The crosstalk between intestinal bacterial microbiota and immune cells in colorectal cancer progression

Different types of cells that are involved in tumor immunity play a significant part in antitumor therapy. The intestinal microbiota consist of the trillions of diverse microorganisms that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, much emphasis has been paid to the link between these symbionts and colorectal cancer (CRC). This association might be anything from oncogenesis and cancer development to resistance or susceptibility to chemotherapeutic medicines. Cancer patients have a significantly different microbial composition in their guts compared to healthy persons. The microbiome may play a role in the development and development of cancer through the modulation of tumor immunosurveillance, as shown by these studies; however, the specific processes underlying this role are still poorly understood. This review focuses on the relationship between the intestinal bacterial microbiota and immune cells to determine how the commensal microbiome influences the initiation and development of CRC (AU)

Easy approach to detect cell immunity to COVID vaccines in common variable immunodeficiency patients

Background Patients with primary antibody deficiencies, such as Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID), have some problems to assess immune response after coronavirus disease (COVID) vaccination. Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) has the potential to be used as a useful, simple, and cheaper tool to assess T-cell (T lymphocyte) function.Methods Seventeen patients with CVID, a rare disease, received two doses of the mRNA-based Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Humoral Immune Response (HIR) was determined by measuring specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, and Cellular Immune Response (CIR) was evaluated using an ex vivo interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) and in vivo by DTH skin test.Results Two weeks after the second dose of the vaccine, 12 out of 17 CVID patients have high optical density (OD) ratios of specific anti-spike protein (S) IgG whereas five patients were negative or low. Ex vivo CIR was considered positive in 14 out of 17 S1-stimulated patients. Unspecific stimulation was positive in all 17 patients showing no T-cell defect. A positive DTH skin test was observed in 16 CVID patients. The only patient with negative DTH also had negative ex vivo CIR.Conclusions The use of DTH to evaluate CIR was validated with an optimal correlation with the ex vivo CIR. The CIR after vaccination in patients with antibody deficiencies seems to have high precision and more sensitivity to antibodies-based methods in CVID.Clinical Implications There is a remarkable correlation between cutaneous DTH and ex vivo IGRA after COVID vaccination. A COVID-specific skin DTH test could be implemented in large populations.Capsule Summary Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity has the potential to be used as a useful, simple, and cheaper tool to assess T-cell functioning (AU)

A comprehensive analysis of tumor microenvironment-related genes in colon cancer

Background The development and progression of colon cancer are significantly affected by the tumor microenvironment, which has attracted much attention. The goal of our study was primarily to find out all possible tumor microenvironment-related genes in colon cancer. Method This study quantified the immune and stromal landscape using the ESTIMATION algorithm using the gene expression matrix obtained from the UCSC Xena database. Dysregulated genes were harvested using the limma R package, and relevant pathways and biofunctions were identified using enrichment analysis. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select the pivotal genes from the DEGs. Then, survival analysis was performed to determine the hub genes and a prognostic model was constructed by these hub genes with (or) TNM stage. Besides, associations between hub gene expressions and immune cell infiltration were assessed. Results A total of 725 DEGs were identified. Most of the results of the enrichment analysis were immune-related items. 13 genes were selected as the hub genes and a moderate-to-strong positive correlation between most hub genes and several immune cells were observed. Besides, the prognostic value of the hub genes were comparable to TNM staging. Conclusions Our study provides a better understanding of how interactions between the 13 immune-prognostic hub genes and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment affect biological processes in colon cancer. These genes exhibit an equivalent ability to TNM staging in prognosis prediction. They are particularly expected to become novel prognostic biomarkers and targets of immunotherapies for colon cancer (AU)

Analysis of specific antibody and cellular immune response to first-dose measles vaccine Edmonston-Zagreb in 9-month-old infants

Background: Measles vaccinations have been suggested to provide immune protection and decreased measles incidence. However, there was a limited study evaluating how the measles vaccine elicits specific immune responses. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate both humoral and cellular immunity to first-dose measles vaccine Edmonston-Zagreb (EZ) in 9-month-old Indonesian infants. Methods: A cohort study was conducted on 9-month-old infants who got the first-dose of measles vaccine EZ. Measles-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody serum levels were measured using plaque-reduction microneutralization assay. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with a measles-specific peptide to identify a cellular immune response. Quantification of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells producing interferon-gamma (IFN-ɣ) and interleukin 17-A (IL-17A) were conducted by flow cytometry. Humoral and cellular immune response parameters were analyzed over time. Results: The prevalence of seropositivity rates was 85.8% at 1-month after vaccination and 16.67% at 6-months postvaccination. Measles-specific IgG antibodies increased significantly at 1-month after measles vaccination. However, they decreased significantly 6-months after vaccination. IFN-ɣ and IL-17A secreting T-cells increased significantly at 1-month after measles vaccination. Interestingly, a significant decrease of IFN-ɣ and IL-17A secreting CD4+ T cells was noticed 6-months postvaccination compared to IFN-ɣ and IL-17A secreting CD8+ T cells. Conclusion: Our study suggests that the first-dose measles vaccine on 9-months-old infants seems to induce both humoral and cellular immune responses that decline 6-months after vaccination (AU)

Immune cell infiltration features and related marker genes in lung cancer based on single-cell RNA-seq

Purpose Immune cells in the immune microenvironment of lung cancer have a great impact on the development of lung cancer. Our purpose was to analyze the immune cell infiltration features and related marker genes for lung cancer. Methods Single cell RNA sequencing data of 11,485 lung cancer cells were retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus. After quality control and data normalization, cell clustering was performed using the Seurat package. Based on the marker genes of each cell type from the CellMarker database, each cell was divided into G1, G2M, and S phases. Then, differential expression and functional enrichment analyses were performed. CIBERSORT was used to reconstruct immune cell types. Results Following cell filtering, highly variable genes were identified for all cells. 14 cell types were clustered. Among them, CD4 + T cell, B cell, plasma cell, natural killer cell and cancer stem cell were the top five cell types. Up-regulated genes were mainly enriched in immune-related biological processes and pathways. Using CIBERSORT, we identified the significantly higher fractions of naïve B cell, memory CD4 + T cell, T follicular helper cell, T regulatory helper cell and M1 macrophage in lung cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Furthermore, the fractions of resting NK cell, monocyte, M0 macrophage, resting mast cell, eosinophil and neutrophil were significantly lower in tumor tissues than normal tissues. Conclusion Our findings dissected the immune cell infiltration features and related marker genes for lung cancer, which might provide novel insights for the immunotherapy of lung cancer (AU)

Algunas preguntas al artículo "Mano diabética en el Hospital General de México Dr. Eduardo Liceaga. Nuestra experiencia en 42 casos" / No disponible

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La participación de la inmunidad en la patogenia de la hipertensión arterial / The participation of immunity in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension

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IFN-γ stimulation of dental follicle mesenchymal stem cells modulates immune response of CD4+ T lymphocytes in Der p1+ asthmatic patients in vitro

Background: House dust mite (Dermataphagoides pteronyssinus) is a widespread risk factor in the development of asthma. CD4+ T lymphocytes have an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma by polarizing to Th2 cells. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the immunoregulatory effects of dental follicle mesenchymal stem cells with and without IFN-γ stimulation on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of house dust mite sensitive asthmatic patients, and compared those with Dexamethasone as a systemic steroid. Material and methods: PBMC of asthmatic patients and healthy individuals separately cultured with or without DF-MSCs in the presence and absence of IFN-γ or Der p1 or Dexamethasone for 72h. CD4+ T proliferation, cell viability, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cell frequency and cytokine profiles of PBMC were evaluated via flow cytometry. Results: DF-MSCs suppressed proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes (pCDmix < 0.01, pDerp1 < 0.01, pIFN < 0.005) by increasing the number of FoxP3 expressing CD4 + CD25 + T regulatory cells (pCDmix < 0.005, pDerp1 < 0.01, pIFN < 0.001) and suppressed lymphocyte apoptosis (pCDmix < 0.05, pDerp1< 0.05, pIFN < 0.05), while Dexamethasone increased the apoptosis and decreased Treg cell frequency in asthmatic patients. IFN-γ stimulation increased the suppressive effect of DF-MSCs and also enhanced the frequency of FoxP3 expressing CD4+CD25 + T regulatory cells. The cytokine levels were regulated by DF-MSCs by reducing IL-4 cytokine levels (pCDmix < 0.01, pDerp1 < 0.05, pIFN < 0.05) and upregulating IFN-γ levels (pCDmix < 0.01, pDerp1< 0.05, pIFN < 0.005) in asthmatic patients. Conclusion: IFN-γ stimulated DF-MSCs were found to have a high modulatory effect on CD4 + T cell responses, while Dexamethasone had an apoptotic effect on CD4+ T cells in asthmatic patients. DF-MSCs may be a new cell-based therapy option for allergic diseases including asthma

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Estrogen and estrogen receptor signaling promotes allergic immune responses: Effects on immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory factors involved in allergy

Hypersensitivity occurs when the body is stimulated by an antigen, resulting in an immune response, and leads to a physiological disorder or abnormal tissue trauma. Various immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory mediators are involved in the immune responses related to allergic diseases, which are the core of anaphylaxis. Estrogen receptors are widely distributed in immune cells, which combine with estrogen and participate in allergic responses by affecting immune cells, cytokines, and inflammatory factors. We aimed to summarize the association between estrogen and allergic reactions to provide a scientific basis for understanding and studying the mechanisms of allergic diseases

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Prevención del herpes zóster: nuevas perspectivas / Prevention of herpes zoster: New perspectives

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Is food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome only a non IgE-mediated food allergy?

Food protein induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is classified as non-IgE-mediated or cell-mediated food allergy, although there is an atypical phenotype so defined for the presence of specific IgEs. All diagnostic criteria for FPIES include the absence of skin or respiratory symptoms of IgE-mediated type. We present four cases that suggest that specific IgEs may have a pathogenic role, resulting in the existence of different FPIES phenotypes. This could be important from a diagnostic and therapeutic point of view

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Menor respuesta linfocitaria en casos graves de bronquiolitis aguda por virus respiratorio sincitial / Lower lymphocyte response in severe cases of acute bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncytial virus

Introducción: La bronquiolitis aguda (BA) del lactante tiene una evolución grave entre el 6 y el 16% de los casos ingresados. Su patogenia y evolución está relacionada con la respuesta de los linfocitos T. El objetivo del presente estudio es comprobar si la menor respuesta linfocitaria sistémica está relacionada con una peor evolución de la BA en lactantes ingresados. Pacientes y método: Estudio observacional-analítico retrospectivo de casos-controles anidados en una cohorte de ingresados por BA-VRS en el periodo de octubre del 2010 a marzo del 2015. Se incluyó a aquellos con hemograma en las primeras 48 h de dificultad respiratoria. Se excluyó a los lactantes con patología de base, sobreinfección bacteriana y prematuros ≤ 32 semanas de gestación. La variable principal dicotómica fue ingreso UCIP. Otras variables fueron: sexo, edad, edad posmenstrual, exposición gestacional y posnatal al tabaco, mes de ingreso, tipo de lactancia y días de evolución del distrés respiratorio. Las cifras de linfocitos fueron categorizadas por cuartiles. Se realizó un análisis bivariante con la variable principal y posteriormente regresión logística para analizar factores de confusión. Resultados: El estudio incluyó a 252 lactantes. El 6,6% (17) precisó UCIP. La diferencia de media ± DE de linfocitos para pacientes ingresados y no ingresados en UCIP fue de 4.044 ± 1.755 y 5.035 ± 1.786, respectivamente (t de Student, p < 0,05). Se encontró asociación entre ingreso UCIP y la cifra de linfocitos < 3.700/ml (Chicuadrado p=0,019; OR: 3,2), que se mantuvo en la regresión logística con independencia de la edad y del resto de factores estudiados (Wald 4,191 p = 0,041; OR: 3,8). Conclusiones: Existe relación entre la linfocitosis < 3.700/ml en los primeros días de la dificultad respiratoria y una peor evolución en lactantes < 12 meses previamente sanos y edad gestacional mayor de 32 semanas con BA-VRS

Introduction: Acute bronchiolitis (AB) of the infant has a serious outcome in 6-16% of the hospital admitted cases. Its pathogenesis and evolution is related to the response of the T lymphocytes. The objective of the present study is to determine if the lower systemic lymphocytic response is related to a worse outcome of AB in hospitalised infants. Patients and method: Retrospective observational-analytical study of cases-controls nested in a cohort of patients admitted due to RSV-AB between the period from October 2010 to March 2015. Those with a full blood count in the first 48hours of respiratory distress were included. Infants with underlying disease, bacterial superinfection, and premature infants < 32 weeks of gestation were excluded. The main dichotomous variable was PICU admission. Other variables were: gender, age, post-menstrual age, gestational and post-natal tobacco exposure, admission month, type of lactation, and days of onset of respiratory distress. Lymphocyte counts were categorised by quartiles. Bivariate analysis was performed with the main variable and then by logistic regression to analyse confounding factors. Results: The study included 252 infants, of whom 6.6% (17) required PICU admission. The difference in mean ± SD of lymphocytes for patients admitted to and not admitted to PICU was 4,044 ± 1755 and 5,035 ± 1786, respectively (Student-t test, P < .05). An association was found between PICU admission and lymphocyte count < 3700/ml (Chi-squared, P = .019; OR: 3.2) and it was found to be maintained in the logistic regression, regardless of age and all other studied factors (Wald 4.191 P = .041, OR: 3.8). Conclusions: A relationship was found between lymphocytosis < 3700/ml in the first days of respiratory distress and a worse outcome in previously healthy infants < 12 months and gestational age greater than 32 weeks with RSV-AB

Efecto de la respuesta inmune celular y humoral en parejas infértiles y su relación con infecciones genitales / Effect of the cellular and humoral immune response in infertile couples and its relationship with infections

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de los diferentes microorganismos aislados del tracto urogenital de hombres infértiles y evaluar si existen diferencias en los parámetros seminales según la presencia o ausencia de infecciones genitales. MÉTODOS: Se analizaron en forma retrospectiva los parámetros del semen en 280 muestras de hombres infértiles de acuerdo a los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS 2010). El análisis microbiológico se realizó según modificación del método de Stamey-Meares propuesta por Santoianni et al. RESULTADOS: Los estudios microbiológicos mostraron ausencia de microorganismos o presencia de colonizantes habituales no jeraquizables en el 67,86% (GRUPO 1) de las muestras, y presencia de al menos un patógeno o patógeno potencial en 32,14% del total (GRUPO 2). No se observaron diferencias significativas en volumen de eyaculado (p = 0,353), valor de pH (p = 0,801), movilidad (p > 0,30), concentración de ácido cítrico (p = 0,383) y viscosidad (p = 0,948) entre los dos grupos. El recuento relativo de espermatozoides en los pacientes infectados fue significativamente menor que en aquellos que no presentaban patógenos (p = 0,05). Se evaluó además el índice de teratozoospermia (IT). Las muestras de pacientes con infección presentaron valores de IT mayores (p < 0,0001). CONCLUSIONES: Un tercio de la población estudiada presentó infecciones genitales. En base a nuestros resultados, consideramos fundamental la realización de un espermocultivo en las primeras etapas del estudio del paciente infértil para contribuir a un adecuado tratamiento de la pareja con fallas reproductivas

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of different microorganisms isolated from the urogenital tract of infertile men and assess whether there are differences in semen parameters according to the presence or absence of genital infections. METHODS: 280 semen samples from infertile men were studied retrospectively. Semen parameters were analyzed according to the World Health Organization criteria (WHO 2010). Microbiological analysis was performed using the modified method of Stamey and Meares proposed by Santoianni et al. RESULTS: Microbiological studies showed absence of microorganisms or presence of usual colonizing flora in 67.86% of the samples (GROUP 1) and presence of at least one pathogen or potential pathogen in 32.14% (GROUP 2). No significant differences in ejaculate volume (p = 0.353), pH value (p = 0.801), motility (p > 0.30), citric acid concentration (p = 0.383) and viscosity (p = 0.948) were observed between the two groups. The relative sperm count was significantly lower in infected patients than in those without pathogens (p = 0.05). Teratozoospermia index (TZI) was evaluated. Samples of infected patients showed TZI values higher than patients without microorganisms or normal genital tract flora (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A third of the studied population had genital infections. Based on our results, sperm culture may be considered in the early stages of the study of the infertile patient. Early diagnosis of an infectious disease could be useful for a suitable treatment for couples with reproductive failure

Role of TIM-3 in ovarian cancer

Evidences have suggested that immunotherapy for ovarian cancer is effective. Immune checkpoints have emerged in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Multiple studies have shown negative regulation of TIM-3 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and other immunocytes. Overexpression of TIM-3 in innate immune cells has been found in certain types of tumor. The blockade of TIM-3 leads to sustained anti-tumor reactions. TIM-3 plays an inhibitive role for immunity in ovarian cancer. TIM-3 is involved in the development of various subtypes of ovarian cancer and thus has the potential to be a therapeutic target for treatment of ovarian cancer (AU)

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Rabies virus vaccine as an immune adjuvant against cancers and glioblastoma: new studies may resurrect a neglected potential

To review the literature about the use of Rabies Virus-Vaccine (RV-V) as an anticancer immunotherapeutic modality in the light of recent findings. The literature search in relevant databases with the following key words: Rabies virus, cancer, remission. Remissions occured following RV-V injections in patients with cervical cancer and melanoma. Pilot clinical studies showed that RV-V injections enhanced survival in glioblastoma patients, which is supported by findings in GL261 mouse glioma model. If public health studies demonstrate protective role of RV-V against certain types of cancers, it can be benefitted as a novel immune adjuvant in clinic (AU)

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Centenario de Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) / The hundredth anniversary of the death of Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)

Celebramos en este año de 2016 el centenario de la muerte de una de las grandes figuras de la medicina, surgidas a finales del siglo XIX y a principios del XX, Elias Metchnikoff, Premio Nobel con Paul Ehrlich en 1908. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de rendir un homenaje a su figura con motivo de este aniversario. Metchnikoff fue quien descubrió y describió el fenómeno de la fagocitosis y en función de ello ha sido considerado como el «padre de la inmunidad celular». En paralelo fue quien acuñó la palabra «gerontología», aplicándola al estudio del envejecimiento en toda su extensión y en cualquiera de sus formas, lo que le convirtió en un pionero del trabajo interdisciplinar. Consideraba que las bacterias intestinales generaban una autointoxicación que envenenaba nuestro organismo y que la acidificación del mismo a través de los bacilos ácidos que contienen los yogures podría contribuir a mantener la salud y a prolongar la vida

This year, 2016, we celebrate the centenary of the death of Elie Metchnikoff, Nobel Prize winner in 1908, shared with Paul Ehrlich. The aim of this paper is to pay homage to one of the most significant figures in biomedicine, living between the late nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. The Metchnikoff's fame arises from the discovery of phagocytes and their role in host protection against infection, and for this reason he has been called the "Father of Natural Immunity". In other field in his studies, he describes and applies the word "gerontology". He emphasises the practical value of the study of old age. He believed that bacterial putrefaction of our intestine could be the cause of illness in aging, and he proposed hygienic habits and consumption of yogurts as the main way to fight against it. A diet with a high content of acid bacillus would be the best way to postpone the age of death, retaining the vigour, and not requiring assistance during old age

Varicela zóster con fallo multiorgánico fulminante tras altas dosis de corticoides / Varicella Zoster with fulminant multiorgan failure after high-dose corticosteroids

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CD47: a potential immunotherapy target for eliminating cancer cells

The relationship between the immune system and cancer growth and aggravation has been discussed over a century. A number of molecules have been shown to participate in this process. CD47, a normal universally expressed member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays multiple functions in immune system. Researches demonstrated that CD47 was also highly expressed on the surface of tumor cells as well as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Whether the highly expressed CD47 was associated with tumor growth, metastasis, recurrence, or drug resistance has become the hotspot. Besides the roles of CD47 in tumor immunoregulation, the monoclonal antibodies targeting CD47 used in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and bladder CSCs were reported, which shed new light on tumor treatment. CSCs have been recognized as the root of tumor drug resistance and recurrence. Whether CD47 on CSCs could serve as a potential target for future anti-cancer treatment forms the focus of our review. Here we highlight the potential roles of CD47 in immune system, and discuss the promising therapeutic application of anti-CD47 anti-bodies for eliminating tumor cells (AU)

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Leishmaniasis cutánea y visceral en una lactante sana / Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in a healthy infant

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