Use of Dicranum polysetum extract against Paenibacillus larvae causing American Foulbrood under in vivo and in vitro conditions / Uso del extracto de Dicranum polysetum contra larvas de Paenibacillus causantes de la loque americana en condiciones in vivo e in vitro

Recent research shows that Dicranum species can be used to ameliorate the negative effects of honeybee bacterial diseases and that novel compounds isolated from these species may have the potential to treat bacterial diseases. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of Dicranum polysetum Sw. against American Foulbrood using toxicity and larval model. The effectiveness of D. polysetum Sw. ethanol extract in combating AFB was investigated in vitro and in vivo. This study is important in finding an alternative treatment or prophylactic method to prevent American Foulbrood disease in honey bee colonies. Spore and vegetative forms of Paenibacillus larvae PB31B with ethanol extract of D. polysetum were tested on 2040 honey bee larvae under controlled conditions. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of D. polysetum ethanol extracts were determined as 80.72 mg/GAE(Gallic acid equivalent) and 303.20 µg/mL, respectively. DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging percent inhibition value was calculated as 4.32%. In Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) and Lymantria dispar (LD652) cell lines, the cytotoxic activities of D. polysetum extract were below 20% at 50 µg/mL. The extract was shown to considerably decrease infection in the larvae, and the infection was clinically halted when the extract was administered during the first 24 h after spore contamination. The fact that the extract contains potent antimicrobial/antioxidant activity does not reduce larval viability and live weight, and does not interact with royal jelly is a promising development, particularly regarding its use to treat early-stage AFB infection.(AU)

The transmittable through stinging microbiota differs between honeybees and wasps: a potentially greater microbial risk of the wasp sting for humans / La microbiota transmisible a través de la picadura difiere entre abejas y avispas: un riesgo microbiano potencialmente mayor de la picadura de avispa para los humanos

The present research investigated whether accidental contact through stinging with honeybees, wasps, and hornets could represent a microbial hazard for humans. It has been previously suggested that such contact may transmit pathogens causing infections that could even be fatal for some susceptible individuals. Stinging simulation experiments were performed in the lab with live insects collected from the environment in Lemnos Island (north-eastern Greece), while different selective agar media targeting some clinically important bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus faecalis/faecium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were used as substrates for microbial recovery and identification. Results revealed none of the target pathogenic bacterial species in the honeybee samples, with bacilli, staphylococci, and micrococci dominating their surveyed microbiota. However, most of the suspect colonies isolated from wasps and hornets belonged to important hygienic indicators (i.e., enterococci, Proteus mirabilis, and coliforms), implying possible contact of these insects with fecal origin materials. To sum up, the microbiota that may be transmitted to humans through stinging appears to differ between honeybees and wasps/hornets, while the isolation from the latter samples of some other important opportunistic pathogens, such as Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp., also known for multidrug resistance, could be an additional reason of concern.(AU)

Api m 6 and Api m 10 as Major Allergens in Patients With Honeybee Venom Allergy

Background: Component-resolved diagnosis plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of honeybee venom allergy (HVA). Our aimwas to study whether any of the allergens not included in the usual diagnostic platforms are relevant in our population.Patients and Methods: The allergenic sensitization profile of Spanish patients who experienced a systemic reaction after a honeybee stingand were diagnosed with HVA was studied by immunoblotting based on raw autochthonous Apis mellifera venom characterized usingSDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry and a commercial assay (ImmunoCAP).Results: Allergens in the International Union of Immunological Societies database were detected in the raw A mellifera venom extract used,except Api m 12. Sera from 51 patients with a median (IQR) age of 46.2 years (35.6-54.6) were analyzed. ImmunoCAP revealed Api m 1and Api m 10 to be major allergens (88.2% and 74.5%, respectively). Moreover, Api m 6 (85.4%) was detected by immunoblotting.Conclusion: Api m 1, Api m 6, and Api m 10 are major A mellifera venom allergens in our population (AU)

Antecedentes: El diagnóstico molecular puede ser una herramienta valiosa en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la alergia al veneno deabeja. Este estudio investiga si alguno de los alérgenos no incluidos en las plataformas diagnósticas habituales son relevantes en nuestrapoblación.Pacientes y métodos: Estudiamos mediante immunoblotting el perfil de sensibilización alergénica en pacientes españoles diagnosticadosde alergia al veneno de abeja. Los resultados se compararon con los obtenidos usando un ensayo comercial (ImmunoCAP). El venenocrudo de Apis mellifera autóctona se obtuvo y caracterizó mediante SDS-PAGE y espectrometría de masas.Resultados: Los alérgenos descritos en la base de datos International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS) fueron detectados enel extracto crudo de veneno de A. mellifera utilizado. Se analizaron sueros de 51 pacientes con una edad media de 46,2 años (rangointercuartil 35,6–54,6). Api m 1 y Api m 10 fueron detectados como alérgenos mayoritarios (88,2% y 74,5%, respectivamente) usandoImmunoCAP. Además, se encontró Api m 6 (85,4%) mediante immunoblotting.Conclusión: Nuestra población reconoce Api m 1, Api m 6 y Api m 10 como alérgenos mayoritarios del veneno de A. mellifera (AU)

Analysis of antioxidant activity on cocktail honey products as female pre-conception supplements

Objective: Cocktail honey is derived from a mixture of honey (trigona sp.), bee bread, and homogeneous royal jelly. The material has a phenolic content rich in antioxidants that are beneficial for women's reproductive health, especially for pre-conception, because it can suppress the content of free radicals in the body. Antioxidants are useful to overcome oxidative damage due to free radicals in the body that prevent various diseases from increasing fertility during pre-conception. Method: This study used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test method using UV–vis spectrophotometry to express the value of free radical reduction activity as IC50 (inhibitory concentration) values. Results: The DPPH test on cocktail honey products obtained an average yield of 4577.7 μg/mL, which was included in the product category was very weak in the antioxidant activity content. Conclusion: The content contained in the honey cocktail contains weak bioactive content by assessing the antioxidant content using DPPH. The difference in the results of antioxidant activity tests using DPPH is caused by the test method and the conditions used in processing, homogeneous ingredients, solvent volume, extraction time, temperature, and pressure in product management. (AU)

Effect of royal jelly to deal with stress oxidative in preconception women: A literature review

Introduction: Oxidative stress that occurs in preconception women can disrupt the reproductive system to cause infertility. The antioxidants contained in royal jelly can overcome oxidative stress due to low antioxidants in the body. The purpose of this study is to examine studies of the content of royal jelly, antioxidant activity, and the effectiveness of royal jelly in dealing with oxidative stress in preconception women. Method: This research method is an electronic database search using keywords according to questions in research from the online library PubMed, content science, and Science Direct. Result: a study review conducted in 6 research journals stated that the use of royal jelly as a supplement containing 10-hydroxy-2-decanoic (10-HDA) increases glutathione levels, as well as lipid peroxidation inhibitors. Conclusion: The effectiveness of royal jelly to overcome oxidative stress in preconception women can be assessed from the content of royal jelly and antioxidant activity that can increase the glutathione levels and inhibit increased lipid peroxidation, which is a sign of oxidative stress. (AU)

Analysis of cocktail honey content as a supplementary preparation in preconception women

Objective: This study is basic research carried out to measure the nutritional content of the honey cocktail product, an herbal therapy as a complementary treatment in addressing reproductive health problems and improving the nutritional status of preconception women. The purpose of this research is to know the ingredients in honey cocktail products. Method: The stage of this study is; choose a sample, processing honey cocktail, and testing the parameters. This study used three main raw materials, namely honey, royal jelly, and bee bread. The honey used is Trigona sp. The three primary raw materials used have been processed from the Halal Center of Hasanuddin University. Honey cocktail processing will use a mixture of 100 g Trigona sp. honey, 100 g royal jelly, and 100 g bee bread, then be homogenized using a magnetic stirrer for ±15 min. Honey quality testing is conducted to determine the nutritional content of the honey cocktail supplement, such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, sugars (sucrose and glucose), hydroxymethylfurfural, and metals, and water. This study also examined the metal contamination, ash, and fat level. Results: The results of the test content in the cocktail honey supplement found in 100 ml containing 61.9 g carbohydrates, 0.7 g of protein, 2.3 mg of phosphorus, 0.3 mg of iron, 1736.27 μg/g of potassium, as much calcium 48.35 μg/g, 0.2 mg of manganese, 0.04 mg of fat content, and 2.84% of vitamin A. in addition, cocktail honey also contains 3.8% sucrose, 78% glucose, HMF 48.63 mg/kg, Cu <0.01 μg/g, PB 0.05 μg/g, arsenic <0.01, acidity 49.62 ml NaOH/kg, an ash content of 0.2%, and moisture content of 18.24%. Conclusion: The conclusion in this study cocktail honey samples meets the honey quality requirements following the Indonesian national standard. So that the cocktail honey supplement has good quality and is safe for consumption. (AU)

Chemical composition of Moringa oleifera and Honey from three different Areas in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Objective: The study aimed to assess the composition of MO and honey from different areas in South Sulawesi. Methods: This was a laboratory examination study. Several macro and micronutrients were measured including water, crude protein, crude lipid, Ca, Mg, Na, P, and K. Also, polyphenol and flavonoid were measured. Result: The results showed that variation of water, protein, and lipid in MO were 9.2–9.4%, 24.2–29.8%, and 8.43–9.6% respectively. Meanwhile, the variation of Ca, Mg, Na, P, K in MO were 1.63–2.2%, 0.36–0.53%, 0.18–0.43%, 012–0.22% and 0.67–0.76%, respectively. The variation of polyphenol and flavonoid of MO were 0.24–0.34% and 192–209 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, the variation of water, protein, and lipid in different types of honey were 21.1–25.4%, 1.1–1.6%, and 0.01–0.09% respectively. Meanwhile, the variation of Ca, Mg, Na, P, K in honey were 632–1040%, 216–378%, 361–555%, 20–57% and 1570–2848%, respectively. Polyphenol and flavonoids from three different kinds of honey were also varied at 0.06–011% and 14.4–35.8 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that chemical compositions in MO from three areas were almost similar but they were varied enough in honey which was higher in Trigona sp. (AU)

Artropatía del apicultor / Beekeeper' arthropathy

En los apicultores se ha descrito una artropatía inflamatoria de etiología desconocida pero relacionada con su actividad profesional. Se expone el caso de un apicultor que tras la picadura de abeja presentó una artritis de la articulación interfalángica del primer dedo de la mano izquierda. Aunque el curso clínico subagudo y los hallazgos de la RMN obligaban a plantear el diagnóstico diferencial con un proceso infeccioso, el resto de pruebas analíticas, de imagen y la evolución, junto al antecedente de episodio similar unos años antes en un dedo de otra mano tras la picadura de abeja, permitió el diagnóstico de esta entidad

An acute inflammatory arthritis of unknown cause has been described in beekeepers in relation to their work with the hives. We present the case of a beekeeper who, after a bee sting, developed arthritis of the interphalangeal joint of the first finger of his left hand. Although the subacute clinical course and the magnetic resonance imaging findings required the differential diagnosis with an infectious process, the rest of the laboratory tests. other imaging studies and the course, together with a history of a similar episode a few years earlier on a finger of the other hand after a bee sting, enabled us to diagnosis this condition

Allergenicity of Gramineae bee-collected pollen is proportional to its mass but is highly variable and depends on the members of the Gramineae family

BACKGROUND: Gramineae bee-collected pollen is identified as being at the origin of allergic accidents but the biological potency of Gramineae bee-collected pollen is not well known. Cereal grasses (e.g., Zea) and European wild forage grasses (FG) are contained in bee-collected pollen. METHOD: In this experiment, Zea-mass and FG-mass were identified in bee pollen mass and the proportion of Zea and of FG was calculated using the bee pollen melissopalynology spectrum. Skin reactivity to Zea and to FG were assessed by measuring wheal diameters (W) from skin prick tests using three serial dilutions of bee-collected pollen on 10 allergic patients to Gramineae, in order to calculate the relationship between Zea mass (Masszea) or FG mass (MassFG) in bee pollen and skin reactivity. RESULTS: The linear function Log10(WFG) = 0.24(Log10(MassFG)) + 0.33 (R = 0.99) was established using a bee pollen sample with 0.168 mg of FG pollen per mg. The linear function Log10(Wzea) = 0.23(Log10(Masszea)) + 0.14 (R = 0.99) was established using a bee pollen sample with 0.983 mg of Zea pollen per mg. Gramineae allergens seem to be little altered by bee secretions. Gramineae bee pollen retains its allergenic capacity but it depends on the members of the Gramineae family. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge this is the first time it has been shown that skin reactivity to Gramineae is proportional to the absolute Gramineae mass contained in the bee-collected pollen and that it depends on the members of the Gramineae family

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Ascosphaera apis, the entomopathogenic fungus affecting larvae of native bees (Xylocopa augusti): first report in South America / Infección por Ascosphaera apis en larvas de abejas carpinteras (Xylocopa augusti): primer reporte en América del Sur

Background. Nowadays several invertebrate pollinators of crops and wild plants are in decline as result of multiple and, sometimes, unknown factors; among them, the modern agricultural practices, pests and diseases are postulated as the most important factors. Bees of the genus Xylocopa are considered effective pollinators of passion fruit crops in tropical regions, as well as important pollinators in wild plants, but these bees are attacked by several pathogens that affect different stages in their life cycle. The fungal species of the genus Ascosphaera are commonly associated with social and solitary bee larvae causing chalkbrood disease. Aims. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the presence of Ascosphaera apis affecting larvae of Xylocopa augusti in South America. Methods. For this purpose, A. apis was isolated from affected larvae in YGPSA medium. Final identification was run out by three techniques: (1) Microscopic examination of the hyphae and sizes of the fruiting bodies; (2) Mating test, and specific sexual compatibility test, and (3) PCR detection, using specific primers. Results. This study demonstrates for the first time the presence of A. apis affecting larvae of X. augusti in South America. Conclusions. The evidence of A. apis affecting the larvae of X. augusti, and the fact that the sharing of pathogens between different bee species has been underestimated, suggests the need for further epidemiological studies in order to determine not only the prevalence of this pathogen among wild pollinators, but also its relationship to the sudden collapse of honey bee colonies in this region (AU)

Antecedentes. En la actualidad, las poblaciones de una gran cantidad de insectos polinizadores están disminuyendo debido a múltiples factores, no siempre conocidos, como las prácticas agrícolas modernas, las plagas y las nuevas enfermedades. Las abejas del género Xylocopa se consideran unos importantes polinizadores de los cultivos de maracuyá en el trópico, así como de gran cantidad de plantas silvestres. Estos polinizadores silvestres se ven afectados por diversos agentes patógenos en diferentes etapas de su ciclo de vida. En particular, varias especies del hongo entomopatógeno Ascosphaera están comúnmente asociadas a las larvas de abejas sociales y solitarias, en las que causan una infección conocida como cría yesificada. Objetivos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue demostrar la presencia de Ascosphaera apis en larvas de Xylocopa augusti en Sudamérica. Métodos. Se aisló A. apis de las larvas afectadas en medio YGPSA. La identificación final fue realizada utilizando tres técnicas: 1) examen microscópico del tamaño de las hifas y los cuerpos de fructificación; 2) test de apareamiento y test específico de compatibilidad sexual, y 3) detección mediante PCR, utilizando iniciadores específicos. Resultados. En este estudio se ha registrado por primera vez en Sudamérica la presencia de A. apis en larvas enfermas de la abeja nativa X. augusti. Conclusiones. La presencia de A. apis en larvas enfermas de X. augusti, sumada al hecho de que se ha subestimado la presencia de los mismos patógenos en diferentes especies de abejas, evidencia la necesidad de realizar más estudios epidemiológicos para determinar no solo la prevalencia de este patógeno entre polinizadores silvestres, sino también su relación con el repentino colapso de las colonias de abejas de la miel en esta región (AU)

Tetracycline-resistance encoding plasmids from Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease, isolated from commercial honeys

Paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of American foulbrood disease in honeybees, acquires tetracycline-resistance via native plasmids carrying known tetracycline-resistance determinants. From three P. larvae tetracycline-resistant strains isolated from honeys, 5-kb-circular plasmids with almost identical sequences, designated pPL373 in strain PL373, pPL374 in strain PL374, and pPL395 in strain PL395, were isolated. These plasmids were highly similar (99%) to small tetracycline-encoding plasmids (pMA67, pBHS24, pBSDMV46A, pDMV2, pSU1, pAST4, and pLS55) that replicate by the rolling circle mechanism. Nucleotide sequences comparisons showed that pPL373, pPL374, and pPL395 mainly differed from the previously reported P. larvae plasmid pMA67 in the oriT region and mob genes. These differences suggest alternative mobilization and/or conjugation capacities. Plasmids pPL373, pPL374, and pPL395 were individually transferred by electroporation and stably maintained in tetracycline-susceptible P. larvae NRRL B-14154, in which they autonomously replicated. The presence of nearly identical plasmids in five different genera of gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Bhargavaea, Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Sporosarcina, inhabiting diverse ecological niches provides further evidence of the genetic transfer of tetracycline resistance among environmental bacteria from soils, food, and marine habitats and from pathogenic bacteria such as P. larvae (AU)

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The effect of royal jelly on CD3+, CD5+, CD45+ T-cell and CD68+ cell distribution in the colon of rats with acetic acid-induced colitis

Background: Traditional medicines and health supplements have historically been used to treat many illnesses but most of them have not been evaluated objectively to prove their efficacy. We have been investigating the effects of royal jelly (RJ) supplements on acetic acid-induced colitis on the distribution of CD3+, CD5+, CD45+ T-cell and CD68+ cells in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into four equal groups: control group, royal jelly-treated (RJ - 150mgkg−1 body weight), acetic acid-treated (colitis) and acetic acid-treated (colitis) +royal jelly (CRJ - 150mgkg−1 body weight). Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 4% acetic acid; the control group received physiological saline (10mLkg−1). Colon samples were obtained under deep anaesthesia from animals in four groups. Tissues were fixed in 10% formalin neutral buffer solution for 24h and embedded in paraffin. Results: The proliferative response of CD3+ and CD45+ T cells stimulated with colitis was affected by colitis treated with RJ. No differences were found in CD5+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages in the colitis treated with RJ. Conclusions: This study has shown that RJ has anti-inflammatory and cell regeneration effect in the colon of rats with acetic acid induced colitis(AU)

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Evaluación ecotoxicológica de dos derivados del Nim en lombriz de tierra y abejas / Ecotoxicological assessment of two Neem derivatives in earthworm and honey bees

La utilización de productos con bajo o nulo impacto en organismos circundantes y el ambiente, constituye parte del nuevo concepto de protección de cultivos. Los productos NeoNim 60 y OleoNim 80, obtenidos del árbol del Nim, están propuestos para su uso como insecticida, nematicida y acaricida. Con el objetivo de realizar la evaluación ecotoxicológica de estos productos, se realizaron los ensayos de toxicidad aguda en lombriz de tierra Eisenia andrei y de toxicidad aguda por contacto en abejas Apis mellifera. Cada ensayo contó con un grupo control y dos tratados. El ensayo en lombrices se realizó durante 14 días utilizando suelo artificial, realizando observaciones clínicas, conteo de animales y estudio del comportamiento de la biomasa. La prueba en abejas se prolongó por 48 horas, realizándose observaciones clínicas y conteo de animales. Se obtuvo un 100% de supervivencia en las lombrices de los grupos tratados, obteniendo en el NeoNim 60 valores de disminución de la biomasa significativamente inferiores al grupo control, mientras que el grupo tratado con OleoNim 80 mostró aumento en la biomasa del inicio al final del ensayo. En el ensayo en abejas, la comparación estadística no mostró diferencias entre grupos en cuanto a la mortalidad. Teniendo en cuenta el conjunto de los resultados obtenidos, se pudo concluir que los derivados del Nim NeoNim 60 y OleoNim 80 no producen efecto tóxico sobre las lombrices de tierra y las abejas (AU)

The use of products with low or null impact in surroundingorganisms and the environment constitutes part of the new concept of crop protection. The products NeoNim 60 and OleoNim 80, obtained from the Neem tree, are proposed for its use as insecticide, nematicide and acaricide. With the objective of perform the ecotoxicological assessment of these products, it were carried out the earthworm acute toxicity and the honey bee acute contact toxicity tests. For each assay two Treated and one Control group were established. The assay in earthworms Eisenia andrei was carried out during 14 days using artificial soil, with daily clinical observations, count of animals and study of the changes of the biomass. The test in honey bees Apis mellifera was prolonged for 48 hours, with daily clinical observations and count of animals. A survival of 100% was obtained in the earthworms of the Treated groups, obtaining in the NeoNim 60 group significative lower values of biomass when compared to the Control, while the group treated with OleoNim 80 showed an increase in the biomass from the beginning to the end of the assay. In the assay in bees, the statistical comparison didn't show differences among groups as for the mortality. Taken into account the obtained results, it could be concluded that the Neem derivatives NeoNim 60 and OleoNim 80 don't produce toxic effect on the earthworms and the honeybees (AU)

Contact allergy to propolis in beekeepers / Alergia de contacto al propolis en apicultores

Background: Some toothpastes, cosmetics and ointments contain propolis, a bee product, and it is increasingly popular as a dietary supplement. Although propolis is known to cause contact allergy, there have been no studies of the prevalence of this. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of contact allergy to propolis in beekeepers and any relationship between propolis allergy and environmental and physical and mental health characteristics in this group. Subjects and methods: A specially developed instrument which included a validated questionnaire on emotional stability was included in the issues of three German beekeeping journals sent to subscribers in a number of regions (potential readership 35,000). A reference group also completed questionnaire. Results: 1051 questionnaires were returned and 37 cases of allergic reactions to propolis were reported (3.6 %). Only 10 of the 37 (27 %) beekeepers had recognised the allergy before participating in this study. Propolis contact allergy was significantly associated with lung diseases and other allergic reactions. Only some affected beekeepers protected their hands more while working with bees and showed significantly greater emotional instability than those not sensitised to propolis. Conclusions: Contact allergy to propolis is common among beekeepers, but they do not seem to recognise the problem or protect themselves properly

Antecedentes. Algunas pastas de dientes, cosméticos y pomadas contienen propolis, un producto de las abejas, que esta teniendo un popular incremento como suplemento alimenticio. Aunque el propolis es conocido como causante de alergia de contacto, no hay estudios sobre la prevalencia de esto. Objetivos. Este estudio está dirigido para determinar la prevalencia de la alergia de contacto al propolis en apicultores y la relación entre alergia al propolis y ambiente, y las características físicas y mentales de este grupo. Controles y métodos. Un instrumento especialmente desarrollado que incluía un cuestionario validado sobre estabilidad emocional, se incluyó en la edición de tres revistas Alemanas de apicultores, enviado a los suscriptores de un número de regiones (35.000 potenciales lectores). El cuestionario también lo completó un grupo de referencia. Resultados. Retornaron 1.050 cuestionarios que reportaron 37 casos de reacciones alérgicas a propolis (3,6%). Sólo 10 de los 37 (27%) apicultores habían reconocido la alergia antes de participar en este estudio. La alergia de contacto al propolis estuvo asociada significativamente con enfermedad pulmonar y otras reacciones alérgicas. Solamente algunos apicultores protegían sus manos cuando trabajaban con las abejas y mostraron una mayor significativa inestabilidad emocional que los no sensibilizados al propolis. Conclusiones. La alergia por contacto al propolis es común entre apicultores, pero ellos no parece que reconozcan el problema y se protejan adecuadamente

Bee and bee products allergy in Turkish beekeepers: determination of risk factors for systemic reactions / Alergia a la abeja y a los productos de la abeja en apicultores turcos: determinación de los factores de riesgo de reacciones sitémicas

Background: The prevalence of allergic reactions due to bee stings in beekeepers varies in different regions of the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of sting reactions and the risk factors for developing systemic reactions in Turkish beekeepers. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 1250 beekeepers to be completed in seven different cities of Turkey. A total of 494 (39.6 %) questionnaires were returned. Results: There were 444 subjects (89.9 %) with a history of sting exposure in the previous 12 months. Systemic reactions were present in 29 subjects (6.5 %) and nine (2 %) reactions were anaphylactic. Fifty-five percent of beekeepers reported more than 100 bee stings in the previous year. When systemic reactions were controlled by age and duration of beekeeping in a logistic regression model, seasonal rhinitis (OR: 4.4, 95 % CI: 1.2-11.5), perennial rhinitis (OR: 4.6, 95 % CI: 1.2-18.2), food allergy (OR:7.0, 95 % CI: 2.0-25.0), physician-diagnosed asthma (OR: 8.0, 95 % CI: 2.5-25.6), having an atopic disease of any type (OR: 3.3, 95 % CI: 1.2-8.7) and having two or more atopic diseases (OR: 10.9, 95 % CI: 3.5-33.8) were significantly associated with systemic reactions due to bee sting in the previous 12 months. Conclusion: The incidence of systemic reactions in Turkish beekeepers is low, which might be due to the protective effect of a high frequency of bee stings. The risk of systemic reactions increases approximately three-fold when one atopic disease is present and eleven-fold when two or more concurrent atopic diseases are present with respect to no atopic disease

Antecedentes: la prevalencia de las reacciones alérgicas por la picadura de abejas en los apicultores varia en las diferentes regiones del mundo. Este estudio está encaminado a evaluar las características de las reacciones a la picadura y los factores de riesgo para que tengan lugar reacciones sistémicas en los apicultores turcos. Métodos: Se envió un cuestionario a 1.250 apicultores de siete ciudades diferentes de Turquía, para que lo retornarán tras cumplimentarlo, lo que hicieron 494 (39,6%) de ellos. Resultados: En los 12 últimos meses, 444 (89,9%) de los apicultores habían sufrido picaduras. 29 (6,5%) habían tenido reacciones sistémicas, 9 de ellas (2%) reacciones anafilácticas. El 55% de los apicultores habían sido sufrido más de 100 picaduras en el último año. Cuando las reacciones sistémicas se controlaron en función de la edad y la duración de la apicultura en un modelo de regresión logística, la rinitis estacional (OR: 4.4, 95% CI:1.2-11.5), rinitis perenne (OR: 4.6, 95% CI:1.2-18.2), alergia alimentaria (OR: 7.0, 95% CI:2.0-25.0), asma diagnosticada por el médico (OR: 8.0, 95% CI: 2.5-25.6), tener una enfermedad atópica (OR: 3.3, 95% CI: 1.2-8.7), y tener dos o más enfermedades atópicas (OR: 10.9, 95% CI: 3.5-33.8), estaban asociadas significativamente con reacciones sistémicas causadas por picadura de abeja en al menos los últimos 12 meses. Conclusión: la incidencia de reacciones sistémicas en los apicultores turcos es baja, lo que puede deberse al efecto protector de la alta frecuencia de picaduras de abeja. El riesgo de reacciones sistémicas aumenta aproximadamente tres veces cuando el apicultor ya padece una enfermedad atópica y once veces cuando concurren dos o más enfermedades atópicas, en comparación con los apicultores que no padecen enfermedades de esta naturaleza

El própolis y la salud / Propolis and human health

El própolis es una resina cérea, de composición compleja y consistencia viscosa, que las abejas elaboran a partir de partículas resinosas de diferentes vegetales y que utilizan en la construcción, reparación y protección de la colmena. Ampliamente utilizado desde la antigüedad con diversas finalidades, actualmente se investigan las acciones, efectos y posibles usos del própolis en biología y medicina, destacando su utilización como suplemento dietético y en la industria farmacéutica. En este trabajo se revisan las pruebas disponibles sobre las propiedades del própolis en el tratamiento y prevención de distintos tipos de trastornos y para ello, tras un breve repaso a su origen y composición, se realiza una búsqueda exhaustiva de la información bibliográfica disponible sobre sus propiedades, los parámetros utilizados para evaluar su calidad y sus posibles efectos secundarios. Los resultados obtenidos confirman su eficacia, principalmente, como antioxidante, antiinflamatorio y antimicrobiano (AU)

Apredizaje especial: Condiciones y efectos básicos / Spatial Learning: Conditions and Basic Effects

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Necrosis estriatal bilateraltras picadura de avispa / Bilateral striatal necrosis folowing a wasp sting

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