Diabetes tipo 1 en pediatría durante la pandemia por COVID-19: tiempo de evolución de síntomas y formas de presentación en un centro de referencia / Type 1 diabetes in pediatrics during the COVID-19 pandemic: Time from symptom onset and forms of presentation at a referral hospital

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 afectó la atención de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Además, se reportó un aumento de cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) como forma de diagnóstico. Objetivos. Evaluar si durante la pandemia por COVID-19 se modificaron el tiempo de evolución de síntomas, las causas de hospitalización por DM1 y la proporción de formas graves, y describir la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en estos pacientes. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal que incluyó pacientes menores de 19 años hospitalizados por DM1 en un centro pediátrico de referencia de marzo de 2018 a agosto de 2019 (prepandemia) y de marzo de 2020 a agosto de 2021 (pandemia). Resultados. Se analizaron 231 internaciones, 135 prepandemia y 96 en pandemia. Los pacientes con debut diabético presentaron menor tiempo de evolución de síntomas en pandemia que en prepandemia (18,8 ± 10,2 vs. 52,1 ±12,1 días, respectivamente; p <0,001). Las hospitalizaciones por todas las formas de debut diabético y el debut con CAD fueron más frecuentes en pandemia que en prepandemia (59,4 % vs. 39,3 %; OR 2,3; IC95% 1,3-3,8; p = 0,003); y (40,6 % vs. 20,7 %; OR 2,6; IC95% 1,4-5,2; p = 0,006) respectivamente. La proporción de formas graves de CAD no se modificó entre ambos períodos (48,1 % vs. 59,9 %; p = 0,3). Solo 6 pacientes presentaron infección por SARS-CoV-2; 3 fueron formas graves. Conclusión. Durante la pandemia, disminuyó el tiempo de evolución de síntomas y aumentó la frecuencia de hospitalizaciones por debut de DM1, con mayor proporción de CAD. No se modificó la proporción de formas graves de CAD

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted on the health care of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). An increase in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as a form of diagnosis was reported. Objectives. To assess whether there were changes in the time from symptom onset, the causes of hospitalization due to DM1, and the proportion of severe forms, and to describe SARS-CoV-2 infection in these patients. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study in patients younger than 19 years hospitalized due to DM1 from March 2018 to August 2019 (pre-pandemic) and from March 2020 to August 2021 (pandemic). Results. The assessment included 135 hospitalizations in the pre-pandemic period and 96 during the pandemic. The time from symptom onset during the pandemic in those with debutof diabetes was shorter than in the pre-pandemic period (18.8 ± 10.2 versus 52.1 ± 12.1 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Hospitalizations due to all forms of diabetes debut and debut with DKA were more common during the pandemic than before it (59.4% versus 39.3%; odds ratio [OR]: 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3­3.8; p = 0.003 and 40.6% versus 20.7%; OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4­5.2; p = 0.006, respectively). Severe forms of DKA did not change between both periods (48.1% versus 59.9%; p = 0.3). Only 6 patients developed SARS-CoV-2 infection; 3 were severe. Conclusion. During the pandemic, the time from symptom onset decreased and the frequency of hospitalizations due to debut of DM1 increased. The proportion of severe forms of DKA did not change.

Estudio descriptivo de adultos con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1: caracterizando una población poco explorada / Descriptive study of adults with type 1 diabetes: characterizing an underexplored population

La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad crónica autoinmune, con una incidencia creciente a nivel mundial. Los avances en el diagnóstico y en el tratamiento de los últimos años prolongaron la esperanza de vida, aumentando así el número de adultos con DM1. Se realizó un corte transversal que incluyó 201 personas adultas con diagnóstico de DM1, afiliados activos a la prepaga institucional de un hospital de alta complejidad de Argentina a Marzo de 2020. Se consignaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, comorbilidades, presencia de complicaciones, control glucémico y tratamiento farmacológico. Hubo un porcentaje similar de hombres y mujeres (51,2%), con una mediana de edad de 45 años (IIC 31-59). Un tercio de la población era mayor de 65 años. La mediana de evolución desde el diagnóstico fue de 14,5 años, y la mediana de último valor de hemoglobina glicosilada fue de 7,9%. Entre las complicaciones microvasculares más frecuentes se mencionan pie diabético (18%), retinopatía (6%) y nefropatía (2%). Un 4% presentó enfermedad cardiovascular (infarto agudo de miocardio, enfermedad coronaria, accidente cerebrovascular y/o enfermedad vascular periférica). El 88% recibía tratamiento con esquema intensificado de insulina y 6% usaban infusores de insulina. En relación al tratamiento con antidiabéticos orales, solo 11% recibían metformina, mientras que el uso de otros antidiabéticos orales fue inferior al 4%. En conclusión, este estudio proporciona valiosa información sobre las características de los adultos con DM1, dado que no hay demasiados estudios que aborden esta población (AU)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease, with an increasing incidence worldwide. Advances in diagnosis and treatment in recent years have extended life expectancy, thus increasing the number of adults with T1DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 201 adult individuals diagnosed with T1DM, active members of the institutional health plan of a high-complexity hospital in Argentina as of March 2020. The following variables were recorded: age, gender, comorbidities, presence of complications, glycemic control, and pharmacological treatment. There was a similar percentage of men and women (51.2%), with a median age of 45 years (IQR 31-59). One-third of the population was over 65 years old. The median duration since diagnosis was 14.5 years, and the median of the last glycated hemoglobin value was 7.9%. Among the most frequent microvascular complications, diabetic foot (18%), retinopathy (6%), and nephropathy (2%) were mentioned. 4% had cardiovascular disease (acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, stroke, and/or peripheral vascular disease). 88% received treatment with intensified insulin regimens, and 6% used insulin pumps. Regarding treatment with oral antidiabetic drugs, only 11% received metformin, while the use of other oral antidiabetic drugs was less than 4%. In conclusion, this study provides valuable information about the characteristics of adults with T1DM, as there are not many studies that address this population (AU)

Sentimentos e desafios vivenciados pelo cuidador familiar da criança com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Feelings and challenges experienced by family caregivers of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus / Sentimientos y desafíos vividos por cuidadores familiares de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Objetivo: descrever as vivências e desafios do cuidador/familiar da criança com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, junto a cuidadores de crianças com faixa etária de três a 12 anos incompletos, residentes em um município de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados entre julho e agosto de 2021, por meio de entrevistas em plataformas virtuais, e analisados conforme análise temática. Resultados: há vivências que transitam desde o medo e insegurança na descoberta do diagnóstico, dificuldades para aprender os cuidados com a criança, as mudanças de comportamentos de toda família, até preocupações com a criança no ambiente escolar, o que sobressai a importância das redes de apoio neste contexto, embora pouco mencionadas ou conhecidas pelos participantes. Considerações finais: as vivências e desafios do cuidador da criança com diabetes extrapola a esfera familiar, e indica que esse perfil de família necessita de acompanhamento mais próximo pelas equipes de saúde, na medida que isso garanta maior compreensão sobre a doença, cuidados necessários e referência de acolhimento.

Objective: to describe the experiences and challenges of the caregivers/family members of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Method: descriptive study with a qualitative approach, with caregivers of children aged between three and 12 years old, living in a municipality in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Data were collected between July and August 2021, through interviews on virtual platforms, and analyzed according to thematic analysis. Results: there are experiences that range from fear and insecurity when discovering the diagnosis, difficulties in learning how to care for the child, changes in the behavior of the entire family, to concerns about the child in the school environment, which highlights the importance of support networks in this context, although little mentioned or known by participants. Final considerations: the experiences and challenges of the caregiver of a child with diabetes go beyond the family sphere, and indicate that this family profile requires closer monitoring by health teams, as this guarantees greater understanding of the disease, necessary care and referral support.

Presencia de autoanticuerpos anti islotes pancreáticos en diabetes tipo 1 durante la edad pediátrica / Presence of anti-pancreatic islet autoantibodies in type 1 diabetes in children

En la Diabetes tipo 1 (DM1) la pérdida de células ß pancreáticas es consecuencia de un proceso de autoinmunidad que cursa con la presencia de autoanticuerpos anti-islotes pancreáticos (AAPs). Estos AAPs son marcadores útiles para la clasificación de la enfermedad. En un centro pediátrico de tercer nivel se analizó la frecuencia de presentación de GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A e IAA en un grupo con reciente debut entre enero 2018 y agosto 2021 (n= 90). Además, se investigó la frecuencia de presentación y relación de los AAPs con la edad, sexo y tiempo de evolución en pacientes en seguimiento (n= 240). En el grupo de debut se obtuvo positividad de GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A y IAA en 77,8; 60; 62 y 47,8% de los pacientes respectivamente, un 4% no presentó AAPs. El 95,6% de los pacientes presentaron al menos un AAPs positivo. La frecuencia de IAA en el grupo en debut fue mayor en menores de 5 años. En el grupo en seguimiento el 75,2% resultaron GADA positivo (85,7% en mujeres y 62,8% en varones) p<0,05. IA-2A y ZnT8A fueron positivos en 45 y 51.7% respectivamente. El 91% presentaron al menos un AAP positivo. En este grupo se evidenció una menor positividad en función del tiempo de evolución. Se pudo determinar la frecuencia de presentación de los AAPs en un grupo en debut y la relación con la edad, sexo y tiempo de evolución en pacientes en seguimiento. La determinación de APPs facilita la correcta clasificación y elección de la terapia adecuada (AU)

In type 1 diabetes (DM1) the loss of pancreatic ß-cells is a consequence of an autoimmune process that results in the presence of pancreatic anti-islet autoantibodies (PAAs). PAAs are useful markers for the classification of the disease. The frequency of presentation of GADA, IA-2A, ZnT8A, and IAA in a group with recent debut seen between January 2018 and August 2021 (n= 90) was analyzed in a tertiary pediatric center. In addition, we investigated the frequency of presentation and association of PAAs with age, sex, and time of evolution in patients in follow-up (n= 240). In the debut group, GADA, IA2A, ZnT8A, and IAA positivity was found in 77.8, 60, 62, and 47.8% of patients, respectively; no PAAs were observed in 4% of the patients. Overall, 95.6% presented at least one positive PAA. The frequency of IAA in the debut group was higher in children younger than 5 years. In the follow-up group, 75.2% were GADA positive (85.7% of females and 62.8% of males) p<0.05. IA-2A and ZnT8A were positive in 45 and 51.7% respectively. Ninety-one percent presented with at least one positive PAA. In this group, a lower positivity was evidenced as a function of the time of evolution. The frequency of presentation of PAAs in a debut group and the relationship with age, sex, and time of evolution in patients in follow-up was demonstrated. The assessment of PAAs facilitates the correct classification and choice of adequate therapy (AU)

O que crianças sabem sobre complicações agudas do diabetes? Insights para educação em diabetes / ¿Qué saben los niños sobre complicaciones agudas de diabetes? Perspectivas para la educación diabética / What children know about diabetes acute complications? Insights for diabetes education

Objective:to identify the knowledge and attitudes of school-agedchildren with diabetes facing acute complications.Method:exploratory study design with a qualitative approach, which used puppets as a data collection strategy. Children aged between seven and 12-years having experience with the disease for at least oneyear, followed-up at a Childhood Outpatient Clinic from Santa Catarina, Brazil, were interviewed. Analysis followed deductive content analysis. Results:participants demonstrated poor management of hyperglycemia episodes which could prevent diabetic ketoacidosis. The knowledge about hypoglycemia is higher due to its frequency; however, it has been the result of a deficient self-care with poor adult supervision. Conclusions:lack of understanding and inadequate management was evidenced, in especial, during the hyperglycemia and when the children are away from their parents. The nurses should promote education to immediate actions in acute complications. Educational materials focused on these clientele will contribute to enhance knowledge and abilities.

Objetivo:identificar conhecimentos e atitudes de crianças escolares com diabetes tipo 1 frente complicações agudas da doença. Método:estudo exploratório, qualitativo, que utilizou fantoches como estratégia de coleta de dados. Crianças entre 7 e 12 anos, com pelo menos um ano de diagnóstico, seguidas em ambulatório infantil de Santa Catarina, Brasil, foram entrevistadas. Análise de conteúdo dedutiva foi realizada. Resultados:participantes demonstraram pobre conhecimento e manejo dos episódios de hiperglicemia, o que poderia prevenir a cetoacidose diabética. Os conhecimentos sobre hipoglicemia são maiores, pois ocorrem com frequência, porém têm sido resultado de autocuidado deficiente com pobre supervisão de adultos. Conclusões:falta de entendimento e manejo inadequado das complicações foi evidenciado, em especial na hiperglicemia e quando longe dos cuidadores. O enfermeiro deve promover educação de crianças e famílias para ações imediatas e efetivas perante complicações agudas. Materiais educativos, direcionados a esta clientela, contribuirão para maior conhecimento e desenvolvimento de habilidades.

Objetivo:identificar conocimientos y actitudes de escolares con diabetes tipo 1 frente a las complicaciones agudas de la enfermedad. Método:estudio cualitativo exploratorio que utilizó títeres y fueron entrevistados niños entre 7 y 12 años, con al menos un año de diagnóstico, en una clínica infantil en Santa Catarina, Brasil. Se realizó un análisis de contenido. Resultados:hayescaso conocimiento y manejo de los episodios de hiperglucemia, lo que podría prevenir la cetoacidosis diabética. El conocimiento sobre la hipoglucemia es mayor, ya que ocurre con frecuencia, pero ha sido el resultado de un autocuidado deficiente con una supervisión adulta deficiente. Conclusiones:falta comprensión y manejo adecuado de las complicaciones, especialmente en la hiperglucemia y cuando está lejos de los cuidadores. El enfermero debe promover la educación de los niños y las familias para acciones inmediatas y eficaces frente a las complicaciones agudas. Los materiales educativoscontribuirán a esto.

Debut de diabetes tipo 1 en niños durante la pandemia Covid-19 en el Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan / Debut of type-1 diabetes in children during the COVID-19 pandemic at Hospital de Pediatría Juan P. Garrahan

Introducción: Según numerosos reportes, la pandemia por COVID­19 aumentó la incidencia de diabetes tipo 1 (DBT1) y cetoacidosis (CAD). Nuestro objetivo fue describir la frecuencia de nuevos casos de DBT1 y su severidad al ingreso en el Hospital J. P. Garrahan durante la pandemia, comparando con el periodo anterior. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, con análisis retrospectivo. Se incluyeron todos los nuevos casos entre 19/03/20- 31/12/21, comparados con el período 19/03/18-31/12/19. El diagnóstico de DBT1, CAD y su severidad se realizó según la International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. Se analizó el requerimiento de cuidados intensivos (UCI), presencia de COVID-19, hemoglobina glicosilada A1C (HbA1C) y autoanticuerpos (GADA, IAA, IA2, ZNT8). Se consideró significativa una p < 0,05. Resultados: En el período 2020-2021 se observó un incremento del 107% de nuevos casos, ingresando 56 pacientes con DBT1. La media y mediana de edad disminuyeron (8 vs 9,1 y 7,7 vs 10,4, respectivamente), con un incremento del 35% de menores de 5 años. Aumentó la frecuencia de CAD severa (41.1% vs 25.9%) y de requerimiento de UCI (17.9% vs 11.1%). La Hb A1C y la glucemia de ingreso mostraron incremento significativo (10.1% vs 12.32%, p<0.003 y 580 mg/dl ± 220 vs 490 mg/dl ± 188; p<0.05, respectivamente). Conclusión: En 2020-2021 se incrementó el número de nuevos casos de DBT1 en nuestra institución. Al ingreso hubo mayor proporción de niños pequeños y casos severos. Las dificultades de acceso a la consulta de atención primaria podrían relacionarse con nuestro hallazgo (AU)

Introduction: Numerous reports have shown that during the COVID-19 pandemic the incidence of type-1 diabetes (T1DB) and ketoacidosis (DKA) increased. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of new cases and their severity on admission of T1DB at Hospital J. P. Garrahan during the pandemic, compared with the previous period. Material and methods: A descriptive, observational study with a retrospective analysis was conducted. All new cases seen between 19/03/20-31/12/21 were included and compared with the period 19/03/18-31/12/19. The diagnosis of T1DB, DKA, and its severity was made according to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. Intensive care (ICU) requirement, presence of COVID-19, glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C), and autoantibodies (GADA, IAA, IA2, ZNT8) were analyzed. A p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: In the period 2020-2021, a 107% increase in new cases was observed including 56 patients with T1DB. Mean and median age decreased (8 vs 9.1 and 7.7 vs 10.4, respectively), with a 35% increase in children under 5 years of age. The frequency of severe DKA (41.1% vs 25.9%) and ICU requirement (17.9% vs 11.1%) increased. Hb A1C and glycemia on admission also showed a significant increase (10.1% vs 12.32%, p<0.003 and 580 mg/dl ± 220 vs 490 mg/dl ± 188; p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: In 2020-2021 an increase in the number of new cases of T1DB was observed at our institution. On admission, a higher rate of young children and severe cases was found. Difficulties to access primary care may have been related to our finding (AU)

Diabetes tipo 1 y Miastenia Gravis / Type-1 Diabetes and Myasthenia Gravis

Introducción: El desarrollo de la tolerancia inmunológica frente a los autoantígenos se denomina autotolerancia. La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1A (1ADM) es un trastorno metabólico secundario a la destrucción autoinmune de las células beta pancreáticas e insulitis. La miastenia grave (MG) es una enfermedad autoinmune causada por el bloqueo postsináptico de la placa mioneural por AAcs contra los receptores de acetilcolina (ACRA) o contra moléculas de la membrana postsináptica. La asociación entre DM1A y MG se puede observar en el síndrome poliglandular tipo III, caracterizado por enfermedad autoinmune de la glándula tiroides asociada con otras entidades autoinmunes. Método: Reporte de Casos, cuatro pacientes entre 7-19 años, con asociación de MG y DM1A atendidos en el Hospital Garrahan. Conclusión: La Tiroiditis de Hashimoto y la Enfermedad Celíaca son las enfermedades autoinmunes relacionadas más frecuentemente con DM1A en nuestra población. La bibliografía describe la asociación de MG y Tiroiditis de Hashimoto y su coexistencia con DM1A se describe en el Síndrome Poliglandular III. En este trabajo presentamos 4 casos de DM1A asociado con MG fuera de dicho síndrome (AU)

Introduction: The development of immune tolerance to autoantibodies (AAbs) is referred to as self-tolerance. Type 1A Diabetes Mellitus (1ADM) is a metabolic disorder secondary to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and insulitis. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease caused by postsynaptic blockade of the myoneural plate by AAbs against acetylcholine receptors (Acra) or against postsynaptic membrane molecules. The association between 1ADM and MG may be observed in polyglandular syndrome type III, characterized by autoimmune disease of the thyroid associated with other autoimmune conditions. Methods: Case report; four patients between 7-19 years old, with an association of MG and 1ADM seen at the Garrahan Hospital. Conclusion: Hashimoto's thyroiditis and celiac disease are autoimmune diseases most frequently related to 1ADM in our population. In the literature, the association of MG and Hashimoto's thyroiditis has been described and its coexistence with 1ADM is reported in polyglandular syndrome III. In this study we present 4 cases of 1ADM associated with MG unrelated to this syndrome. (AU)

Evaluación de la calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con diabetes de tipo 1 en dos instituciones de salud, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia / Evaluation of the quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in two health institutions, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia

Introducción. La diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas con mayor prevalencia en la población pediátrica y juvenil, con efectos en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad de vida de una población pediátrica menor de 18 años con diagnóstico de diabetes de tipo 1, de dos instituciones pediátricas de la ciudad de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron los datos sociodemográficos, y se emplearon la versión validada en español del cuestionario PedsQL 4.0™ y el módulo 3.2 sobre diabetes. Los datos se procesaron en el software estadístico STATA 17™. Resultados. Con el puntaje global del módulo 3.2 sobre diabetes, de la versión validada del PedsQL™, se evaluó la correlación entre los valores de la hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c) y los del cuestionario. Los pacientes con valores por debajo del 9 % de HbA1c presentaron una mejor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, mientras que, en el grupo con HbA1c mayor de 9 %, se observó una baja percepción de calidad de vida (p=0,025). En cuanto el tipo de terapia y la relación con los dominios del PedsQL™ 3.2, versión diabetes, los pacientes que utilizaban la bomba de insulina o microinfusor presentaban mejor puntaje en los dominios barreras, cumplimiento, preocupación y comunicación, y en el puntaje global, respecto a quienes usaban múltiples inyecciones de insulina como tratamiento (p=0,0363). Conclusiones. En nuestros pacientes, un mejor control metabólico (medido por el valor de HbA1c) y el uso de microinfusora contribuyen a una percepción de mejor calidad de vida.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the pediatric and juvenile population that affects the quality of life of patients. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of a pediatric population under 18 years of age diagnosed with type 1 diabetes from two pediatric institutions in the city of Bogotá. Materials and methods: We collected of sociodemographic data and clinical variables and application of the PedsQL 4.0™ questionnaire, and the diabetes module 3.2 version validated in Spanish. The sociodemographic data, the clinical variables and the PedsQL™ were processed in the statistical software Stata 17™. Results: In the global score of the PedsQL™ 3.2, diabetes version, men presented better quality of life compared to women. The correlation between the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and the PedsQL scale in the global score was evaluated. Patients with HbA1c values below 9% presented a better health-related quality of life, while in the group with HbA1c greater than 9% a perception of low quality of life was observed (p=0.025). Regarding the type of therapy and the relationship with the domains of the PedsQL 3.2, diabetes version, patients who used insulin pumps had better scores in the domains barriers, adherence, concern, communication and in the global score compared to patients who used multiple daily injections of insulin as treatment (p=0.0363). Conclusions: In our patients, a better metabolic control (measured by the HbA1c value) and the use of an insulin pump contribute to a better perception of quality of life.

Validação de tecnologia educativo-terapêutica aplicada à criança com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: protocolo institucional padrão* / Validation of educational-therapeutic technology applied to children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: institutional standard protocol / Validación de tecnología educativo-terapéutica aplicada a niños con Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1: protocolo institucional estándar

Objetivo: desenvolver, validar e implementar tecnologia educativo-terapêutica, no formato de protocolo institucional padrão, destinada ao cuidado da criança com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: estudo metodológico, realizado em hospital público no Distrito Federal, participaram sete enfermeiros na validação, cinco crianças e familiares, na implementação, entre agosto/2021 e outubro/2022. Realizou-se validação de maneira on-line, utilizado instrumento de escala do tipo Likert e análise pelo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse. Na sessão educação em saúde, de maneira presencial, foram realizadas entrevistas e anotações no diário de campo. Resultados: tecnologia elaborada apresentou assuntos relacionados aos cuidados diários de crianças e à doença diabetes mellitus. A validação alcançou um índice de concordância de 0,78%, coeficiente de correlação de 0,525. A implementação identificou potencialidades e fragilidades relacionadas no cuidado da saúde. Conclusão: considerou-se o protocolo abrangente, promovedor na adesão ao tratamento subsidiando cuidado com qualidade e segurança.

Objective: developing, validating, and implementing educational-therapeutic technology in the format of an institutional standard protocol aimed at the care of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Method: a methodological study was carried out in a public hospital in the Federal District of Brazil with the participation of seven nurses in the validation stage and five children and their family members in the implementation stage between August/2021 and October/2022. The validation was carried out online using a Likert scale instrument, and an analysis using the Content Validity Index and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient was performed. During the health education session, in-person interviews were conducted, and notes were taken in the field diary. Results: The developed technology raised topics related to the daily care of children and diabetes mellitus disease. Validation achieved an agreement rate of 0.78% and a correlation coefficient of 0.525. The implementation stage identified potentialities and weaknesses regarding health care. Conclusion: the protocol was considered comprehensive, thus promoting adherence to treatment and supporting quality and safe care.

Objetivo: desarrollar, validar e implementar tecnología educativo-terapéutica, en formato de protocolo institucional estándar, destinada a la atención de niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: estudio metodológico, realizado en un hospital público del Distrito Federal, En la validación participaron siete enfermeros, cinco niños y familiares, durante la implementación, entre agosto/2021 y octubre/2022. La validación se realizó en línea, mediante un instrumento de escala tipo Likert y el análisis mediante el Índice de Validez de Contenido y Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase. En la sesión de educación en salud se entrevistas de forma presencial y se tomaron notas en el diario de campo. Resultados: la tecnología elaborada presentó temas relacionados con el cuidado diario de los niños y la enfermedad diabetes mellitus. La validación logró una tasa de acuerdo del 0,78% y un coeficiente de correlación de 0,525. La implementación identificó las potencialidades y debilidades relacionadas en la atención de salud. Conclusión: el protocolo se consideró integral, eficaz en la promoción de la adherencia al tratamiento, y en el ofrecimiento de una atención segura y de calidad.

Association between glycemic control in different emotional conditions and adherence to carbohydrate counting in people with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil / Associação entre controle glicêmico em diferentes condições emocionais e adesão à contagem de carboidratos em pessoas com diabetes tipo 1 durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective Evaluate the association between glycemic control in different emotional perceptions and the adherence to carbohydrate counting by adults with type 1 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Methods This cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (Opinion nº 4,147,663) and conducted in July 2020 using a Google Forms® form. Socioeconomic and demographic data were collected; glycemic monitoring according to the individuals' emotions at the time of measurement (happy, motivated, or hopeful; stressed or anxious; sad, distressed, or with depressive symptoms); data on adherence to carbohydrate counting and social distancing. Pearson's Chi-Square test was applied with adjusted residual analysis (p<0.05). Results Approximately 64.62% of the 472 participants, had hyperglycemia when stressed/anxious, and 52.97% when they felt sad/distressed/depressive (p<0.000). Associations were observed between having normoglycemia in any emotional situation and performing the carbohydrate counting (p<0.000); perceiving oneself as happy/motivated/hopeful and having hyperglycemia, and not measuring blood glucose was associated with not having the carbohydrate counting (p<0.000); being stressed or anxious was associated with not measuring blood glucose and not having the carbohydrate counting (p<0.000). Conclusion The need for multidisciplinary care to enhance mental health and adherence to treatment for people with type 1 diabetes is highlighted.

RESUMO Objetivo O estudo objetivou avaliar a associação entre o controle glicêmico em diferentes percepções emocionais e a adesão à contagem de carboidratos por adultos com diabetes tipo 1 durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e analítico aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa (Parecer 4.147.663), realizado em julho de 2020 por meio de formulário Google Forms®. Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos e demográficos; monitoramento glicêmico de acordo com as emoções do indivíduo no momento da mensuração (feliz, motivado ou esperançoso; estressado ou ansioso; triste, angustiado ou com sintomas depressivos); dados sobre adesão à contagem de carboidratos e distanciamento social. Aplicou-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com análise residual ajustada (p<0,05). Resultados Dos 472 participantes, 64,62% apresentavam hiperglicemia quando estressados/ansiosos, e 52,97%, quando se sentiam tristes/angustiados/depressivos (p<0,000). Foram observadas associações entre ter normoglicemia em qualquer situação emocional e realizar a contagem de carboidratos (p<0,000), perceber-se feliz/motivado/esperançoso e ter hiperglicemia, assim como não medir a glicemia foi associado a não ter a contagem de carboidratos (p<0,000). Estar estressado ou ansioso foi associado a não medir a glicemia e não ter a contagem de carboidratos (p<0,000). Conclusão Destaca-se a necessidade de atendimento multidisciplinar para potencializar a saúde mental e a adesão ao tratamento de pessoas com diabetes tipo 1.

Alveolar and mandibular cortex bone status in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional paired study / Condição óssea alveolar e da cortical mandibular em indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1: um estudo transversal pareado

Aim: This study compared alveolar bone loss, teeth with furcation, and mandibular cortical modification between individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and nondiabetic individuals. Methods: Radiographs of 50 T1DM individuals and 100 nondiabetic individuals were examined to evaluate the presence of teeth with furcation, alveolar bone loss, and mandibular cortical modifications. The Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and Student's t tests were used to analyze personal characteristics and bone status. Linear and logistic regression was performed to explore associations. Results: A significant difference was observed in the average number of teeth with furcation and in the median of alveolar bone loss between T1DM and the nondiabetic participants. T1DM individuals are more likely to have alveolar bone loss (OR = 3 2.250), teeth with furcation (OR = 8.903), and mandibular cortical modification (OR = 15.667) than are nondiabetic individuals. Among T1DM individuals, the glycemic control has a high influence in mandibular cortical modifications (p < 0.05). Conclusions: A high association between uncontrolled blood glucose and mandibular cortical modifications was observed among T1DM individuals. Alveolar bone loss of T1DM individuals was associated with age, time of diagnosis, glycemic control, and the existence of chronic complications.

Objetivo:Comparar a perda óssea alveolar, a presença de dentes com lesão de furca e a alteração da cortical óssea entre indivíduos com DMT1 e indivíduos não-diabéticos. Métodos: Foram examinadas radiografias de 50 indivíduos diabéticos e de 100 não-diabéticos para avaliar a presença de dentes com lesão de furca, perda óssea alveolar e alteração cortical mandibular. Para analisar as características individuais e as condições ósseas foram usados os testes de Mann-Whitney,Qui-quadrado e t de Student. Regressões linear e logística foram realizadas para identificar associações. Resultados: Foi encontrada diferença significativa na média de dentes com lesão de furca e na mediana da perda óssea alveolar entre diabéticos e não-diabéticos. Indivíduos com DMT1 possuem mais chance de apresentar perda óssea alveolar (OR = 32,250), lesão de furca (OR=8,903) e alteração da cortical mandibular (OR = 15,667) em comparação aos indivíduos não-diabéticos. Entre os diabéticos, o controle da glicemia possui grande influência nas alterações da cortical mandibular (p < 0,05). Conclusões: Existe uma alta associação entre os níveis de glicemia descontrolada e alterações na cortical mandibular entre os indivíduos com DMT1. A perda óssea alveolar de indivíduos com DMT1 foi associada aos fatores idade, tempo de diagnóstico, controle da glicemia e a presença de complicações crônicas.

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes / Factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados a la calidad de vida de niños y adolescentes con diabetes tipo 1 / Fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à qualidade de vida do público infantojuvenil com diabetes tipo 1

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with the health-related quality of life of children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional and analytical study, developed in a municipality in northeastern Brazil, between March and September 2021, with 81 children/adolescents with type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and their guardians/caregivers. A questionnaire containing sociodemographic and clinical variables and two quality of life instruments were used. Descriptive and inferential analysis was carried out. Results: Adolescents whose parents had a family income greater than a minimum wage had a lower prevalence of impaired quality of life when compared to those with a lower income. Adolescents with time since diagnosis of less than four years had a satisfactory quality of life, and children aged 8 to 12 years who self-administered insulin had a lower prevalence of high quality of life compared to those who did not. Conclusion: Adolescents with a family income of less than a minimum wage, diagnosis time of more than four years and children aged 8-12 who self-administer insulin need greater professional support to have a better quality of life.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar los factores clínicos y sociodemográficos asociados a la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de niños y adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y analítico, desarrollado en un municipio del Nordeste brasileño, entre marzo y septiembre de 2021, con 81 niños/adolescentes con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 y sus tutores/cuidadores. Se utilizó un cuestionario que contenía variables sociodemográficas y clínicas y dos instrumentos de calidad de vida. Se realizó análisis descriptivo e inferencial. Resultados: los adolescentes cuyos padres tenían un ingreso familiar superior a un salario mínimo tuvieron una menor prevalencia de deterioro de la calidad de vida en comparación con aquellos con menores ingresos. Los adolescentes con un tiempo de diagnóstico menor a cuatro años tuvieron una calidad de vida satisfactoria, y los niños de 8 a 12 años que se autoadministraron insulina tuvieron una menor prevalencia de alta calidad de vida en comparación con los que no lo hicieron. Conclusión: Los adolescentes con ingreso familiar menor a un salario mínimo, tiempo de diagnóstico mayor a cuatro años y niños de 8 a 12 años que se autoadministran insulina necesitan mayor apoyo profesional para tener una mejor calidad de vida.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores clínicos e sociodemográficos associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de crianças e adolescentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1. Método: Estudo quantitativo, transversal e analítico, desenvolvido em um município do Nordeste brasileiro, entre março e setembro de 2021, com 81 crianças/adolescentes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 1 e seus responsáveis/cuidadores. Utilizaram-se um questionário contendo as variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas e dois instrumentos de qualidade de vida. Realizou-se análise descritiva e inferencial. Resultados: Adolescentes cujos pais tinham renda familiar superior a um salário mínimo apresentaram prevalência menor de qualidade de vida prejudicada, quando comparados àqueles com renda inferior. Adolescentes com tempo de diagnóstico menor que quatro anos apresentaram qualidade de vida satisfatória, e crianças de 8 a 12 anos que faziam autoaplicação de insulina apresentaram prevalência menor de qualidade de vida alta em relação às que não realizavam. Conclusão: Adolescentes com renda familiar inferior a um salário mínimo, tempo de diagnóstico superior a quatro anos e crianças de 8-12 anos que realizam autoaplicação de insulina necessitam de maior suporte profissional para ter melhor qualidade de vida.

Incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en población menor de 20 años en la última década en Chile / Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in the population under 20 years of age in the last decade in Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una patología crónica que se asocia a complicaciones a largo plazo y a elevados costos en salud. La incidencia de DM1 varía en distintas zonas geográficas, pero se ha observado un aumento global de su incidencia en los últimos años. OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia de DM1 en la población menor de 20 años en Chile en el período comprendido entre los años 2010 a 2019. MÉTODOS: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. Los datos son obtenidos a través de FONASA (Fondo Nacional de Salud), de pacientes que fueron notificados como DM1 durante los años 2010 a 2019. Se calcula la incidencia por 100.000 habitantes según datos obtenidos y población inscrita en FONASA. Se evalúa incidencia según sexo y rango etario. RESULTADOS: Se notificó un total de 3.997 casos de DM1 en el período estudiado, el 51,3% corresponde a pacientes del sexo masculino. Del total de casos un 12% corresponde a pacientes menores de 5 años. La incidencia global aumentó de un 9.18 por 100.000 habitantes el año 2010 a 13.3 por 100.000 habitantes en el año 2019. Este aumento fue estadísticamente significativo en la población de 10 a 14 años y 15 a 19 años. DISCUSIÓN: La incidencia de DM1 ha ido en aumento en los últimos años en Chile, cambiando en las últimas décadas de ser un país de baja incidencia a uno de incidencia intermedia.

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) is a chronic disease that is associated with long-term complications and elevated health costs. The incidence of DM1 varies in different geographic zones, but a global increase in its incidence has been observed in recent years. OBJECTIVES: Determine the incidence of DM1 in the population under 20 years of age in Chile in the period between 2010 and 2019. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out. The data were obtained through FONASA (National Health Fund), from patients who were notified as DM1 during the years 2010 to 2019. The incidence rates were calculated per 100.000 population, according to data obtained and registered in FONASA. The incidence rates were evaluated according to sex and age range. RESULTS: A total of 3.997 cases of DM1 were reported in the study period, 51.3% were male patients. Of the total cases, 12% were patients under 5 years of age. The global incidence increased from 9.18 per 100.000 in 2010 to 13.3 per 100.000 in 2019. This increase was statistically significant in the population aged 10 to 14 and 15 to 19 years. DISCUSSION: The incidence of DM1 has been increasing in the last years in Chile, changing in recent decades from being a country of low incidence to one of intermediate incidence.

Relación de IMC con marcadores de inflamación y hemoglobina glicosilada en niños y jóvenes con diabetes mellitus 1 / Relationship of BMI with markers of inflammation and glycosylated hemoglobin in children and young adults with diabetes mellitus 1

La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) es una enfermedad autoinmune que genera dependencia exógena de insulina de forma permanente, presenta inflamación subclínica crónica lo que conlleva a una elevación de marcadores de inflamación como factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-α), proteína C reactiva (PCR) e interleuquina 6 (IL-6). OBJETIVO: determinar la relación entre el IMC sobre los marcadores de inflamación y el control metabólico en niños y jóvenes con DM1 entre 5 a 15 años de edad. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó un estudio clínico, observacional, exploratorio. A partir de La recolección de datos de fichas clínicas y muestras de sangre en el Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil (IDIMI) del Hospital San Borja Arriarán de la Universidad de Chile. Clasificación del estado nutricional utilizando datos registrados en ficha clínica. Marcadores de inflamación por medio de ELISA, hemoglobina glicosilada mediante métodos estándares. El análisis estadístico incluyó correlaciones mediante test de Spearman y diferencia de medias mediante test de Kruskal-Wallis seguido de post hoc Dunns. RESULTADOS: Un 30% de los pacientes con DM1 presentaron malnutrición por exceso. Al analizar la relación entre los niveles de marcadores inflamatorios y Hb glicosilada se observó la existencia de asociacion positiva entre usPCR y HbA1c (r= 0,30; p=0,0352) y entre IL-6 y HbA1c (r= - 0,038; p=0,0352). CONCLUSIONES: este estudio describe una posible asociación entre parámetros clásicos de inflamación con la hemoglobina glicosilada en las categorias de sobrepeso y obesidad en pacientes con DM1.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that generates permanent exogenous insulin dependence, accompanied by chronic subclinical inflammation that leads to an elevation of inflammation markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between BMI on markers of inflammation and metabolic control in children and young people with T1D between 5 and 15 years of age. METHODOLOGY: A clinical, observational and exploratory study was carried out, based on the collection of data from clinical records and blood samples of children and adolescents with DM1 at the Instituto de Investigaciones Materno Infantil (IDIMI) of the Hospital San Borja Arriarán of the Universidad de Chile. Nutritional status, levels of inflammation markers and glycosylated hemoglobin were determined by standardized methods. Statistical analysis included correlations by Spearman test and mean difference by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by post hoc Dunns test. RESULTS: A total of 56 patients with T1D were analyzed, 30% of whom presented excess malnutrition. Those children or adolescents with obesity presented significantly higher usPCR levels compared to underweight patients or patients at risk of malnutrition (p=0.039). In addition, HbA1c levels were determined which were negatively associated with usPCR (r= 0.30; p=0.0352) and IL-6 (r= - 0.038; p=0.0352) levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study points out that nutritional status is associated with usPCR levels, in agreement with what is described in the literature and shows a possible association between classical parameters of inflammation with glycosylated hemoglobin in children and adolescents with nutritional diagnosis of overweight or obesity.

Perfil social e clínico de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Perfil social y clínico de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Social and clinical profile of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: identificar o perfil social e clínico de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: pesquisa quantitativa, transversal e descritiva, desenvolvida com 81 responsáveis de crianças e adolescentes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 entre março e setembro/2021, em dois centros de referência da Paraíba. A análise descritiva foi realizada com auxílio do software Statistical Package for the Social Science, versão 18. Resultados: predominantemente, os acompanhantes das crianças e adolescentes eram as próprias mães, 90,1%, e cerca de 40% viviam com renda familiar menor que um salário mínimo. Entre as crianças e adolescentes, 54% apresentaram valores elevados de hemoglobina glicada, mesmo estando em tratamento; 65,4% indicaram desconhecimento na forma correta de armazenamento da insulina, e 77,6% possuía lipohipertrofia. Conclusão: foram preponderantes a vulnerabilidade socioeconômica e o manejo clínico ineficaz do diabetes mellitus tipo 1 em crianças e adolescentes.

Objective: to identify the social and clinical profile of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Method: quantitative, cross-sectional and descriptive research, developed with 81 guardians of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus between March and September/2021, in two reference centers in Paraiba. The descriptive analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science software, version 18. Results: predominantly, the companions of the children and adolescents were the mothers themselves, 90.1%, and about 40% lived with family income lower than a minimum wage. Among the children and adolescents, 54% had high glycated hemoglobin values, even though they were undergoing treatment; 65.4% indicated ignorance of the correct form of insulin storage, and 77.6% had lipohypertrophy. Conclusion: socioeconomic vulnerability and ineffective clinical management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents were predominant.

Objetivo: identificar el perfil social y clínico de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Método: investigación cuantitativa, transversal y descriptiva, realizada con 81 cuidadores de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 entre marzo y septiembre/2021, en dos centros de referencia en Paraíba. El análisis descriptivo fue realizado mediante el software Statistical Package for Social Science, versión 18. Resultados: predominantemente, los acompañantes de los niños y adolescentes eran sus madres, el 90,1%, y cerca del 40% vivían con renta familiar inferior a un salario mínimo. Entre los niños y adolescentes, el 54% presentaba niveles elevados de hemoglobina glucosilada, a pesar de estar en tratamiento; El 65,4% indicó desconocer la forma correcta de almacenar la insulina y el 77,6% presentaba lipohipertrofia. Conclusión: predominó la vulnerabilidad socioeconómica y el manejo clínico ineficaz de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en niños y adolescentes.

Psicologia e diabetes no Brasil: um mapeamento de profissionais e de suas ações / Psychology and diabetes in Brazil: the mapping of professionals and their practices / Psicología y diabetes en Brasil: un mapeo de los profesionales y sus acciones

Pouco se sabe sobre a atuação do psicólogo no Brasil junto a pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os psicólogos brasileiros que trabalham com essa população e suas ações. Foram convidados a responder a um questionário online psicólogos que atuam ou atuaram junto a pessoas com diabetes. Participaram 79 psicólogos, principalmente da região Sudeste (59,5%). Todos declararam que haviam cursado pósgraduação. Na amostra, predominou o gênero feminino (89,9%), com idade entre 26 e 40 anos (46,8%). A maioria dos que atuam com diabetes declarou-se autônoma ou voluntária, e quase metade trabalhava menos do que 10 horas semanais. Entre aqueles que deixaram de trabalhar com diabetes, apenas uma minoria tinha vínculo empregatício. Além do trabalho com pessoas com diabetes, a maior parte declarou exercer outras atividades profissionais, como atendimentos clínicos em consultórios particulares, sugerindo que esta não é a atividade principal. Majoritariamente, os respondentes declararam não ter conhecimentos suficientes para o atendimento específico às pessoas com diabetes. Discute-se a qualidade da formação profissional dos psicólogos no Brasil, a necessidade de aprimoramento em relação à atuação com pessoas com diabetes e as condições de trabalho.(AU)

Little is known about the practice of psychologists in Brazil caring for people with Diabetes Mellitus. The aim of this research was to identify the Brazilian psychologists who work with this population and describe their actions. Psychologists who work or have worked with people diagnosed with diabetes were invited to answer an online questionnaire. The 79 participants lived mainly in the Southeast Region (59.5%). All of them declared to have a graduate degree, most were female (89.9%), aged 26 to 40 years (46.8%). Most of those working with diabetes declared to be autonomous or voluntary, and almost half had a workload of less than 10 hours a week. Among those who stopped working with diabetes, only a minority had a formal employment contract. In addition, most of them stated that they had other professional activities related to clinical care in private offices, suggesting that working with diabetes is not their main activity. Mostly, respondents stated that they did not have enough knowledge to care for people with diabetes. The quality of professional education of psychologists in Brazil, the need for specific improvement in labor relations and conditions were discussed.(AU)

Son escasas las informaciones del trabajo de los psicólogos en Brasil con las personas con Diabetes Mellitus. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los psicólogos brasileños que trabajan con esta población y describir sus acciones. Se invitó a psicólogos que trabajan o hayan trabajado con personas con diabetes a responder un cuestionario en línea. Participaron 79 psicólogos, principalmente de la región Sureste de Brasil (59,5%). Todos declararon tener posgrado. En la muestra hubo una mayor prevalencia del género femenino (89,9%), de edades de entre 26 y 40 años (46,8%). La mayoría de los que trabajan con personas con diabetes se declararon autónomos o voluntarios, y casi la mitad trabajaba menos de 10 horas a la semana. Entre los que dejaron de trabajar con las personas con diabetes, solo una minoría tenía una relación laboral. Además de trabajar con personas con diabetes, la mayoría afirmó tener otras actividades profesionales, como la atención clínica en consultorios privados, lo que sugiere que esta no es su actividad principal. La mayoría de los encuestados afirmaron que no tenían los conocimientos suficientes para atender específicamente a las personas con diabetes. Se discuten la calidad de la formación profesional de los psicólogos en Brasil, la necesidad de mejora en relación con el trabajo con personas con diabetes y las condiciones laborales.(AU)

Comprometimentos cognitivos na Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1: revisão integrativa / Cognitive impairments in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: integrative review / Deficiencias cognitivas en la Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1: revisión integradora

This review verified cognitive domains affected by type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and the instruments used for its assessment. We performed a search in three databases using the descriptors "type 1 diabetes" AND "cognitive dysfunction". Only six of the 120 articles found met the criteria for inclusion in the review. The anal-ysis of these articles indicates that the main cognitive functions compromised by T1DM are attention, visual attention, verbal memory, immediate and late recovery, and psychomotor speed. Among the selected articles, we found that the most used instruments were the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Wechsler scales (WMS-III and WMS-RC), the Trail Making Test, The Grooved Pegboard, and substitution (letter-symbol, digit-symbol). Due to the different impairments found, we suggest the importance of standardizing a battery of cognitive assessments and greater efforts to understand the functional impairments resulting from dam-age to cognition in individuals with T1DM

Esta revisão verificou os domínios cognitivos afetados pela diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1DM]). Realizamos busca em três bases de dados, utilizando os descritores "type 1 diabetes" AND "cognitive dysfunction". Apenas seis dos 120 artigos encontrados cumpriram critérios para inclusão na revisão. A análise desses artigos indica que as principais funções cognitivas comprometidas pela T1DM são atenção, atenção vi-sual, memória verbal, recuperação imediata e tardia e velocidade psicomotora. Nos artigos selecionados, veri-ficamos que os instrumentos mais utilizados foram o Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), as escalas Wechs-ler (WMS-III e WMS-RC), o Teste de Trilhas, The Grooved Pegboard e substituição (letra-símbolo, dígito-símbolo). Em virtude dos diferentes comprometimentos encontrados, sugerimos a importância da padronização de uma bateria de avaliações cognitivas e maiores esforços na compreensão dos prejuízos funcionais decorrentes dos danos à cognição em indivíduos com T1DM.

Esta revisión analizó los dominios cognitivos afectados por la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (type 1 diabetes mellitus [T1DM]) y los instrumentos utilizados para su evaluación. Se realizó una búsqueda en tres bases de datos, utili-zando los descriptores "type 1 diabetes" AND "cognitive dysfunction". Solo seis de los 120 artículos encontra-dos cumplieron los criterios para su inclusión en la revisión. El análisis de estos artículos indica que las principa-les funciones cognitivas comprometidas por la TDM1 son la atención, la atención visual, la memoria verbal, la recuperación inmediata y tardía y la velocidad psicomotora. Entre los artículos seleccionados, encontramos que los instrumentos más utilizados fueron la Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), las escalas Wechsler (WMS-III y WMS-RC), la Prueba de Rastro, The Grooved Pegboard y la sustitución (letra-símbolo, dígito-símbo-lo). Debido a las diferentes deficiencias encontradas, sugerimos la importancia de estandarizar una batería de evaluaciones cognitivas y mayores esfuerzos para comprender las deficiencias funcionales que resultan del daño a la cognición en personas con TDM1.

Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y enfermedad celíaca en niños y adolescentes / Type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease in children and adolescents

Introducción: La asociación entre enfermedad celíaca y diabetes mellitus tipo 1 se ha publicado con mayor frecuencia que la enfermedad celíaca aislada, cuya historia natural puede variar considerablemente, con evidencia de síntomas gastrointestinales en la minoría de los pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 y enfermedad celíaca. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal en 63 niños atendidos en el Hospital Pediátrico Docente Centro Habana entre los años 2016-2017 con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Las variables estudiadas se expresaron en valores absolutos y relativa, medida de tendencia central y de dispersión. Resultados: El sexo masculino representó 58,73 por ciento de los pacientes, la mayoría entre 10 y 14 años de edad. El anticuerpo antitransglutaminasa fue positivo en menos de 10 por ciento de los niños, generalmente sin síntomas, signos o hallazgos relacionados con la enfermedad celíaca. La frecuencia de ambas enfermedades en los pacientes estudiados fue de 3,17 por ciento. Conclusiones: La diabetes mellitus tipo 1 predomina en el sexo masculino a diferencia de la enfermedad celíaca que se diagnostica en pacientes femeninas. Los resultados de anticuerpos antitransglutaminasa son negativos en la mayoría de los pacientes mientras que los positivos tienen más de un año de evolución de la diabetes, se encuentran eutróficos o sobrepeso, asintomáticos y con valores ligeramente superiores de hemoglobina glucosilada(AU)

Introduction: The association between celiac disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus has been published more frequently than isolated celiac disease, whose natural history can vary considerably, with evidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the minority of patients. Objective: To characterize patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and celiac disease. Method: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study in 63 children treated at Centro Habana Pediatric Teaching Hospital between the years 2016-2017 with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The variables studied were expressed in absolute and relative values, a measure of central tendency and dispersion. Results: Males accounted for 58.73 percent of the patients, most of them between 10 and 14 years old. The anti-transglutaminase antibody was positive in less than 10 percent of the children, usually without symptoms, signs, or findings related to celiac disease. The frequency of both diseases in the patients studied was 3.17 percent. Conclusions: Type 1 diabetes mellitus predominates in males unlike celiac disease which is diagnosed in female patients. The results of anti-transglutaminase antibodies are negative in most patients while the positive ones have more than a year of evolution of diabetes, are eutrophic or overweight, asymptomatic and with slightly higher values of glycosylated hemoglobin(AU)