Percepción de la población sobre el derrame de petróleo en la Refinería laPampilla en las costas del litoral marino, Perú / Percepção da população sobre o derramamento de petróleo na Refinaria La Pampilla nas costas do litoral marinho, Peru / Public perception of the oil spill at the La Pampilla Refinery in the marine coast of Peru

The oil spill at the La Pampilla refinery, managed by REPSOL, will have strong environmentalimpacts on the Peruvian coast, damaging marine life and other biological elements. This study seeks toanalyze the population's perception of the oil spill at the La Pampilla Refinery through a nonexperimental quantitative-descriptive method. The people who participated in the survey, composed of 7items, amounted to 1554 individuals, considering it a representative sample for the study's purpose. The results show that more than 90% of the population identifies REPSOL as responsible for the oil spill. Inaddition, they consider that this environmental disaster will have severe consequences for theenvironment, causing the disappearance of some marine species. Likewise, they conclude that thecontamination will take between two to five years to be eradicated due to the toxic components of thehydrocarbon. (AU)

El derrame ocurrido, en la refinería La Pampilla, administradas por la empresa REPSOL, dejaráfuertes impactos ambientales en la costa peruana, dañando la vida marina y otros componentes bióticos.El estudio analiza la percepción de la población sobre el derrame de petróleo en la Refinería La Pampillaa través de un método de tipo cuantitativo-descriptivo no experimental. La población que participó en laencuesta, compuesta por 7 ítems, ascendió a un total de 1554 personas, considerándose una muestrarepresentativa para el objeto del estudio. Los resultados muestran que la población identifica comoresponsable del derrame petrolero a la empresa REPSOL, con más 90%. Consideran que este desastreambiental acarreará consecuencias muy graves al medio ambiente, ocasionando la desaparición dealgunas especies marinas. Asimismo, concluyen que la contaminación tardará entre dos a cinco años paraser erradicada, debido a los componentes tóxicos del hidrocarburo. (AU)

O derramamento acontecido na refinaría La Pampilla, administrada pela empresa REPSOL,deixará fortes impactos ambientais na costa peruana, danificando a vida marinha e outros componentesbióticos. O estudo analiza a percepção da população sobre o derramamento de petróleo na Refinaria LaPampilla através de um método quantitativo-descriptivo não experimental. A população que participounos questionários de 7 itens foi de 1554 pessoas, sendo considerado uma amostra representativa para oobjeto de estudo. Os resultados demonstram que a população identifica como responsável doderramamento de petróleo à empresa REPSOL, com mais de 90%. Consideram que este desastreambiental acarretará conseqüências muito graves para o meio ambiente, ocasionando o desaparecimentode algumas espécies marinhas. Asim também, concluem que a poluição poderia ser erradicada entre doisa cinco anos, a causa dos componentes tóxicos do hidrocarboneto. (AU)

Bioremediation of oil polluted marine sediments: A bio-engineering treatment

The fate of hydrocarbon pollutants and the development of oil-degrading indigenous marine bacteria in contaminated sediments are strongly influenced by abiotic factors such as temperature, low oxygen levels, and nutrient availability. In this work, the effects of different biodegradation processes (bioremediation) on oil-polluted anoxic sediments were analyzed. In particular, as a potential bioremediation strategy for polluted sediments, we applied a prototype of the «Modular Slurry System» (MSS), allowing containment of the sediments and their physical-chemical treatment (by air insufflations, temperature regulation, and the use of a slow-release fertilizer). Untreated polluted sediments served as the blank in a non-controlled experiment. During the experimental period (30 days), bacterial density and biochemical oxygen demand were measured and functional genes were identified by screening. Quantitative measurements of pollutants and an eco-toxicological analysis (mortality of Corophium orientale) were carried out at the beginning and end of the experiments. The results demonstrated the high biodegradative capability achieved with the proposed technology and its strong reduction of pollutant concentrations and thus toxicity (AU)

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Impacto de las actividades antrópicas derivadas de la industria petrolera en relación con la presencia de metales pesados en la ganadería bovina colombiana / Impact of human activities deriving from the oil industry in connection with the presence of heavy metals in cattle Colombian

La región del Magdalena medio es una zona de actividad industrial-minera con exploraciones y refinación de hidrocarburos. Por ello los animales que viven en esta área geográfica son afectados por la presencia de contaminantes, especialmente metales pesados. En este trabajo se estudiaron 40 animales adultos, sacrificados en el matadero de Barrancabermeja, procedentes de explotaciones bovinas cercanas a industrias con actividad petrolífera. Se determinó la presencia de plomo, cadmio, molibdeno y zinc en hígado, riñón, músculo y piel mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica y se compararon los resultados obtenidos con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos por la Unión Europea y el Codex Alimentarius [1,2]. Se encontró mayor concentración de todos los metales en Barrancabermeja excepto el Zn que presentó mayores niveles en Yondó. Un número importante de muestras hepáticas (90 y 50%), renales (75 y 15%) y musculares (85 y 90%) de ambas localizaciones superaron los valores permisibles de Pb tanto del Codex Alimentarius, como de la Unión Europea. Situación similar sucede con el Cd en Barrancabermeja, superando en el 85%, el 10% y la totalidad (100%) los valores permitidos por la Unión Europea en hígado, riñón y músculo respectivamente, mientras que en Yondó, 65% de las muestras hepáticas y todas las muestras musculares superan esos mismos límites. Por ello podemos concluir que el consumo de carne y vísceras de bovinos que pastorean en el Magdalena Medio Colombiano, representa un grave riesgo para la salud humana como consecuencia de su alto grado de contaminación con metales pesados (AU)

Middle Magdalena region is an area with an industrial-mining with exploration and refining of oil. Therefore the animals that live in this geographical area are affected by the presence of pollutants, especially heavy metals. In this study 40 adult animals slaughtered in the abattoir in Barrancabermeja, from bovine holdings nearby industries with petroleum extraction activities were studied. The presence of lead, cadmium, molybdenum and zinc in liver, kidney, muscle and skin was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the results obtained with the limits set by the European Union and the Codex Alimentarius were compared [1,2]. Higher concentration of all metals was found in Barrancabermejaexcept Zn presented higher levels in Yondó. A significant number of liver samples (90 and 50%), kidney (75 and 15%) and muscle (85 and 90%) of both locations exceeded the permissible values of Pb both the Codex Alimentarius and the European Union. A similar situation occurs with cd in Barrancabermeja, exceeding 85%, 10%and all (100%) values allowed by the European Union in liver, kidney and muscle respectively, while in Yondó, 65% of samples liver and muscle samples exceed all those same limits. Therefore we can conclude that the consumption of meat and offal from cattlegrazing in the Middle Magdalena Colombian, represents a seriousrisk to human health as a result of its high degree of contamination with heavy metals (AU)

Microbial community composition in petroleum-contaminated and uncontaminated soil from Francisco de Orellana, in the northern Ecuadorian Amazon

The microbial compositions of two soils from the northern Ecuadorian Amazon (Francisco de Orellana province), one contaminated with petroleum and the other uncontaminated, were compared. Classical culture and molecular techniques were used to analyze microbial diversity. The cultivable Bacteria from contaminated soil belonged to betaproteobacteria (16.6%), gammaproteobacteria (66.6%), and Firmicutes (16,6%), whereas in uncontaminated soil, cultivable Bacteria were identified as gammaproteobacteria (80%) and Firmicutes (20%). Analysis of the 16S rRNA showed that in the contaminated soil proteobacterial populations (alpha-, beta- and deltaproteobacteria) were more abundant than acidobacterial populations. The Shannon index (H cent ) was used to estimate diversity in the contaminated and uncontaminated soil. Diversity was higher in the uncontaminated (H cent = 2.16) than in the contaminated (H cent = 1.72) soil sample. Further studies are needed to determine whether the differences between contaminated and non-contaminated soil samples were due to spontaneous bioremediation microbial activity (AU)

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La exposición a las mareas negras y sus efectos en la salud / Health effects of exposure to oil spills

El naufragio del petrolero Prestige frente a las costas gallegas no sólo supuso el mayor desastre ecológico en la historia de nuestro país, sino que también propició la exposición de miles de personas que participaron en la limpieza de las zonas contaminadas a compuestos potencialmente tóxicos para la salud. Teniendo en cuenta que la vía respiratoria es una de las principales puertas de entrada de estos compuestos en el organismo, los posibles efectos de estos vertidos preocupan especialmente a los profesionales que nos dedicamos a las enfermedades respiratorias. Sin embargo, la información clínica que tenemos es manifiestamente insuficiente. Por tal motivo se ha elaborado esta revisión. En ella se analizan los estudios científicos realizados a propósito de otros naufragios de petroleros. Finalmente se exponen los datos clínicos y epidemiológicos de las investigaciones publicadas hasta la fecha con ocasión del hundimiento del buque Prestige

The sinking of the oil tanker Prestige off the coast of Galicia was not only the worst ecological disaster ever to affect Spain, it also led to thousands of people who participated in the cleanup of the contaminated areas being exposed to potentially dangerous toxic substances. As the airway is one of the principal routes of entry into the body of these toxic compounds, the possible effects of exposure to such spills is of particular interest and concern to respiratory specialists. The paucity of clinical information available on the subject was the motive for this paper, which reviews the scientific studies undertaken in the aftermath of other accidents involving oil tankers and concludes with a summary of the clinical and epidemiological data published to date on the Prestige oil spill

XXI Reunión Científica de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología, conjunta con la Federación Europea de Epidemiología de la Asociación Internacional de Epidemiología: Toledo, 1-4 de octubre de 2003 / Joint Scientific Meeting of the International Epidemiological Association European Epidemiology Federation (IEA EEF) & the Spanish Society of Epidemiology (SEE)

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