RNA-binding protein with serine-rich domain 1 regulates microsatellite instability of uterine corpus endometrial adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of RNA-binding protein with serine-rich domain 1 (RNPS1) in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC), the role of RNPS1 knockdown in UCEC development in vitro and in vivo, and the relationship between RNPS1 and mismatch repair (MMR) in UCEC. METHODS: We predicted the potential function of RNPS1 using bioinformatics systems. The expression of RNPS1 in tissues and cell lines was analyzed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The expression of RNPS1 in MMR was assessed using bioinformatics and western blotting. The proliferation and apoptosis of UCEC cells were assessed under RNPS1 knockdown conditions, and RNPS1 regulation in MMR was detected by suppressing Notch signaling. Associations between RNPS1 and gene mutations in UCEC and prognosis were analyzed. RESULTS: The RNPS1 level was higher in UCEC tumors than in normal tissues and tumors or RL952 cells. Prognostic outcomes were worse when UCEC showed abundant RNPS1 expression. Lentiviral RNPS1 knockdown weakened tumor cell proliferation and suppressed biomarker expression, reduced the tumor volume, promoted apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and inhibited UCEC development. Increased MutS homolog 2 (MSH2) and MutS homolog 6 (MSH6) levels in MMR after RNPS1 knockdown were reversed by inhibiting Notch signaling. Furthermore, RNPS1 was associated with mutations in NAA11, C2orf57, NUPR1, and other genes involved in UCEC prognosis. CONCLUSION: RNPS1 may regulate the expression levels of MSH2 and MSH6 in MMR, enhancing the proliferation, development, and prognosis of UCEC through a Notch signaling pathway in UCEC. Our study offers a new method and strategy for delaying UCEC development through modulating MMR.

A Kunitz-type peptide from Dendroaspis polylepis venom as a simultaneous inhibitor of serine and cysteine proteases

Proteases play an important role for the proper physiological functions of the most diverse organisms. When unregulated, they are associated with several pathologies. Therefore, proteases have become potential therapeutic targets regarding the search for inhibitors. Snake venoms are complex mixtures of molecules that can feature a variety of functions, including peptidase inhibition. Considering this, the present study reports the purification and characterization of a Kunitz-type peptide present in the Dendroaspis polylepis venom as a simultaneous inhibitor of elastase-1 and cathepsin L. Methods: The low molecular weight pool from D. polylepis venom was fractionated in reverse phase HPLC and all peaks were tested in fluorimetric assays. The selected fraction that presented inhibitory activity over both proteases was submitted to mass spectrometry analysis, and the obtained sequence was determined as a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor homolog dendrotoxin I. The molecular docking of the Kunitz peptide on the elastase was carried out in the program Z-DOCK, and the program RosettaDock was used to add hydrogens to the models, which were re-ranked using ZRANK program. Results: The fraction containing the Kunitz molecule presented similar inhibition of both elastase-1 and cathepsin L. This Kunitz-type peptide was characterized as an uncompetitive inhibitor for elastase-1, presenting an inhibition constant (Ki) of 8 μM. The docking analysis led us to synthesize two peptides: PEP1, which was substrate for both elastase-1 and cathepsin L, and PEP2, a 30-mer cyclic peptide, which showed to be a cathepsin L competitive inhibitor, with a Ki of 1.96 µM, and an elastase-1 substrate. Conclusion: This work describes a Kunitz-type peptide toxin presenting inhibitory potential over serine and cysteine proteases, and this could contribute to further understand the envenomation process by D. polylepis. In addition, the PEP2 inhibits the cathepsin L activity with a low inhibition constant.(AU)

Esclerose lateral amiotrófica: novas possibilidades terapêuticas em um arcabouço fisiopatológico ainda em construção / Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new therapeutic possibilities in a pathophysiological framework still under construction

Introdução: A Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica (ELA) é definida como uma doença neurológica progressiva e inexorável, com cerca de 80% dos casos de etiologia desconhecida. Novos medicamentos têm emergido no tratamento de doenças neurodegenerativas, inclusive na ELA, redesenhando o modelo fisiopatológico. Dentre eles, destacam-se o uso da: Edaravone, Vitamina K2, Serina, Metilcobalamina, Pirroloquinolina quinona (PQQ), Ubiquinol e Glutationa. Especificamente na ELA, alguns já foram validados em estudos randomizados-controlados. Metodologia: Atualização da literatura (PUBMED, Medline) sobre a utilização desses fármacos em doenças neurológicas degenerativas, com enfoque para a Doença do Neurônio Motor (DNM-ELA), nos idiomas Português, Inglês, Espanhol e Francês, compreendidos entre os anos de (2010-2017). Discussão: A associação desses medicamentos tem mostrado resultados positivos em inúmeras doenças neurológicas. Alguns, como, por exemplo, a Metilcobalamina e o Edaravone,exerceriam mecanismos de ação capazes de interferir no processo de depleção dos neurônios motores da ponta anterior e do feixe piramidal em pacientes com ELA. Conclusão: Seria precipitado concluir que o uso associado desses fármacos poderia modificar ou mesmo restaurar os danos às unidades motoras; entretanto, faz-se necessário destacar seus mecanismos de ação e potencial capacidade de intervir na evolução da doença, principalmente, a partir de estudos em modelos fisiopatológico que culminam na degeneração dos neurônios motores.(AU)

Introduction: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is defined as a progressive and inexorable neurological disease, with about 80% of cases of unknown etiology. New drugs have emerged in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS, redesigning the pathophysiological model. Among them, the use of: Edaravone, Vitamin K2, Serine, Methylcobalamin, Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), Ubiquinol and Glutathione are noteworthy. Specifically in ALS, some have been validated in randomized controlled trials. Methodology: Update of the literature (PUBMED, Medline) on the use of these drugs in degenerative neurological diseases, with a focus on Motor Neuron Disease (DNM-ELA) in the Portuguese, English, Spanish and French languages, of (2010-2017). Discussion: The association of these drugs has shown positive results in neurological diseases. Some, such as Methylcobalamin and Edaravone, would exert mechanisms of action capable of interfering in the process of depletion of the motor neurons of the anterior horn and pyramidal tracts in patients with ALS. Conclusion: It would be precipitate to conclude that the associated use of these drugs could modify or even restore damage to motor units; however, it is necessary to highlight its mechanisms of action and potential ability to intervene in the evolution of the disease, mainly from studies in pathophysiological models that culminate in the degeneration of motor neurons (AU)

Nivel de autoconcepto en niños con secuelas de quemaduras: estudio comparativo / Self-concept level in children with burns sequelae: A comparative study

Introducción: Autoconcepto es el conjunto de ideas y actitudes que se tiene acerca de sí mismo. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar si existen diferencias en el nivel de autoconcepto de niños de 8-12 años con y sin secuelas de quemaduras, e identificar variables predictoras del autoconcepto en los niños con secuelas. Pacientes y método: Estudio comparativo, transversal de 109 niños con secuelas de quemaduras de 8 a 12 años de edad, con 109 niños sin secuelas de quemaduras, del mismo grupo de edad y nivel socioeconómico. Se utilizó la escala de autoconcepto de Piers-Harris, que entrega medida de autoconcepto general y dimensiones: conductual, estatus intelectual y escolar, apariencia y atributos físicos, ansiedad, popularidad, felicidad y satisfacción. Resultados: No hubo diferencias significativas en el nivel de autoconcepto general ni en sus dimensiones al comparar ambos grupos (p > 0,05). Dentro del grupo con secuelas de quemaduras la variable número de secuelas resultó ser un factor protector para las dimensiones ansiedad, popularidad, felicidad-satisfacción y autoconcepto general. La variable localización surgió como factor de riesgo para la dimensión conductual. Discusión: La ausencia de diferencias en autoconcepto entre niños con secuelas de quemaduras y sin ellas es similar a lo reportado por la literatura. El hallazgo en factores de riesgo y protectores motiva a continuar investigando, incorporando antecedentes premórbidos y familiares.

Introduction: Self-concept is the set of ideas and attitudes that a person has about him/herself. Objective: To evaluate whether there are differences in the level of self-concept in children 8-12 years old with and without burns sequelae. To identify predictive variables of self-concept in children with sequelae. Patients and method: A comparative cross-sectional study of self-concept in 109 children with burns sequelae, from 8 to 12 years old, with 109 children without burns sequelae, and of the same age and socioeconomic status. The Piers-Harris self-concept scale is used, which provides a general measurement of self-concept and behavioural, intellectual and school status, appearance, and physical attributes, anxiety, popularity, happiness and satisfaction dimensions. Results: There were no significant differences in the level of general self-concept or their dimensions (P > .05). In the group with burns sequelae, the protective factor was the variable number of sequels was associated with the dimensions of anxiety, popularity, happiness-satisfaction and general self-concept. The location variable emerged as a risk factor for the behavioural dimension. Discussion: The absence of differences in self-concept between children with burns sequelae and children without them is similar to that reported in the literature. The finding in the risk and protective factors encourages to further research, and perhaps incorporating pre-morbidity and family background.

Avaliação de níveis de glicina+serina em dietas de frangos de corte com reduzido teor de proteína bruta / Evaluation of glycine+serine levels in low crude protein diets for broiler chickens

O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de glicina+serina (gli+ser) total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte de um a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 750 aves, distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. As dietas utilizadas continham 190g/kg de PB e níveis de gli+ser de 16,7; 19,2; 21,7 e 24,2g/kg; a dieta controle continha 230g/kg de PB. Avaliaram-se os efeitos dos níveis de glicina+serina sobre o desempenho e composição de carcaça. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os resultados obtidos com as dietas de baixos níveis proteicos com diferentes níveis de gli+ser foram comparados à dieta controle pelo teste de Dunnett. Os níveis de gli+ser apresentaram efeito linear sobre a conversão alimentar, ganho de peso e peso aos 21 dias, sendo o nível de 24,2g/kg de gli+ser com resultado semelhante à dieta controle. A redução proteica aumentou o conteúdo de extrato etéreo na carcaça.(AU)

A completely randomized experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effects of total gly+ser levels in low crude protein diets on performance and body composition of male broiler chickens from 1 to 21 days of age. Seven hundred and fifty broiler chickens were used in each one of the production phases. The birds were randomly allotted to five treatments and five replicates. The diets contained 190g/kg crude protein (CP) and total gly+ser levels of 16.7; 19.2; 21.7 and 24.2g/kg; and a control diet with 230 g/kg CP. The effect of glycine+serine levels on performance and body composition was evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the results obtained with the diets of low crude protein levels with different levels of Gly + Ser were compared to the control diet by Dunnett's test. The gly+ser levels improved the feed linearly: weight gain ratio; weight gain and final weight. The broilers fed 24.2g/kg gly+ser diet showed a performance similar to broilers fed control diets. The carcass fat increased with CP reduction.(AU)

Evaluation of protein undernourishment on the condylar process of the Wistar rat mandible correlation with insulin receptor expression

The mandible condylar process cartilage (CP) of Wistar rats is a secondary cartilage and acts as a mandibular growth site. This phenomenon depends on adequate proteins intake and hormone actions, including insulin. Objectives The present study evaluated the morphological aspects and the expression of the insulin receptor (IR) in the cartilage of the condylar process (CP) of rats subjected to protein undernourishment. Material and Methods The nourished group received a 20% casein diet, while the undernourished group (U) received a 5% casein diet. The re-nourished groups, R and RR, were used to assess the effects of re-nutrition during puberty and adulthood, respectively. CPs were processed and stained with picro-sirius red, safranin-O and azocarmine. Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were also performed. Results The area of the CP cartilage and the number of cells in the chondroblastic layer decreased in the U group, as did the thickness of the CP layer in the joint and hypertrophic layer. Renourishment during the pubertal stage, but not during the adult phase, restored these parameters. The cell number was restored when re-nutrition occurred in the pubertal stage, but not in the adult phase. The extracellular matrix also decreased in the U group, but was restored by re-nutrition during the pubertal stage and further increased in the adult phase. IR expression was observed in all CPs, being higher in the chondroblastic and hypertrophic cartilage layers. The lowest expression was found in the U and RR groups. Conclusions Protein malnutrition altered the cellularity, the area, and the fibrous cartilage complex, as well as the expression of the IRs. .

Production and partial characterization of serine and metallo peptidases secreted by Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius in submerged and solid state fermentation

Enzyme production varies in different fermentation systems. Enzyme expression in different fermentation systems yields important information for improving our understanding of enzymatic production induction. Comparative studies between solid-state fermentation (SSF) using agro-industrial waste wheat bran and submerged fermentation (SmF) using synthetic media were carried out to determinate the best parameters for peptidase production by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. Variables tested include: the concentration of carbon and protein nitrogen sources, the size of the inoculum, the pH of the media, temperature, and the length of the fermentation process. The best peptidase production during SSF was obtained after 96 hours using wheat bran at 30 ºC with an inoculum of 1 x 10(6) spores and yielded 1500 active units (UµmL). The best peptidase production using SmF was obtained after periods of 72 and 96 hours of fermentation in media containing 0.5% and 0.25% of casein, respectively, at a pH of 6.0 and at 30 ºC and yielded 40 UµmL. We also found examples of catabolite repression of peptidase production under SmF conditions. Biochemical characterization of the peptidases produced by both fermentative processes showed optimum activity at pH 8.0 and 50 ºC, and also showed that their proteolytic activity is modulated by surfactants. The enzymatic inhibition profile using phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) in SmF and SSF indicated that both fermentative processes produced a serine peptidase. Additionally, the inhibitory effect of the ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelating agent on the peptidase produced by SmF indicated that this fermentative process also produced a metallopeptidase.

RET codon 609 mutations: a contribution for better clinical managing

Medullary thyroid carcinoma currently accounts for 5-8% of all thyroid cancers. The clinical course of this disease varies from extremely indolent tumors that can go unchanged for years to an extremely aggressive variant that is associated with a high mortality rate. As many as 75% of all medullary thyroid carcinomas are sporadic, with an average age at presentation reported as 60 years, and the remaining 25% are hereditary with an earlier age of presentation, ranging from 20 to 40 years. Germline RET proto-oncogene mutations are the genetic causes of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 and a strong genotype-phenotype correlation exists, particularly between a specific RET codon mutation and the (a) age-related onset and (b) thyroid tumor progression, from C-cell hyperplasia to medullary thyroid carcinoma and, ultimately, to nodal metastases. RET mutations predispose an individual to the development of medullary thyroid carcinomas and can also influence the individual response to RET protein receptor-targeted therapies. RET codon 609point mutations are rare genetic events belonging to the intermediate risk category for the onset of medullary thyroid carcinoma. A large genealogy resulting in a less aggressive form of medullary thyroid carcinoma is associated with the high penetrance of pheochromocytoma and has been reported in the literature. In this short review article, we comment on our previous report of a large multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A kindred with the same Cys609Ser germline RET mutation in which, conversely, the syndrome was characterized by a slightly aggressive, highly penetrant form of medullary thyroid carcinoma that was associated with low penetrance of pheochromocytoma and primary hyperparathyroidism.

Teores de glicina+ serina total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta para de frangos de corte de 22 a 35 dias de idade / Total glycine+serine level in low crude protein diets of broiler chickens from 22 to 35 days of age

O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes teores de glicina + serina (gli+ser) total em dietas de baixa proteína bruta (PB) sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte de 22 a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 750 aves distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, cinco repetições e 30 aves por unidade experimental. As aves foram alimentadas até os 21 dias com uma dieta comum de acordo com as exigências. A partir do 21º dia, as dietas utilizadas continham 17 por cento de PB e níveis de gli+ser de 1,50; 1,75; 2,00 e 2,25 por cento; a dieta-controle continha 21 por cento de PB. O teor de gli+ser teve efeito linear sobre a conversão alimentar e não sobre as demais variáveis de desempenho. Não houve efeito de tratamento sobre os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes. Houve efeito linear decrescente do teor de gli+ser sobre a matéria seca da carcaça.

A completely randomized experimental design was carried out to evaluate the effects of total glycine+serine (gly+ser) levels in low crude protein (CP) diets on performance and body composition of male broiler from 22 to 35 days of age (growing phase). A total of 750 broilers were randomly allotted to five treatments and five replicates of 30 chickens per replication. The birds were fed from 1 to 21 days of age, a common diet formulated to meet bird requirements in all nutrients. From 21 days the diets contained 17 percent CP and gly+ser levels of 1.50; 1.75; 2.00 and 2.25 percent; and a control diet with 21 percentCP. The gly+ser levels showed linear effect on feed: weight gain ratio during the growing phase. There was no effect of gly+ser level on carcass or main carcass part yields. Increasing levels of gly+ser decreased linearly the carcass dry matter content.

Antimaláricos potenciais: planejamento e síntese de fármacos dirigidos de antimetabólicos de serina / New potential antimalarials: design and synthesis of targeted serine antimetabolic drugs

De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, AIDS, malária e tuberculose são as três maiores doenças infectantes do mundo, atingindo principalmente crianças. Regiões paupérrimas e de clima tropical, como a África sub-saariana, são as mais atingidas. Este quadro agrava-se com a disseminação de cepas do Plasmodium falcíparum resistentes à cloroquina e multi-resistentes. Além disso, alguns fármacos utilizados na terapêutica da malária apresentam vários efeitos adversos, comprometendo o tratamento. Trata-se de um grande desafio e o seu enfrentamento requer estratégias. O desenvolvimento de novos quimioterápicos deve fundamentar-se em diferenças bioquímicas e morfológicas entre as células do hospedeiro e do parasita. A biossíntese de fosfolipídeos de membrana em parasitas do grupo Apicomplexa é de extrema importância para a maturação e a reprodução do parasita e constitui-se em bom alvo para novos antimaláricos, uma vez que é encontrada somente em parasitas. Hemácias infectadas têm sua absorção modificada em relação aos eritrócitos não-infectados, conferindo seletividade a substâncias como lipídeos. O trabalho em questão propõe a síntese de antimetabólitos da serina, visando à inibição das enzimas fosfatidilserina síntase e serina descarboxilase, fundamentais para a biossíntese de fosfolipídeos de membrana desses parasitas. Cinco derivados heterocíclicos da serine foram sintetizados: derivados diidroimidazólico, diidroxazólico, diidroxazínico, diidropirimidínico e diidrooxatiólico. Também, o transportador fosfolipídico com o ácido esteárico foi sintetizado. Os antimetabólitos serão acoplados a esse e outros fosfolípídeos, obtendo-se fármacos dirigidos específicos direcionados seletivamente a eritrócitos infectados...

Identificação de genes codificadores de serina/treonina fosfatases em Dictyostelium discoideum e caracterização funcional da proteína fosfatase do tipo 4 (PP4) / Identification of phosphatases serine/treonine genes coders in Dictyostelium discoideum and functional characterization of phosphatases protein type 4 (PP4)

As serina/treonina fosfatases (PPs) são enzimas responsáveis pela desfosforilação de resíduos de fosfoserina e/ou fosfotreonina e estão subdivididas em duas famílias gênicas designadas PPP e PPM. A família PPP está dividida em cinco subfamílias, que compreendem as PPs do tipo 1 (PP1), 2A (PP2A), 2B (PP2B), 5 (PP5) e 7 (PP7), de acordo com a similaridade entre as sequências de aminoácidos das subunidades ou domínios destas enzimas. Novas PPs estão sendo descobertas em diferentes organismos e classificadas nestas famílias ou subfamílias com base na análise comparada de suas sequências. Uma delas é a proteína fosfatase do tipo 4 (PP4), descoberta originalmente em coelhos e cujas funções biológicas vêm sendo progressivamente elucidadas...

Clonagem e caracterização da serina/treonina fosfatase tipo 1(PP1) de Dictyostelium discoideum / Cloning and characterization of the serine/threonine phosphatase type 1(PP1) of Dictyostelium discoideum

A serina/treonina fosfatase tipo 1 (PP1) é uma enzima importante para diversos processos celulares nos eucariotos. Apesar disso, a atividade enzimática da PP1 nunca foi detectada em extratos celulares de Dictyostelium discoideum, ao contrário da atividade da enzima PP2A, que é outra proteína fosfatase de ocorrência geral nos eucariotos. Nesse estudo repostamos a clonagem e o sequenciamento de um cDNA codificador para a subunidade catalílitica da PP1 de D. discoideum. Verificamos que esse cDNA tem origem a partir de um gene em cópia única, que expressa uma proteína ao longo de todo o ciclo de vida desse organismo. A dedução da seqüência da proteína a partir do cDNA revela uma identidade de 80 por cento em média com as seqüências de outras PP1, sendo a principal diferença observada a substituição da cisteína 269 por uma fenilalanina...

Serine/threonine protein phosphatases and a protein phosphatase 1 inhibitor from Neurospora crassa

The major spontaneously active serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein phosphatase activities in N. crassa wild type (FGSC 424) were type 1 (PP1), type-2A (PP2A) and type-2C (PP2C). PP1 and PP2C predominantly dephosphorylated phosphorylase a and casein, respectively. PP2A acted on both substrates, but was two-fold more active against casein. PPI activity was inhibited by protamine, heparin, okadaic acid (IC50 50 nM) and mammalian inhibitor- 1 (lC50 2 nM). On the other hand, PP2A activity was inhibited by much lower concentrations of okadaic acid (IC50 0.2 nM) and also by protamine, but not by heparin or inhibitor-l. About 80 per cent of total PP1 activity was associated with the particulate fraction and could be partially extracted with 0.5 M NaCl. Seventy and ninety percent of PP2A and PP2C activities, respectively, were found in the soluble fraction. In addition we have partially purified an acid and thermostable PP1 inhibitor which effectively inhibits both N. crassa and mammalian PP1.

El enlace O-glicosídico en glicoproteínas de plasma seminal humano / The linkage O-glycosidic in glycoproteins of human seminal plasma

La composición y estructura de los extremos terminales no reductores portadores de los determinantes antigénicos en las cadenas de oligosacáridos de las glicoproteínas del plasma seminal humano, han permitido deducir que estos componentes son fragmentos producidos por la degradación proteolítica endógena de las mucinas. Dado que las cadenas de hidratos de carbono unidas O-glicosídicamente a la serina y la treonina de la cadena peptídica dan lugar a una reacción de beta-eliminación en condiciones alcalinas suaves, hicimos uso del tratamiento alcalino para demostrar la presencia de enlaces lábiles al álcali en las muestras de plasma seminal humano y algunas fracciones glicoproteicas aisladas a partir del mismo. El análisis de los hidratos de carbono que se liberan durante ell tratamiento han permitido obtener información sobre la composición y estructura de este tipo de unidades de oligosacarídos. Hemos identificado al monosacárido involucrado en el enlace O-glicosídico a serina y treonina y hemos podido caracterizar, a través de la reacción de beta-eliminación en condiciones reductoras y no reductoras, las unidades de monosacáridos del extremo terminal reductor

Aminoácidos livres em camarões - Variações decorridas durante a decomposição / Free amino acids in shrimp - Variations during decomposition

A cromatografia em papel de filtro foi usada para a pesquisa de aminoácidos livres em camarões. Nos camarões analisados, imediatamente post-mortem, foram identificados os seguintes aminoácidos: lisina, histidina, asparagina, arginina, ácido aspártico, serina, glicina, treonina, ácido glutâmico, alanina, prolina, valina, fenilalanina, leucina e isoleucina. Na parte comestível (retirados cabeça, casca e apêndices e conservado o tubo digestivo), efetuada a análise também imediatamente post-mortem, encontramos os aminoácidos acima citados menos ácido aspártico, treonina e fenilalanina. A quantidade de lisina, histidina, ácido glutâmico, alanina, valina e fenilalanina e leucina aumenta muito durante a deterioração, enquanto que a quantidade de prolina diminui consideravelmente. No decorrer da decomposição identificamos, a mais, tirosina, ácido α-aminobutírico; metionina e norleucina. São os seguintes os aminoácidos encontrados no presente estudo e não assinalados por outros autores: asparagina, ácido aspartico, ácido glutâmico, alanina, prolina, ácido α-aminobutírico, valina, isoleucina e norleucina (AU).