Review of policies and guidelines on infant feeding in emergencies : Common ground and gaps

Recent crises in regions where exclusive breastfeeding is not the norm have highlighted the importance of effective policies and guidelines on infant feeding in emergencies. In 1993, UNICEF compiled a collection of policy and guideline documents relating to the feeding of infants in emergency situations. In June 2000 Save the Children, UK, UNICEF and the Institute of Child Health undertook a review of those documents, updating the list identifying the common ground that exists among the different policies. The review also analysed the consistency of the policy framework, and highlighted important areas where guidelines are missing or nuclear. This article is an attempt to share more widely the main issues arising from this review. The key conclusions were that, in general, there is consensus on what constitutes best practice in infant feeding, however, the lack of clarity in the respective responsibilities of key UN agencies (in particular UNICEF, UNHCR and WFP) over issues relating to co-ordination of activities which affect infant-feeding interventions constrains the implementation of systems to support best practice. Furthermore, the weak evidence base on effective and appropriate intervention strategies for supporting optimal infant feeding in emergencies means that there is poor understanding of the practical tasks needed to support mothers and minimise infant morbidity and mortality. We, therefore, have two key recommendations: first that the operational UN agencies, primarily UNICEF, examine the options for improving co-ordination on a range of activities to uphold best practice of infant feeding in emergencies; second, that urgent attention be given to developing and supporting operational research on the promotion of optimal infant-feeding interventions (AU)

From policy to practice : Challenges in infant feeding in emergencies during the Balkan crisis

The preparation and dissemination of policy statements are necessary but insufficient to prevent the inappropiate use of infant-feeding products in emergencies. The widespread failure of humanitarian agencies operating in the Balkan crisis to act in accordance with international policies and recommendations provides a recent example of the failure to translate infant-feeding policies into practice. This article explores the underlying reasons behind the failures which include: 1) the weak institutionalisation of policies; 2) the masive quantities of unsolicited donations of infant-feeding products; 3) the absence of monitoring systems; 4) inadequate co-ordination mechanisms; 5) the high costs of correcting mistakes; and 6) the cumulative effects of poor practice. Efforts to uphold best practice during the crisis are also documented. Finally, the article identifies actions that could be undertaken in advance of and during future emergencies to enhance the application of infant feedin policies in emergencies (AU)

Pronóstico definitivo de vulnerabilidad 1999 - 2000 / Definitive prediction of vulnerability 1999 - 2000

This article of the bulletin is based on the analysis of data collected up until September 30th, 1999, and presents the definitive prognosis for food security during the lean season 99-00. It represents a re-evaluation of the first forecast (preliminary prognosis) conducted in May 1999, taking into consideration the relative importance and development of second season crops, as well as indicators of monetary incomes, compared to the structural potential of each district. The definitive prognosis for the 99-00 food security situation confirms, except for few districts, the first predictions expressed in May (preliminary prognosis) during the preliminary prognosis and is summarised by regions as follows: Northern Region, Central Region and Southern Region. The updated projection presented here indicates that a maximum of 77.740 individuals might be in need of some food assistance to avoid significant malnutrition in the leaning period now beginning. The food deficit for this group should not exceed the blobal amount of 1.119 tonnes of cereals

Nutribusiness : An aspect of the political economy of persistent hunger

The failure of nutrition programs to significantly impact on the prevalent hunger in underdeveloped countries is attributed to nutribusiness. This term conceptually links the activities of profit-motivated capitalist enterprises to the continuous generations of poverty and hunger. The actors are all part of a hierarchy dominated by multinational corporate interests and including bilateral and multilateral aid agencies, nutrition institutes, and nutrition professionals at various levels. Although many lower-level nutrition workers are unwittingly caught up in the system, most of the higher-level professionals are conscious of their roles, which they selfishly perform for personal advancement. The Philippine nutrition system is examined as an example of nutribusiness, albeit in a very obvious and extreme form. On the available evidence, the conclusion is drawn that in countries dominated by capitalist production, nutrition activities amount to nutribusiness. Consequently, the elimination and prevention of persistent hunger in underdeveloped countries must start with their disengagement from the world capitalist system (AU)