternative Source for High Quality Poultry Meat: a Review on the Carcass Composition, Sensory Characteristics and Nutritional Profile

Male layer-type chickens are usually killed immediately after hatching. Despite the ethical debates and the sharp criticism against this practice, it is still widely applied. One of the possible alternatives for the culling of layer cockerels might be their use for meat production. Except for a small market niche, meat from male layer-type chickens is not currently popular among wider circles of consumers. However, although rather scarce, research on this type of bird shows that in comparison to fast or slow growing broilers, dual purpose, or indigenous breeds, the meat of male layers does not show any disadvantages in regards to sensory characteristics, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile, with its overall acceptability rating equally or even higher.(AU)

Relative weight and length of digestive tract and intestinal histomorphometric measurements of slowgrowing broilers of different genotypes / Peso relativo e comprimento do trato digestório e medidas histomorfométricas intestinais de frangos de corte de crescimento lento de diferentes genótipos

An experiment was conducted to investigate the development of the digestive system in slow-growing broilers of different strains. The experiment involved a total of 544 one-day-old chicks, 136 of each of four genotypes, namely, Label Rouge Pesadão, Label Rouge Pescoço Pelado, Carijó and Carijó Pescoço Pelado. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (genotypes) and eight replicates of 17 animals each. Live weight, digestive tract development and intestinal histomorphometric measurements were evaluated at different ages. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between the strains for live weight, relative weight and length of digestive tract organs and intestinal histomorphometric measurements at one, seven and 28 days of age. The Carijó strain showed greater weight and development of digestive organs than the Carijó Pescoço Pelado strain. There was a difference (p < 0.05) for histomorphometric measurements of the small intestine between the strains at the evaluated ages. The Carijó Pescoço Pelado and Label Rouge Pescoço Pelado strains showed higher villi and higher villus:crypt ratios in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The slow-growing strains differ in performance regarding the relative weights and lengths of digestive tract organs and intestinal histomorphometric measurements.(AU)

Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento do sistema digestório em frangos de corte de crescimento lento de diferentes linhagens. Foram utilizados 544 pintos com um dia de idade, sendo 136 de cada genótipo sendo: Label Rouge Pesadão, Label Rouge Pescoço Pelado, Carijó e Carijó Pescoço Pelado. Distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (genótipo) e oito repetições de 17 animais cada. As variáveis estudadas foram peso vivo, desenvolvimento do trato digestório e medidas histomorfométricas intestinal em diferentes idades. Houve diferença (p < 0,05) entre as linhagens no peso vivo, peso relativo e comprimento dos órgãos do trato digestório e medidas histomorfométricas intestinal com um, sete e 28 dias de idade. A linhagem Carijó apresentou maior peso e desenvolvimento de órgãos digestórios comparada a linhagem Carijó Pescoço Pelado. Houve diferença (p < 0,05) para medidas histomorfométricas do intestino delgado entre as linhagens nas idades avaliadas. As linhagens Carijó Pescoço Pelado e Label Rouge Pescoço Pelado apresentaram maior altura de vilo e relação vilo:cripta do duodeno, jejuno e íleo. As linhagens de crescimento lento apresentam diferenças entre si no desempenho peso relativo e comprimento de órgãos do trato digestório e nas medidas histomorfometricas do intestino.(AU)

Effect of grain particle size on energy values and chemical components of diets for Label Rouge broilers / Efeito da granulometria de grãos nos valores energéticos e componentes bromatológicos da dieta para frangos Label Rouge

This study aimed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum in different particle sizes for slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were carried out involving 280 chicks of the Label Rouge® Naked Neck broiler line, with 140 chicks allotted to each experiment in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet (60% reference diet + 40% feedstuff). The feedstuffs were tested and particle size (expressed as geometric mean diameter [GMD, μm] and geometric standard deviation [GSD], respectively) results were 816 and 1.73 for coarsely ground corn, 794 and 1.75 for finely ground corn, 1.517 and 1.92 for pearl millet grain, 760 and 1.63 for finely ground pearl millet (Experiment 1); and 1,866 and 1.86 for whole grain sorghum, 919 and 1.62 for coarsely ground sorghum, and 878 and 1.72 for finely ground sorghum (Experiment 2). A metabolism trial was conducted by using the total excreta collection method to obtain the AME and AMEn values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract. The energy metabolization coefficient did not differ (P > 0.05) between the grains in the different tested particle sizes. However, there was an improvement in the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and ether extract as the particle size of corn was increased. In conclusion, larger grain particle sizes improve the metabolizability of nutrients and energy for slow-growing broilers. Whole-grain sorghum has limited nutritional utilization for slow-growing birds up to 21 days of age.

Objetivou-se determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca, proteína e extrato etéreo do milho, milheto e sorgo em diferentes granulometrias para frangos de crescimento lento. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos, com 140 pintos de corte da linhagem Label Rouge® Pescoço Pelado, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações-teste (ração referência 60% + ingrediente 40%) e uma ração referência. Foram testados os ingredientes e a granulometria expressa como Diâmetro Geométrico médio (DGM, μm) e Desvio Padrão Geométrico (DPG): 816 e 1,73 para milho grosseiramente moído, 794 e 1,75 para milho finamente moído, 1,517 e 1,92 para milheto-grão e 760 e 1,73 para milheto finamente moído (Experimento 1); 1.866 e 1.86 para sorgo-grão, 919 e 1,62 para sorgo grosseiramente moído e 878 e 1,72 para sorgo finamente moído (Experimento 2). Os valores de AME e AMEn e os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, proteína e extrato etéreo foram determinados pelo método de coleta total de excretas. O coeficiente de metabolização da energia não apresentou diferença (P > 0,05) entre os grãos nas diferentes granulometrias. Os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, do nitrogênio e do extrato etéreo foram incrementados com o aumento da granulometria para o milho. O fornecimento de grãos com maiores granulometrias proporciona aos frangos de crescimento lento a melhora na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e energia. Grãos inteiros de sorgo tem aproveitamento nutricional limitado para frangos de crescimento lento até 21 dias de idade.

Effect of grain particle size on energy values and chemical components of diets for Label Rouge broilers / Efeito da granulometria de grãos nos valores energéticos e componentes bromatológicos da dieta para frangos Label Rouge

This study aimed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract of corn, pearl millet, and sorghum in different particle sizes for slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were carried out involving 280 chicks of the Label Rouge® Naked Neck broiler line, with 140 chicks allotted to each experiment in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet (60% reference diet + 40% feedstuff). The feedstuffs were tested and particle size (expressed as geometric mean diameter [GMD, μm] and geometric standard deviation [GSD], respectively) results were 816 and 1.73 for coarsely ground corn, 794 and 1.75 for finely ground corn, 1.517 and 1.92 for pearl millet grain, 760 and 1.63 for finely ground pearl millet (Experiment 1); and 1,866 and 1.86 for whole grain sorghum, 919 and 1.62 for coarsely ground sorghum, and 878 and 1.72 for finely ground sorghum (Experiment 2). A metabolism trial was conducted by using the total excreta collection method to obtain the AME and AMEn values as well as the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, protein, and ether extract. The energy metabolization coefficient did not differ (P > 0.05) between the grains in the different tested particle sizes. However, there was an improvement in the metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, nitrogen, and ether extract as the particle size of corn was increased. In conclusion, larger grain particle sizes improve the metabolizability of nutrients and energy for slow-growing broilers. Whole-grain sorghum has limited nutritional utilization for slow-growing birds up to 21 days of age.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca, proteína e extrato etéreo do milho, milheto e sorgo em diferentes granulometrias para frangos de crescimento lento. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos, com 140 pintos de corte da linhagem Label Rouge® Pescoço Pelado, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em rações-teste (ração referência 60% + ingrediente 40%) e uma ração referência. Foram testados os ingredientes e a granulometria expressa como Diâmetro Geométrico médio (DGM, μm) e Desvio Padrão Geométrico (DPG): 816 e 1,73 para milho grosseiramente moído, 794 e 1,75 para milho finamente moído, 1,517 e 1,92 para milheto-grão e 760 e 1,73 para milheto finamente moído (Experimento 1); 1.866 e 1.86 para sorgo-grão, 919 e 1,62 para sorgo grosseiramente moído e 878 e 1,72 para sorgo finamente moído (Experimento 2). Os valores de AME e AMEn e os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, proteína e extrato etéreo foram determinados pelo método de coleta total de excretas. O coeficiente de metabolização da energia não apresentou diferença (P > 0,05) entre os grãos nas diferentes granulometrias. Os coeficientes de metabolização da matéria seca, do nitrogênio e do extrato etéreo foram incrementados com o aumento da granulometria para o milho. O fornecimento de grãos com maiores granulometrias proporciona aos frangos de crescimento lento a melhora na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e energia. Grãos inteiros de sorgo tem aproveitamento nutricional limitado para frangos de crescimento lento até 21 dias de idade.(AU)

Effect of crushed sugarcane on performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of free-range chicken lines / Efeito da cana-de-açúcar triturada sobre desempenho, características ósseas e morfologia intestinal de linhagens de frangos caipiras

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crushed sugarcane in the diet on the performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of slow-growing broiler strains. A total of 448 chickens at 35 days of age were allotted to two randomized blocks in a 4×2 factorial arrangement (levels of feed replacement with crushed sugarcane, on a fresh-matter basis: 0, 15, 30, and 45%) and two strains (Pesadão and Label Rouge (LR)). Two replicates were used per block over time (containing the treatments and the strains), and 14 individuals were used per experimental unit. Weight gain and feed intake decreased linearly in response to the increasing sugarcane levels. Feed intake was higher in the Pesadão strain than in LR. Chicken foot weight was lower in Pesadão than in LR. There were no effects of sugarcane levels or strains on the tarsometatarsal bone weight, breaking strength, maximum load and deformation. The drymatter (DM) content of the tarsometatarsal bone was lower in LR than in Pesadão. The replacement of feed with sugarcane induced a linear increase in bone ash content and a decrease in bone phosphorus and calcium contents. Label Rouge chickens showed a greater crypt depth and lower values of villus/crypt ratio and mucosal layer thickness. The performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens are negatively affected by increasing sugarcane levels in the diet. In addition, the increasing intake of sugarcane changesthe bone mineral composition without reducing mechanical resistance, in both the Pesadão and Label Rouge strains.

O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando avaliar o desempenho, as características ósseas e a morfologia intestinal de duas linhagens de frangos tipo caipira alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar triturada. Foram utilizados 448 frangos aos 35 dias de idade, distribuídos em dois blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro níveis de substituição (0; 15; 30 e 45%) da ração por cana-de-açúcar triturada e duas linhagens (Pesadão e Label Rouge (LR)), em duas repetições por bloco e 14 aves por unidade experimental. Foi observado redução linear com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar sobre o ganho em peso e consumo de ração. O consumo de ração foi maior na linhagem Pesadão em relação à linhagem LR. No entanto, o peso do pé das aves foi menor para a linhagem Pesadão em comparação com a linhagem LR. Não foi observado efeitos da substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar e das linhagens sobre o peso do osso tarsometatarso, carga de ruptura, força máxima e deformação. O teor de matéria seca do osso tarsometatarso foi menor para os animais LR em comparação com a linhagem Pesadão. A substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar aumentou linearmente o teor de cinzas dos ossos e diminuiu o teor de fósforo e o de cálcio. A linhagem LR apresentou maior profundidade de criptas, menor relação vilosidade/cripta e espessura da camada da mucosa. O desempenho e a morfologia intestinal de frangos caipiras são afetados negativamente com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar na dieta. Além disso, o aumento da ingestão de cana-de-açúcar altera a composição mineral óssea, sem prejudicar a resistência mecânica das linhagens Pesadão e LR.

Effect of crushed sugarcane on performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of free-range chicken lines / Efeito da cana-de-açúcar triturada sobre desempenho, características ósseas e morfologia intestinal de linhagens de frangos caipiras

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crushed sugarcane in the diet on the performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of slow-growing broiler strains. A total of 448 chickens at 35 days of age were allotted to two randomized blocks in a 4×2 factorial arrangement (levels of feed replacement with crushed sugarcane, on a fresh-matter basis: 0, 15, 30, and 45%) and two strains (Pesadão and Label Rouge (LR)). Two replicates were used per block over time (containing the treatments and the strains), and 14 individuals were used per experimental unit. Weight gain and feed intake decreased linearly in response to the increasing sugarcane levels. Feed intake was higher in the Pesadão strain than in LR. Chicken foot weight was lower in Pesadão than in LR. There were no effects of sugarcane levels or strains on the tarsometatarsal bone weight, breaking strength, maximum load and deformation. The drymatter (DM) content of the tarsometatarsal bone was lower in LR than in Pesadão. The replacement of feed with sugarcane induced a linear increase in bone ash content and a decrease in bone phosphorus and calcium contents. Label Rouge chickens showed a greater crypt depth and lower values of villus/crypt ratio and mucosal layer thickness. The performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens are negatively affected by increasing sugarcane levels in the diet. In addition, the increasing intake of sugarcane changesthe bone mineral composition without reducing mechanical resistance, in both the Pesadão and Label Rouge strains.(AU)

O presente estudo foi realizado objetivando avaliar o desempenho, as características ósseas e a morfologia intestinal de duas linhagens de frangos tipo caipira alimentados com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar triturada. Foram utilizados 448 frangos aos 35 dias de idade, distribuídos em dois blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4x2, sendo quatro níveis de substituição (0; 15; 30 e 45%) da ração por cana-de-açúcar triturada e duas linhagens (Pesadão e Label Rouge (LR)), em duas repetições por bloco e 14 aves por unidade experimental. Foi observado redução linear com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar sobre o ganho em peso e consumo de ração. O consumo de ração foi maior na linhagem Pesadão em relação à linhagem LR. No entanto, o peso do pé das aves foi menor para a linhagem Pesadão em comparação com a linhagem LR. Não foi observado efeitos da substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar e das linhagens sobre o peso do osso tarsometatarso, carga de ruptura, força máxima e deformação. O teor de matéria seca do osso tarsometatarso foi menor para os animais LR em comparação com a linhagem Pesadão. A substituição da ração por cana-de-açúcar aumentou linearmente o teor de cinzas dos ossos e diminuiu o teor de fósforo e o de cálcio. A linhagem LR apresentou maior profundidade de criptas, menor relação vilosidade/cripta e espessura da camada da mucosa. O desempenho e a morfologia intestinal de frangos caipiras são afetados negativamente com o aumento dos níveis de cana-de-açúcar na dieta. Além disso, o aumento da ingestão de cana-de-açúcar altera a composição mineral óssea, sem prejudicar a resistência mecânica das linhagens Pesadão e LR. (AU)

Nutritional evaluation of corn grown using different organic fertilizers for slow-growing broilers / Avaliação nutricional do milho cultivado com diferentes adubos orgânicos para frangos de crescimento lento

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, energy values and nutrient metabolizability coefficients of corn grown using different organic fertilizers and its use for feeding slow-growing broilers. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, two hundred 21-day-old broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and four replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. The treatments were a control diet and four test diets (corn fertilized with crotalaria, corn fertilized with millet, corn fertilized with humus, and corn without fertilization), including corn at 30% in the control diet. The apparent metabolizable energy, apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance, and apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were determined. In the performance trial, two hundred and fifty 1-day-old chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design into five treatments (T1 control diet with commercial corn, T2 corn without fertilization, T3 corn fertilized with humus, T4 corn fertilized with millet and T5 corn fertilized with crotalaria) and five replicates of 10 birds per experimental unit. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and final weight at 20 days were evaluated. The AME and AMEn values of corn fertilized with crotalaria, millet, humus and corn...(AU)

Objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar o milho cultivado com diferentes adubos orgânicos sobre a composição química, valores energéticos, coeficientes de metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes e sua utilização na alimentação de frangos de crescimento lento. Foram realizados dois experimentos, no primeiro experimento foram utilizadas duzentas aves de 21 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos, 4 repetições de 10 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de dieta referência e testes (milho adubado com crotalária, milho adubado com milheto, milho adubado com húmus e milho sem adubação), nas quais os milhos substituíram 30% da dieta referência. Foram determinados avaliados a energia metabolizável aparente, energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para o balanço de nitrogênio, os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade aparente da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta. No ensaio de desempenho, foram utilizados duzentos e cinquenta pintos de 1 dia, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos (T1 ração referência com milho comercial, T2 ração com milho sem adubação, T3 ração com milho adubado com húmus, T4 ração com milho adubado com milheto e T5 ração com milho adubado com crotalária) e cinco repetições de 10 aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o...(AU)

Diet metabolisability and performance of slow-growing chickens fed with cottonseed cake / Metabolizabilidade das dietas e desempenho dos frangos de crescimento lento alimentados com torta de algodão

The aim of this study was to evaluate poultry performance and diet metabolisability in slow- growing naked neck chickens fed different substitution levels of soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein. The trial was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% substitution of soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein), six replicates and fifteen birds per replicate. The birds and diets of each experimental unit were weighed at one day old. At 30, 60 and 85 days old, the chickens and leftovers were weighed again to estimate the feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion (FC) and final weight (FW) from 1 to 30 days, from 1 to 60 days and from 1 to 85 days old. To evaluate diet metabolisability, a three-day total excreta collection (26 to 28 days of age) was performed. A quadratic effect was reported for diet metabolisability, in which the minimum substitution level was 17.45% and 17.69% for apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), respectively. Based on performance, it is recommended to replace 40% soybean meal protein with cottonseed cake protein.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o desempenho das aves e a metabolizabilidade das dietas de frangos de crescimento lento, da linhagem pescoço pelado, alimentados níveis distintos de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40% de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão), seis repetições e quinze aves por repetição. Com um dia de idade foram pesadas as aves e as dietas de cada unidade experimental. E aos 30, 60 e 85 dias de idade as aves e as sobras das dietas foram pesadas novamente para contabilizar o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA) e peso final (PF) das aves no período de 1 a 30 dias, de 1 a 60 dias e de 1 a 85 dias de idade. Para avaliação da metabolizabilidade das dietas foi realizada a coleta total de excretas por três dias (26 a 28 dias de idade). Foi identificado efeito quadrático no ensaio de metabolizabilidade das dietas em que o nível mínimo de substituição foi de 17,45% e 17,69% para EMA e EMAn, respectivamente. Com base no desempenho recomenda-se 40% de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão.(AU)

Grapeseed meal used as natural antioxidant in high fatty acid diets for Hubbard broilers

The 7-week feeding trial evaluated the effect of 2% grapeseed meal used as natural antioxidant in the diets for slow-growing Hubbard broiler chicks, aged 14 days. The chicks were weighed individually and assigned to two groups (C and E), with 40 chicks per group, housed under conditions of temperature, humidity and light regimen according to the hybrid management guide. The basal ingredients of the conventional diet were corn, wheat, gluten, soybean meal and 2% flaxseed meal, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Compared to the control formulation, the experimental formulation included 2% grapeseed meal, both in the growing and finishing stages. The broilers had free access to feed and water. In the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected for serum biochemical determinations and six broilers per group were slaughtered and samples of breast and thigh meat were collected. The meat samples were assayed for the basic chemical composition, fatty acids profile and cholesterol content using standardized methods. The content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in breast samples, while cholesterol content was significantly lower (p<0.05) in thigh samples from E group, compared to C. Blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in group E than in group C. The study showed that the grapeseed meal used as natural antioxidant in broiler diets enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids given to Hubbard broilers had beneficial effects on broiler meat quality and on the metabolic profile of the blood plasma.(AU)

Grapeseed meal used as natural antioxidant in high fatty acid diets for Hubbard broilers

The 7-week feeding trial evaluated the effect of 2% grapeseed meal used as natural antioxidant in the diets for slow-growing Hubbard broiler chicks, aged 14 days. The chicks were weighed individually and assigned to two groups (C and E), with 40 chicks per group, housed under conditions of temperature, humidity and light regimen according to the hybrid management guide. The basal ingredients of the conventional diet were corn, wheat, gluten, soybean meal and 2% flaxseed meal, which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Compared to the control formulation, the experimental formulation included 2% grapeseed meal, both in the growing and finishing stages. The broilers had free access to feed and water. In the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected for serum biochemical determinations and six broilers per group were slaughtered and samples of breast and thigh meat were collected. The meat samples were assayed for the basic chemical composition, fatty acids profile and cholesterol content using standardized methods. The content of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in breast samples, while cholesterol content was significantly lower (p<0.05) in thigh samples from E group, compared to C. Blood glucose, cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in group E than in group C. The study showed that the grapeseed meal used as natural antioxidant in broiler diets enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids given to Hubbard broilers had beneficial effects on broiler meat quality and on the metabolic profile of the blood plasma.

Metabolizable energy of rice bran, cottonseed meal and wheat bran for slow-growing broilers at two ages / Energia metabolizável dos farelos de arroz, algodão e trigo para frangos de crescimento lento em duas idades

The aim of this study was to evaluate bromatological composition and metabolizable energy values of cottonseed meal, rice meal, and wheat bran when provided to slow growth rate broilers at different ages. Energy values of 15- to 25- and 35- to 45-day-old broilers were determined by the total feces collection method using two digestibility bioassays. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design to evaluate the age effect, with six replicates of 10 chickens each, for each ingredient. Values of apparent metabolizable energy adjusted by nitrogen balance (kcal/kg), for the first and second ages were: 1,255 and 1,564 for cottonseed meal, 3,124 and 3,301 for rice meal, and, 2,211 and 2,383 for wheat bran, respectively. The ingredients showed some variations regarding chemical composition and energy values, which were higher (P < 0.05) in older broiler chickens.

O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi determinar a composição bromatológica e os valores de energia metabolizável para frangos de corte de crescimento lento em diferentes idades dos ingredientes: farelo de algodão, farelo de arroz e farelo de trigo. Para determinação dos valores energéticos foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas em dois ensaios de digestibilidade de 15 a 25 e de 35 a 45 dias de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, avaliando o efeito da idade, com seis repetições constituídas de 10 aves, para cada ingrediente. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (kcal/kg), para primeira e segunda idade respectivamente, foram: farelo de algodão, 1.255 e 1.564; farelo de arroz, 3.124 e 3.301; farelo de trigo, 2.211 e 2.383. Os alimentos apresentaram variação quanto a composição química, bem como o valor energético foi superior (P<0,05) para os frangos de maior idade.

Metabolizable energy of rice bran, cottonseed meal and wheat bran for slow-growing broilers at two ages / Energia metabolizável dos farelos de arroz, algodão e trigo para frangos de crescimento lento em duas idades

The aim of this study was to evaluate bromatological composition and metabolizable energy values of cottonseed meal, rice meal, and wheat bran when provided to slow growth rate broilers at different ages. Energy values of 15- to 25- and 35- to 45-day-old broilers were determined by the total feces collection method using two digestibility bioassays. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design to evaluate the age effect, with six replicates of 10 chickens each, for each ingredient. Values of apparent metabolizable energy adjusted by nitrogen balance (kcal/kg), for the first and second ages were: 1,255 and 1,564 for cottonseed meal, 3,124 and 3,301 for rice meal, and, 2,211 and 2,383 for wheat bran, respectively. The ingredients showed some variations regarding chemical composition and energy values, which were higher (P < 0.05) in older broiler chickens.(AU)

O objetivo nesta pesquisa foi determinar a composição bromatológica e os valores de energia metabolizável para frangos de corte de crescimento lento em diferentes idades dos ingredientes: farelo de algodão, farelo de arroz e farelo de trigo. Para determinação dos valores energéticos foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas em dois ensaios de digestibilidade de 15 a 25 e de 35 a 45 dias de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, avaliando o efeito da idade, com seis repetições constituídas de 10 aves, para cada ingrediente. Os valores de energia metabolizável aparente corrigida pelo balanço de nitrogênio (kcal/kg), para primeira e segunda idade respectivamente, foram: farelo de algodão, 1.255 e 1.564; farelo de arroz, 3.124 e 3.301; farelo de trigo, 2.211 e 2.383. Os alimentos apresentaram variação quanto a composição química, bem como o valor energético foi superior (P<0,05) para os frangos de maior idade.(AU)

Alternative Transcription of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma in the Liver Is Associated with Fatness of Chickens

ABSTRACT The expression of four transcription variant of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene (PPARG) (XM_015292931.1; XM_015292932.1; XM_015292933.1 and NM_001001460.1) in the liver of broilers was measured and its correlation with abdominal fat weight and relative abdominal fat content was investigated. The study was conducted with 92 slow-growing crossbred chickens (Cobb males x indigenous Green-legged Partridge female chickens) divided into fat and lean groups, according to their abdominal fat yield. The NM_001001460.1 transcriptwas upregulated with ratio of means 4.26 (p0.01) in the fat group in relation to the lean group. Expression of this transcript was highly correlated with relative abdominal fat content (0.71, p0.01) and abdominal fat weight (0.59, p0.01). Two SNPs are located in putative transcription factor binding sites. Mutation -991C>A disrupts PPAR while mutation -884C>T disrupts C/EBP putative binding site. The gene expression analysis of PPARg showed that the expression of the transcripts (NM_001001460.1) was more than four times higher in fat than in lean chickens. These results point out that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma NM_001001460.1 transcript could be candidate gene for determination of abdominal fat deposition in the chickens.