Productos alimenticios etiquetados como “orgánicos” a basede cultivos andinos: un estudio de sus bio-componentes y actividad antioxidante in vitro / Food products labeled as “organic” based on Andean crops: a study of their biocomponents and antioxidant activity in vitro

Objetivo: En este estudio se plantea la evaluación de sus propiedades antioxidantes de varios productos con etiquetado “orgánico” elaborados con matrices alimentarias de cultivos andinos.Materiales y métodos: Las diferentes muestras con etiquetado “orgánico” fueron evaluadas en función a sus propiedades antioxidantes y evaluadas mediante métodos espectrofotométricos. Resultados: Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las semillas seguido de las mezclas de harinas (PM1 y PM3) presentan altos contenidos de proteínas, mientras que la semilla de chía (S2) fueron ricos en lípidos y cenizas. Mejores contenidos de polifenoles, flavonoides, flavanoles, flavonoles y antocianinas fueron observados en las mezclas de harinas (PM1 a PM5), estas mezclas fueron obtenidas a partir de maca, quinua, maíz morado, cacao, y lúcuma, mientras que las semillas como quinua perlada roja, amaranto, quinua roja, quinua negra, y quinua tricolor contribuyeron con betaxantinas y betacianinas. El orden de clasificación de los productos alimenticios en función del valor antioxidante y composición nutricional ubicó en primer lugar a PM2 (quinua, cacao criollo, maíz morado, algarrobo, canela), segundo lugar para maíz morado y en tercer lugar para flakes.Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de este estudio permitieron establecer que las mezclas de harinas con etiquetado “orgánico” mostraron un alto potencial antioxidante.(AU)

Objective: In this study, the evaluation of the antioxidantproperties of several products labeled “organic” made withfood matrices of Andean crops is proposed.Material and methods: A total of 23 samples with “or-ganic” labelling based on Andean crops were evaluated withrespect to their nutritional composition, antioxidant properties(total polyphenols, total flavonoids, anthocyanins, betalains,and DPPH radical scavenging activity).Result: The results of this study show that the seeds (S1to S7) followed by the flour mixtures (PM1 and PM3) presenthigh protein contents, while the chia seed (S2) was rich inlipids and ashes. Regarding polyphenols, flavonoids, fla-vanols, flavonols and anthocyanins, it was observed that theflour mixtures (PM1 to PM5) presented better contents, these mixtures were obtained from maca, quinoa, purple corn, co-coa, and lucuma, while the seeds as red pearl quinoa, ama-ranth, red quinoa, black quinoa, and tri-color quinoa con-tributed betaxanthins and betacyanins. The order ofclassification of the food products with the “organic” labelbased on the antioxidant value and nutritional compositionplaced the PM2 sample in first place (quinoa, Criollo cocoa,purple corn, carob powder, cinnamon), followed by purplecorn flour (P1) and in third place for flakes (FL). Conclusion: The findings of this study allowed us to es-tablish that the flour mixtures labeled “organic” showedgreater DPPH radical scavenging activity.(AU)

Effects of effective microorganisms on the physiological status, intestinal microbiome, and serum metabolites of Eriocheir sinensis / Efectos de microorganismos eficaces sobre el estado fisiológico, el microbioma intestinal y los metabolitos séricos de Eriocheir sinensis

The compound known as effective microorganisms (EMs) is widely used in aquaculture to improve water quality, but how they affect the health of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) is unclear, especially in terms of intestinal microbiota and serum metabolites. In this study, we fed juvenile crabs with an EM-containing diet to explore the effects of EM on the physiological status, intestinal microbiome, and metabolites of E. sinensis. The activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were significantly enhanced by EM, indicating that EM supplementation effectively enhanced the antioxidant capacity of E. sinensis. Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the main intestinal microbes in both the control and EM groups. Linear discriminant effect size analysis showed that Fusobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrio, and Morganella were biomarkers in the control group, and Exiguobacterium and Rhodobacteraceae were biomarkers in the EM group. Metabolomics analysis revealed that EM supplementation increased cellular energy sources and decreased protein consumption, and oxidative stress. Together, these results indicate that EM can optimize the intestinal microbiome and serum metabolites, thereby benefiting the health of E. sinensis.(AU)

Antioxidant defense of children and adolescents with atopic dermatitis: Association with disease severity

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing, chronic cutaneous inflammatory disease with onset, in general, in early childhood. Chronic skin inflammation is associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Oxidative stress, an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defense, results in tissue inflammation due to the upregulation of genes that encode inflammatory cytokines. This condition plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. Objective: To compare the antioxidant defense in children and adolescents with AD with that of healthy individuals and to verify the association of antioxidant defense with disease severity and nutritional status. Methods: Cross-sectional study that evaluated 48 children and adolescents with AD and 25 controls for nutritional assessment (body mass index z score [BMIZ] and height for age z score [HAZ]) and levels of vitamins A, C, E, and D, zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 33 (IL-33). Results: There was no significant difference in the comparison between AD and control groups for serum levels of vitamins (A, D, C, and E), copper, and antioxidant enzymes. Serum zinc levels were higher in the AD group (β = 24.20; 95% CI 13.95–34.91; P < 0.001) even after adjusting the BMIZ, HAZ, gender, IL-33, and CRP. Children and adolescents with moderate or severe AD compared to mild AD (SCORAD – 36.7±17.4 vs 11.8 ± 3.9; P < 0.001) had lower values of the vitamin E/total lipid ratio (3.68 [0.29;12.63] vs 5.92 [3.27;17.37]; P = 0.013) (AU)

Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor (NRF2), Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and Total Oxidant-Antioxidant Status in Patients with COVID-19 / Factor nuclear relacionado con el eritroide 2 (NRF2), hemo oxigenasa 1 (HO-1) y estado oxidante-antoxidante total en pacientes con COVID-19

Introduction: Studies on nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) levels in COVID-19 patients are limited. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between some biomarkers of oxidant-antioxidant status with COVID-19 disease. Material and methods: The patients older than 18 years of age who tested positive for SARS CoV-2 PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with clinical symptoms and signs were included in this study. Total antioxidant status (TAS), total antioxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and HO-1 and Nrf2 levels were analyzed from serum samples taken before and after treatment. Results: In this study, 16 patients followed up with the diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. 9 (56.3%) of the patients were female and 7 (43.8%) were male. The mean age was 33.75 ± 17.03 years. All patients were symptomatic and were hospitalized to be followed up. It was determined that Nrf2 and HO-1 values increased significantly after treatment. Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between Nrf2 and TAS values and TAS increases significantly in parallel to an increase in Nrf2, and there was a significant but negative correlation between Nrf2 and TOS and OSI values, and thus an increase in Nrf2 led to a decrease in TOS and OSI values. There was a significant positive correlation between HO-1 and TAS, and TAS increased significantly, as HO-1 increased. Conclusions: The decrease in TOS and OSI and the increase in Nrf2 and HO-1 during the follow-up period in COVID-19 patients suggest that the body tries to prevent ROS-related oxidative stress via Nrf2 and HO-1 and that oxidative stress may have a key role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. (AU)

Introducción: Los estudios sobre los niveles del factor 2 relacionado con el factor nuclear eritroide 2 (Nrf2) y la hemo oxigenasa-1 (HO-1) en pacientes con COVID-19 son limitados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la relación entre algunos biomarcadores del estado oxidante-antioxidante con la enfermedad COVID-19. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron en este estudio los pacientes mayores de 18 años que dieron positivo a PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) de SARS CoV-2 con síntomas y signos clínicos. Se analizaron el estado antioxidante total (TAS), el estado antioxidante total (TOS), el índice de estrés oxidativo (OSI) y los niveles de HO-1 y Nrf2 a partir de muestras de suero tomadas antes y después del tratamiento. Resultados: En este estudio se incluyeron 16 pacientes seguidos con diagnóstico de COVID-19. 9 (56,3%) de los pacientes eran mujeres y 7 (43,8%) eran hombres. La edad media fue 33,75 ± 17,03 años. Todos los pacientes presentaban síntomas y fueron hospitalizados para seguimiento. Se determinó que los valores de Nrf2 y HO-1 aumentaron significativamente después del tratamiento. Además, hubo una correlación positiva significativa entre los valores de Nrf2 y TAS y TAS aumenta significativamente en paralelo a un aumento en Nrf2, y también hubo una correlación significativa pero negativa entre Nrf2 y los valores de TOS y OSI y, por lo tanto, un aumento en Nrf2 condujo a una disminución en los valores TOS y OSI. Hubo una correlación positiva significativa entre HO-1 y TAS, y TAS aumentó significativamente a medida que aumentaba HO-1. Conclusiones: La disminución de TOS y OSI y el aumento de Nrf2 y HO-1 durante el período de seguimiento en pacientes con COVID-19 sugieren que el cuerpo intenta prevenir el estrés oxidativo relacionado con ROS a través de Nrf2 y HO-1 y que el estrés oxidativo puede tener un papel clave en la fisiopatología de COVID-19. (AU)

Production of biosurfactant by salt-resistant Bacillus in lead-supplemented media: application and toxicity / Producción de biosurfactante por Bacillus resistente a la sal en medios suplementados con plomo: aplicación y toxicidad

A group of biosurfactants are lipopeptides that are produced by some microorganisms, especially Bacillus strains. They are new bioactive agents with anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities. Also, they are used in sanitation industries. In this study, a lead-resistant strain of Bacillus halotolerans was isolated for lipopeptide production. This isolate exhibited metal resistance (lead, calcium, chromium, nickel, copper, manganese, and mercury), salt tolerance (12%), and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The production of lipopeptide was optimized, concentrated, and then extracted from the polyacrylamide gel in a simple way for the first time. The nature of the purified lipopeptide was determined by FTIR, GC/MS, and HPLC analyses. The purified lipopeptide indicated significant antioxidant properties (90.38% at a concentration of 0.8 mg ml−1). Also, it had anticancer activity by apoptosis (flow cytometry analysis) in MCF-7 cells, while it had no cytotoxicity on HEK-293 normal cells. Therefore, Bacillus halotolerans lipopeptide has the potential to be used as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, or anticancer agent in the medical and food industries.(AU)

Reduction of NrF2 as coadjuvant during the development of persistent periapical lesions

Background: Persistent periapical lesions (PPL) are the result of pulpar necrosis induced by bacterial infection resulting in bone degradation and culminating with the loss of dental piece. Pathological changes in the peripapice are associated with the presence of free radicals. The transcription factor Nrf2 is the main regulator of the endogenous antioxidant response against oxidative stress and has been implicated in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis.The aim is to determine the oxidative condition in samples from patients with Persistent Periapical Injuries as a detonating factor of tissue damage. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in samples with PPL (cases) and samples by removal of third molars (controls) obtained in the clinic of the specialty in endodontics, University of Guadalajara. Samples were submitted to histological staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin, lipoperoxide analysis, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Glutathione-Peroxidase (GPx) and Catalase (CAT) activities were determined by immunoenzymatic assays and NrF2 by Western Blot analysis. Results: Samples from PPL patients histologically showed an increased presence of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils, as well as a decrease in extracellular matrix proteins and fibroblast cells. There was a rise in lipid peroxidation, GPx and SOD activities, but an important decline (36%) in Catalase activity was observed (p<0.005); finally, NrF2-protein was diminished at 10.41%. All comparisons were between cases vs controls. Conclusions: The alterations in antioxidants endogenous NrF2-controlled are related to osseous destruction in patients with PPL. (AU)

Néctar a base de pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus) con harina de cáscara de maracuyá (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa): Compuestos antioxidantes, estabilidad fisicoquímica y aceptabilidad sensorial / Pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus)-based nectar with passion fruit (Passifloraedulis flavicarpa) peel flour: Antioxidant compounds, physicochemicalstability and sensory acceptability

Introducción: Actualmente, existe un gran interés por nuevas formulaciones bebidas de frutas que potencien las características nutricionales del producto. La harina de cáscara de maracuyá es un subproducto con excelentes propiedades antioxidantes de beneficio para el consumidor que puede ser incluida en la industria de alimentos. Objetivo: Evaluar los compuestos antioxidantes, estabilidad fisicoquímica y aceptabilidad sensorial de un néctar a base de pitahaya con harina de cáscara de maracuyá. Materiales y métodos: Se establecieron tres formulaciones de bebida de pitahaya con harina de cáscara de maracuyá (HCM): T1 (1% HCM), T2 (3% HCM) y T3 (5% HCM). Se analizó la composición proximal del subproducto, en los néctares de fruta se evaluó su calidad microbiológica, compuestos antioxidantes (fenoles totales, actividad antioxidante), estabilidad fisicoquímica (pH, acidez, sólidos solubles, densidad, viscosidad, turbidez) cada 7 días durante 1 mes y aceptabilidad sensorial. Resultados y discusiones: A excepción de la densidad, el ANOVA determinó p<0,05% en las demás variables fisicoquímicas, identificando como mejor tratamiento en contenido de fenoles totales 48,4635 ± 0,24 mg ácido gálico / 100 mL y actividad antioxidante 18,0555 ± 0,27 µmol Equivalente a Trolox / 100 mL al tratamiento T3. Durante la evaluación de estabilidad fisicoquímica, el T3 fue inestable en cunto a los niveles de pH y vitamina C, mientras que, en los demás parámetros la HCM no influyó sobre la estabilidad del néctar. Los atributos del perfil sensorial presentaron un p<0,05%. Todos los tratamientos cumplieron con la calidad microbiológica que exige la norma INEN 2337, el tratamiento T1 fue el mejor a nivel sensorial y de colorimetría. Conclusiones: No es recomendable utilizar más del 1% de harina de cáscara de maracuyá en el néctar de pitahaya, ya que afecta la percepción del consumidor, sin embargo, entre mayor sea su concentración mejor serán los niveles de antioxidantes en la bebida.(AU)

Introduction: Currently, there is great interest in new fruitdrink formulations that enhance the nutritional characteristicsof the product. Passion fruit husk flour is a by-product withexcellent antioxidant properties of benefit to the consumerthat can be included in the food industry. Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant compounds,physicochemical stability and sensory acceptability of a pitahaya based nectar with passion fruit peel flour. Materials and methods: Three pitahaya drink formulations with passion fruit husk flour (HCM) were established: T1(1% HCM), T2 (3% HCM) and T3 (5% HCM). The proximalcomposition of the byproduct was analyzed, in the fruit nectars its microbiological quality, antioxidant compounds (totalphenols, antioxidant activity), physicochemical stability (pH,acidity, soluble solids, density, viscosity, turbidity) were evaluated every 7 days for 1 month and sensory acceptability.Results and discussions: With the exception of density,the ANOVA determined p<0.05% in the other physicochemical variables, identifying 48.4635 ± 0.24 mg gallic acid / 100mL as the best treatment in total phenol content and antioxidant activity. 18.0555 ± 0.27 μmol Equivalent to Trolox / 100mL to T3 treatment. During the physicochemical stability evaluation, T3 was unstable in terms of pH and vitamin C levels, while the HCM did not influence the stability of the nectar inthe other parameters. The attributes of the sensory profilepresented a p<0.05%. All the treatments complied with themicrobiological quality required by the INEN 2337 standard,the T1 treatment was the best at the sensory and colorimetric level. Conclusions: It is not recommended to use more than 1%of passion fruit peel flour in pitahaya nectar, since it affects consumer perception, however, the higher its concentration,the better the antioxidant levels in the drink.(AU)

Estado nutricional y vitaminas con acción antioxidante en adultos mayores institucionalizados en hogares privados de Santiago de Chile / Nutritional status and vitamins with antioxidant action in institutionalized elderly adults in Santiago, Chile

Introducción: El envejecimiento es un proceso oxidativofisiológico y parte del curso de la vida. El crecimiento de la po-blación de adultos mayores en Chile ha genera la necesidadde promover un envejecimiento saludable, donde mantenerniveles adecuado de antioxidantes es fundamental. Objetivo: Determinar los niveles plasmáticos de vitaminascon acción antioxidante en adultos mayores institucionaliza-dos en Santiago de Chile. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo,transversal, en adultos mayores institucionalizados en hoga-res privados de Santiago de Chile. Se determinó el estado nu-tricional y riesgo cardiovascular, perfil bioquímico y nivelesplasmáticos de vitaminas A, C y E. Para el análisis estadísticose utilizó prueba T-student y prueba U de Mann-Whitney deacuerdo a la distribución de los datos. Se consideró un nivelde significancia del 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: El 79,5% de nuestra muestra fueron muje-res, quienes presentaron un IMC y un % masa grasa mayorque hombres. También presentaron mayores niveles de lípi-dos plasmáticos asociados con el riesgo cardiovascular. Encuanto a las vitaminas, se observó un mayor nivel plasmáticode vitamina E en mujeres, respecto de los hombres.Conclusión: En adultos mayores institucionalizados se ob-servaron mayores niveles de lípidos plasmáticos asociados afactores de riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres, no obstante,también se observó mayores niveles de vitamina E.(AU)

Introduction: Aging is a physiological oxidative process andpart of the life course. The growth of the elderly population inChile has generated the need to promote healthy aging, wheremaintaining adequate levels of antioxidants is essential. Objective: To determine the plasmatic levels of vitaminswith antioxidant action in institutionalized older adults inSantiago de Chile. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectionalstudy was carried out in institutionalized older adults inSantiago, Chile. Nutritional status and cardiovascular risk, bio-chemical profile and plasmatic levels of vitamins A, C and Ewere determined. For the statistical analysis, the T-studenttest and the Mann-Whitney U test were used according to thedistribution of the data. A significance level of 5% (p<0.05)was considered. Results: 79.5% of our sample were women, who had ahigher BMI and % fat mass than men. They also presentedhigher plasma lipid levels associated with cardiovascular risk. Regarding vitamins, a higher plasmatic level of vitamin E wasobserved in women, compared to men. Conclusion: In institutionalized older adults, higher levelsof plasma lipids associated with cardiovascular risk factorswere observed in women, however, higher levels of vitamin Ewere also observed. (AU)

Aspectos de calidad de un chocolate oscuro elaborado con formulación óptima / Quality aspects of a dark chocolate made with optimal formulation

Introducción: Los chocolates son procesados en fábricasde alta, mediana y pequeña escala, donde el cacao pasa pordiferentes operaciones unitarias que brindan el valor agregado esperado; sin embargo, es importante controlar los ingredientes de la formulación: azucares totales y grasa saturada, que afecta el sobrepeso del consumidor de chocolates. Objetivo: Evaluar aspectos de calidad de un chocolate oscuro al 70% de cacao a partir de una fórmula optimizada (CO-70) en cuanto a aspectos energéticos, componentes antioxidantes, de inocuidad y sensoriales. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó valores nutricionales, componentes antioxidantes y alcaloides, valores microbiológicos y toxicológicos, así como la aceptabilidad sensorial conconsumidores de 20 a 40 años, utilizando métodos analíticos. Resultados y discusiones: Los resultados muestran aun CO-70 reducido en calorías con 555,9 ± 0,1 kcal; un nivel de azúcar de 35,45 g; un nivel de grasa de 35,12 g; contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados de 13,05 ± 0,03 g; uncontenido de proteínas de 11,88 g; una cantidad importantede polifenoles de 2,20 ± 0,15 g EAG en 100 g chocolate; libre de microorganismos patógenos y compuestos tóxicos;con una aceptabilidad sensorial de 70,80 % en consumidores peruanos. Conclusiones: Con el adecuado diseño y desarrollo deproductos se pueden obtener chocolates con calidad sensoria nutricional cada vez mejores, en beneficio de la salud del consumidor.(AU)

Introduction: The chocolates are processed in factoriesof high, medium, and small scale, where the cacao beansgo through different unit operations that provide the exected added value; however, it is important to control theingredients of the formulation: total sugars and saturatedfatty acids, which affects the overweight of the chocolateconsumer. Aim: To evaluate quality aspects of a dark chocolate 70 %cacao made from an optimized formula (CO-70) in terms ofenergy aspects, antioxidants components, safety and sensory. Materials and methods: The following were analyses nutritional values, antioxidant, and alkaloid components, microiological and toxicological, as well as sensory acceptabilitywith 20–40-year-old consumers, using analytical methods. Results and discussions: The CO-70 reduced in calorieswith 555.9 ± 0.1 kcal; a sugar level of 35.45 g; a fat level of35.12 g; unsaturated fatty acid content of 13.05 ± 0.03 g; aprotein content of 11.88 g; a significant number of polyphenols of 2.20 ± 0.15 g GAE in 100 g chocolate; free of pathogenic microorganisms and toxic compounds; with a sensoryacceptability of 70.80% in peruvian eaters. Conclusions: With the adequate design and developmentof products, chocolates with sensory and nutritional quality that are increasingly better for the health of the consumer canbe obtained.(AU)

Potential usefulness of Mediterranean diet polyphenols against COVID-19-induced inflammation: a review of the current knowledge

The Mediterranean diet is a dietary pattern typical of the populations living in the Mediterranean basin during the 50s-60s of the last century. This diet has demonstrated beneficial effects in the prevention of several pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, or several cancer types, at least in part, due to its antioxidant compounds. Since the COVID-19 pandemic started, different authors have been studying the effects of certain dietary habits on the presence of COVID-19 and its severity, and the Mediterranean diet is one of them. This review gathers data from studies supporting the potential usefulness of the main phenolic compounds present in the Mediterranean diet, based on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as preventive/therapeutic agents against COVID-19. The current evidence supports the potential benefits that hydroxytyrosol, resveratrol, flavonols such as quercetin, flavanols like catechins, and flavanones on the order of naringenin could have on COVID-19. This is due to the increase in the synthesis and translocations of Nrf-2, which increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes and thus reduces ROS production, the scavenging of free radicals, and the suppression of the activity of MMP-9, which is involved in the cytokine storm, and the inhibition of NF-κB. (AU)

Associations among SNPs in two addictive genes, food addiction, and antioxidant markers in recreationally active young women / Asociaciones entre polimorfismo de nucleótido único en dos genes adictivos, adicción a la comida y marcadores antioxidantes en mujeres jóvenes recreativamente activas

Introduction: food addiction is associated with genetic polymorphisms and decreased antioxidant intake. Objectives: this study determined the associations among food addiction, dopamine receptor 2 (DRD2) and toll-interleukin 1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP rs625413) gene polymorphisms, antioxidant capacities, and zinc levels among recreationally active Turkish women. Methods: the Yale Food Addiction Scale was used to evaluate the food addiction status. Serum antioxidant capacities and zinc levels were evaluated by blood analyses. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction was performed using peripheral blood leukocytes, and the polymorphism status of the DRD2 Taq 1A and TIRAP genes was investigated using a commercial kit. Results: the frequencies of the heterozygous genotypes of DRD2 Taq 1A and TIRAP were 23.1 % and 31.4 %, respectively, and the frequency of risk allele homozygous genotypes was 3.2 %. Most participants (94.4 %) had a nonpolymorphic/wild (CC) genotype in both genes; however, 11.5 % of the participants had a food addiction. The differences between serum antioxidant capacities, zinc levels, and body mass indices of those with and without food addiction were statistically significant. However, there were no differences in the serum zinc and antioxidant levels among the different genotypes. Conclusion: food addiction in young Turkish women was not associated with DRD2 Taq 1A or TIRAP polymorphisms but was associated with serum antioxidant capacities and zinc levels. Further studies on different loci of the same genes or genotypes of different genes with larger sample sizes are warranted.

Introducción: la adicción a la comida está asociada con polimorfismos genéticos y disminución de la ingesta de antioxidantes. Objetivos: este estudio determinó las asociaciones entre la adicción a la comida, los polimorfismos del gen de la proteína adaptadora que contiene el dominio del receptor de dopamina 2 (DRD2) y del receptor de interleucina 1 (TIR) (TIRAP rs625413), las capacidades antioxidantes y los niveles de zinc entre mujeres turcas recreativamente activas. Métodos: se utilizó la escala de adicción a la comida de Yale para evaluar el estado de adicción a la comida. Las capacidades antioxidantes séricas y los niveles de zinc se evaluaron mediante análisis de sangre. La extracción de ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN) se realizó a partir de leucocitos de sangre periférica y el estado de polimorfismo de los genes DRD2 Taq 1A y TIRAP se investigó con un kit comercial. Resultados: las frecuencias de los genotipos heterocigotos de DRD2 Taq 1A y TIRAP fueron 23,1 % y 31,4 %, respectivamente, y la frecuencia de genotipos homocigotos de alelos de riesgo fue de 3,2 %. La mayoría de las participantes (94,4 %) tenían un genotipo no polimórfico/salvaje (CC) en ambos genes; sin embargo, el 11,5 % de las participantes tenía adicción a la comida. Las diferencias entre las capacidades antioxidantes séricas, los niveles de zinc y los índices de masa corporal de aquellas con y sin adicción a la comida fueron estadísticamente significativas. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en los niveles séricos de zinc y antioxidantes entre los diferentes genotipos. Conclusión: la adicción a la comida en mujeres jóvenes turcas no se asoció con los polimorfismos DRD2 Taq 1A o TIRAP, pero se asoció con las capacidades séricas antioxidantes y los niveles de zinc. Se justifican más estudios sobre diferentes loci de los mismos genes o genotipos de diferentes genes con tamaños de muestra más grandes. (AU)

Actividad antioxidante del fruto de Rubus sparsiflorus (Shiraca) / Antioxidant activity of the fruit of Rubus sparsiflorus (Shiraca)

Objetivo: Determinar la actividad antioxidante del fruto de Rubus sparsiflorus (shiraca). Material y métodos: Se preparó un homogenizado con agua destilada y se centrifugó a 15,000 rpm por 10 minutos, el sobrenadante se utilizó para realizar las determinaciones analíticas. Los polifenoles se determinaron con la técnica de Singleton y Rossi, los flavonoides con la técnica de Jia, Tang y Wu, la vitamina C con la técnica de Jagota y Dan y las antocianinas con la de Giusti y Wrolstad. Así mismo, se determinó la capacidad antioxidante utilizando las técnicas FRAP (Benzie y Strain), DPPH (Brand-Williams, Cuvellier y Berset), ABTS (Rice-Evans, Miller y Paganga) y el sistema ascorbato/cobre (Uchida y Kawakishi).Resultados: La shiraca madura mostró un contenido de polifenoles de 415.4 mg. EAG/100g de fruta, flavonoides 72.03 mg.EC/100g de fruta y antocianinas 147.38 mg de cianidina-3-glucósido/100g de fruta que fueron más elevados que la shiraca verde, en cambio, el contenido de vitamina C fue similar en el fruto maduro (108.35 mg/100g) y el verde (118.52 mg/100g). Así mismo, la actividad antioxidante del fruto maduro evaluada con las técnicas FRAP (8.05 mmoles de Fe-II/100 g de fruta), DPPH (IC50 = 0.76 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 0.147 mg/mL) y el sistema ascorbato/cobre (IC50 = 2.16 mg/mL) mostraron que el fruto maduro tuvo mayor capacidad antioxidante que el fruto verde.Conclusiones: La shiraca principalmente la madura, es un fruto que posee una elevada capacidad antioxidante y un alto contenido de polifenoles, flavonoides y vitamina C.(AU)

Objective: To determine the antioxidant activity of thefruit of Rubus sparsiflorus (shiraca). Material and methods: A homogenate was preparedwith distilled water and centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 10 min-utes, the supernatant was used to perform the analytical de-terminations. Polyphenols were determined using theSingleton and Rossi technique, flavonoids using the Jia, Tangand Wu technique, vitamin C using the Jagota and Dan tech-nique, and anthocyanins using the Giusti and Wrolstad tech-nique. Likewise, the antioxidant capacity was determined us-ing the FRAP (Benzie and Strain), DPPH (Brand-Williams,Cuvellier and Berset), ABTS (Rice-Evans, Miller and Paganga)techniques and the ascorbate/copper system (Uchida andKawakishi). Results: The mature shiraca showed a polyphenol contentof 415.4 mg GAE/100g of fruit, flavonoids 72.03 mg.CE/100gof fruit and anthocyanins 147.38 mg of cyanidin-3-gluco-side/100g of fruit that were higher than the green shiraca, in-stead, the content of vitamin C was similar in the mature fruit(108.35 mg/100g) and the green fruit (118.52 mg/100g).Likewise, the antioxidant activity of the mature fruit evaluatedwith the techniques FRAP (8.05 mmoles of Fe-II/100 g of fruit), DPPH (IC50 = 0.76 mg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 0.147 mg/mL) andthe ascorbate/copper system (IC50 = 2.16 mg/mL) showedthat the mature fruit had higher antioxidant capacity than thegreen fruit. Conclusions: Shiraca, mainly the mature one, is a fruitthat has a high antioxidant capacity and a high content ofpolyphenols, flavonoids and vitamin C.(AU)

Asociación de la actividad física con la funcionalidad de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en una cohorte de base poblacional: el estudio REGICOR / Association of physical activity with high-density lipoprotein functionality in a population-based cohort: the REGICOR study

Introducción y objetivos Determinar la relación dosis-respuesta entre la actividad física en el tiempo libre (AFTL) actual y pasada, total y según su intensidad, y la funcionalidad de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL). Métodos Se seleccionó a 642 participantes de un estudio poblacional: la edad media era de 63,2 años y el 51,1% eran mujeres. Se incluyeron datos de la visita inicial y de un seguimiento a 4 años. La AFTL se evaluó mediante cuestionarios validados. Se determinó la capacidad de eflujo de colesterol y antioxidante en el seguimiento. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión lineal y aditivos para evaluar la relación dosis-respuesta. Resultados Se observó una relación inversa y lineal entre la AFTL total actual (entre 0-400 MET x min/día) y la capacidad antioxidante de HDL (coeficiente de regresión [beta]: -0,022; IC95%, -0,030; -0,013), con una meseta por encima de este umbral. Se observaron resultados similares para la AFTL de intensidad moderada (beta: -0,028; IC95%, -0,049; -0,007) y vigorosa (beta: -0,025; IC95%, -0,043; -0,007), pero no para AFTL de intensidad ligera. La AFTL en el seguimiento no se asoció con la capacidad de eflujo de colesterol. La AFTL basal no se asoció con la funcionalidad de HDL. Conclusiones La AFTL de intensidad moderada-vigorosa actual se asocia de forma no lineal con una mayor capacidad antioxidante de las partículas de HDL. Se observa un beneficio máximo con dosis intermedias-bajas de AFTL (0-400 MET x min/día). Nuestros resultados concuerdan con las recomendaciones de práctica de AFTL y sugieren una asociación con la funcionalidad de HDL (AU)

Introduction and objectives To determine the dose-response association between current and past leisure-time physical activity (LTPA), total and at different intensities, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) functionality parameters. Methods Study participants (n=642) were randomly drawn from a large population-based survey. Mean age of the participants was 63.2 years and 51.1% were women. The analysis included data from a baseline and a follow-up visit (median follow-up, 4 years). LTPA was assessed using validated questionnaires at both visits. Two main HDL functions were assessed: cholesterol efflux capacity and HDL antioxidant capacity, at the follow-up visit. Linear regression and linear additive models were used to assess the linear and nonlinear association between LTPA and HDL functionality. Results Total LTPA at follow-up showed an inverse and linear relationship between 0 and 400 METs x min/d with HDL antioxidant capacity (regression coefficient [beta]: −0.022; 95%CI, −0.030, −0.013), with a plateau above this threshold. The results were similar for moderate (beta: −0.028; 95%CI, −0.049, −0.007) and vigorous (beta: −0.025; 95%CI, −0.043, −0.007), but not for light-intensity LTPA. LTPA at follow-up was not associated with cholesterol efflux capacity. Baseline LTPA was not associated with any of the HDL functionality parameters analyzed. Conclusions Current moderate and vigorous LTPA showed a nonlinear association with higher HDL antioxidant capacity. Maximal benefit was observed with low-intermediate doses of total LTPA (up to 400 METs x min/d). Our results agree with current recommendations for moderate-vigorous LTPA practice and suggest an association between PA and HDL functionality in the general population (AU)

Tratamiento mediante suplementación oral o fármacos sistémicos del envejecimiento cutáneo. Revisión narrativa de la literatura / Oral Supplementation and Systemic Drugs for Skin Aging: A Narrative Review

El envejecimiento cutáneo está influido por factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos y múltiples mecanismos patogénicos están involucrados. Los tratamientos utilizados en la actualidad son sobre todo tópicos o son procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. La evidencia sobre la utilidad de la terapia sistémica es limitada: los estudios son en su mayoría de pequeño tamaño, de reducida duración, incluyen a mujeres de manera mayoritaria, la metodología de evaluación es heterogénea y no hay parámetros consensuados de respuesta clínica relevante. Además, los suplementos o fármacos sistémicos no están exentos de efectos adversos. El colágeno hidrolizado oral y el ácido hialurónico oral son bien tolerados y múltiples ensayos clínicos muestran que pueden mitigar algunos signos de envejecimiento cutáneo. La isotretinoína oral en dosis bajas es otra alternativa, pero con un mayor potencial de efectos adversos. Múltiples suplementos, como vitaminas, flavonoides, diversos extractos de plantas y oligoelementos, presentan escasa evidencia clínica. El futuro del manejo del envejecimiento cutáneo parece ser el tratamiento con agentes senolíticos o senomórficos dirigidos específicamente contra células cutáneas senescentes. (AU)

Skin aging is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms. The most widely used treatments are topical products and minimally invasive procedures. Evidence on the benefits of systemic therapy is limited for several reasons: Reliance on mostly small and predominantly female samples, short study durations, methodologic heterogeneity, and a lack of consensus on which outcome measures are clinically relevant. Furthermore, systemic drugs and oral supplements are not without adverse effects. Oral hydrolyzed collagen and oral hyaluronic acid are well tolerated, and numerous clinical trials show they can mitigate some signs of skin aging. Low-dose oral isotretinoin is another option, but it has a higher risk of adverse effects. Evidence is lacking on the effects of the many dietary supplements on offer, such as vitamins, flavonoids, plant extracts, and trace elements. The future of skin aging management would appear to lie in the use of senolytic and senomorphic agents targeting senescent cells in the skin. (AU)

[Translated article] Oral Supplementation and Systemic Drugs for Skin Aging: A Narrative Review / Tratamiento mediante suplementación oral o fármacos sistémicos del envejecimiento cutáneo. Revisión narrativa de la literatura

Skin aging is influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and involves multiple pathogenic mechanisms. The most widely used treatments are topical products and minimally invasive procedures. Evidence on the benefits of systemic therapy is limited for several reasons: reliance on mostly small and predominantly female samples, short study durations, methodologic heterogeneity, and a lack of consensus on which outcome measures are clinically relevant. Furthermore, systemic drugs and oral supplements are not without adverse effects. Oral hydrolyzed collagen and oral hyaluronic acid are well tolerated, and numerous clinical trials show they can mitigate some signs of skin aging. Low-dose oral isotretinoin is another option, but it has a higher risk of adverse effects. Evidence is lacking on the effects of the many dietary supplements on offer, such as vitamins, flavonoids, plant extracts, and trace elements. The future of skin aging management would appear to lie in the use of senolytic and senomorphic agents targeting senescent cells in the skin. (AU)

El envejecimiento cutáneo está influido por factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos y múltiples mecanismos patogénicos están involucrados. Los tratamientos utilizados en la actualidad son sobre todo tópicos o son procedimientos mínimamente invasivos. La evidencia sobre la utilidad de la terapia sistémica es limitada: los estudios son en su mayoría de pequeño tamaño, de reducida duración, incluyen a mujeres de manera mayoritaria, la metodología de evaluación es heterogénea y no hay parámetros consensuados de respuesta clínica relevante. Además, los suplementos o fármacos sistémicos no están exentos de efectos adversos. El colágeno hidrolizado oral y el ácido hialurónico oral son bien tolerados y múltiples ensayos clínicos muestran que pueden mitigar algunos signos de envejecimiento cutáneo. La isotretinoína oral en dosis bajas es otra alternativa, pero con un mayor potencial de efectos adversos. Múltiples suplementos, como vitaminas, flavonoides, diversos extractos de plantas y oligoelementos presentan escasa evidencia clínica. El futuro del manejo del envejecimiento cutáneo parece ser el tratamiento con agentes senolíticos o senomórficos dirigidos específicamente contra células cutáneas senescentes. (AU)

Lipoxin A4 attenuated dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy via activation of PGC-1a/Nrf2/TFAM pathway

Prolonged dexamethasone (DEX) administration causes skeletal muscle atrophy through induction of both oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a recognized antioxidant but its effect against DEX-induced muscle atrophy has not been studied yet. This study aimed to assess the potential ameliorating effect of LXA4 on DEX-induced muscle atrophy and investigate the possible involvement of the mitochondrial dynamics pathway and the redox state in this effect. Forty male rats were divided into four groups; normal control, LXA4-treated, DEX-treated, and LXA4 plus DEX-treated. At the end of the experiment, LXA4 counteracted the effect of DEX on different parameters including muscle weight, muscle strength, serum creatine kinase activity, malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, Na/K-ATPase and citrate synthase activities, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). These findings signify the promising therapeutic effect of LXA4 against DEX-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and indicate the possible involvement of LXA4-induced mitochondrial activation in addition to its well-known antioxidant effects. (AU)

Role of papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis: evaluation of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers

Purpose Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent subtype of thyroid cancer; Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), autoimmune disease, commonly affects the thyroid gland; there is possibly a correlation between both, but the exact mechanisms that involve this relationship are still under debate. Since oxidative stress (OS) and the inflammatory environment participate in the development of several types of cancer, the objective of the present study was to establish the microenvironment and systemic participation of OS and inflammatory markers in patients with PTC and HT. Methods Blood and tissue samples were collected from 115 patients: BENIGN (n = 63); PTC (n = 27); HT (n = 15) and PTC + HT (n = 10), and sixty-three were samples from healthy individuals (control group). Results Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, reduced Glutathione, markers of lipid peroxidation and inflammation were evaluated in blood. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 3-nitrotyrosine, 4-hydroxynonenal, Ki-67 and VEGF. The results indicate that antioxidant enzymes were more active in groups with thyroid disorders compared to control, while the concentration of Reduced glutathione was reduced in BENIGN and PTC groups. When PTC and PTC + HT groups were analyzed, no significant differences were found in relation to the antioxidant defense and inflammatory markers. The ability to contain the induced lipid peroxidation was lower and a high level of malondialdehyde was observed in the PTC group. All immunohistochemical markers had higher scores in the PTC group compared to PTC + HT. Conclusion There was a more pronounced presence of OS and a greater activity of cell proliferation and angiogenesis markers in PTC than in PTC + HT group (AU)

Alimentación saludable y sostenible en tiempos de la pandemia covid-19 / Healthy and sustainable food habits in times of the covid-19 pandemic

El primer reto al que nos enfrentamos en este siglo XXI es el de poder alimentar a todos los habitantes de este planeta con alimentos seguros y saludables y además de forma sostenible. Existen sociedades donde el principal problema es la disponibilidad de alimentos, lo cual deriva en malnutrición y enfermedades de la pobreza (principalmente transmisibles) junto a otras donde la disponibilidad de alimentos no es el problema, pero paradójicamente se dan casos de malnutrición por malas elecciones dietéticas que derivan en las denominadas enfermedades de la riqueza (no transmisibles), como es el caso de las enfermedades cardiovasculares como principal causa de mortalidad. La irrupción a principios del año 2020 de la emergencia provocada por el coronavirus SARS-Cov2 ha hecho de esta situación un nuevo reto en todo el mundo, sin distinción de países con ingresos altos o bajos. Este discurso pretende abordar la importancia de mantener un adecuado estatus nutricional para mantener un buen estado de salud, minimizar los efectos negativos provocados por la COVID-19 así como facilitar la recuperación de los pacientes. Se revisará la evidencia científica relativa al papel de los micronutrientes y compuestos bioactivos en el fortalecimiento del sistema inmune, un efecto beneficioso sinérgico basado en sus mecanismos de acción complementarios. Se tratará además el nuevo concepto de “dieta de salud planetaria” que considera la relevancia de las elecciones dietéticas, por su implicación tanto para la salud humana como para el medio ambiente, manteniendo los recursos disponibles: agua tierra y suelo. El objetivo final es profundizar en el conocimiento científico de manera que pueda ser de utilidad para la sociedad; la promoción de la seguridad alimentaria, mediante una alimentación saludable y sostenible. (AU)

The first challenge we face in this 21st century is to be able to feed all the inhabitants of this planet with safe and healthy food in a sustainable way. There are societies where the main problem is the availability of food, which leads to malnutrition and diseases of poverty (mainly communicable). In other societies, the availability of food is not the problem, but paradoxically there are cases of malnutrition due to poor dietary choices, which lead to the so-called wealth diseases (non-communicable), such as cardiovascular diseases as the main cause of mortality. The emergence at the beginning of 2020 of the emergency caused by the SARS-Cov2 coronavirus has made this situation a new challenge throughout the world, without distinction of countries with high or low income. The speech aims to address the importance of maintaining an adequate nutritional status to maintain good health, minimize the negative effects caused by COVID-19 as well as facilitate the recovery of patients. Scientific evidence regarding the role of micronutrients and bioactive compounds in strengthening the immune system will be reviewed, a synergistic beneficial effect based on their complementary mechanisms of action. It will also discuss the new concept of “planetary health diet” that considers the relevance of dietary choices, due to their implication for both human health and the environment, while maintaining available resources: water, land and soil. The ultimate goal is to deepen scientific knowledge so that it can be of use to society; promoting food security through healthy and sustainable eating. (AU)

El escualeno, una molécula palpitante a pesar de los ciento cinco años de su descubrimiento / Squalene, a vibrant molecule despite its one-hundred-five-year old discovery

El escualeno es un compuesto hidrocarbonado intermediario en la biosíntesis de fitosteroles y terpenos en plantas y del colesterol en animales con una larga tradición de investigación que se inició en 1916. La reciente investigación de sus efectos biológicos ha evidenciado propiedades antioxidantes, antiinflamatorias y antiateroscleróticas. Es un compuesto que se acumula en el hígado de los animales que lo consumen sin que este hígado graso repercuta en la longevidad de dichas especies. Este acúmulo de escualeno modula redes de expresión génica y regula los niveles postranscripcionales de diversas proteínas. La combinación del escualeno con otras sustancias bioactivas es un campo ilimitado de exploración que puede conducir a la formulación de nuevos alimentos funcionales para controlar enfermedades asociadas al estrés oxidativo y el envejecimiento en humanos y en medicina veterinaria.Sus múltiples usos en dermofarmacia o como adyuvante de vacunas lo convierten en una molécula codiciada. Aunque tradicionalmente se ha obtenido de los tiburones, el impacto de su captura con este fin es de tal magnitud que resulta imperante la búsqueda de alternativas. Esta búsqueda de nuevas fuentes para poder cubrir su demanda plantea nuevos retos tecnológicos. (AU)

Squalene is a hydrocarbon intermediary involved in the biosynthesis of phytosterols and terpenes in plants and of cholesterol in animals. Its discovery backs to 1916. Recent research on biological effects has shown this compound to display antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic properties. When animals accumulate in the liver, this fatty liver does not influence their longevity, but influences both gene expression networks and post-transcriptional protein levels. Combination of squalene with other biological compounds is an open aspect to develop functional food to control oxidative stress and aging in human and veterinary medicine.Its current use in cosmetics or as vaccine adjuvant makes of it a coveted molecule. Traditionally, sharps have been its source. However, the impact of their capture for this purpose is unsustainable and the search for new sources is highly required. The quest for those in order to reach the demand poses new technological challenges. (AU)

Therapeutic potentials of the caffeine in polycystic ovary syndrome in a rat model: Via modulation of proinflammatory cytokines and antioxidant activity

Recent studies have shown that polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects about 6% of women worldwide. It is associated with reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Caffeine is naturally found in tea, cocoa, and coffee. It has been shown that caffeine can change hormonal profiles, stimulate ovulation, and enhance fertility. Therefore, in this study, the effects of caffeine on rats with PCOS were investigated. For this purpose, 40 female rats were divided into five groups: (1) control group (without any intervention), (2) sham group (administration of olive oil as a caffeine solvent), (3) PCOS group (injection of 2 mg of estradiol valerate for each rat), (4) caffeine group (administration of 37.5 mg/kg caffeine for each rat), and (5) PCOS + caffeine group. After 21 days of treatment, the ovaries of rats were removed and prepared for further evaluations, including hematoxylin and eosin staining, TUNEL assay, real-time PCR, and biochemical analysis. Administration of caffeine in PCOS mice considerably reduced both the volume of the ovary (P < 0.05) and follicular clusters (P < 0.01). However, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were dramatically active in the PCOS + caffeine group compared to others (P < 0.05). Besides, caffeine treatment in PCOS mice led to Bax reduction and increased Bcl-2 expression. On the other hand, the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in PCOS + caffeine group was high compared to other groups. We found that caffeine can reduce apoptosis and inflammation in PCOS ovaries and enhance the unpleasant symptoms of PCOS (AU)