Influência de desinfetantes bucais sobre a dureza de superfície de resinas para provisórios / Influence of oral disinfectant on surface hardness of acrylic resins for provisional restorations

As restaurações provisórias têm papel importante para diagnóstico e plano de tratamento em reabilitação com prótese fixa. Quando há necessidade de procedimentos cirúrgicos pré-protéticos, meios adicionais de controle de placa bacteriana devem ser indicados, mas pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos que podem produzir na superfície de restaurações provisórias. Proposição: este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de dois enxaguatórios bucais na dureza de duas resinas usadas para confecção de provisórios protéticos. Material e Métodos: resina acrílica autopolimerizável poli(metil metacrilato) Dencrilay Speed e resina bisacrílica Protemp 4; dois enxaguatórios bucais, Periogard (digluconato de clorexidina 0,12%) e Oral-B sem álcool, tendo soro fisiológico como grupo controle. Foram confeccionadas 60 amostras, 30 para cada resina, as quais foram divididas em 6 grupos experimentais (n=10). As amostras foram imersas nas respectivas soluções para bochecho durante 10 minutos por dia, por um período de 30 dias. Após, foram submetidas a ensaios de microdureza utilizando o penetrador tipo Knoop. Resultados: a resina acrílica Dencrilay apresentou os maiores valores de dureza, no entanto apresentou redução na dureza quando imersa no enxaguatório Periogard. A resina bisacrílica Protemp 4 não apresentou diferença nos valores de microdureza de superfície quando imersa nas soluções utilizadas. Conclusão: a resina acrílica apresentou redução na dureza de superfície após imersão em solução de clorexidina 0,12%. Implicações clínicas: a resina bisacrílica, apesar de menor dureza, apresentaria superfície mais estável em meio bucal, mesmo com o uso diário de enxaguatórios bucais

Temporary restorations have important role for diagnosis and treatment plan in rehabilitation with fixed prosthesis element. When pre-prosthetic surgical procedures are required, additional means of controlling plaque must be indicated, but little is known about the effects it can produce on the surface of provisional prosthetic restorations. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of two mouthrinses on the hardness of two resins used in temporary restorations. Material and Method: Acrylic resin poly(methyl methacrylate) Dencrilay Speed and bisacrylic resin Protemp 4, two mouthrinses, Periogard (chlorhexidine digluconate 0.12 %) and Oral- B without alcohol and saline solution as control group. Sixty samples were prepared, 30 for each resin, which were divided into 6 groups (n = 10). The specimens were immersed in respective solutions for 10 minutes per day, for 30 days. Then, microhardness tests were performed using the Knoop indenter. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: Dencrilay acrylic resin had the highest values of hardness, however, it showed a reduction in hardness when immersed in the mounthrinse Periogard. The bisacrylic resin Protemp 4 showed no difference in the values of surface microhardness when immersed in the solutions used. Conclusion: The acrylic resin showed a reduction in surface hardness after immersion in 0.12% chlorhexidine solution. Clinical Implications: Bisacrylic resin, although less hard, would have a more stable surface in oral environment, even with the daily use of mouthrinses.

Tissue dissolution and modifications in dentin composition by different sodium hypochlorite concentrations

ABSTRACT Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) remains the most used irrigation solution during root canal preparation because of characteristics such as wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity and organic tissue dissolution capacity. However, these solutions can alter dentin composition and there is no consensus on the optimal concentration of NaOCl to be used. Objectives To determine the organic matter dissolution and changes in dentin chemical composition promoted by different concentrations of NaOCl over time. Material and Methods: Fragments of bovine muscle tissue were weighed before and after 5, 10, and 15 min of immersion in the groups (n=10): G1- 0.9% saline solution; G2- 1% NaOCl; G3- 2.5% NaOCl; and G4- 5% NaOCl. Bovine dentin fragments were subjected to the same irrigants and absorption spectra were collected by Attenuated Total Reflectance of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) before and after 0,5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 10 min of immersion in the solutions. The ratios of the amide III/phosphate and carbonate/phosphate absorption bands were determined. The tissue dissolution and carbonate/phosphate ratios were submitted to the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test (α<0.05) and to the one-way analysis of variance with Tukey’s (α<0.05). The amide III/phosphate ratio was analyzed by Friedman test (α<0.05) and the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn’s post-hoc (α<0.05). Results The increase in NaOCl concentration and contact time intensified the dissolution of organic matter and dentin collagen with reduction in the amide III/phosphate ratio. Significant differences between all groups (p<0.05) were observed in the dissolution of organic matter at 10 min and in the amide III/phosphate ratio between the saline solution and 5% NaOCl at 5 min. The carbonate/phosphate ratio decreased significantly in G2, G3, and G4 after 0,5 min of immersion (p<0.05), but more alterations did not occur in the subsequent periods (p>0.05). Intergroup differences were not observed in this ratio (p>0.05). Conclusions The increase in the exposure time and in the concentration of NaOCl solution lead to an increase in the tissue dissolution and dentin collagen deproteination. Furthermore, some carbonate ions are removed from the dentin inorganic phase by the NaOCl.

Microbial contamination and disinfection methods of pacifiers

Objectives To evaluate the microbial contamination of pacifiers by Mutans Streptococci(MS) and the efficacy of different methods for their disinfection.Methods Twenty-eight children were assigned to a 4-stage changeover system with a 1-week interval. In each stage, children received a new pacifier and the parents were instructed to maintain their normal habits for 1 week. After this time, the pacifiers were subjected to the following 4 disinfection methods: spraying with 0.12% chlorhexidine solution, Brushtox® or sterile tap water, and immersion in boiling tap water for 15 minutes. Microbiological culture for MS and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed. The results were analyzed statistically by Friedman’s non-parametric test (a=0.05).Results The 0.12% chlorhexidine spray was statistically similar to the boiling water (p>0.05) and more effective than the Brushtox®spray and control (p<0.05). The analysis of SEM showed the formation of a cariogenic biofilm in all groups with positive culture.Conclusions Pacifiers become contaminated by MS after their use by children and should be disinfected routinely. Spraying with a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution and immersion in boiling water promoted better disinfection of the pacifiers compared with a commercial antiseptic toothbrush cleanser (Brushtox®).

QMix® irrigant reduces lipopolysacharide (LPS) levels in an in vitro model

AbstractThe presence of endotoxin inside the root canal has been associated with periapical inflammation, bone resorption and symptomatic conditions.Objectives To determine, in vitro, the effect of QMix® and other three root canal irrigants in reducing the endotoxin content in root canals.Material and Methods Root canals of single-rooted teeth were prepared. Samples were detoxified with Co-60 irradiation and inoculated with E. coli LPS (24 h, at 37°C). After that period, samples were divided into 4 groups, according to the irrigation solution tested: QMix®, 17% EDTA, 2% chlorhexidine solution (CHX), and 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). LPS quantification was determined by Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. The initial counting of endotoxins for all samples, and the determination of LPS levels in non-contaminated teeth and in contaminated teeth exposed only to non-pyrogenic water, were used as controls.Results QMix® reduced LPS levels, with a median value of 1.11 endotoxins units (EU)/mL (p<0.001). NaOCl (25.50 EU/mL), chlorhexidine (44.10 EU/mL) and positive control group (26.80 EU/mL) samples had similar results. Higher levels were found with EDTA (176.00 EU/mL) when compared to positive control (p<0.001). There was no significant difference among EDTA, NaOCl and CHX groups. Negative control group (0.005 EU/mL) had statistically significant lower levels of endotoxins when compared to all test groups (p<0.001).Conclusion QMix® decreased LPS levels when compared to the other groups (p<0.001). 3% NaOCl, 2% CHX and 17% EDTA were not able to significantly reduce the root canal endotoxins load.

Influence of antimicrobial solutions in the decontamination and adhesion of glass-fiber posts to root canals

AbstractObjective This study evaluated the effect of root canal disinfectants on the elimination of bacteria from the root canals, as well as their effect on glass-fiber posts bond strength.Material and Methods Fifty-three endodontically treated root canals had post spaces of 11 mm in length prepared and contaminated with E. faecalis. For CFU/ml analysis, eight teeth were contaminated for 1 h or 30 days (n=4). Teeth were decontaminated with 5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, or distilled water. As control, no decontamination was conducted. After decontamination, sterile paper points were used to collect samples, and CFU/ml were counted. For push-out, three groups were evaluated (n=15): irrigation with 2.5% NaOCl, 2% CHX, or sterile distilled water. A bonding agent was applied to root canal dentin, and a glass-fiber post was cemented with a dual-cured cement. After 24 h, 1-mm-thick slices of the middle portion of root canals were obtained and submitted to the push-out evaluation. Three specimens of each group were evaluated in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Dunnett’s T3 test (α=0.05).Results The number of CFU/ml increased from 1 h to 30 days of contamination in control and sterile distilled water groups. Decontamination with NaOCl was effective only when teeth were contaminated for 1 h. CHX was effective at both contamination times. NaOCl did not influence the bond strength (p>0.05). Higher values were observed with CHX (p<0.05). SEM showed formation of resin tags in all groups.Conclusion CHX showed better results for the irrigation of contaminated root canals both in reducing the bacterial contamination and in improving the glass-fiber post bonding.

Incorporation of disinfectants for obtaining dental stone: microbiological and dimensional evaluation / Incorporação de desinfetantes para obtenção de modelos de gesso: avaliação microbiológica e dimensional

Aim: To assess dimensional change and antimicrobial activity of disinfectants substances incorporated during the dental stone manipulation. Material and Method: In vivo - microorganisms were collected in alginate molds of 30 volunteers inoculated on BHI agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The molds were cast with type IV gypsum, manipulated with saline (G1), 1% sodium hypochlorite (G2) and 4% chlorhexidine (G3), replacing the water. After setting of plaster with 1 hour two collections on models were made. After 24 hours, the readings were performed. The Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon tests with confidence interval of 99% and 95% respectively were used. In vitro - Müeller Hinton agar petri dishes were inoculated with S. mutans (ATCC25175), S. sanguis (ATCC10556) and E. faecalis (ATCC29212), over which were placed steel rings filled with the same substances of the in vivo study. After deposition of gypsum and incubation, halos were measured with a digital caliper and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test with confidence interval of 95%. Dimensional Change - With a metallic matrix and a perfectly adapted tray, the insertion axis and force used for moulding and obtain 30 specimens in type IV gypsum were standardized, following the same distribution of the study groups in vivo. The specimens were measured by Image Pro Plus software and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test with confidence interval of 95%. Result: Data from the in vivo study demonstrated a significant difference between the mold and each model (p<0.001). In the Wilcoxon test there was no significant difference between groups of models. At the in vitro test, G2 showed greater inhibition zones in all micro-organisms tested compared to G3, but with respect to dimensional changes, there was a significant difference between solutions and metallic standard, where G3 caused less change than G2. Conclusion: Chlorhexidine 4% showed to be the most suitable disinfectant. .

Objetivo: Avaliar alteração dimensional e ação antimicrobiana de substâncias desinfetantes incorporadas durante manipulação do gesso. Material e Método: In vivo - Micro-organismos foram coletados com swabs dos moldes de 30 voluntários, inoculados em Ágar BHI e incubados a 37 °C por 24 horas. Os moldes foram vazados com gesso tipo IV, manipulados com soro fisiológico (G1), hipoclorito de sódio 1% (G2) e clorexidina 4% (G3) substituindo a água. Decorrida 1 hora de presa fez-se duas coletas com swabs nos modelos, incubação e leituras das placas após 24 horas. Empregaram-se os testes Kruskal-Wallis e Wilcoxon com níveis de confiança de 99% e 95% respectivamente. In vitro - Inocularam-se S. mutans (ATCC25175), S. sanguis (ATCC10556) e E. faecalis (ATCC29212) em Ágar Müeller Hinton, onde posicionaram-se anéis de aço preenchidos com as mesmas substâncias do estudo in vivo. Após deposição do gesso e incubação, os halos foram medidos com paquímetro digital e os dados submetidos à ANOVA e Tukey com nível de confiança de 95%. Alteração dimensional - Com matriz metálica e moldeira perfeitamente adaptada padronizou-se eixo de inserção e força empregada para moldagem e obtenção de 30 corpos de prova em gesso tipo IV, seguindo a mesma distribuição dos grupos do estudo in vivo. Os corpos de prova foram mensurados pelo software Image Pro Plus e os dados submetidos à ANOVA e Tukey com nível de confiança de 95%. Resultado: Os dados do estudo in vivo demonstraram diferença significativa entre molde e cada modelo (p<0,001). No teste Wilcoxon não houve diferença significante entre grupos de modelos. In vitro- G2 apresentou maiores halos de inibição em todos micro-organismos testados em relação ao G3, mas com relação à alteração dimensional, houve diferença significante entre soluções e padrão metálico, onde G3 provocou menor alteração do que G2. Conclusão: Clorexidina 4% apresentou-se como o desinfetante mais adequado. .

Efeito antimicrobiano residual e citotoxidade in vitro de resina acrílica para base de prótese após imersão prolongada em agentes de limpeza / In vitro residual antimicrobial effect and cytotoxicity of acrylic resin base prosthesis after long-term immersion in cleaning agents

O presente estudo in vitro objetivou avaliar a longo prazo o potencial antimicrobiano residual e a citotoxicidade de soluções químicas de limpeza de prótese quando incorporadas à resina acrílica termopolimerizável após sucessivos ciclos de imersão noturna diária. Discos (10mm x 1mm) de resina acrílica termopolimerizável para base de prótese (Lucitone 550) foram submetidos a três ciclos diários de desinfecção (8h/cada) em hipoclorito de sódio a 1% (NaClO), digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (CLX) ou água destilada (controle) durante 91 (T91) ou 183 dias (T183), simulando o período de 9 meses ou 1,5 ano de imersão noturna diária realizada pelo paciente. Inicialmente, foi utilizado o método de concentração inibitória mínima em caldo para determinar o possível efeito residual (incorporação) das soluções à resina acrílica. Metade dos discos imersos em cada agente de limpeza em um dos tempos de imersão (n=5) foi inoculada (1x107cels/mL) com um dos patógenos associados à estomatite protética: Candida albicans (Ca) e Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). Os discos foram incubados a 37oC para análise em espectrofotômetro após 24h, 7 e 14 dias. Os valores de absorbância foram convertidos em porcentagens de inibição microbiana. Confirmada a ação antimicrobiana residual dos agentes de limpeza incorporados à resina acrílica, foi então analisada sua citotoxicidade in vitro sobre fibroblastos gengivais humanos (L929). Os efeitos citotóxicos foram avaliados por meio do ensaio colorimétrico MTT [brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio] para a determinação da viabilidade celular, após as células serem expostas por 24h às amostras de cada condição experimentais (n=18) previamente imersas em uma das soluções por um dos períodos avaliados (T91 ou T183). A citotoxicidade foi determinada com base na atividade mitocondrial em relação a corpos de prova não submetidos à imersão nas soluções testadas. Os resultados do ensaio do MTT foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA...

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the long-term residual antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of chemical denture cleansers incorporated into a heat-polymerized acrylic resin after successive cycles of daily overnight soaking. Discs (10mm x 1mm) were prepared from heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Lucitone 550) and submitted to three daily immersion (8h/each) in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorhexidine digluconate 2% (CHX) or distilled water (control) for 91 days (T91) or 183 days (T183), simulating the period of 9 months or 1.5 year of nocturnal immersion performed by the patient. Initially, the method of minimum inhibitory concentration in broth was used to determine the possible residual effect (incorporation) of the acrylic resin solution. Half of the disks immersed in each cleaning agent for one of the period immersion (n=5) was inoculated (1x107cells/mL) with pathogens associated with denture stomatitis: Candida albicans (Ca) or Staphylococcys aureus (Sa). The disks were incubated at 37oC for analysis in a spectrophotometer after 24h, 7 and 14 days. The absorbance values were expressed as percentages of microbial inhibition. Confirmed the residual antimicrobial action of cleaning agents incorporated into the acrylic resin, its cytotoxicity was analyzed in vitro on human gingival fibroblasts (L929). Cytotoxic effects were evaluated by the colorimetric assay MTT [3- (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] to determine cellular viability after the cells were exposed for 24h to the samples of each experimental condition (n=18) previously immersed in one of the solutions for the evaluation periods (T91 or T183). Cytotoxicity was determined based on mitochondrial activity compared to the specimens not subjected to immersion in the solutions. The MTT assay results were 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post-hoc test (a=0.05). For the periods T91 and T183, no microbial inhibition was observed with immersion in water...

Efeito de soluções higienizadoras na retenção de cápsulas do tipo o'ring / Effect of denture cleansers on the retention of capsules type o-ring

Soluções higienizadoras podem acarretar efeitos prejudiciais para as próteses, como deterioração da base da prótese e pigmentação. Porém, pouco se conhece sobre os efeitos destas na vida útil dos sistemas de retenção de uma overdenture. Deste modo, este estudo buscou avaliar se imersões diárias em clorexidina 2%, hipoclorito de sódio 1%, Corega® Tabs e água (controle) poderia acelerar a perda de retenção em attachments do tipo o´ring (S.I.N sistema de implantes®). Foram confeccionados 40 corpos de prova contendo cápsulas com anéis de borracha, simulando uma overdenture, e apenas 01 contendo o implante com o pilar o´ring. Eles foram separados em quatro grupos (n=10) e simulados noventa dias de imersões. Após, foram realizados testes de resistência à tração em uma máquina de ensaios mecânicos (MTS 810), antes e após a ciclagem com 270 ciclos, equivalentes a remoção e inserção da prótese três vezes ao dia, durante um período de três meses. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente através dos testes ANOVA a dois critérios e do teste de Tukey (p≤0.05). Os valores médios (Newton) encontrados antes e após a imersão foram, respectivamente: Água - 9,482 / 6,081; Clorexidina - 9,972 / 7,390; Hipoclorito: 6,954 / 6,265 e Corega® Tabs: 12,464 / 11,121. Entre os grupos Clorexidina, Hipoclorito de sódio e Água não houve diferenças significativas. Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o grupo Corega® Tabs e os grupos controle e Hipoclorito de sódio, mas não com a Clorexidina. Assim, pôde-se concluir que soluções higienizadoras tiveram efeitos significativos na capacidade de retenção dos o´rings após o período simulado de três meses de imersão.

Denture cleansers can cause adverse effects on the prostheses, as deterioration of the denture base and pigmentation. However, little is known about its impacts on the life of an overdenture retention systems. Thus, this study sought to evaluate whether daily immersion in chlorhexidine 2%, sodium hypochlorite 1%, Corega® Tabs and water (control) would increase the retention loss in the O-ring type attachments (SIN implantes® system). Forty specimens containing capsules were made with rubber rings, simulating an overdenture, and only one containing the implant with the O-ring abutment. They were divided into four groups (n = 10) and ninety days in immersion were simulated, thereafter, conducted tensile strength tests on a testing machine (MTS - 810) before and after cycling of 270 cycles, equivalent to removal and insertion of the prosthesis three times a day for a period of three months. The results were statistically evaluated by the ANOVA two criteria and the Tukey test (p≤0.05). The mean values (Newton) found before and after immersion were: Water - 9,482 / 6,081; Chlorhexidine - 9,972 / 7,390; Hypochlorite: 6,954 / 6,265 and Corega® Tabs: 12.464 / 11.121. Among the groups chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and water there were no significant differences. There were statistically significant differences between the group Corega® Tabs and controls and sodium hypochlorite groups, but not with the chlorhexidine. Thus, it concluded that denture cleansers had significant effects on retention capacity of orings after the simulated period of three months of immersion.

A microleakage study of gutta-percha/AH Plus and Resilon/Real self-etch systems after different irrigation protocols

The development and maintenance of the sealing of the root canal system is the key to the success of root canal treatment. The resin-based adhesive material has the potential to reduce the microleakage of the root canal because of its adhesive properties and penetration into dentinal walls. Moreover, the irrigation protocols may have an influence on the adhesiveness of resin-based sealers to root dentin. Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigant protocols on coronal bacterial microleakage of gutta-percha/AH Plus and Resilon/Real Seal Self-etch systems. Material and Methods: One hundred ninety pre-molars were used. The teeth were divided into 18 experimental groups according to the irrigation protocols and filling materials used. The protocols used were: distilled water; sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)+eDTA; NaOCl+H3PO4; NaOCl+eDTA+chlorhexidine (CHX); NaOCl+H3PO4+CHX; CHX+eDTA; CHX+ H3PO4; CHX+eDTA+CHX and CHX+H3PO4+CHX. Gutta-percha/AH Plus or Resilon/Real Seal Se were used as root-filling materials. The coronal microleakage was evaluated for 90 days against Enterococcus faecalis. Data were statistically analyzed using Kaplan-Meier survival test, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: No significant difference was verified in the groups using chlorhexidine or sodium hypochlorite during the chemo-mechanical preparation followed by eDTA or phosphoric acid for smear layer removal. The same results were found for filling materials. However, the statistical analyses revealed that a final flush with 2% chlorhexidine reduced significantly the coronal microleakage. Conclusion: A final flush with 2% chlorhexidine after smear layer removal reduces coronal microleakage of teeth filled with gutta-percha/AH Plus or Resilon/Real Seal SE. .

Efeito das nanopartículas de quitosana e da variação da concentração, temperatura e pH do hipoclorito de sódio sobre biofilmes orais formados in situ / Effect of chitosan nanoparticles and the temperature and pH variations of sodium hypochlorite on biofilms formed in situ

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se a variação da temperatura e pH do hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), incrementa sua capacidade antibacteriana e de dissolução. Foi avaliado também, se as nanopartículas de Quitosana (CNPs) inibem o crescimento bacteriano e removem a lama dentinária. Foram utilizados 260 blocos de dentina bovina infetados intra-oralmente. As soluções experimentais foram NaOCl a 1% e 2.5%, a temperatura ambiente e 37oC e acidificado a pH 5 e 7. Os tempos de exposição foram 5 e 20 min. Os espécimes foram analisados pré (controle) e pósirrigação. Após esta análise, as amostras foram incubadas em BHI por 24 horas e analisadas novamente quanto a reativação bacteriana. Estes procedimentos foram realizados em duplicado para poder determinar a porcentagem de limpeza dentinária. Para analisar o efeito quelante das CNPs sobre a dentina infetada in situ, as amostras receberam uma irrigação final com CNPs em solução e analisadas imediatamente ou infetadas intra-oralmente para avaliar o efeito antibacteriano. O NaOCl apresentou poder antibacteriano e foi capaz de dissolver significativamente o biofilme sem importar sua temperatura. O NaOCl em pHs ácidos apresentaram alto poder antibacteriano, contudo seu poder de dissolução decresceu. As CNPs foram capazes de significativamente remover a lama dentinária e interferir com o crescimento bacteriano sobre dentina. Portanto, a temperatura do NaOCl não é relevante quando é testada sobre biofilmes multi-espécies. O poder antibacteriano do NaOCl foi inversamente proporcional a seu pH, enquanto que a sua capacidade de dissolução foi diretamente proporcional. As CNPs podem ser uma alternativa para o uso de EDTA devido a suas propriedades quelantes e de interferir com a adesão inicial das bactérias sobre dentina.

The aim of this study was to evaluate if the variation of the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) temperature and pH increase its antibacterial and dissolution abilities. It was also evaluated if the chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) inhibit the bacterial growth and remove smear layer. Two hundred-sixty bovine dentin blocks were infected intraorally. The experimental solutions were 1% and 2.5% NaOCl at room temperature and 37oC. the solution was acidified at pH 5 and 7. The exposure times were 5 and 20 min. The specimens were analyzed pre- (control) and postirrigation. After that, the samples were incubated in BHI and analyzed again to evaluate the bacterial recolonization. These procedures were performed in duplicate to access the percentage of dentinal cleaning. The samples were rinsed with a final irrigation of CNPs and analyzed immediately to determine the chelating effect, or infected intraorally to evaluate its antibacterial ability. NaOCl showed antibacterial power and was able to significantly dissolve the biofilm regardless its temperature. NaOCl at acid pHs showed great antibacterial properties, however its dissolution ability decreased. The CNPs were able to remove significantly the smear layer and interfere with the bacterial growth on dentin. Therefore, the NaOCl temperature is not relevant when the solution was tested on multi-specie biofilms. The antibacterial power of NaOCl was inversely proportional to its pH, while its dissolution capacity was directly proportional. CNPs could be an alternative instead of EDTA due to its chelating properties and ability to interfere with the earlier bacterial adhesion on dentin.

Experimental evaluation of cyclic fatigue resistance of four different nickel-titanium instruments after immersion in sodium hypochlorite and/or sterilization

NiTi instruments have a high risk of separation due to torsional or flexural fatigue (cyclic fatigue). Chemomechanical preparation, cleaning procedures, chemical disinfection and sterilization cause the corrosion of endodontic instruments that may weaken the fracture resistance of the instruments. Objective To assess the effects of NaOCl immersion and autoclave sterilization on the cyclic fatigue resistance of ProFile, FlexMaster, Mtwo and TwistedFiles NiTi instruments (tip size 25, 0.06 taper, n=160). Material and Methods The instruments (n=10 for each subgroup) were dynamically immersed in NaOCl; immersed in NaOCl and sterilized in one autoclave cycle; 5 cycles immersed in NaOCl and sterilized in autoclave and not immersed in NaOCl and not sterilized (control group). Dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance was tested. The number of cycles to failure (NCF) were statistically analyzed (P<0.05). Results Kruskall-Wallis test indicated significant differences among the tested instruments in terms of NCF (P=0.000). The mean NCF of Mtwo (556.75) was higher than that of the Twisted File, Flexmaster and ProFile, 483.1, 376.12, 365.25, respectively. NaOCl immersion and autoclave sterilization have no effect on the NCF values of the tested instruments (P>.05). Conclusions Cyclic fatigue resistance of the tested NiTi instruments cannot be adversely affected by NaOCl immersion and autoclave sterilization. Production process (TwistedFiles) or design (Twisted Files, FlexMaster, Mtwo and ProFile) of the instruments can influence their cyclic fatigue resistance. .

Etidronate from Medicine to Endodontics: effects of different irrigation regimes on root dentin roughness

An increase in dentin roughness, associated with surface composition, contributes to bacterial adherence in recontaminations. Surface roughness is also important for micromechanical interlocking of dental materials to dentin, and understanding the characteristics of the surface is essential to obtain the adhesion of root canal sealers that have different physico-chemical characteristics. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), etidronic (HEBP), and citric acid (CA) associated with different irrigation regimens on root dentin roughness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-five root halves of anterior teeth were used. The root parts were sectioned in thirds, embedded in acrylic resin and polished to a standard surface roughness. Initially, the samples of each third were randomly assigned into 3 groups and treated as follows: G1 - saline solution (control); G2 - 5% NaOCl+18% HEBP mixed in equal parts; and G3 - 2.5% NaOCl. After initial measuments, the G3 samples were distributed into subgroups G4, G5 and G6, which were subjected to 17% EDTA, 10% CA and 9% HEBP, respectively. Following the new measuments, these groups received a final flush with 2.5% NaOCl, producing G7, G8 and G9. The dentin surface roughness (Ra) was determined before and after treatments using a profilometer. The Wilcoxon test (α<0.05) was used to compare the values before and after treatments, and the Friedman test (α<0.05) to detect any differences among root thirds. RESULTS: (i) NaOCl did not affect the surface roughness; (ii) there was a significant increase in roughness after the use of chelating agents (P<0.01); and (iii) only the G3 group showed a difference in surface roughness between apical third and other thirds of the teeth (P<0.0043). CONCLUSION: Only the irrigation regimens that used chelating agents altered the roughness of root dentin. .

Efeito da solução de clorexidina a 2% a um cimento ionomérico e um resinoso na adesão de pinos de fibra de vidro em raízes bovinas após 7 dias e 6 meses de armazenamento / Effect of 2% chlorhexidine solution on bonding of a glass ionomer cement and a resin cement to bovine root dentin after 7-day and 6-month storage

Este trabalho avaliou a influência do uso de solução de clorexidina a 2% (CHX) na resistência de união de pino de fibra de vidro à dentina radicular, utilizando um agente cimentante ionomérico modificado por resina e um cimento resinoso dual com sistema adesivo convencional, nos terços cervical, médio e apical. Oitenta raízes bovinas foram selecionadas, cortadas em 17mm e tratadas endodonticamente para em seguida serem divididas em 8 grupos: ARC (RelyX ARC/ScothBond MultiPurpose- cimento resinoso); ARC+CHX (ARC associado a CHX); RL (RelyX Luting 2- ionômero de vidro); RL+CHX (RL associado a CHX). Os espécimes de cada protocolo foram divididos em grupos de 7 dias ou 6 meses de armazenamento, depois de serem restaurados com pino de fibra de vidro cônico Exacto. Após 24 horas da cimentação, as raízes foram seccionadas perpendicularmente ao longo eixo e identificadas quanto à região, obtendo-se fatias (1mm de espessura). Após o tempo de armazenamento proposto, todas as fatias foram submetidas ao teste de extrusão (push-out) com célula de carga a 0,5mm/min. Os dados foram tabelados considerando as variáveis dos diferentes agentes cimentantes, uso ou não de solução de clorexidina, terços radiculares e tempo de armazenamento. Depois de testados, todos os espécimes foram submetidos à análise dos tipos de fraturas encontradas. Os valores de resistência obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística através do teste ANOVA a quatro critérios e comparações múltiplas com Tukey, ambos com p<0,05. Os valores obtidos para os grupos armazenados por 7 dias nos terços cervical, médio e apical, respectivamente, foram: ARC- 4,03 (1,85); 4,68 (2,76); 2,97 (1,56); ARC+CHX- 6,75 (3,01); 5,28 (2,89); 3,98 (3,40); RL- 2,26 (0,48); 1,97 (1,31); 1,69 (0,75); RL+CHX- 2,26 (0,96); 2,10 (0,93); 1,65 (1,40). Para os grupos armazenados por 6 meses, os valores resultantes foram: ARC- 6,57 (2,43); 6,56 (2,85); 5,15 (3,07); ARC+CHX- 3,23 (3,13); 1,75 (1,28); 3,26 (2,10); RL- 2,02 (1,13)...

This study evaluated the influence of 2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) on glassfiber post bonding strength to root dentin with a dual-cured resin cement and a resinmodified glass-ionomer cement, in terms of coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Eighty bovine roots were sectioned 17mm from their apices and endodontically treated and randomly assigned into eight groups: ARC (dual-cured resin cement RelyX ARC + ScothBond Multi Purpose adhesive system); ARC+CHX (ARC associated with CHX); RL (resin-modified glass-ionomer cement RelyX Luting 2) and RL+CHX (RL associated with CHX). Half of each group was subjected to either 7-day or 6-month storage in artificial saliva, after being restored with glass-fiber post Exacto. After 24 hours of luting, the roots were sliced under irrigation to obtain 1mm-thick slices. After the storage time, slices were subjected to push-out test with a universal test machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min. After this test, the slices were submitted to analysis of failure modes. Data of bond strength were submitted to four-way ANOVA and Tukeys tests (p≤0.05). The values of average and standard deviation (MPa) regarding coronal, middle, and apical thirds for 7-day groups were: ARC- 4.03 (1.85); 4.68 (2.76); 2.97 (1.56); ARC+CHX- 6.75 (3.01); 5.28 (2.89); 3.98 RL- 2.26 (0.48); 1.97 (1.31); (3.40); 1.69 (0.75); RL+CHX- 2.26 (0.96); 2,10 (0.93); 1.65 (1.40). After 6-month storage, the respectively values obtained were: ARC- 6.57 (2.43); 6.56 (2.85); 5.15 (3.07); ARC+CHX- 3.23 (3.13); 1.75 (1.28); 3.26 (2.10); 1.40 (1.43); RL- 2.02 (1.13); 1.90 (1.33); RL+CHX- 1.06 (0.70); 0.78 (0.38); 0.88 (0.90). The most observed failures were adhesive cement-dentin and mixed failures for ARC groups; for the RL groups, the main failures were adhesive cement-post and mixed modes. Immediate values showed similar performance between both tested cements. After 6 months, ARC yielded higher bond strength compared to RL. For any tested situation...

Effect of Zingiber officinale and propolis on microorganisms and endotoxins in root canals

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of glycolic propolis (PRO) and ginger (GIN) extracts, calcium hydroxide (CH), chlorhexidine (CLX) gel and their combinations as ICMs (ICMs) against Candida albicans,Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and endotoxins in root canals. Material and Methods: After 28 days of contamination with microorganisms, the canals were instrumented and then divided according to the ICM: CH+saline; CLX, CH+CLX, PRO, PRO+CH; GIN; GIN+CH; saline. The antimicrobial activity and quantification of endotoxins by the chromogenic test of Limulus amebocyte lysate were evaluated after contamination and instrumentation at 14 days of ICM application and 7 days after ICM removal. Results and Conclusion: After analysis of results and application of the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests at 5% significance level, it was concluded that all ICMs were able to eliminate the microorganisms in the root canals and reduce their amount of endotoxins; however, CH was more effective in neutralizing endotoxins and less effective against C. albicans and E. faecalis, requiring the use of medication combinations to obtain higher success.

Influência da solução de clorexidina a 2% na resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro em raízes bovinas: acompanhamento imediato, 6 meses e 1 ano / 2% chlorhexidine influence on fiber posts bond strength to bovine roots: immediate, 6-month and 1-year-aging

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da solução de clorexidina a 2% na resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com cimento resinoso convencional utilizando três diferentes sistemas adesivos (2 convencionais e 1 autocondicionante), no período de 7 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano. Foram selecionadas 180 raízes bovinas, que foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas em 6 grupos (n=30): MP, sistema adesivo (SA) convencional de 3 passos (ScotchBond Multi Uso); SB, SA convencional de 2 passos (Single Bond); SE, SA autocondicionante de 2 passos (Clearfil SE Bond); MP-CHX, SB-CHX e SE-CHX, com aplicação da clorexidina (CHX). Em todos os grupos, o pino de fibra de vidro Exacto foi cimentado com cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC. Cada grupo foi dividido em 3, de acordo com o período experimental, 7 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano (n=10). Após a obtenção de fatias com 1mm de espessura, os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de push-out (100kg, 0,5mm/min). Os tipos de falhas foram analisados em microscópio ótico de luz (40x) e classificados em: adesiva cimento/dentina; adesiva cimento/pino; coesiva em dentina ou cimento, e mista. Os valores, convertidos em MPa, foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA a 4 critérios e teste de Tukey para comparação das médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença estatística com o uso da CHX para os SAs convencionais testados, nos períodos de 7 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano (p>0,05). Dentre os SA, o MP foi o que se manteve constante com ou sem CHX (p>0,05). Houve diminuição de resistência adesiva no terço cervical, em 1 ano, e no terço apical em 7 dias do SE-CHX (p<0,05). Pode-se concluir que o uso da CHX pareceu não interferir na resistência adesiva dos SAs testados, exceto para o SA autocondicionante, em 7 dias e 1 ano.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the 2% chlorhexidine influence on fiber posts bond strength luted with a resin cement, with three different dentin bonding systems (2 etch-and-rinse and 1 self-etching), with 7-day, 6-month and one-year-aging. One hundred and eighty bovine roots were endodontically treated and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=30): MP, three-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding system (DBS) (ScotchBond Multi Uso); SB, two-step etch-and-rinse DBS (Single Bond); SE, twostep self-etching DBS (Clearfil SE Bond); MP-CHX, SB-CHX and SE-CHX, with chlorhexidine (CHX) application. Exacto fiber posts were luted with dual cure resin cement RelyX ARC in all groups. Each group was divided in three, according to aging (n=10). After obtainning 1mm-thick slices, push-out test was carried out (100kg, 0,5mm/min). Failure modes were assessed under light microscopy (40x) and classified in: adhesive to dentin; adhesive to post; cohesive in dentin or cement, and mixed failure. Values were converted to MPa and analyzed by 4-way ANOVA and Tukeys test for multiple comparisons, at 5% significance level. There was no difference with the use of CHX for tested etch-and-rinse DBSs, after 7-day, 6-month and one-year-aging (p>0,05). Among DBSs, MP presented constant values (p>0,05). SE-CHX presented significant lower bond strength values on the cervical third, at one year, and apical third at 7 days (p<0,05). It can be concluded that CHX use seemed not to interfere bond strength values of all materials tested, except for the self-etch DBS, after 7 days and one year-aging.

Efeito da irrigação e medicação endodôntica em dentina infectada por biofilmes orais / The effect of endodontic irrigation and medication on biofilm infected dentin

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito antimicrobiano da irrigação e da medicação endodôntica em dentina infectada por biofilmes orais. Na primeira parte do estudo, avaliaram-se as seguintes soluções irrigadoras: hipoclorito de sódio a 1%, clorexidina a 2%, ácido cítrico a 10% e EDTA a 17%. Na segunda parte, avaliaram-se soluções irrigadoras contendo associações (MTAD, Smear Clear, Qmix, ácido maleico a 7%, iodo-iodeto de potássio a 2% e ácido peracético a 4%), sendo essas soluções comparadas a 2 concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio. Na terceira parte, avaliou-se o efeito de dispositivos sônicos, ultrassônicos e de laser na capacidade de limpeza do hipoclorito de sódio a 6%, com uso de microscópio eletrônico de varredura. Na quarta parte, avaliaram-se os efeitos antimicrobianos de 3 pastas de hidróxido de cálcio contendo 3 radiopacificadores diferentes (óxido de zinco, sulfato de bário e iodofórmio). No último experimento, foram avaliadas as propriedades antimicrobianas da pasta triantibiótica, da clorexidina em gel e da pasta aquosa de hidróxido de cálcio. Os resultados mostraram que todas as soluções de hipoclorito de sódio testadas e o ácido peracético a 4% foram mais efetivas sobre o biofilme em comparação a todos os irrigantes testados. As soluções de hipoclorito de sódio propiciaram significativamente uma melhor limpeza da dentina. O ácido peracético foi também efetivo para dissolver células do biofilme. A ativação do hipoclorito de sódio com o ultrassom e com laser interferiu favoravelmente na limpeza da dentina infectada. A pasta triantibiótica e o hidróxido de cálcio associado ao iodofórmio foram os medicamentos mais efetivos na descontaminação da dentina infectada. Portanto, o protocolo ideal que deve ser adotado para garantir uma descontaminação efetiva da dentina contaminada por biofilmes orais inclui o uso de hipoclorito de sódio ativado por ultrassom ou laser e medicação intracanal de hidróxido de cálcio com iodofórmio...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of endodontic irrigation and medication on biofilm infected dentin. In the first part, we evaluated the following irrigant solutions: 1% sodium hypochlorite, 2% chlorhexidine, 10% citric acid and 17% EDTA. In the second part, irrigant solutions containing combinations of antimicrobials such as "MTAD," "Smear Clear", "Qmix", 7% maleic acid and 2% iodine-potassium iodide and 4% peracetic acid were evaluated. These solutions were compared to 2 concentrations of sodium hypochlorite. In the third part, we evaluated the effect of sonic, ultrasonic and laser irrigation on the cleaning ability of biofilm infected dentin using 6% sodium hypochlorite under scanning electron microscope. In the fourth part, we evaluated the antimicrobial effects of 3 calcium hydroxide pastes containing 3 different radiopacifiers (zinc oxide, barium sulfate and iodoform). In the last experiment, we evaluated the antimicrobial properties of the triantibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel and calcium hydroxide paste. The results showed that the sodium hypochlorite and the peracetic acid solutions were more effective to decontaminate the biofilm infected dentin in comparison to all of the tested irrigants. The sodium hypochlorite solutions allowed significantly better cleaning of the dentine. The peracetic acid was also effective to dissolve the biofilm cells. Activation of 6% sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonic and laser increased the cleaning of biofilm infected dentin. The triantibiotic paste and calcium hydroxide associated to iodoform were the most effective intracanal dressings available for the decontamination of the infected dentin. Therefore, the ideal protocol to be adopted in order to ensure an effective decontamination of biofilm infected dentin includes the use of sodium hypochlorite, specially activated by ultrasound or laser; and the use of calcium hydroxide with iodoform intracanal dressing...

Influência da solução de clorexidina a 2% na resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro em raízes bovinas: acompanhamento imediato, 6 meses e 1 ano / 2% chlorhexidine influence on fiber posts bond strength to bovine roots: immediate, 6-month and 1-year-aging

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da solução de clorexidina a 2% na resistência adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro cimentados com cimento resinoso convencional utilizando três diferentes sistemas adesivos (2 convencionais e 1 autocondicionante), no período de 7 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano. Foram selecionadas 180 raízes bovinas, que foram tratadas endodonticamente e divididas em 6 grupos (n=30): MP, sistema adesivo (SA) convencional de 3 passos (ScotchBond Multi Uso); SB, SA convencional de 2 passos (Single Bond); SE, SA autocondicionante de 2 passos (Clearfil SE Bond); MP-CHX, SB-CHX e SE-CHX, com aplicação da clorexidina (CHX). Em todos os grupos, o pino de fibra de vidro Exacto foi cimentado com cimento resinoso dual RelyX ARC. Cada grupo foi dividido em 3, de acordo com o período experimental, 7 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano (n=10). Após a obtenção de fatias com 1mm de espessura, os espécimes foram submetidos ao teste de push-out (100kg, 0,5mm/min). Os tipos de falhas foram analisados em microscópio ótico de luz (40x) e classificados em: adesiva cimento/dentina; adesiva cimento/pino; coesiva em dentina ou cimento, e mista. Os valores, convertidos em MPa, foram analisados pelo teste ANOVA a 4 critérios e teste de Tukey para comparação das médias, com nível de significância de 5%. Não houve diferença estatística com o uso da CHX para os SAs convencionais testados, nos períodos de 7 dias, 6 meses e 1 ano (p>0,05). Dentre os SA, o MP foi o que se manteve constante com ou sem CHX (p>0,05). Houve diminuição de resistência adesiva no terço cervical, em 1 ano, e no terço apical em 7 dias do SE-CHX (p<0,05). Pode-se concluir que o uso da CHX pareceu não interferir na resistência adesiva dos SAs testados, exceto para o SA autocondicionante, em 7 dias e 1 ano.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the 2% chlorhexidine influence on fiber posts bond strength luted with a resin cement, with three different dentin bonding systems (2 etch-and-rinse and 1 self-etching), with 7-day, 6-month and one-year-aging. One hundred and eighty bovine roots were endodontically treated and randomly assigned to 6 groups (n=30): MP, three-step etch-and-rinse dentin bonding system (DBS) (ScotchBond Multi Uso); SB, two-step etch-and-rinse DBS (Single Bond); SE, twostep self-etching DBS (Clearfil SE Bond); MP-CHX, SB-CHX and SE-CHX, with chlorhexidine (CHX) application. Exacto fiber posts were luted with dual cure resin cement RelyX ARC in all groups. Each group was divided in three, according to aging (n=10). After obtainning 1mm-thick slices, push-out test was carried out (100kg, 0,5mm/min). Failure modes were assessed under light microscopy (40x) and classified in: adhesive to dentin; adhesive to post; cohesive in dentin or cement, and mixed failure. Values were converted to MPa and analyzed by 4-way ANOVA and Tukeys test for multiple comparisons, at 5% significance level. There was no difference with the use of CHX for tested etch-and-rinse DBSs, after 7-day, 6-month and one-year-aging (p>0,05). Among DBSs, MP presented constant values (p>0,05). SE-CHX presented significant lower bond strength values on the cervical third, at one year, and apical third at 7 days (p<0,05). It can be concluded that CHX use seemed not to interfere bond strength values of all materials tested, except for the self-etch DBS, after 7 days and one year-aging.

Avaliação da eficácia de substâncias naturais antimicrobianas e seu efeito em determinadas propriedades do gesso tipo IV / Evaluation of the efficacy of natural antimicrobial substances and their effect on certain properties of type IV gypsum

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de desinfecção, de soluções incorporadas em gesso odontológico, contra um grupo de microrganismos, e verificar as alterações morfológicas e propiedades físicas e mecânicas do gesso. O digluconato de clorexidina (2%), óleo de melaleuca (20%); própolis em solução hidroalcoólica (14%); extrato de própolis seco (4,4% da massa de gesso) foram incorporados no gesso tipo IV. As propiedades antimicrobianas foram avaliadas por teste de difusão em ágar em 1 hora, 24 horas, e 7 dias após a confecção do modelo em gesso (n=8), para os microrganismos comuns da cavidade oral: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis e Candida Albicans. As propriedades físicas e mecânicas do gesso modificado (n=10) foram avaliadas por: resistência à compressão, reprodução de detalhes, alteração dimensional, e tempo de presa, já as alterações morfológicas foram analisadas por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foi observado que o digluconato de clorexidina á 2% foi eficaz contra todos os microrganismos, exceto Candida Albicans. O extrato hidroalcoólico de própolis foi eficaz para S.Aureus, porém com efeito antimicrobiano menor que o digluconato de clorexidina 2%. O extrato de própolis hidroalcoólico demonstrou efeito antimicrobiano somente para os microrganismos Candida Albicans, e S. Aureus. As alterações mecânicas e físicas encontradas com a incorporação de antimicrobianos ao gesso estão dentro das especificações da ADA, ISO e Anusavice & Phillips, citadas na literatura odontológica. Como conclusão a clorexidina á 2% tem ótimas propriedades antimicrobianas para ser incorporado ao gesso odontologico, e não apresentaram alterações mecânicas, físicas e morfológicas significativas.

This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of disinfectant agents incorporated into type IV dental stone at the time of mixing against some microorganisms typically of oral cavity. 2% chlorhexidine digluconate solution (CHX), 20% tea tree oil (TTO),14% alcohol própolis extract, powder of própolis extract in 4.4% proportion of the dental stone mass and mixed with sterile distilled water was incorporate in dental stone type IV. The antimicrobial properties has evaluated for Agar diffusion test in 1 hour, 24 hours and 7 days, used for the following microorganisms: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans. The properties of modified gypsum (n = 10) were measured: compressive strength, detail reproduction, dimensional alterations, and setting time, since the morphological alterations were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. CHX 2% incorporate in dental stone demonstrated antimicrobial activity against all microorganisms, with the exception of C. albicans. 14% alcohol própolis extract was effective for S.Aureus, therefore with lower effect when incorporated at dental stone. It showed statistical difference between disinfectant agents incorporated in dental stone group and control substance with paper for all groups with chlorhexidine digluconate 2%, except S.Aureus. 14% alcohol própolis extract in paper group was demonstrated antimicrobial activity against S.Aureus and C. albicans. The mechanical and physical changes found with the incorporation of antimicrobial agents to gypsum are within normal limits according to ADA specification, ISO, and Anusavice. It was demonstrated that 2% chlorhexidine digluconate has great antimicrobial propriedades to be incorporated into the gypsum dental, and did not present significant physical and mechanical changes. The study of other substances may have antimicrobial activity with higher concentrations, but more studies are needed

Eficácia da imersão e da escovação mecânica combinada com diferentes agentes de limpeza de próteses na redução da viabilidade de biofilme multiespécies / Effectiveness of immersion and mechanical brushing combined with different denture cleansers in reducing viability of multispecies biofilm

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficácia da escovação com diferentes agentes de limpeza para reduzir a viabilidade de um biofilme multiespécies em resinas acrílicas. Amostras de Lucitone 550 (L) e Tokuyama Rebase Fast II (T) (10 mm x 2 mm) foram preparadas, esterilizadas e inoculadas com uma suspensão de 107 células/mL de Candida albicans e Candida glabrata e de 108 células/mL de Streptococcus mutans. As amostras foram incubadas por 48 h a 37 °C para a formação do biofilme. Em seguida, foram divididas (n = 12) e submetidas à escovação ou imersão durante 10 s nas soluções: água destilada (A); ácido peracético 0,2% (Ac), digluconato de clorexidina 1% (Chx), solução água/dentifrício 1:1 (D), hipoclorito de sódio a 1% (NaOCl) e perborato de sódio (Pb). Os microrganismos viáveis foram avaliados por ensaio de XTT e contagem de colônias (ufc /mL). Os dados foram verificados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5%. Neste estudo, a eficácia da remoção do biofilme foi aumentada pela escovação combinada com agentes químicos de limpeza, por outro lado, a imersão por 10 s em AC e NaOCl mostrou-se tão eficaz quanto a escovação em L e T. Este resultado é bastante interessante, pois a imersão nestes agentes de limpeza por um curto período poderia ser uma alternativa viável para a desinfecção de próteses de pacientes com dificuldades motoras para executar a escovação.

The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of brushing with different cleaning agents in reducing the viability of multispecies biofilm in acrylic resins. Lucitone 550 (L) and Tokuyama Rebase Fast II (T) specimens (10 mm x 2 mm) were prepared, sterilized and inoculated with a Candida albicans and Candida glabrata suspension of 107 cells/mL and a suspension of 108 cells/mL of Streptococcus mutans. Specimens were incubated for 48 h at 37°C for the biofilm formation. Then, they were divided (n=12) and subjected to brushing or immersion for 10 s in the solutions: distilled water (W), 0.2% peracetic acid (Ac), 1% chlorhexidine digluconate (Chx), 1:1 water/dentifrice solution (D), 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and sodium perborate (Pb). Viable microorganisms was evaluated by XTT assay and colony counts (cfu/mL). Data were performed by ANOVA and Tukey test with 5% significance level. In this study, the efficacy of biofilm removal was increased by brushing combined with chemical cleaning agents, on the other hand, immersion for 10 sec in NaOCl and AC has shown to be as effective as brushing for L and T. This result is quite interesting, inasmuch as immersion in these cleaning agents for a short period could be a viable alternative for prostheses disinfection of patients with motor disabilities to perform the brushing

Análise comparativa de dois produtos de higienização de prótesestotais na remoção do biofilme / Comparative analysis of two cleaning products for biofilm removalof total prosthesis

Introdução: A higiene das próteses totais é importante na prevenção de doenças cardíacas e pulmonares em pacientes idosos. Objetivo: Comparar a eficácia dos métodos de higienização para próteses totais. Materiais e métodos: Foram selecionados 20 pacientes portadores de próteses totais superiores. As próteses foram coradas com fucsina básica e, posteriormente, divididas em dois grupos de acordo com as soluções de higiene: grupo 1 – Corega Tabs® (CT); grupo 2 – hipoclorito de sódio (HS) 2,5%. No grupo 1, as próteses foram submersas em 250 mL de água destilada + 1 pastilha de Corega Tabs, no Grupo 2, em 250 mL de água destilada + 10 mL de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% por 5 minutos. Após a imersão, foi escovada a porção interna das próteses por um minuto. As bases internas das próteses foram coradas e fotografadas. Em seguida, realizaram-se imersão e imersão + escovação, e então, foi avaliada a quantidade de placa bacteriana pelo método da contagem de pontos. Os dados foram analisados pelos testes t de Student, ANOVA e múltiplas comparações de Tukey HSD. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre a quantidade de placa bacteriana inicial e após imersão + escovação para ambos os grupos (CT, 40,12 ± 22,44 e 10,92 ± 11,39; HS, 40,64 ± 24,12 e 13,06 ± 11,08; p < 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças entre os grupos 1 e 2 para nenhuma condição teste (inicial, imersão e imersão + escovação) (p > 0,05). Conclusão: CT e HS não apresentaram diferenças para eficiência na remoção de placa bacteriana. O método de imersão + escovação mostrou-se o mais eficaz na remoção de placa bacteriana em próteses totais superiores.

Introduction: The hygiene of the dentures is important in the prevention of heart and lung disease in old patients. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of methods for cleaning dentures in reducing plaque. Materials and methods: We selected 20 patients with maxillary dentures. The prostheses were stained with basic fucsin Replak (Dentsply) and then divided into two groups according to the hygiene solutions: group 1 – Corega Tabs® (CT), group 2 - 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (HS). In group 1, the dentures were submerged in 250 mL of water + Corega Tabs; and group 2 in 250 mL of water + 10 mL of sodium hypochlorite 2.5% for five minutes. After soaking was done, the inner portion of the prosthesis was brushed for one minute. The foundations of internal prostheses were stained and photographed. After the initial period, immersion and immersion + brushing, and then evaluated the amount of plaque by the method of scoring. Data were analyzed by Student´s t-tests, ANOVA and Turkey HSD multiple comparisons. Results: Significant differences were found between the amount of initial plaque and immersion + brushing for both groups (CT, 40.12 ± 22.44 and 10.92 ± 11.39; HS, 40.64 ± 24.12 and 13.06 ± 11.08, p < 0.05). No differences were found between groups 1 and 2 test for any condition (initial, immersion and immersion + brushing) (p > 0.05). Conclusion: CT and HS showed no differences related to the efficiency in removing plaque. The immersion + brushing method proved to be the most efficient at removing plaque from maxillary denture.