Inmunoterapia vs. terapia diana en el paciente con melanoma avanzado y mutación BRAF V600, ¿por cuál comenzar? / Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy in Patients With Advanced Melanoma and the V600 BRAF Mutation: Which One First?

El paciente con melanoma avanzado, metastásico o de alto riesgo, cuenta con opciones de tratamiento sistémico, inmunoterapia y terapias dirigidas, que han mejorado significativamente su supervivencia. El 50% de los pacientes con melanoma presentan mutación del gen BRAF. La toma de decisiones en cuanto a la secuencia óptima de tratamiento sistémico debe tener en cuenta factores relacionados con el medicamento, factores clínicos del paciente, así como los propios del tumor. Aunque la combinación ipilimumab-nivolumab es la que proporciona mejores resultados de supervivencia en todos los pacientes, la toxicidad asociada y el perfil de las terapias diana las puede hacer recomendables como primera línea en pacientes en determinadas situaciones clínicas. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un algoritmo de toma de decisiones en cuanto a la primera línea de tratamiento sistémico, inmunoterapia vs. terapias dirigidas, en el paciente con melanoma avanzado con mutación BRAF (AU)

Systemic treatment with immunotherapy or targeted therapy can significantly improve survival in patients with advanced (metastatic or high-risk) melanoma. Fifty percent of patients with melanoma have a BRAF mutation. Decisions on optimal sequencing of systemic treatments should take into account drug- and tumor-related factors and patient characteristics. Although the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab is associated with the best survival outcomes, it is associated with significant toxicity. Targeted therapy may be a more favorable option in certain clinical situations. We review the literature on immunotherapy and targeted therapy in melanoma and present an algorithm for guiding decision-making on their use as first-line systemic treatments for advanced BRAF-mutated melanoma (AU)

[Translated article] Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy in Patients With Advanced Melanoma and the V600 BRAF Mutation: Which One First? / Inmunoterapia vs. terapia diana en el paciente con melanoma avanzado y mutación BRAF V600, ¿por cuál comenzar?

Systemic treatment with immunotherapy or targeted therapy can significantly improve survival in patients with advanced (metastatic or high-risk) melanoma. Fifty percent of patients with melanoma have a BRAF mutation. Decisions on optimal sequencing of systemic treatments should take into account drug- and tumor-related factors and patient characteristics. Although the combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab is associated with the best survival outcomes, it is associated with significant toxicity. Targeted therapy may be a more favorable option in certain clinical situations. We review the literature on immunotherapy and targeted therapy in melanoma and present an algorithm for guiding decision-making on their use as first-line systemic treatments for advanced BRAF-mutated melanoma (AU)

El paciente con melanoma avanzado, metastásico o de alto riesgo, cuenta con opciones de tratamiento sistémico, inmunoterapia y terapias dirigidas, que han mejorado significativamente su supervivencia. El 50% de los pacientes con melanoma presentan mutación del gen BRAF. La toma de decisiones en cuanto a la secuencia óptima de tratamiento sistémico debe tener en cuenta factores relacionados con el medicamento, factores clínicos del paciente, así como los propios del tumor. Aunque la combinación ipilimumab-nivolumab es la que proporciona mejores resultados de supervivencia en todos los pacientes, la toxicidad asociada y el perfil de las terapias diana las puede hacer recomendables como primera línea en pacientes en determinadas situaciones clínicas. El objetivo de esta revisión es proporcionar un algoritmo de toma de decisiones en cuanto a la primera línea de tratamiento sistémico, inmunoterapia vs. terapias dirigidas, en el paciente con melanoma avanzado con mutación BRAF (AU)

Toward Precision Medicine in Atopic Dermatitis Using Molecular-Based Approaches / Hacia una medicina de precisión en la Dermatitis Atópica mediante el uso de enfoques moleculares

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder, affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in developed countries. The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex and involves a strong genetic predisposition and T-cell driven inflammation. Although our understanding of the pathology and drivers of this disease has improved in recent years, there are still knowledge gaps in the immune pathways involved. Therefore, advances in new omics technologies in atopic dermatitis will play a key role in understanding the pathogenesis of this burden disease and could develop preventive strategies and personalized treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in genetics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metagenomics and understand how integrating multiple omics datasets will identify potential biomarkers and uncover nets of associations between several molecular levels (AU)

La dermatitis atópica es el trastorno inflamatorio de la piel crónico más común. Afecta hasta a 20% de los niños y a 10% de los adultos en países desarrollados. La fisiopatología de la dermatitis atópica es compleja e implica una fuerte predisposición genética e inflamación impulsada por células T. Aunque nuestra comprensión de la patología y las causas de esta enfermedad ha mejorado en los últimos años, aún existen lagunas de conocimiento en las vías inmunológicas involucradas. En consecuencia, los avances en nuevas tecnologías ómicas en la dermatitis atópica desempeñarán un papel clave en la comprensión de la patogénesis de esta enfermedad y podrían desarrollar estrategias preventivas y tratamientos personalizados. En esta revisión se discuten los últimos avances en genética, transcriptómica, epigenómica, proteómica y metagenómica, y entendemos cómo la integración de múltiples conjuntos de datos ómicos identificará posibles biomarcadores y descubrirá redes de asociaciones entre varios niveles moleculares (AU)

[Artículo traducido] Hacia una medicina de precisión en la dermatitis atópica mediante el uso de enfoques moleculares / Toward Precision Medicine in Atopic Dermatitis Using Molecular-Based Approaches

La dermatitis atópica es el trastorno inflamatorio de la piel crónico más común. Afecta hasta a 20% de los niños y a 10% de los adultos en países desarrollados. La fisiopatología de la dermatitis atópica es compleja e implica una fuerte predisposición genética e inflamación impulsada por células T. Aunque nuestra comprensión de la patología y las causas de esta enfermedad ha mejorado en los últimos años, aún existen lagunas de conocimiento en las vías inmunológicas involucradas. En consecuencia, los avances en nuevas tecnologías ómicas en la dermatitis atópica desempeñarán un papel clave en la comprensión de la patogénesis de esta enfermedad y podrían desarrollar estrategias preventivas y tratamientos personalizados. En esta revisión se discuten los últimos avances en genética, transcriptómica, epigenómica, proteómica y metagenómica, y entendemos cómo la integración de múltiples conjuntos de datos ómicos identificará posibles biomarcadores y descubrirá redes de asociaciones entre varios niveles moleculares (AU)

Atopic dermatitis is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disorder, affecting up to 20% of children and 10% of adults in developed countries. The pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis is complex and involves a strong genetic predisposition and T-cell driven inflammation. Although our understanding of the pathology and drivers of this disease has improved in recent years, there are still knowledge gaps in the immune pathways involved. Therefore, advances in new omics technologies in atopic dermatitis will play a key role in understanding the pathogenesis of this burden disease and could develop preventive strategies and personalized treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in genetics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metagenomics and understand how integrating multiple omics datasets will identify potential biomarkers and uncover nets of associations between several molecular levels (AU)

Insights into the therapeutic potential of histone deacetylase inhibitor/immunotherapy combination regimens in solid tumors

Solid tumors including skin, lung, breast, colon, and prostate cancers comprise the most diagnosed cancers worldwide. Treatment of such cancers is still challenging specially in the advanced/metastatic setting. The growing understanding of the tumor microenvironment has revolutionized the cancer therapy paradigms. Targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 immune checkpoint has been extensively studied over this decade as a new trend in the management of hard-to-treat cancers by harnessing the power of the immune system to eradicate the tumors. Yet, low response rate and resistance were observed when immunotherapies were tested as monotherapy. This urged the need to develop combinatorial regimens of immunotherapy with other immune modulatory agents to enhance its therapeutic potential and help in reverting the resistance. Epigenetic modifiers such as histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) showed favorable effects on modulating the tumor microenvironment along with the host immune cells. This qualified HDACIs as an attractive candidate class to be tested in combination with immunotherapy. In this review we cover the ongoing clinical trials that investigate the safety and/or the efficacy of HDACI/immunotherapy combinations in solid tumors including skin cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer and recapitulates areas for future research.

Biomarcadores para la caracterización y orientación terapéutica en cáncer de próstata resistente a la castración (cprc) / Biomarkers for characterization and therapeutic orientation in castration-resistant prostate cáncer

- Estudios de secuenciación completa delexoma han revelado el perfil molecular del pacientecon Cáncer de Próstata Resistente a la Castración metastásico (CPRCm) proporcionando nueva informaciónsobre factores pronósticos y predictivos de respuestaa las distintas alternativas terapéuticas. Muchos deestos estudios han resaltado numerosas dianas moleculares accionables desde un punto de vista farmacológico, conduciéndonos al comienzo de la medicina deprecisión en el Cáncer de Próstata (CP). Alteracionesen el Receptor de Andrógenos (RA), en genes reparadores de DNA, en la vía de PI3K-AKT-MTOR o en genes implicados en el ciclo celular son frecuentementeobservadas en CPRCm y pueden ser relevantes en la selección terapéutica y en la comprensión de los mecanismos de resistencia.Los inhibidores de la poli (ADP-ribosa) polimerasaen pacientes con mutaciones en BRCA, pembrolizumab (inhibidor de los puntos de control inmunológico) en pacientes CPRCm con alteraciones en genesimplicados en el “mismatch repair” o inestabilidad demicrosatélites e ipatasertib (inhibidor de AKT) en pacientes con pérdida de función de PTEN son ejemplosde cómo la información molecular puede ser útil paraoptimizar la selección terapéutica en este escenario.No obstante, la heterogeneidad del CP avanzado, lafalta de consenso sobre la fuente biológica óptima parael análisis, el momento y la técnica de análisis continúan siendo desafíos a definir en un fututo próximo.El objetivo es revisar la literatura actual sobre marcadores pronósticos y predictivos de respuesta a tratamiento en el entorno del CPRCm. (AU)

Whole exome sequencing studies haverevealed the molecular landscape of metastatic Castrate Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) providingnew information about prognostic and predictive factors of response to therapies. These studies highlighted potentially actionable targets leading to the begining of the biomarker-driven era in prostate cancer.Alterations in androgen receptor (AR), DNA repair genes, PI3K-AKT-MTOR pathway or in genes involved incell cycle are frequently observed in mCRPC patientsand may be relevant in the resistance induced mechanism to approve therapy in this setting. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor in BRCA mutatedpatients, pembrolizumab (inmune checkpoint inhibitors) in mCRPC patients with mismatch repair genedefects and microsatellite instability and ipatasertib (AKT inhibitor) in patients with loss of function inPTEN are examples on how molecular information canbe useful to improve treatment selection. Nonethelessthe heterogeneity of advanced PC, the lack of consensus regarding the optimal biological source of analysisand the optimal time and technique for the analisysare still challenges that need to be defined in the nextfuture. The aim is to review the current literature concerning prognostic and predictive marker of responseto therapies in the mCRPC setting. (AU)

Multidisciplinary consensus on optimising the detection of NTRK gene alterations in tumours

The recent identification of rearrangements of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) genes and the development of specific fusion protein inhibitors, such as larotrectinib and entrectinib, have revolutionised the diagnostic and clinical management of patients presenting with tumours with these alterations. Tumours that harbour NTRK fusions are found in both adults and children; and they are either rare tumours with common NTRK fusions that may be diagnostic, or more prevalent tumours with rare NTRK fusions. To assess currently available evidence on this matter, three key Spanish medical societies (the Spanish Society of Medical Oncology (SEOM), the Spanish Society of Pathological Anatomy (SEAP), and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (SEHOP) have brought together a group of experts to develop a consensus document that includes guidelines on the diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of NTRK-fusion tumours. This document also discusses the challenges related to the routine detection of these genetic alterations in a mostly public Health Care System (AU)

Preparation of a novel EGFR specific immunotoxin and its efficacy of anti-colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo

Objectives Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), as a malignancy marker, is overly expressed in multiple solid tumors including colorectal neoplasms, one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. The main objective of this study is to enhance the efficacy of anti-tumor therapy targeting EGFR by constructing a novel EGFR-specific immunotoxin (C-CUS245C) based on Cetuximab and recombinant Cucurmosin (CUS245C). Methods E. coli BL21 (DE3) PlysS (E. coli) was used to express CUS245C with a cysteine residue inserting to the C-terminus of Cucurmosin. Then immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) was used to purify CUS245C. The chemical conjugation method was used for the preparation of C-CUS245C. Then dialysis and IMAC were used to purify C-CUS245C. Western blot as well as SDS-PAGE was carried out to characterize the formation of C-CUS245C. At last the anti-colorectal cancer activity of C-CUS245C was investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results CUS245C with high purity could be obtained from the prokaryotic system. C-CUS245C was successfully constructed and highly purified. The cytotoxicity assays in vitro showed a significant proliferation inhibition of C-CUS245C on EGFR-positive cells for 120 h with IC50 values less than 0.1 pM. Besides, the anti-tumor efficacy of C-CUS245C was remarkably more potent than that of Cetuximab, CUS245C, and C + CUS245C (P < 0.001). Whereas the cytotoxicity of C-CUS245C could hardly be detected on EGFR-null cell line. Our results also showed that C-CUS245C had efficacy of anti-colorectal cancer in mouse xenograft model, indicating the therapeutic potential of C-CUS245C for the targeted therapy of colorectal neoplasms. Conclusions C-CUS245C exhibits potent and EGFR-specific cytotoxicity. Insertional mutagenesis technique is worthy to be adopted in the preparation of immunotoxin. Immunotoxin can be highly purified through dialysis followed by IMAC (AU)

Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients with oligoprogression during androgen receptor-targeted therapy

Objectives To report outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients with oligoprogression (≤ 5 metastases) during first-line treatment with androgen receptor-targeted therapy (ARTT). Patients and methods Retrospective multi-institutional analysis of mCRPC patients treated with SBRT to oligoprogressive lesions during ARTT. End-points were time to next-line systemic treatment (NEST), radiological progression-free survival (r-PFS) and overall survival (OS). Toxicity was registered according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, univariate and multivariate analysis (MVA) were performed. Results Data from 34 patients were analyzed. Median NEST-free survival, r-PFS, and OS were 16.97, 13.47, and 38.3 months, respectively. At MVA, factors associated with worse NEST-free survival and r-PFS were polymetastatic burden at diagnosis of metastatic hormone-sensitive disease (hazard ratio [HR] 3.66, p = 0.009; HR 3.03, p = 0.034), PSA ≤ 7 ng/ml at mCRPC diagnosis (HR 0.23, p = 0.017; HR 0.19, p = 0.006) and PSADT ≤ 3 months at mCRPC diagnosis (HR 3.39, p = 0.026; HR 2.79, p = 0.037). Polymetastatic state at mHSPC diagnosis was associated with a decreased OS (HR 4.68, p = 0.029). No patient developed acute or late grade ≥ 2 toxicity. Conclusion Our results suggest that SBRT in oligoprogressive mCPRC is safe, effective and seems to prolong the efficacy of the ongoing systemic treatment positively affecting disease progression. Prospective trials are needed (AU)

Una visión integral del cáncer (II). Campos de estudio y biomarcadores emergentes / An integral view of cancer (II). Fields of investigation and emerging biomarkers

El mundo de la Patología cobra sentido de la mano de la Oncología Clínica, donde técnicas y tratamientos, biomarcadores y anticuerpos, comparten el objetivo de hallar nuevas posibilidades de intervención, más eficaces, menos agresivas y más integrales. En esta búsqueda, la evidencia muestra como la mecánica tisular afecta la carcinogénesis y como la heterogeneidad tumoral depende de la alteración metabólica del estroma y del efecto Warburg de las células malignas, regulado directamente por PD-1 y diana del tratamiento inmunoterápico. Proliferación y apoptosis dependen de la disfunción mitocondrial de la célula tumoral que determina el grado de quimio- y radiorresistencia. El estado de la microbiota intestinal determina la respuesta inmune, la estructura del microambiente del tumor y la respuesta al tratamiento oncológico, y el receptor de la vitamina D permite la reprogramación del estroma tumoral. En la actualidad, la colaboración entre los mundos de la investigación básica y clínica establece como zonas de desarrollo próximo el estudio del microambiente tumoral y la mecanoterapia molecular, el metabolismo y la inmunoterapia, la mitocondria y la oncogénesis, la microbiota y la quimioterapia, el eje psiconeuroendocrino y el desequilibrio homeostático, la epigenética y las posibilidades de reprogramación del fenotipo tumoral. De todos estos campos de conocimiento surgen nuevos biomarcadores, pronósticos y predictivos, que revisamos en este artículo al servicio de nuevas posibilidades de intervención terapéutica

Pathology and clinical oncology work hand in hand so that techniques and treatments, biomarkers and antibodies share the common goal of identifying integral new treatment regimens that are more effective and less aggressive. Evidence shows how tissue mechanics affect carcinogenesis and that tumor heterogeneity depends on metabolic stromal alteration and the Warburg effect of malignant cells, regulated directly by PD-1, becoming a target for immunotherapy. Proliferation and apoptosis depend on mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells, determining the grade of chemo/radio-resistance. The status of intestinal microbiota regulates immune response, tumor microenvironment structure and oncologic treatment response, whilst the Vitamin D receptor allows reprogramming of tumor stroma. Current collaboration between basic and clinical research paves the way for future investigation into areas such as tumor microenvironment and molecular mechanotherapy, metabolism and immunotherapy, mitochondria and oncogenesis, microbiota and chemotherapy, psychoneuroendocrine axis and homeostatic imbalance, epigenetics and reprogramming possibilities of the tumor phenotype. We review new prognostic and predictive biomarkers emerging from these fields of knowledge, opening up new therapeutic possibilities

Targeted sequencing and molecular profiling of a papillary and cribriform clear cell intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma reveals absence of selectable mutations / La secuenciación dirigida y el perfil molecular de un colangiocarcinoma intrahepático de células claras papilares y cribiformes revelan la ausencia de mutaciones seleccionables

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Tratamiento antibiótico dirigido en infecciones por Mycoplasma genitalium: análisis de mutaciones asociadas con resistencia a macrólidos y fluoroquinolonas / Guided antibiotic therapy for Mycoplasma genitalium infections: Analysis of mutations associated with resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones

INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la susceptibilidad de Mycoplasma genitalium a macrólidos y fluoroquinolonas mediante técnicas moleculares. MÉTODOS: La susceptibilidad a macrólidos se analizó (Gipuzkoa, 2014-2017) mediante PCR en tiempo real con sondas (gen 23S ARNr) y a fluoroquinolonas mediante secuenciación tras PCR convencionales (genes parC/gyrA). RESULTADOS: Se detectaron mutaciones asociadas con resistencia a macrólidos en 43/263 (16,3%) casos y con posible resistencia a fluoroquinolonas en 21/267 (7,9%). La resistencia a macrólidos fue más frecuente tras tratamiento previo con azitromicina (76,5 vs. 7,4%; p < 0,001) y con la pauta única de 1 g (31,3 vs. 7% pauta ampliada, p < 0,001). Se detectaron 5/245 (2%) casos con mutaciones de posible resistencia para ambos antibióticos. CONCLUSIONES: La técnica empleada para el estudio de la susceptibilidad de Mycoplasma genitalium a la azitromicina permitió una respuesta rápida con un tratamiento antibiótico dirigido. Moxifloxacino puede ser una buena alternativa en casos con resistencia a macrólidos

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to analyse the susceptibility of Mycoplasma genitalium to macrolides and fluoroquinolones using molecular techniques. METHODS: Susceptibility to macrolides was tested (Gipuzkoa, 2014-2017) by a rapid probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (23S rRNA gene) and to fluoroquinolones by sequencing the parC and gyrA genes. RESULTS: Mutations associated with macrolide resistance were detected in 43/263 (16.3%) cases and potential fluoroquinolone resistance in 21/267 (7.9%). Macrolide resistance was more frequent in patients previously treated with azithromycin (76.5% vs 7.4%, P < .001) as well as in those treated with a single 1g dose (31.3%) vs the extended regimen (7%, P < .001). There were 5/245 (2%) cases with mutations probably associated with resistance to both antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: The technique used for testing Mycoplasma genitalium susceptibility to azithromycin allowed the rapid implementation of resistance-guided antibiotic therapy. Moxifloxacin could be a good option in cases of macrolide resistance

Reacciones capilares de las nuevas terapias diana dirigidas contra el cáncer / Adverse Hair Reactions to New Targeted Therapies for Cancer

Las nuevas terapias inmunológicas dirigidas contra el cáncer han supuesto un cambio radical en el tratamiento y el pronóstico de muchas neoplasias. Estos medicamentos se dirigen de manera mucho más específica contra los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos del cáncer, por lo que adquieren el sobrenombre de "terapias diana". Este cambio de paradigma ha supuesto la aparición de nuevos efectos adversos dermatológicos, que afectan tanto la piel como sus anejos. Los efectos adversos en el pelo pueden manifestarse en alteraciones de su ciclo, forma, color o inmunología. Debido a que son tratamientos nuevos en su mayoría y no existe un documento que englobe todos estos efectos adversos, hemos realizado una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica para caracterizar de manera concreta cuáles son los efectos adversos tricológicos que pueden inducir cada uno de estos fármacos

The advent of immune targeted therapies for cancer has radically changed the treatment and prognosis of many cancers. These drugs are called targeted therapies because they target specific pathophysiological mechanisms of cancer. This paradigm shift in cancer treatment, however, has resulted in new adverse dermatologic effects involving both the skin and its appendages. In the case of hair, targeted drugs can cause immune alterations and changes in hair growth, color, and shape. Because most targeted therapies are new, there is no single document describing all these adverse effects. We performed an exhaustive review of the literature to characterize adverse hair effects associated with the use of targeted therapies

Inmunoterapia en oncología: un nuevo desafío radiológico / Immunotherapy in oncology: a new challenge for radiologists

Objetivo: La inmunoterapia en oncología se ha establecido como una terapia alternativa o complementaria al tratamiento tradicional (cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia). La inmunoterapia disponible actualmente se divide en dos categorías: pasiva y activa. La respuesta activa refuerza el sistema inmune para responder frente a las células tumorales activando tanto la inmunidad humoral como la celular, utilizando la respuesta adaptativa. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar los patrones radiológicos de respuesta al tratamiento inmunológico mediante los criterios de respuesta relacionados con la inmunidad (inmune related response criteria [irRC]) y describir los principales efectos adversos asociados. Conclusión: Las pruebas de imagen tienen un papel fundamental en el seguimiento y valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento en pacientes oncológicos. La inmunoterapia es un desafío en el enfoque radiológico tanto para la valoración de la respuesta al tratamiento como para la correcta detección de los efectos adversos asociados

Objective: In patients with oncologic disease, immunotherapy has become established as an alternative or complementary therapy to traditional treatment options (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy). Currently available immunotherapy modes can be divided into two types: passive and active. The active type strengthens the immune system's response to tumor cells by activating both humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity, using the adaptive response. This article aims to analyze the radiologic patterns of the response to immunotherapy through immune-response-related criteria and to describe the main adverse effects associated with this treatment approach. Conclusion: Imaging tests play a fundamental role in the follow-up of oncologic patients and in the assessment of their response to treatment. Immunotherapy represents a challenge for radiologists both in the evaluation of the response to immunotherapy and in the detection of the adverse effects associated with this treatment approach

Estrategias de curación de la infección por VIH / Strategies for the cure of HIV infection

Los inconvenientes de la administración indefinida del tratamiento antirretroviral y el enorme número de personas infectadas convierten la cura del VIH en un objetivo primordial de salud pública. El VIH puede persistir en el organismo por al menos cuatro mecanismos: un reservorio celular latentemente infectado, la replicación persistente a pesar del tratamiento, los santuarios anatómicos y la disfunción inmunológica. Se han desarrollado estrategias para erradicar el VIH haciendo frente a estos mecanismos. Hasta el momento, se ha conseguido la erradicación completa del virus en un paciente mediante el trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos resistentes a la infección y existen casos de curación funcional de modo natural (controladores de élite) o tras tratamiento antirretroviral (controladores postratamiento). Sin embargo, ninguna estrategia ha conseguido disminuir el reservorio, ni lograr remisiones de modo constante y uniforme. El fracaso de las estrategias aisladas sugiere que la combinación de varias de ellas sea la solución futura

The disadvantages of the long-term administration of antiretroviral therapy as well as the huge number of affected persons have placed the cure of HIV as a primary goal of Public Health. HIV may persist in the organism by at least four mechanisms: a latently infected cellular reservoir, the persistent replication of HIV in spite of ART, anatomic sanctuaries, and the immune dysfunction. Several strategies directed against these mechanisms have been developed. With all this, a complete eradication of HIV has been achieved in a patient using the transplantation of haemopoietic stem cells that were resistant to HIV-infection, and there are examples of functional cure either spontaneously (elite controllers) or after antiretroviral therapy (post-treatment controllers). However, no strategies have been successful in reducing the reservoir size, nor in achieving constant, uniform remissions. The failure of isolated strategies makes it likely that the combination of several of them may be the future solution

SEOM clinical guidelines for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (2018)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for up to 85% of all lung cancers. The last few years have seen the development of a new staging system, diagnostic procedures such as liquid biopsy, treatments like immunotherapy, as well as deeper molecular knowledge; so, more options can be offered to patients with driver mutations. Groups with specific treatments account for around 25% and demonstrate significant increases in overall survival, and in some subgroups, it is important to evaluate each treatment alternative in accordance with scientific evidence, and even more so with immunotherapy. New treatments similarly mean that we must reconsider what should be done in oligometastatic disease where local treatment attains greater value

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Intensive care in cancer patients in the age of immunotherapy and molecular therapies: Commitment of the SEOM-SEMICYUC / Cuidados intensivos en pacientes con cáncer en la era de la inmunoterapia y las terapias moleculares: el compromiso de la SEOM-SEMICYUC

Cancer patients are a vulnerable group exposed to numerous and serious risks beyond cancer itself. In recent years, the prognosis of these individuals has improved substantially thanks to several advances such as immunotherapy, targeted molecular therapies, surgical techniques, or developments in support treatment. This coincides with the prolonged survival of oncological patients admitted to the ICU due to critical complications, and under the supervision of intensivists. The time has therefore come to revisit the intensive care support of these patients, which poses new professional as well as organizational challenges. An agreement was signed in 2017 between the SEOM and SEMICYUC with the aim of improving the quality of care of cancer patients with critical complications. The initiative seeks to aid in decision-making, standardize criteria, decrease subjectivity, generate channels of communication, and delve deeper into the ethical and scientific aspects of these situations. This document sets forth the most important reasons that have led us to undertake this initiative

Los pacientes con cáncer constituyen un colectivo vulnerable expuesto a numerosos riesgos graves, más allá del cáncer en sí. En los últimos años, el pronóstico de estos individuos ha mejorado sustancialmente gracias a varios avances, como la inmunoterapia, las terapias moleculares específicas, las técnicas quirúrgicas o el desarrollo de los tratamientos de soporte. Esto se traduce en un aumento de la supervivencia de los pacientes oncológicos hospitalizados en la UCI y que son llevados por intensivistas. Por lo tanto, ha llegado el momento de revisar el apoyo de cuidados intensivos para estos pacientes, lo que plantea nuevos desafíos profesionales y de organización. En este marco, en 2017 se firmó un acuerdo entre la SEOM y la SEMICYUC con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de la atención de pacientes oncológicos con complicaciones críticas. Esta iniciativa busca ayudar en la toma de decisiones, estandarizar criterios, disminuir la subjetividad, generar canales de comunicación y profundizar en los aspectos éticos y científicos de estas situaciones. Este documento establece las razones más importantes que nos han llevado a emprender esta iniciativa

Neumoperitoneo secundario a neumatosis quística intestinal asociado a inhibidores de la tirosina quinasa / A pneumoperitoneum due to intestinal cystic pneumatosis associated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor

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Tratamientos biológicos en asma: una nueva era / Biologic targeted therapy in asthma: a new age

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