The ability of different formulations of artificial saliva to protect dentin from erosive wear / Ação protetora de diferentes formulações de saliva artificial no desgaste erosivo

Objective: Evaluate the protective effect of artificial saliva formulations associated or not with mucin on dentin. Materials and Methods: Bovine dentin specimens were randomly allocated to 10 groups (n = 20) according to the artificial saliva tested and the presence or absence of mucin: Amaechi et al. (1998); Klimek et al. (1982); Vieira et al. (2005) and Eisenburger et al. (2001) and deionized water (control). Samples were submitted to an erosive cycle consisting of two immersions of 120 min in the saliva, followed by 1 min in hydrochloric acid solution, and new storage in saliva for 120 min. Surface loss (µm) was measured before and after the cycle. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). Results: A significant difference was observed for the saliva formulation but not for the presence of mucin. The deionized water provided the highest surface loss and the Eisenburger's saliva formulation the lowest. The groups testing the Amaechi, Klimek, and Vieira saliva did not present significant differences. Conclusion: Eisenburger's saliva formulation provides a higher protective effect against dentin erosion. The presence of mucin did not increase the erosion-preventive effect of artificial saliva formulations. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito protetor de formulações de saliva artificial associadas ou não à mucina sobre a dentina submetida a erosão. Material e Métodos: Espécimes de dentina bovina foram alocados em 10 grupos (n = 20) de acordo com a saliva testada e a presença ou ausência de mucina: . Amaechi et al. (1998); Klimek et al. (1982); Vieira e cols. (2005), Eisenburger et al (2001) e agua deionizada (controle). As amostras foram submetidas a um ciclo erosivo composto por duas imersões de 120 min na saliva, seguidas de 1 min em solução de ácido clorídrico e novo armazenamento na saliva por 120 min. A perda de superfície (µm) foi medida antes e depois do ciclo. Os dados foram analisados usando ANOVA 2 fatores e teste de Tukey (p <0,05). Resultados: Foi observada diferença significativa para a formulação de saliva, mas não para a presença de mucina. A água deionizada proporcionou a maior perda de superfície e a formulação de saliva de Eisenburger a menor. Os grupos que testaram a saliva Amaechi, Klimek e Vieira não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre si. Conclusão: A formulação de saliva de Eisenburger fornece o maior efeito protetor contra a erosão dentinária e a presença de mucina não aumentou o efeito preventivo de erosão de formulações de saliva artificial (AU).

Adhesion of a sealant with pre-reacted glass ionomer particles under salivary contamination: an in vitro study

Objective: this in vitro study compared the adhesive strengths of the resin sealant with the Giomer technology sealant under salivary contamination. Materials and Methods: fifty-two bovine incisors were randomly divided into four groups (n=13): GI, a resin sealant (Fluroshield®) without salivary contamination (control of GII); GII, Fluroshield sealant + salivary contamination; GIII, a Giomer technology sealant (BeautiSealant®) without salivary contamination (control of GIV); and GIV, BeautiSealant® sealant + salivary contamination. In the salivary contamination groups, artificial saliva was used through a pipette, and after 20 s, it was air-dried and the sealant was applied. Shear strength tests were performed using a universal testing machine. One-way ANOVA variance and Tukey's test were used for multiple comparisons. The fracture types were analyzed using a stereomicroscope with 40X magnification. Results: the means and standard deviations (SD) of adhesion for Fluroshield® and BeautiSealant® in the group without salivary contamination were 15.27 (±0.96) and 11.90 (±0.94), and for the group with salivary contamination, 13.14 (±1.03) and 8.95 (±1.33), respectively, indicating a statistically significant difference between GI and GII p=0.020, GIII and GIV p=0.041. Mixed failures were detected in GI (38%), GII (44%), GIII (38%), and GIV (62%). Conclusion: there was a statistically significant decrease in the adhesive strength values in the groups with salivary contamination for both the sealants studied. However, no significant difference was observed between the two sealants when the materials used were compared.

Objetivo: este estudo in vitro comparou as forças adesivas do selante resinoso com o selante da tecnologia Giomer sob contaminação salivar. Materiais e Métodos: cinquenta e dois incisivos bovinos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=13): GI, um selante resinoso (Fluroshield®) sem contaminação salivar (controle do GII); GII, selante Fluroshield + contaminação salivar; GIII, um selante com tecnologia Giomer (BeautiSealant®) sem contaminação salivar (controle do GIV); e GIV, selante BeautiSealant® + contaminação salivar. Nos grupos de contaminação salivar, a saliva artificial foi utilizada por meio de uma pipeta e, após 20 s, foi seca ao ar e aplicado o selante. Os testes de resistência ao cisalhamento foram realizados usando uma máquina de teste universal. A variância ANOVA de uma via e o teste de Tukey foram usados para comparações múltiplas. Os tipos de fratura foram analisados em estereomicroscópio com aumento de 40X. Resultados: as médias e desvios padrão (DP) de adesão para Fluroshield® e BeautiSealant® no grupo sem contaminação salivar foram 15,27 (±0,96) e 11,90 (±0,94), e após contaminação salivar foram 13,14 (±1,03) e 8,95 (±1,33), respectivamente, indicando haver diferença estatisticamente significante entre GI e GII p=0.020, GIII e GIV p=0.041. Falhas mistas foram detectadas em GI (38%), GII (44%), GIII (38%) e GIV (62%). Conclusão: houve diminuição estatisticamente significativa dos valores de resistência adesiva nos grupos com contaminação salivar para ambos os selantes estudados. No entanto, não foi observada diferença significativa entre os dois selantes quando comparados os materiais utilizados.

Comparative of flexural strength, hardness, and fluoride release of two bioactive restorative materials with RMGI and composite resin

Aim: This study was fulfilled to evaluate the flexural strength, micro-hardness, and release of two fluoride ions of bioactive restorative materials (Cention N and Activa Bioactive), a resin modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC), and a resin composite (Filtek z250). Methods: Forty samples from four restorative materials (Activa Bioactive, Fuji II LC, Cention N, and Filtek Z250) were provided according to the current standards of ISO 4049/2000 guide lines. Subsequently, the samples were stored for 24 hours and 6 months in artificial saliva, and successively, flexural strength and micro-hardness of the samples were measured. For each studied groups the pH was decreased from 6.8 to 4 in storage solution. The rate of changes in fluoride ion release was measured after three different storage periods of 24 hours, 48 hours, and 6 months in distilled water, according to the previous studies' method. Two-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD Pair wise comparisons, and independent t-tests were used to analyze data (α= 0.05). Results: The highest flexural strength and surface micro-hardness after 24 hours and also after 6 month were observed for Cention N(p<0.001).Flexural strength of all samples stored for 6 months was significantly lower than the samples stored for 24 hours(p<0.001). The accumulative amount of the released fluoride ion in RMGI, after six-month storage period in distilled water was considerably higher (p<0.001) than 24 hours and 48 hours storage. The amount of fluoride ion release with increasing acidity of the environment (from pH 6.8 to 4) in Fuji II LC glass ionomer was higher than the bioactive materials (p<0.05). Conclusion: The flexural strength of RMGI was increased after storage against the Activa Bioactive,Cention N and Z250 composite. Storage of restorative materials in artificial saliva leads to a significant reduction in micro hardness. The behavior and amount of released fluoride ions in these restorative materials, which are stored in an acidic environment, were dependent on the type of restorative material

Síndrome da ardência bucal: relato de caso clínico / Oral burning syndrome: a clinical case report

O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal descrever por meio de um relato de caso clínico o diagnóstico e a conduta clínica de uma paciente portadora da Síndrome da Ardência Bucal (SAB). A SAB é definida como uma dor crônica e de difícil diagnóstico e difícil tratamento. O local mais acometido pela SAB é a língua, lábios e mucosa jugal, mas pode estar presente em qualquer parte da mucosa oral, causando desconforto e interferindo na qualidade de vida do paciente. Paciente do sexo feminino, leucoderma, 39 anos, sem histórico de doenças sistêmicas, saúde geral em bom estado, procurou atendimento no Centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha ­ FSG por apresentar sensação de ardência recorrente na língua e na mucosa, que aumentava em momentos de estresse ou durante a ingestão de alimentos cítricos, picantes ou quentes. A paciente realizou exames complementares (hemograma completo, glicemia de jejum, exame de vitamina B12) e primeiramente, iniciou-se o tratamento com antifúngico tópico para remoção de uma camada esbranquiçada presente no dorso da língua. Após a remissão desta, foi utilizado AD-Muc tópico 2 vezes ao dia, durante 2 semanas e relatou ter reduzido seus sintomas em torno de 70%. A paciente ainda apresentava xerostomia e, então foi prescrita saliva artificial. A paciente teve a regressão total de seus sintomas. Pode-se concluir que diversos fatores etiológicos estão relacionados com a SAB, porém sua causa específica permanece desconhecida. O tratamento é paliativo, entretanto, o Ad-muc tópico se mostrou eficaz na redução da sintomatologia da SAB juntamente com o uso da saliva artificial(AU)

The present study aimed to describe, through a clinical case report, the diagnosis and clinical conduct of a patient with Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS). BMSis defined as chronic pain that is difficult to diagnose and difficult to treat. The site most affected by BMS is the tongue, lips, and cheek mucosa, but it can be present in any part of the oral mucosa, causing discomfort and interfering with the patient's quality of life. Female patient, leucoderma, 39 years old, with no history of systemic diseases, general health in good condition, sought care at the Centro Universitário da Serra Gaúcha - FSG for presenting a recurrent burning sensation in the tongue and mucosa, which increased in times of stress or while eating citrus, spicy or hot foods. The patient underwent complementary tests (complete blood count, fasting blood glucose, vitamin B12 test) and first, treatment with topical antifungal was started to remove a whitish layer present on the back of the tongue. After remission, topical AD-Muc was used twice a day for 2 weeks and reported to have reduced his symptoms by around 70%. The patient still had xerostomia and then artificial saliva was prescribed. The patient had a total regression of her symptoms. It can be concluded that several etiological factors are related to SAB, but its specific cause remains unknown. Treatment is palliative, however, topical Ad-muc is effective in reducing the symptomsof BMS also with the use of artificial saliva(AU)

Análise físico-química de balas duras e mastigáveis e o seu efeito desmineralizante em esmalte bovino / Physico-chemical analysis of hard and soft candies and their demineralizing effect in bovine enamel

Objetivo: avaliar o potencial cariogênico de balas duras e mastigáveis e seu potencial desmineralizante em esmalte bovino. Métodos: foram selecionadas 30 balas de diferentes marcas, divididas em balas duras (n=11), Tic Tac®, Halls® e IceKiss®, e balas mastigáveis (n=19), Lílith®, Azedinha®, Mentos Rainbow® e Dori Gomets®. As balas foram dissolvidas em água destilada (1:10) e foram avaliados pH, acidez titulável (ATT) e presença de sólidos solúveis totais (SST/°Brix). Na ciclagem erosiva, 40 espécimes de esmalte bovino foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=10): GCN ­ saliva artificial; GCP ­ ácido clorídrico; GT1 ­ solução da bala Lílith® maçã verde; GT2 ­ solução da bala IceKiss® extraforte. O desafio erosivo foi realizado por 2 minutos, 4x/dia, segui-do de 2 horas de imersão em saliva artificial durante cinco dias. Resultados: os valores de pH para as balas duras e mastigáveis variaram de 2,88 a 5,53 e de 2,73 a 4,16, respectivamente. ATT em pH 5,5 variou de 0,07 mL a 39,40 mL de NaOH 0,1 N, para as balas duras, e de 1,53 mL a 35,83 mL, para balas mastigáveis. ATT em pH 7,0 variou de 0,2 mL a 49,13 mL de NaOH, para balas duras, e de 2,37 mL a 49,97 mL, para as mastigáveis. O conteúdo de SST de todas as balas duras foi superior a 8,5°Brix, já entre as mastigáveis variou de 5,3 a 8,83°Brix. O GCP apresentou maior desmineralização que GCN e GT2 (p<0,05). Conclusão: a maioria das balas duras e mastigáveis dissolvidas em água destilada mostraram-se potencialmente erosivas e cariogênicas.(AU)

Objective: evaluate the cariogenic potential of hard and soft candies and their demineralizing potential in bovine enamel. Methods: 30 candies of different brands were selected, divided into hard candies (n=11): Tic Tac®, Halls® and IceKiss® and soft candies (n=19): Lílith®, Azedinha®, Mentos Rainbow® and Dori Gomets®. The candies were dissolved in distilled water (1:10) and pH, titratable acidity (TT) and presence of total soluble solids (SST/°Brix) were evaluated. In erosive cycling, 40 specimens of bovine enamel were divided into four groups (n=10): GCN - artificial saliva; GCP - hydrochloric acid; GT1 - Lilith® apple green candy solution; GT2 - IceKiss® Extra Strong candy Solution. The erosive challenge was performed for 2 minutes, 4X/day, followed by 2 hours of immersion in artificial saliva for five days. Results: pH values for hard and soft candies ranged from 2.88 to 5.53 and 2.73 to 4, respectively. ATT at pH 5.5 varied from 0.07 mL to 39.40 mL of 0.1 N NaOH for hard candies and 1.53 mL to 35.83 mL for soft candies. ATT at pH 7,0 varied from 0.2 mL to 49.13 mL of 0.1 N NaOH for hard candies and from 2.37 mL to 49.97 mL for soft candies. The content of SST of all hard candies was higher than 8.5 °Brix and for soft candies, varied between 5.3 to 8.83 °Brix. The GCP group showed greater demineralization than GCN and GT2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: most hard and soft candies dissolved in distilled water were potentially erosive and cariogenic.(AU)

Efeito de vernizes à base de copolímeros do polimetacrilato na proteção contra o desgaste dental erosivo / Effect of varnishes based on polymethacrylate copolymers on protection against erosive dental wear

O aumento da prevalência de desgaste dental erosivo nos últimos anos, que apresenta uma etiologia multifatorial, se deve principalmente à mudança no estilo de vida das populações em geral. Assim, o diagnóstico precoce e a adoção de medidas preventivas são essenciais para o controle deste problema. Os copolímeros do polimetacrilato apresentaram um promissor potencial anti-erosivo associado a soluções fluoretadas em estudos prévios de nosso grupo de pesquisa. Abordagens adicionais envolvem o uso de agentes aplicados em consultório, que podem estar associados a concentrações mais elevadas de agentes fluoretados. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a efetividade de uma nova formulação experimental com agentes formadores de película bioadesiva à base de copolímeros do polimetacrilato, bem como a associação destes ao fluoreto de sódio (F) em proteger o esmalte dental frente a desafios erosivos e abrasivos. Amostras de esmalte bovino polidas foram preparadas e os perfis superficiais iniciais determinados por meio de um perfilômetro de contato. Foi realizada então a desmineralização do esmalte (ácido cítrico 0,3%, pH 2,6- 5 min) para simulação da erosão inicial e nova leitura de perfil. Os espécimes foram estratificados para receberem os tratamentos de acordo com os seguintes grupos (n= 15): Controle negativo (água ultrapura); verniz comercial (Duraphat ­ NaF ­ 22600 ppm F-); formulação experimental à base de copolímero catiônico aminometacrilato (AMC) (Eudragit E100 ­ 15%); formulação experimental à base de copolímero aniônico metilmetacrilato (MMC) (Eudragit L100- 15%). As formulações experimentais foram ainda testadas associadas ao fluoreto de sódio (NaF ­ 22600 ppm F-). Os produtos foram aplicados sobre a superfície dos espécimes e foi realizada novamente a leitura do perfil para mensuração da espessura da camada de tratamento aplicada sobre o esmalte. Estes foram então armazenados em saliva artificial por 6 h. Foi então realizada a ciclagem erosiva-abrasiva, com imersão em ácido cítrico a 0,3% (5 min) intercalado com saliva artificial (1h). A abrasão foi realizada após o primeiro e último desafio erosivo diários. Foram realizadas leituras de perfil após o 1º, 3º, 5º, 7º e 9º dias de ciclagem para determinação da perda do esmalte (em µm), comparando-se os perfis obtidos após a erosão inicial e após a ciclagem. Adicionalmente, foi mensurada em espécimes adicionais tratados, a quantidade de flúor fracamente adsorvido à superfície do esmalte (solúvel em KOH), utilizando eletrodo específico (dados em µg/cm²). Foram utilizados os testes ANOVA e Tukey (5%) para os dados medidos ao final da ciclagem. Os dados de perda superficial (média±desvio-padrão) obtidos com os copolímeros AMC (-11,23 ± 3,50)b e MMC (-11,26 ± 2,38)b mostraram potencial protetor significantemente maior do que o controle negativo (-18,31±2,62)a. Os menores valores de perda de esmalte foram observados para os grupos Duraphat (-4,56±1,78)c, AMC+F (-6,26±1,79)c e MMC+F (-7,03±2,49)c, sem diferença significante entre eles (p<0,05). Para o teste adicional de concentração de flúor solúvel em KOH, foram aplicados os testes não paramétricos de Kruskal Wallis e de comparações múltiplas de Dunn (5%). O controle negativo apresentou valores (mediana / distância interquartil) significantemente menores de flúor adsorvido ao esmalte (0,90 / 0,43-1,04)a comparado aos demais. Observou-se maior valor de mediana para o grupo MMC+F (27,42 / 18,30-29,73)b do que para o AMC+F (6,50 / 5,48-8,71)c e o valor obtido para o Duraphat foi intermediário (9,15 / 7,97-14,95)bc. Concluiu-se que os copolímeros do polimetacrilato foram capazes de diminuir a perda do esmalte, apresentando potencial protetor similar ao do Duraphat quando associados ao fluoreto de sódio. O copolímero aniônico (MMC) proporcionou formação de maior quantidade de flúor adsorvido ao esmalte do que o copolímero catiônico (AMC), sendo ambos similares ao verniz comercial Duraphat.

The increase in the prevalence of erosive tooth wear in the last years, which has a multifactorial etiology, is mainly due to the changes in the lifestyle of populations in general. Thus, early diagnosis and the adoption of preventive measures are essential for controlling this problem. Polymethacrylate copolymers showed promising antierosion potential associates with fluoride solutions in previous studies conducted by our research group. Additional approaches involve the use of office-applied agents containing higher concentrations of fluorides. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a new formulation with bioadhesive film forming agents based on polymethacrylate copolymers, as well as its association with sodium fluoride (F) in protecting dental enamel against erosive and abrasive challenges. Polished bovine enamel samples were used and surface profiles was determined with a contact profilometer. Then, demineralization of enamel (0,3% citric acid pH 2,6-5 min) was performed to simulate the initial erosion and a new profile reading was made. The specimens were randomized to receive treatments according to the following groups (n=15): Negative control (ultrapure water); commercial varnish (Duraphat- NaF-22600 ppm F- ); experimental formulation based on cationic polymethacrylate copolymer (Eudragit E100 ­ 15%); experimental formulation based on anionic polymethacrylate copolymer (Eudragit L100 ­ 15%). The experimental formulations were also tested in association with sodium fluoride (NaF ­ 22600 ppm F- ). The surface profile of the specimens was read again to observe the thickness of the treatment layer applied to the enamel. These were then stored in artificial saliva for 6 h. Erosive-abrasive cycling was then carried out, with immersion in 0,3% citric acid (5 min) interspersed with artificial saliva (1h). Abrasion was carried out after the first and last daily erosive challenge. Profile readings were performed after the 1st, 3rd, 5th , 7th and 9th cycling days to determine the enamel loss (in µm), comparing the profiles obtained after initial erosion and after cycling. Additionally, the amount of fluoride weakly adsorbed to the enamel surface (soluble in KOH) was measured in additional treated specimens, using a specific electrode (data in µg/cm2 ). ANOVA and Tukey tests (5%) were used for the data measured at the end of the cycle. The surface loss data (mean ± standard deviation) obtained with the AMC (-11.23 ± 3.50)b and MMC (-11.26 ± 2.38)b copolymers showed significantly greater protective potential than the negative control (-18.31 ± 2.62)a. The lowest values of enamel loss were observed for the groups Duraphat (-4.56 ± 1.78), AMC +F (-6.26 ± 1.79)c and MMC +F (-7.03 ± 2.49)c, with no significant difference between them (p<0.05). For the additional KOH- soluble fluoride concentration test, Kruskal Wallis non-parametric tests and Dunn´s multiple comparisons tests (5%) were applied. The negative control showed significantly lower values (median/ interquartile distance) of fluoride adsorbed to the enamel (0.90 / 0.43-1.04)a compared to the others. A higher median values was observed for the MMC+F (27.42/18.30-29.73)b group than for the AMC+F (6.50 / 5.48-8.71)c and the value obtained for Duraphat was intermediate (9.15 / 7.97-14.95)bc. It was concluded that the polymethacrylate copolymers were able to reduce enamel loss, presenting a protective potential similar to that of Duraphat when associated with sodium fluoride. The anionic copolymer (MMC) provided formation of a greater amount of fluoride adsorbed to the enamel than the cationic copolymer (AMC), both being similar to the commercial varnish Duraphat.

Avaliação do efeito protetor, remineralizante e antimicrobiano de dentifrícios contendo partículas bioativas / Evaluation of protective, remineralizing and antimicrobial effect of toothpastes containing bioactive particles

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial protetor contra a desmineralização e o efeito remineralizante de dentifrícios experimentais contendo diferentes concentrações de partículas de vidro ionomérico pré-reagido (S-PRG - surface prereacted glass ionomer cement). Adicionalmente, o potencial antimicrobiano foi avaliado. Foram preparados 168 espécimes cilíndricos (4mm - diâmetro; 2mm - altura) de esmalte bovino hígido e polido para avaliação do potencial protetor (n=84) e remineralizante (n=84). Estes foram estratificados nos seguintes grupos de tratamento (n=12), de acordo com a concentração das partículas bioativas (S-PGR) incorporadas nos dentifrícios: 0%; 1%; 5%; 20% e 30%. Um dentifrício contendo NaF (1450 µg F/mL) foi utilizado como controle positivo e a água ultrapurificada foi utilizada como controle negativo. Os tratamentos com as suspensões de dentifrícios (1:3 com saliva artificial) foram realizados 2x/dia ­ 5 min/8 dias, intercalados com a ciclagem des/remineralizante. Para avaliação do potencial protetor dos tratamentos contra a desmineralização, os espécimes foram imersos em solução desmineralizante por 4 h e em solução remineralizante por 20 h. Para a avaliação do potencial remineralizante dos dentifrícios, os espécimes foram submetidos à formação de lesão de mancha branca artificial em solução desmineralizante por 20 h e então foram submetidos aos mesmos tratamentos e ciclagem des/re (2 h em solução des e 22 h em solução re). Após a ciclagem, os espécimes foram analisados quanto a dureza superficial, subsuperficial. Adicionalmente, o pH da suspensão de dentifrício preparada em água destilada foi determinado. A avaliação do efeito dos dentifrícios sobre a adesão bacteriana e crescimento do biofilme foi realizada por meio de testes em uma cepa padrão de S. mutans (UA159) e em uma cepa clínica de S mutans. Para cada cepa, 35 espécimes de esmalte bovino polido (6mm - diâmetro; 2mm - altura) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos mesmos grupos de tratamento (n=5), porém para a avaliação do efeito antimicrobiano, um dentifrício contendo 1450 µg F/mL + triclosan foi utilizado como controle positivo. Os espécimes foram tratados com as suspensões (5 min) e então inseridos em uma placa contendo sacarose, saliva artificial e uma suspensão S. mutans (padrão e clínica) para permitir a formação do biofilme. Então, foi realizada a contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias por mL (UFC/mL) após 48 h. O efeito antimicrobiano sobre um biofilme recém-formado e maduro também foi avaliado. Para isso, 35 blocos de esmalte bovino foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos sete grupos citados anteriormente (n=5). Os espécimes foram inseridos em uma placa contendo sacarose, saliva artificial e uma suspensão S. mutans para permitir a adesão bacteriana. Após 4 h e 24 h da formação inicial do biofilme, os espécimes foram tratados com um dos dentifrícios contendo diferentes concentrações de S-PRG e controles e retornaram ao meio de cultura. Após 48 h, a contagem de UFC/mL foi realizada. Análises estatísticas independentes foram realizadas entre os grupos para cada estudo. Os dados foram analisados com ANOVA e teste de Tukey (5%). Os dentifrícios contendo S-PRG apresentaram potencial protetor contra a desmineralização e o dentifrício com 30% S-PRG foi o mais eficaz, diferindo do controle positivo (p<0,05). Para a remineralização, dentifrícios contendo S-PRG diferiram do controle negativo (p<0,05), mas não diferiram entre si e não foram superiores ao dentifrício contendo NaF. Uma diminuição significativa na adesão de microrganismos foi observada para todos os grupos tratados com os dentifrícios contendo S-PRG e para a cepa UA159 os dentifrícios com 20 e 30%S-PRG apresentaram efeito superior ao dentifrício contendo NaF+Triclosan (p<0,05). Efeito antimicrobiano sobre o biofilme recém-formado (4 h) também foi observado para os grupos tratados com dentifrícios contendo S-PRG, mas não foi observado efeito superior ao dentifrício contendo NaF+Triclosan (p>0,05). Para o biofilme maduro, efeito antimicrobiano dos dentifrícios contendo S-PRG foi observado apenas para a cepa clínica (p<0.05), sendo inferior ao exercido pelo controle positivo. Concluiu-se que os dentifrícios contendo S-PRG apresentam capacidade de proteger o esmalte contra a desmineralização, bem como capacidade remineralizante, além de serem capazes de impedir a adesão bacteriana e atuar sobre o crescimento do biofilme cariogênico.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective, remineralizing, and antimicrobial potential of experimental toothpastes containing different concentrations of pre-reacted glass ionomer particles (S-PRG). Cylindrical specimens (n=84, 4mm- diameter, 2mm-height) of sound and polished bovine enamel were prepared to evaluate the protective and remineralizing potential of the toothpastes. These were stratified into the following treatment groups (n=12), according to the concentration of bioactive particles (S-PGR) incorporated to the toothpastes: 0%; 1%; 5%; 20%; and 30%. A toothpaste containing 1450 µg F/mL was used as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Treatments with toothpastes' slurries (1:3 with artificial saliva) were performed 2x/day - 5 min / 8 days, interposed with de/remineralization cycling. To evaluate the protective potential of the toothpastes, specimens were immersed in demineralizing solution for 4 h and in a remineralizing solution for 20 h. To evaluate the remineralizing potential of toothpastes, the specimens were submitted to the formation of white spot lesion in demineralizing solution for 20 h and then submitted to the same treatments de- and remineralizing pH-cycling (2 h in de- and 22 h in remineralizing solution). Specimens were analysed for surface and cross-sectional hardness. Additionally, the pH of the slurries prepared in deionized water was assessed. The effect of toothpastes over microorganisms adhesion and their antimicrobial potential over a newly formed and mature biofilms were also evaluated. To evaluate the effect of toothpastes on microorganisms adhesion and biofilm development, two different studies were performed using a S mutans strain (UA159) and a S mutans clinical strain. 35 specimens of polished bovine enamel (6mm- diameter, 2mm-height) were randomly distributed in the same treatment groups (n=5). The specimens were treated with the suspensions and then inserted into a plate containing sucrose, artificial saliva and a standard suspension of S. mutans to allow microorganisms adhesion and then colony forming units per ml (CFU/mL) counting was performed after 48 h. The antimicrobial effect on a newly formed and mature biofilms was also evaluated. For this, 35 blocks of bovine enamel were randomly distributed into the seven previously mentioned groups (n=5). The specimens were inserted into a plate containing sucrose, artificial saliva and a standard suspension of S. mutans to allow biofilm formation. After 4 h and 24 h of the initial formation of the biofilm, the specimens were treated with one of the toothpastes containing different concentrations of S-PRG and were return to the culture medium. After 48 h the CFU/mL counting were performed. Independent statistical analyses were performed for each study. Data were analysed with ANOVA and Tukey test (5%). The S-PRG containing toothpastes presented protective potential and the 30% S-PRG was the most effective, differing from the positive control (p<0.05). For remineralization, toothpastes containing S-PRG differed from the negative control and 0% S-PRG (p<0.05), but did not differ from each other and were not superior to toothpaste containing NaF (p>0.05). A significant decrease in the adhesion of microorganisms was observed for all groups treated with the S-PRG containing toothpastes and for the UA159 strain the 20 and 30% S-PRG toothpastes had a superior effect than the NaF+Triclosan (p<0.05). Antimicrobial effect on the newly formed biofilm (4 h) was also observed for the groups treated with S-PRG, but no greater effect was observed than that of NaF+Triclosan (p>0.05). For mature biofilm, antimicrobial effect of S-PRG toothpastes was observed only for the clinical strain (p<0.05), and were inferior than NaF+Triclosan toothpaste. It could be concluded that, toothpastes containing S-PRG presented higher efficacy in protecting enamel against demineralization and in promoting remineralization, as well as inhibiting the cariogenic biofilm developmen

Generation I and Generation II Elastomeric Chains Characteristics Comparison in Artificial Saliva Immersion / Comparação das Características dos Elásticos Ortodônticos tipo Corrente de Geração I e Geração II em Imersão em Saliva Artificial

Objective: To determine the force decay and discoloration in Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chain on artificial saliva immersion. Material and methods: Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chains stretched on an acrylic board and immersed in artificial saliva for 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days according to the group of days. On each specified day, the force of each sample measured by an orthodontic force gauge and the magnitude of the force obtained is entered to the formula to find out the force decay in percentage, whereas discoloration of each sample analyzed by the color reader with CIE Lab analysis. Results: The force decay between Generation I and Generation II elastomeric chains showed a statistically significant difference in every group of days, in which Generation II is more effective in maintaining stretch force. Similar to force decay, the discoloration in Generation I elastomeric chains on the 14th day showed significant value and Generation II elastomeric chains were more stable in maintaining color compared to Generation I. Conclusions: over the entire research period time, Generation II elastomeric chains are more stable in maintaining stretch forces and color compared to Generation I elastomeric chains. (AU)

Objetivo: Determinar a queda de força e descoloração nos elásticos ortodônticos tipo corrente de Geração I e Geração II na imersão em saliva artificial. Material e métodos: Elásticos Geração I e Geração II foram esticados em placas de acrílico e imersas em saliva artificial por 1, 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, de acordo com o grupo de dias. Em cada dia especificado, a força de cada amostra medida por um medidor de força ortodôntica e a magnitude da força obtida são inseridos na fórmula para descobrir sua queda em porcentagem, enquanto a descoloração de cada amostra foi analisada pelo leitor de cores "CIE Lab". Resultados: A queda da força entre os elásticos Geração I e Geração II apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa em todos os grupos de dias, sendo que a de Geração II foi mais efetiva na manutenção da força de alongamento. Semelhante à queda de força, a descoloração nos elásticos da Geração I mostrou um valor significativo no 14º dia, e elásticos da Geração II foram mais estáveis na manutenção da cor em comparação com a Geração I. Conclusões: durante todo o período de pesquisa, os elásticos tipo corrente da Geração II foram mais estáveis na manutenção das forças de alongamento e da cor em comparação com os elásticos da Geração I (AU)

Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel

Abstract Objective: To analyze color change, microhardness and chemical composition of enamel bleached with in-office bleaching agent with different desensitizing application protocols. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen polished anterior human enamel surfaces were obtained and randomly divided into nine groups (n = 13). After recording initial color, microhardness and chemical composition, the bleaching treatments were performed as G1: Signal Professional White Now POWDER&LIQUID FAST 38% Hydrogen peroxide(S); G2: S+Flor Opal/0.5% fluoride ion(F); G3: S+GC Tooth Mousse/Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste(TM); G4: S+UltraEZ/3% potassium nitrate&0.11% fluoride(U); G5: S+Signal Professional SENSITIVE PHASE 1/30% Nano-Hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) suspension(SP); G6: S-F mixture; G7: S-TM mixture; G8: S-U mixture; G9: S-SP mixture. Color, microhardness and chemical composition measurements were repeated after 1 and 14 days. The percentage of microhardness loss (PML) was calculated 1 and 14 days after bleaching. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett T3 tests (p<0.05). Results: Color change was observed in all groups. The highest ΔE was observed at G7 after 1 day, and ΔE at G8 was the highest after 14 days (p<0.05). A decrease in microhardness was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after 1 day. The microhardness of all groups increased after 14 days in comparison with 1 day after bleaching (p>0.05). PML was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after bleaching and none of the groups showed PML after 14 days. No significant changes were observed after bleaching at Ca and P levels and Ca/P ratios at 1 or 14 days after bleaching (p>0.05). F mass increased only in G2 and G6, 1 day after bleaching (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of desensitizing agents containing fluoride, CPP-ACP, potassium nitrate or n-HAP after in-office bleaching or mixed in bleaching agent did not inhibit the bleaching effect. However, they all recovered microhardness of enamel 14 days after in-office bleaching.

Efeito da escovação e das bebidas na rugosidade superficial de bráquetes cerâmicos / Effect of brushing and beverages on surface roughness of ceramic brackets

Introdução: Quando introduzidos no meio bucal, os bráquetes cerâmicos podem sofrer alterações em sua estrutura provocadas pelo processo de degradação química e mecânica do material. Objetivo: Este estudo avaliou a rugosidade superficial de bráquetes cerâmicos e se eles sofreram alteração com a escovação dentária e a imersão em bebidas com diferentes pH. Material e método: Foram testados sete bráquetes cerâmicos de incisivo central superior direito de quatro marcas comerciais (duas marcas de bráquete monocristalino e duas de policristalino). Os bráquetes foram imersos em soluções de café, vinho tinto, Coca-Cola, chá preto e saliva artificial durante 21 dias. Outros sete bráquetes de cada marca comercial foram imersos nas mesmas soluções e no mesmo tempo, porém com intervalos de escovação diários realizados por uma máquina de escovação. A rugosidade (Ra) foi obtida por meio de um rugosímetro (Surftest SJ-400, Mitutoyo®) antes e após 24 horas, 7, 14 e 21 dias. Os dados foram avaliados pela análise de perfis multivariados, análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de comparação múltipla de médias. Resultado: Os resultados da rugosidade e de sua alteração após 21 dias foram: média Ra do Allure = 0,277 μm (alteração = 0,002 μm), Inspire Ice = 0,262 μm (alteração = 0,013 μm), Radiance = 0,177 μm (alteração = 0,009 μm) e Transcend = 0,367 μm (alteração = 0,019 μm). Conclusão: A rugosidade superficial dos bráquetes cerâmicos aumentou após 21 dias de imersão nas soluções, sendo o tempo de imersão um fator significante. No entanto, essa alteração da rugosidade no tempo é semelhante nos bráquetes monocristalinos e policristalinos, assim como nas diferentes soluções. A escovação dentária não produziu alteração na rugosidade superficial de bráquetes cerâmicos.

Introduction: When introduced into the oral environment, the ceramic brackets may undergo change their structure caused by the process of chemical and mechanical degradation of the material. Objective: This study evaluated the surface roughness of ceramic brackets and whether it is altered by toothbrushing process and diet solutions. Material and method: Seven ceramic brackets of four commercial brands were tested: two monocrystalline and two polycrystalline. The brackets were immersed in solutions of coffee, red wine, Coke, black tea and artificial saliva for 21 days. Another group of brackets of each brand were also immersed in the same solutions and for an equal time, but with daily brushing performed by a toothbrushing machine. The surface roughness (Ra) was analyzed by a Roughness Tester (Surftest SJ-400,Mitutoyo®) before and after 24 hours, 7, 14 and 21 days. The data were evaluated by the Analysis of Multivariate Profiles, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), multiple comparison test of means. Result: The results of Ra and its change after 21 days were: Ra mean of Allure = 0.277μm (change = 0.002μm), Inspire Ice = 0.262μm (change = 0.013μm), Radiance = 0.177μm change = 0.009μm), Transcend = 0.367μm (change = 0.019μm). Conclusion: the surface roughness of the ceramic brackets increased after 21 days of immersion in the solutions, and the immersion time was a significant factor. However, this change in the surface roughness was similar for the monocrystalline and polycrystalline brackets, as well as for the different solutions. Brushing did not change the surface roughness of ceramic brackets.

TiF4 varnish protects the retention of brackets to enamel after in vitro mild erosive challenge

Abstract The effect of fluoride agents on the retention of orthodontic brackets to enamel under erosive challenge is little investigated. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) and sodium fluoride (NaF) agents on the shear bond strength of brackets to enamel and on the enamel microhardness around brackets under erosive challenge. Methods: Brackets were bonded to bovine incisors. Five groups were formed according to fluoride application (n=10): TiF4 varnish, TiF4 solution, NaF varnish, NaF solution and control (without application). The specimens were submitted to erosive challenge (90 s cola drink/2h artificial saliva, 4x per day for 7 days). Solutions were applied before each erosive cycle and varnishes were applied once. Vickers Microhardness (VHN) was obtained before and after all cycles of erosion and the percentage of microhardness loss was calculated. Shear bond strength, adhesive remnant index and polarized light microscopy were conducted after erosion. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (α=0.05). Results: The %VHN had no statistically significant differences among the experimental groups. However, considering the comparisons of all groups with the control group, TiF4 varnish showed the highest protection from enamel demineralization (effect size of 2.94, while the effect size for the other groups was >2.4). The TiF4 varnish group had significantly higher shear bond strength compared to other groups. There was no difference among groups for adhesive remnant index. Polarized light microscopy showed higher demineralization depth for the control group. Conclusions: Application of NaF and TiF4 agents during mild erosive challenge minimized the enamel mineral loss around brackets, however only the experimental TiF4 varnish was able to prevent the reduction of shear bond strength of brackets to enamel.

Effect of erosive challenges on deciduous teeth undergoing restorative procedures with different adhesive protocols - an in vitro study

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of erosive challenges on the tooth- restoration interface of deciduous teeth treated with different adhesive protocols. Material and Methods: Deciduous molars were cut mesiodistally, then embedded, abraded and polished (n=80). Samples were randomly divided according to the adhesive system used into: G1 (Adper Single Bond2®, etch-and-rinse), G2 (Universal Single Bond®, self-etching), G3 (OptibondFL®, etch-and-rinse with Fluoride) and G4 (BondForce®, self-etching with Fluoride). After standardized cavity preparation (2 mm diameter x 2 mm depth), adhesive systems were applied and samples were restored (composite resin Z350®). Half of the samples were exposed to erosive/abrasive cycles (n = 10, each adhesive group), and the other half (control group; n = 10) remained immersed in artificial saliva. For microleakage analysis, samples were submersed in methylene blue and analyzed at 40x magnifications. Cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH) was carried out (50 g/5 s) at 25 μm, 50 μm, and 100 μm from the eroded surface and at 25 μm, 75 μm, and 125 μm from the enamel bond interface. Results: Regarding microleakage, 7.5% of the samples showed no dye infiltration, 30% showed dye infiltration only at the enamel interface, and 62.5% showed dye infiltration through the dentin-enamel junction, with no difference between groups (p≥0.05). No significant difference was observed in CSMH at different depths (two-way ANOVA, p≥0.05). Conclusions: We did not observe significant changes in microleakage or CSMH after erosive/abrasive challenges in deciduous teeth treated with different adhesive protocols (etch-and-rinse and self-etching adhesives, with and without fluoride).

Whitening mouthwash containing hydrogen peroxide decreases enamel microhardness in vitro

Aim: To assess the effect of a mouthwash containing hydrogen peroxide (HP) on Knoop microhardness (KMH) of bovine enamel. Methods: Fifty-one enamel slabs were polished and divided into groups (n=17), according to the product used during 28 days: HP ­ mouthwash containing 1,5% of HP (4 min, once/day); CP - 10% carbamide peroxide gel (2 hours/day); AS - no treatment (kept in artificial saliva (AS). Each fragment was submitted to KMH test (three indentations/fragment, with a 50 g load for 5 sec) four times: before (baseline); during (14 and 28 days) and after (7 days immerged in AS) the bleaching treatment. The data were submitted to repeated-measures two-way ANOVA (α=0.05). Results: There was no effect of the interaction between the time and treatment factors (p=0.327). No significant effect was observed from the time factor (p = 0.054). The factor treatment showed significant effect (p =0.002). Regardless of time, the KMH of the enamel submitted to HP was lower than the value observed with the use of CP, which did not differ significantly from the control group (AS). Conclusion: Although there was a trend of decreasing enamel microhardness over time, only the mouthwash containing hydrogen peroxide had a significant effect (AU)

Effect of vegetable oils applied over acquired enamel pellicle on initial erosion

Abstract Objective The prevalence of dental erosion has been recently increasing, requiring new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Vegetable oils have been studied in preventive dentistry because they come from a natural, edible, low-cost, and worldwide accessible source. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of different vegetable oils, applied in two concentrations, on initial enamel erosion. Material and Methods Initially, the acquired pellicle was formed in situ for 2 hours. Subsequently, the enamel blocks were treated in vitro according to the study group (n=12/per group): GP5 and GP100 - 5% and pure palm oil, respectively; GC5 and GC100 - 5% and pure coconut oil; GSa5 and GSa100 - 5% and pure safflower oil; GSu5 and GSu100 - 5% and pure sunflower oil; GO5 and GO100 - 5% and pure olive oil; CON− - Deionized Water (negative control) and CON+ - Commercial Mouthwash (Elmex® Erosion Protection Dental Rinse, GABA/positive control). Then, the enamel blocks were immersed in artificial saliva for 2 minutes and subjected to short-term acid exposure in 0.5% citric acid, pH 2.4, for 30 seconds, to promote enamel surface softening. The response variable was the percentage of surface hardness loss [((SHi - SHf) / SHf )×100]. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results Enamel blocks of GP100 presented similar hardness loss to GSu100 (p>0.05) and less than the other groups (p<0.05). There was no difference between GP5, GC5, GC100, GSa5, GSu100, GSa100, GSu5, GO5, GO100, CON− and CON+. Conclusion Palm oil seems to be a promising alternative for preventing enamel erosion. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate a long-term erosive cycling.

Avaliação da rugosidade superficial e análise morfológica de cimentos de ionômero de vidro: influência do armazenamento em saliva artificial / Evaluation of surface roughness and morphological analysis of glass ionomer cements: influence of storage in artificial saliva

Introdução: O desenvolvimento dos cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIVs) proporcionou vantagens aos procedimentos restauradores diretos devido a suas propriedades, como adesão química à estrutura dentária e liberação de flúor. No entanto, o ambiente bucal pode promover condições capazes de alterar a superfície deste material. Objetivo: Avaliar a rugosidade superficial e a morfologia de superfície de quatro cimentos de ionômero de vidro (Ketac Molar Easy Mix, Vitremer, Vitro Molar e Maxxion), quando imersos em diferentes soluções de saliva artificial. Material e método: Dez amostras de cada material foram confeccionadas e a rugosidade superficial foi avaliada antes e após imersão em saliva artificial ácida e neutra, durante 28 dias, por meio de um rugosímetro (Surftest SJ - 40), e a análise morfológica deu-se através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os valores médios de rugosidade foram submetidos aos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e de Wilcoxon, além do teste de Mann Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultado: Os valores de rugosidade foram maiores estatisticamente após a imersão em saliva ácida e neutra para todos os materiais, exceto o Vitromolar, que não apresentou diferença estatística entre as médias de rugosidade antes e após imersão em saliva neutra. O Maxxion R apresentou estatisticamente maiores valores de rugosidade quando comparado aos outros materiais após imersão em saliva neutra e ácida. Conclusão: A rugosidade superficial dos cimentos de ionômero de vidro aumentou após imersão em saliva neutra e ácida para a maioria dos cimentos estudados. A solução de armazenagem ácida promoveu aumento da rugosidade superficial para o Maxxion R e o Vitro Molar.

Introducion: The development of glass ionomer cements brought advantages to direct restorative procedures due to properties such as chemical adhesion to dental structure and fluoride release. Nevertheless, oral environment may provide conditions which can alter material surface. Objective: To evaluate surface roughness and surface morphology of four glass ionomer cements (Ketac Molar Easy Mix, Vitremer, Vitro Molar e Maxxion) when immersing on different artificial saliva. Material and method: Ten specimens of each material were fabricated and surface roughness was measured before and after immersion on neutral and acid artificial saliva for 28 days using a rugosimeter (Surftest SJ–40) and microscopy analysis by scanning electron microscopy. Roughness data were analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney test, at 5% significance level. Result: Roughness values were statistically higher after immersion on neutral and acid artificial saliva for all materials, except for Vitromolar that did not presented no statistical difference between roughness values before and after immersion on neutral saliva. The Maxxion R presented statistically higher roughness values compared to all materials after immersion on neutral and acid artificial saliva. Conclusion: The superficial roughness of glass ionomer cement increased after immersion on neutral and acid artificial saliva for most of the materials. Acid storage solution promoted a greater increase in surface roughness after immersion of the specimens for Maxxion and Vitro Molar.

Fluoride release of restorative commercial glass-ionomer cements / Liberação de flúor de diferentes marcas de ionômero de vidro convencional restaurador

Introdução: Inicialmente introduzidos por Wilson e Kent, os cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIV) apresentam propriedades desejáveis. Desde desenvolvida em meados de 1980, a Técnica Restauradora Atraumatica (ART) é uma combinação de procedimento preventivo e restaurador introduzido para atendimento em áreas de condições precárias. A capacidade de liberação de flúor é uma das propriedade importante dos cimentos de ionômero de vidro e é fundamental para o sucesso em longo prazo das restaurações de ART. Novos CIVs tem emergido no mercado com melhores propriedades físicas, indicados pelos fabricantes para a técnica de ART. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a liberação de flúor de nove cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIV) convencionais restauradores brasileiros representando todas as marcas atualmente disponíveis no mercado. Eles foram divididos em indicados para ART [Maxxion-FGM-Brasil (MA), Ion Z-FGM-Brasil (IZ), Ionglass-Maquira-Brasil (IG), Bioglass R-Biodinâmica-Brasil (BG), Vitro Molar-Nova DFL-Brasil (VM)] e não indicados para ART [Vidrion-SSWhite-Brasil (VD), Ionomaster-Wilcos-Brasil (IM), Magic Glass-FGM-Brazil (MG), Vitro Fil-Nova DFL-Brasil (VF)]. Métodos: Espécimes (n=10) com 11.0mm de diâmetro e 3.0mm de espessura das nove marcas de CIV foram confeccionados de acordo com as instruções do fabricante em um molde de teflon. Os mesmos foram imersos em recipientes Falcon contendo 20ml de saliva artificial, fechados a 37º a as medidas de concentração de flúor foram realizadas após 1, 6, 12, 24, 72, 168, 336 horas. A concentração de flúor foi medida em duplicata, usando uma técnica micro analítica com um eletrodo sensível de íons flúor (Orion, modelo 96-09) unido a um potenciômetro (Procyon, modelo 720). Após os testes de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) e homogeneidade de variâncias (Levene) (p<0.05), os resultados foram submetidos a ANOVA e teste de Tukey para comparações múltiplas. Resultados: Em cada período avaliado foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os CIVs (p<0.05), apresentando o MA a maior quantidade de liberação de flúor para todos os períodos, com um total de 7.7 µg/mm² (p<0.05). O valor mínimo observado de liberação de flúor foi do VM, também em todos os períodos, totalizando em 1.14µg/mm². Observou-se que a maioria dos CIVs apresentou o mesmo padrão de liberação de flúor, indicados ou não para ART. Houve diferenças significativas especialmente em comparação com a quantidade de liberação de F- entre os CIVs indicados e não indicados para ART. Conclusão: De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a maioria dos CIVs testados apresentaram mesmo padrão de liberação de flúor. Contrário ao esperado, no geral, os CIVs indicados para ART apresentaram quantidade maior de liberação de flúor em comparação aos não indicados para ART.(AU)

Introduction: First discovered by Wilson and Kent, glass ionomer cements (GIC) present desirable properties. Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) is a combined preventive and restorative procedure developed for attendance in poor condition areas. Fluoride release (F- release) is one of the most important properties of GIC and it is essential to ART's approach high success rates. New GICs emerged in market with better physical properties and also indicated by manufacturers for the ART technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the F- release of nine Brazilian conventional restorative GIC representing all national commercial brands available in the market. GIC were divided as indicated for ART [Maxxion-FGM (MA), Ion Z-FGM (IZ), Ionglass-Maquira (IG), Bioglass R-Biodinâmica (BG), Vitro Molar-Nova DFL (VM)] or not indicated for ART treatment [Vidrion-SSWhite (VD), Ionomaster-Wilcos (IM), Magic Glass-FGM (MG), Vitro Fil-Nova DFL (VF)]. Methods: Specimens (n=10) with 11.0mm in diameter and 3.0mm thick of the nine brands of GICs were manipulated in accordance to the manufacturer's instructions and inserted in a teflon mould. Those were immersed in falcon recipients containing 20ml of artificial saliva, closed at 37ºC in a laboratory oven and fluoride concentrations were measured after 1, 6, 12, 24, 72, 268, 336 hours. Fluoride concentration was measured in duplicate, using a micro analytical technique with an inverted fluoride ion selective electrode united at a potentiometer (Procyon, model 720). After the normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity of variance (Levene) tests, results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey Test for multiple comparisons (p<0.05). Results: In each evaluation time, significant statistical difference for amount and pattern of fluoride release was observed among the GICs (p<0.05), presenting Ma the highest fluoride release in all times, with a total of 7.7 µg/mm² (p<0.05). The lowest fluoride release was observed for VM in all times, with a total of 1.14 µg/mm². Most of GICs presented same pattern of F- release, indicated or not for ART. There was statistical significant difference especially when comparing F- release of GICs indicated for ART and those not indicated for ART (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results obtained, Brazilian commercial GICs tested presented similar pattern of F- release. Contrary to expected, most of GICs indicated for ART showed higher amount of fluoride release in comparison to those not indicated for ART. (AU)

Efeito sobre a morfologia do esmalte dental e análise físico-química de medicamentos utilizados por pacientes pediátricos com paralisia cerebral / Effect on dental enamel morphology and physical-chemical analysis of medicines used by pediatric patients with cerebral palsy

Introdução: Muitos medicamentos pediátricos líquidos são considerados fatores de risco para a estrutura dentária. Esse potencial pode aumentar quando ingeridos de forma crônica, como é o caso do tratamento de algumas condições, tal como a paralisia cerebral. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito sobre a morfologia do esmalte dental e as propriedades físico-químicas de medicamentos de uso contínuo indicados a pacientes infantis com Paralisia Cerebral. Material e método: A amostra foi constituída por quatro medicamentos: Fenobarbital (M1), Carbamazepina (M2), Oxcarbazepina (M3) e Domperidona (M4), todos em suspensão oral. Analisaram-se o pH, o teor de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST) e a viscosidade dos medicamentos. Todos os testes foram realizados em duplicata. Para análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), 15 blocos de esmalte bovino foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e imersos em oxcarbamazepina (n=5), carbamazepina (n=5) e saliva artificial (n=5). Os ciclos de imersão foram feitos por seis dias, durante cinco minutos, duas vezes ao dia, com intervalos de 12 horas, quando ficavam mantidos em saliva artificial. O grupo controle permaneceu em saliva artificial. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. Resultado: Em relação ao pH endógeno, os valores variaram de 2,82 (M3) a 9,60(M1). Para o SST, as médias de maior e menor valor foram, respectivamente, de 20,5% (M3) e 46% (M1). A viscosidade variou de 6,89 mm2/s (M1) a 58 mm2/s (M3). Em MEV, observaram-se alterações sugestivas de perda de estrutura no esmalte dental em oxcarbamazepina e carbamazepina, proveniente da ação dos medicamentos analisados. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que os medicamentos líquidos pediátricos analisados, indicados a pacientes com paralisia cerebral, apresentam potencial cariogênico e erosivo, destacando-se a Oxcarbazepina.

Introduction: Many liquid pediatric medicines are considered risk factors for tooth structure. This potential may increase when taken chronically as is the case of some conditions such as cerebral palsy. Objective: To evaluate the effect on the morphology of dental enamel and the physicochemical properties of continuous use of drugs given to pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. Material and method: The sample consisted of three drugs for epilepsy: Phenobarbital (D1), Carbamazepine (D2), Oxcarbazepine (D3); and one drug for gastroesophageal reflux: Domperidone (D4). All in oral suspension. The pH, content of total soluble solids (TSS), and viscosity of the drugs were analyzed. The tests were made two measurements. For SEM analysis, 15 bovine enamel blocks were randomly distributed and immersed in oxcarbazepine (n=5); carbamazepine (n=5); and artificial saliva (n=5). The immersion cycles were made for 6 days, during 5 minutes, 2 times a day with intervals of 12 hours, when they were kept in artificial saliva. The control group remained in artificial saliva. Data were descriptively analyzed. Result: Regarding endogenous pH, values ranged from 2.82 (D3) to 9.60 (D1). For TSS, the highest and lowest mean values were, respectively, 20.5% (D3) and 46% (D1). Viscosity ranged from 6.89 mm2/s (D1) to 58 mm2/s (D3). In SEM, observed alterations suggestive of loss of structure in the enamel in oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine from the action of the drugs analyzed. Conclusion: It was concluded that the pediatric liquid drugs analyzed, indicated to patients with cerebral palsy, have the potential cariogenic and erosive, especially the Oxcarbazepine.

Erosive potential of sugar-free hard candies dissolved in water and artificial saliva

Aim: To compare the acidity of sugar-free hard candies dissolved in water and artificial saliva.Methods: Sugar-free Flopi Florestal„¥ hard candies (grape, strawberry, cherry, orange, ginger, lemonbalm, fennel) were selected and grouped in 2 groups: G-1 (candies dissolved in distilled water)and G-2 (candies dissolved in artificial saliva). Candies were triturated with a porcelain pestle,yielding two samples of 20 g. Samples were dissolved in 120 mL distilled water (G-1) and 120 mLartificial saliva (20 mM NaHCO3, 3 mM NaH2PO4.H2O and 1 mM CaCl2.2H2O) (G-2), obtaining threesamples of 30 mL for each of the flavors and groups. pH was measured using potentiometer andcombined glass electrode. Titratable acidity was evaluated by adding 100 £gL 1M NaOH aliquotsuntil reaching pH 5.5. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. Means werecompared by the Tukey test at 5% significance level (p<0.05) Results: All flavors of G-1 showed pHvalues below 5.5. Comparison of groups in the same flavor showed a significant increase in pH inflavors of G-2. Comparison of the titratable acidity between G-1 and G-2, showed that fruit flavorswere significantly different from each other, with reduced acidity in G-2. Conclusions: All evaluatedcandies are acid, and dilution in artificial saliva raised their pH and lowered their titratable acidity,reducing their erosive potential.

Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish by different quantitative methods

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish for remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) with four different quantitative methods. Material and Methods Four windows (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surfaces of bovine incisor teeth. A control window was covered with nail varnish, and WSLs were created on the other windows (after demineralization, first week and fourth week) in acidified gel system. The test material (MI Varnish) was applied on the demineralized areas, and the treated enamel samples were stored in artificial saliva. At the fourth week, the enamel surfaces were tested by surface microhardness (SMH), quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and laser fluorescence (LF pen). The data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Results While the LF pen measurements showed significant differences at baseline, after demineralization, and after the one-week remineralization period (p<0.05), the difference between the 1- and 4-week was not significant (p>0.05). With regards to the SMH and QLF-D analyses, statistically significant differences were found among all the phases (p<0.05). After the 1- and 4-week treatment periods, the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations and Ca/P ratio were higher compared to those of the demineralization surfaces (p<0.05). Conclusion CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish provides remineralization of WSLs after a single application and seems suitable for clinical use.

Mensuração do potencial erosivo de balas dissolvidas em água e saliva artificial / Measurement of erosive potential of candies dissolved in water and artificial saliva

Introdução: O consumo excessivo e frequente de balas ácidas pode estar associado à etiologia da erosão dental. Objetivo: Mensurar e comparar o pH e a acidez titulável de balas dissolvidas em água e saliva artificial. Material e método: Foram utilizadas as balas Tic Tac® sabores laranja, cereja/maracujá e morango, agrupadas em dois grupos: G-1: balas dissolvidas em água; G-2: balas dissolvidas em saliva artificial. As balas foram trituradas e, do pó resultante de cada sabor, foram pesadas duas amostras de 20 g, sendo então dissolvidas em 120 mL de água destilada ou 120 mL de saliva artificial. Destas soluções, obtiveram-se três amostras de 30 mL para cada um dos sabores, permitindo a leitura em triplicata do pH e da acidez titulável. O pH foi mensurado utilizando-se um potenciômetro e eletrodo combinado de vidro, previamente calibrado com soluções padrão pH 7,0 e pH 4,0. Para a verificação da acidez titulável, adicionaram-se alíquotas de 100 μL NaOH 1M, até o pH alcançar 5,5. Submeteram-se os resultados à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). As comparações das médias foram realizadas pelo Teste Tukey, em um nível de 5% de significância (p<0,05). Resultado: Todas as balas apresentaram pH abaixo do crítico para dissolução do esmalte, quando dissolvidas em água e saliva artificial. Na comparação entre os grupos, o G-2, mostrou um pH mais elevado e menor acidez titulável, diferindo significantemente do G-1. Conclusão: Todas as balas dissolvidas em água e saliva artificial mostraram-se potencialmente erosivas, podendo contribuir para a etiologia da erosão dental.

Introduction: Excessive and frequent consumption of acid candy is associated with the etiology of dental erosion. Objective: This study aimed to measure and compare the pH and titratable acidity of candies dissolved in water and artificial saliva. Material and method: Tic Tac® candies were used with the flavors: orange, cherry / passion fruit and strawberry, grouped into 2 groups. G-1: candies dissolved in water; G-2: candies dissolved in artificial saliva. The candies were crushed and, from the resulting powder of each flavor, two samples were weighed 20 g and dissolved in 120 ml of distilled water or 120 ml of artificial saliva. For these solutions were obtained 3 samples of 30 mL each flavor, allowing the determination of pH and titratable acidity in triplicate.. The pH was measured using a potentiometer and glass electrode calibrated with standard solutions pH 7.0 and pH 4.0. To check the titratable acidity, aliquots of 100 uL NaOH 1M were added until the pH reached 5.5. The results were submitted to the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Mean comparisons were performed by Tukey test at a 5% level of significance (p<0.05). Result: All candies had pH below the critical values for dissolution of enamel when dissolved in water and artificial saliva. Comparing the groups, the G-2, showed a pH higher and lower titratable acidity, significantly differing from the G-1. Conclusion: All acid candies dissolved in water and artificial saliva proved to be potentially erosive could contribute to the etiology of dental erosion.